From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Tue, 10 Jul 2012 07:47:38 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2562 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/2e01874d3a2145145e75049bc57fb41f54ce4896?ds=sidebyside Update. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 3e5bfb1..d668865 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-09 09:10+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-10 09:32+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-10 09:29+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -17,33 +17,31 @@ msgstr "" "X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" +#. type: Content of the copy entity +msgid "©" +msgstr "" + #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: -#, mtrans msgid "en" msgstr "nb" #. type: Content of: -#, mtrans msgid "Free Culture" msgstr "Fri kultur" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#, mtrans msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>" msgstr "<abbrev>\"frikultur\"</abbrev>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subtitle> -#, mtrans msgid "Version 2004-02-10" msgstr "Versjon 2004-02-10" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> -#, mtrans msgid "Lawrence" msgstr "Lawrence" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> -#, mtrans msgid "Lessig" msgstr "Lessig" @@ -59,12 +57,11 @@ msgstr "" "<copyright> <year>2004</year> <holder> Lawrence Lessig. Denne versjonen av " "Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen " "tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er " -"navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk" -"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://" +"navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller " +"besøk<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://" "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> </holder> </copyright>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> -#, mtrans msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" msgstr "Om forfatteren" @@ -88,27 +85,23 @@ msgstr "" "Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig." "org</ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " "Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=" -"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). " -"Forfatteren har gitt ut av The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og " -"Code: And other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem " -"av styrene i Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og " -"Public " -"Knowledge. Han har vunnet Free Software Foundation's Award for the " -"Advancement of Free Software, to ganger vært oppført i BusinessWeek's \"e.biz " -"25,\" " -"og omtalt som en av Scientific American's \"50 visjonærer\". Etter utdanning " -"ved " -"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, assisterte" -"Lessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals." +"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://" +"creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har " +"gitt ut av The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws " +"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library " +"of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han " +"har vunnet Free Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free " +"Software, to ganger vært oppført i BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" og omtalt " +"som en av Scientific American's \"50 visjonærer\". Etter utdanning ved " +"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, " +"assisterteLessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " +"Appeals." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "Info" msgstr "Info" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" "Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ en av lenkene nedenfor:" @@ -125,88 +118,185 @@ msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" +msgstr "Andre bøker av Lawrence Lessig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a " +#| "Connected World Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" +msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" +msgstr "" +"The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" +msgstr "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans +msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS" +msgstr "The Penguin Press" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "NEW YORK" +msgstr "New York" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "FREE CULTURE" +msgstr "Fri Kultur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a " -"Connected World Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" +"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND LAW " +"TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE CREATIVITY AND " +"CONTROL CREATIVITY" msgstr "" -"Andre bøker av Lawrense Lessig: The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons " -"in a " -"Connected World og Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans -msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS NEW YORK" -msgstr "THE PENGUIN PRESS NEW YORK" +msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" +msgstr "Lawrence Lessig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New York" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "All rights reserved" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The " +"New York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times " +"Co. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans msgid "" -"FREE CULTURE HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE HOW BIG MEDIA USES " -"TECHNOLOGY AND LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN " -"CULTURE CREATIVITY AND CONTROL CREATIVITY LAWRENCE LESSIG" +"Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. " +"Copps." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"THE PENGUIN PRESS a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " -"New York, New York Copyright © Lawrence Lessig, All rights reserved Excerpt " -"from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The New " -"York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. " -"Reprinted with permission. Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright " -"Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with " -"permission. Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, " -"Michael J. Copps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data " "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " -"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. " -"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual property--" -"United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological innovations--" -"United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 343.7309'9--dc22 " -"This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of " -"America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn Without limiting the " -"rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be " -"reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, " -"in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording " -"or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright " -"owner and the above publisher of this book. The scanning, uploading, and " -"distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without " -"the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please " -"purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or " -"encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the " -"author's rights is appreciated." +"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans +msgid "p. cm." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Includes index." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " +"States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " +"States. I. Title." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "KF2979.L47" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Printed in the United States of America" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " +"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " +"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " +"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " +"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The " +"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via " +"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " +"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " +"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " +"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To Eric Eldred--whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " +#| "continues still." msgid "" -"To Eric Eldred--whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " +"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" "Til Eric Eldred -- hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og som den " "fremdeles fortsetter for." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure><title> -#, mtrans msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><lot><title> -#, mtrans msgid "List of figures" msgstr "Figurliste" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "Forord" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " "Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " @@ -216,7 +306,7 @@ msgstr "" "datamaskinrelaterte tekster, skrev dette pÃ¥ slutten av hans gjennomgang av " "min første bok, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace:" -#, mtrans +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " "2000." @@ -232,11 +322,12 @@ msgid "" "flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book--that software, or " -"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law--and his review suggested the happy " -"thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, " +"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " +"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " +"happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, " "drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-like simply flip a switch and be back home. Turn " "off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in that " "space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." @@ -248,49 +339,56 @@ msgstr "" "SlÃ¥ av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som finnes i " "at plass ikke ville \"pÃ¥virke\" oss lenger." -#, mtrans -msgid "" -"Pogue might have been right in 1999--I'm skeptical, but maybe. But even if " -"he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about the " -"troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is an " -"argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have " +#. PAGE BREAK 12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Pogue might have been right in 1999--I'm skeptical, but maybe. But even " +#| "if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " +#| "the troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It " +#| "is an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line " +#| "have fundamentally affected \"people who aren't online.\" There is no " +#| "switch that will insulate us from the Internet's effect." +msgid "" +"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " +"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " +"the troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is " +"an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have " "fundamentally affected \"people who aren't online.\" There is no switch that " "will insulate us from the Internet's effect." msgstr "" -"Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 -- jeg er skeptisk, men den kan hende. Men selv " -"om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke poenget riktig nÃ¥. Fri kultur er om problemene " -"Internet forÃ¥rsaker selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. Den er et argument om " -"hvordan slagene at nÃ¥ brer om seg om livet on-line har fundamentalt pÃ¥virket " -"\"folk som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen bryter som kan isolere oss fra " -"Internetts effekt." +"Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 -- jeg er skeptisk, men den kan hende. Men " +"selv om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke poenget riktig nÃ¥. Fri kultur er om " +"problemene Internet forÃ¥rsaker selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. Den er et " +"argument om hvordan slagene at nÃ¥ brer om seg om livet on-line har " +"fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen " +"bryter som kan isolere oss fra Internetts effekt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans msgid "" "But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It " "is instead about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition " "that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be " "to admit, much more important." msgstr "" -"Men i motsetning til i Code, er argumentet her ikke sÃ¥ mye om Internett i seg " -"selv. I" -"stedet er det om konsekvensen av Internett for en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon som er " -"mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette er for en geek-wanna-be Ã¥" -"innrømme, mye viktigere." +"Men i motsetning til i Code, er argumentet her ikke sÃ¥ mye om Internett i " +"seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av Internett for en del av vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette er for " +"en geek-wanna-be Ã¥innrømme, mye viktigere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 ( Joshua Gay, ed. " "2002)." msgstr "" -"Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. 2002)." +"Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. " +"2002)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " -"that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"--not \"free\" as " -"in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware " +"that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " +"as in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware " "movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), but \"free\" as in " "\"free speech,\" \"free markets,\" \"free trade,\" \"free enterprise,\" " "\"free will,\" and \"free elections.\" A free culture supports and protects " @@ -299,11 +397,12 @@ msgid "" "rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free " "as possible from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture " "without property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything " -"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"--a " +"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"—a " "culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the " "powerful, or of creators from the past." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " @@ -320,6 +419,7 @@ msgstr "" "historien jeg fortelle her problemer du. for at endringene beskrive jeg " "pÃ¥virker verdier som begge sider av vÃ¥r politiske kultur anser grunnleggende." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " @@ -340,19 +440,21 @@ msgstr "" "stevens\", han formulerte kanskje mest bare rettferdig hva som var pÃ¥ spill: " "konsentrasjonen strøm. og sÃ¥ han spurte:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." msgstr "William safire, \"stor media svelge,\" mai new york times, 22 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power--" -"political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to conservatives. " -"The diffusion of power through local control, thereby encouraging individual " -"participation, is the essence of federalism and the greatest expression of " -"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—" +"political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to " +"conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby " +"encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the " +"greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " @@ -360,8 +462,8 @@ msgid "" "ownership, but more importantly, if because less visibly, on the " "concentration of power produced by a radical change in the effective scope " "of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering the way our culture " -"gets made; that change should worry you--whether or not you care about the " -"Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The " +"gets made; that change should worry you—whether or not you care about " +"the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The " "inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of this book comes " "from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, " "as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays in Free Software, " @@ -382,7 +484,7 @@ msgstr "" "innsikt jeg utvikler her er innsikt stallman beskrevet tiÃ¥r siden. man kan " "dermed godt argumentere at dette arbeidet er \"bare\" avledede produkter." -#. PAGE BREAK 14 +#. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -434,7 +536,6 @@ msgstr "" "om vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Det er mot at ekstremisme som denne boken er skrevet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "Introduksjon" @@ -479,13 +580,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American law--" -"deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the most " -"important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to the " -"heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the right " -"to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive " -"license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide how much " -"these rights are worth?" +"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " +"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " +"the most important legal thinkers of our past—mattered. If my land " +"reaches to the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I " +"have the right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an " +"exclusive license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide " +"how much these rights are worth?" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ kom fly, og for første gang, dette prinsippet av amerikansk lov--dypt i " "grunnlaget for vÃ¥r tradisjon og anerkjent av de viktigste juridiske tenkerne " @@ -494,6 +595,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan jeg til Ã¥ inngÃ¥ en eksklusiv lisens med delta airlines? kan vi sette opp " "en auksjon til Ã¥ bestemme hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " @@ -515,6 +617,7 @@ msgstr "" "oppover,\" deretter regjeringen var adgang pÃ¥ deres eiendom, og causbys " "ønsket Ã¥ stoppe." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " @@ -566,10 +669,12 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#, mtrans +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "\"Ideen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " @@ -590,6 +695,7 @@ msgstr "" "tiden. og nÃ¥r den er justert, endres den. ideer som var sÃ¥ solid som rock i " "en alder crumble i et annet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " @@ -604,9 +710,9 @@ msgid "" "Wrights had produced. They could stand on their farms, dead chickens in " "hand, and shake their fists at these newfangled technologies all they " "wanted. They could call their representatives or even file a lawsuit. But " -"in the end, the force of what seems \"obvious\" to everyone else--the power " -"of \"common sense\"--would prevail. Their \"private interest\" would not be " -"allowed to defeat an obvious public gain." +"in the end, the force of what seems \"obvious\" to everyone else—the " +"power of \"common sense\"—would prevail. Their \"private interest\" " +"would not be allowed to defeat an obvious public gain." msgstr "" "eller minst, dette er hvordan ting skje nÃ¥r det finnes ikke en kraftig pÃ¥ " "den andre siden av endringen. causbys var bare bønder. og selv om det var " @@ -623,7 +729,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"sunn fornuft\"--ville rÃ¥de. deres \"privat interesse\" ville ikke tillatt " "Ã¥ beseire en klar offentlige fremgang." -#. PAGE BREAK 19 +#. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -651,12 +757,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " -"his most significant invention--FM radio. Until then, consumer radio had " -"been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said that " -"frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about FM " -"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that frequency-" -"modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an astonishing " -"fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." +"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " +"had been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said " +"that frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about " +"FM radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that " +"frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an " +"astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ dagen etter jul, var 1933, fire patenter utstedt til armstrong for hans " "viktigste oppfinnelse--fm-radio. inntil da, hadde forbruker radio vært " @@ -666,6 +772,7 @@ msgstr "" "bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av lyd, med mye " "mindre transmitter strøm og statisk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " @@ -687,7 +794,6 @@ msgstr "" "frekvensmodulasjon to og en halv meter.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "Publikum hørte noe ingen hadde trodd var mulig:" @@ -711,7 +817,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 20 +#. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -727,6 +833,7 @@ msgstr "" "dominerende am radiomarkedet. som 1935, var det tusen radiostasjoner over " "hele USA, men stasjonene i store byer var eid av en hÃ¥ndfull av nettverk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " @@ -749,29 +856,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static " +#| "from our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution-- start up a " +#| "whole damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +#| "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " -"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution-- start up a whole damn " -"new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " +"damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jeg trodde Armstrong ville finne opp et slags filter for Ã¥ fjerne skurring fra " -"vÃ¥r AM-radio. Jeg trodde ikke han skulle starte en revolusjon -- starte en hel " -"forbannet ny industri i konkurranse med RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"Jeg trodde Armstrong ville finne opp et slags filter for Ã¥ fjerne skurring " +"fra vÃ¥r AM-radio. Jeg trodde ikke han skulle starte en revolusjon -- starte " +"en hel forbannet ny industri i konkurranse med RCA.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched " +#| "a campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior " +#| "technology, Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgstr "" "Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, sÃ¥ selskapet lanserte en " -"kampanje for Ã¥ knuse FM-radio. FM kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, " -"var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik," +"kampanje for Ã¥ knuse FM-radio. FM kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, var " +"Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "Lessing, 226." @@ -793,11 +910,12 @@ msgid "" "began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment " "generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him " "the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would " -"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of spectrum. " -"At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation were " -"distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. Soon " -"after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would have one " -"clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing described it," +"castrate FM—principally by moving FM radio to a different band of " +"spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation " +"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. " +"Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would " +"have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing " +"described it," msgstr "" "RCA først holdt teknologien i huset, insistere pÃ¥ at ytterligere tester var " "nødvendig. NÃ¥r, etter to Ã¥r med testing, armstrong vokste utÃ¥lmodige, " @@ -812,7 +930,6 @@ msgstr "" "det," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "Lessing, 256." @@ -848,9 +965,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " -"television, RCA declared the patents invalid--baselessly, and almost fifteen " -"years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. For six " -"years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the " +"television, RCA declared the patents invalid—baselessly, and almost " +"fifteen years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. " +"For six years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the " "patents. Finally, just as the patents expired, RCA offered a settlement so " "low that it would not even cover Armstrong's lawyers' fees. Defeated, " "broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and " @@ -866,7 +983,7 @@ msgstr "" "1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av et " "trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død." -#. PAGE BREAK 22 +#. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -916,7 +1033,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " -"things. Some of these changes are technical--the Internet has made " +"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " "communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. " "These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. " "They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would " @@ -951,6 +1068,8 @@ msgstr "" "selv. mest, hvis de gjenkjent denne endringen, vil avvise det. de fleste ser " "ikke ennÃ¥ endringen som Internett har introdusert." +#. PAGE BREAK 23 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " @@ -971,6 +1090,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell kultur. NÃ¥r noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller joel " "barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " @@ -979,8 +1099,9 @@ msgid "" "might intervene. But the law was never directly concerned with the creation " "or spread of this form of culture, and it left this culture \"free.\" The " "ordinary ways in which ordinary individuals shared and transformed their " -"culture--telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating " -"in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes--were left alone by the law." +"culture—telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, " +"participating in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes—were left " +"alone by the law." msgstr "" "i begynnelsen av vÃ¥r historie, og omtrent hele vÃ¥r tradisjon ble ikke-" "kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din " @@ -1025,13 +1146,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), " "ch. 13." msgstr "" -"Se Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), kap. " -"13." +"Se Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), " +"kap. 13." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1042,9 +1162,9 @@ msgid "" "and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which " "has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and " "creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the " -"balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were free and uses " -"of our culture that were only upon permission--has been undone. The " -"consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a " +"balance of our history—between uses of our culture that were free and " +"uses of our culture that were only upon permission—has been undone. " +"The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a " "permission culture." msgstr "" @@ -1088,9 +1208,9 @@ msgid "" "culture; that market could include a much wider and more diverse range of " "creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant " "range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those " -"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do today--" -"all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect themselves " -"against this competition." +"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do " +"today—all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect " +"themselves against this competition." msgstr "" "for Internett har utløste en ekstraordinære mulighet for mange til Ã¥ delta i " "ferd med Ã¥ bygge og pleie en kultur som gÃ¥r langt ut over lokale grenser. at " @@ -1124,6 +1244,7 @@ msgstr "" "beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi for bygging " "av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan Ã¥ remake Internett før Internett remakes dem." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " @@ -1138,16 +1259,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " -"about a much simpler brace of questions--whether \"piracy\" will be " +"about a much simpler brace of questions—whether \"piracy\" will be " "permitted, and whether \"property\" will be protected. The \"war\" that has " -"been waged against the technologies of the Internet--what Motion Picture " -"Association of America (MPAA) president Jack Valenti calls his \"own " -"terrorist war\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--has been framed as " -"a battle about the rule of law and respect for property. To know which side " -"to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether we're for " -"property or against it." +"been waged against the technologies of the Internet—what Motion " +"Picture Association of America (MPAA) president Jack Valenti calls his \"own " +"terrorist war\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—has been " +"framed as a battle about the rule of law and respect for property. To know " +"which side to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether " +"we're for property or against it." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " @@ -1162,6 +1284,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, skal straffe pent " "\"piratkopiering\", enten av eller pÃ¥ Internett." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " @@ -1174,6 +1297,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne endringen, krig for Ã¥ befri verden av Internett \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ " "kvitte vÃ¥r kultur med verdier som er integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon fra starten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " @@ -1202,10 +1326,10 @@ msgid "" "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " "regulation of creativity in America. To build upon or critique the culture " "around us one must ask, Oliver Twist­like, for permission first. Permission " -"is, of course, often granted--but it is not often granted to the critical or " -"the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; those within the " -"noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is nobility of any " -"form that is alien to our tradition." +"is, of course, often granted—but it is not often granted to the " +"critical or the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; " +"those within the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is " +"nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition." msgstr "" "lovens svar pÃ¥ Internett, nÃ¥r knyttet til endringer i teknologi for " "Internett selv, øket ennÃ¥ svært effektiv regulering av kreativitet i " @@ -1215,6 +1339,7 @@ msgstr "" "bygd opp en slags kulturelle adel; de i edle klassen leve enkelt; dem " "utenfor ikke. men det er adel noen form som er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " @@ -1248,6 +1373,7 @@ msgstr "" "fortsette ukontrollert. Vi mÃ¥ komme til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ kilden til denne krigen. Vi " "mÃ¥ løse det snart." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " @@ -1275,7 +1401,7 @@ msgstr "" "legitime pÃ¥stander om \"egenskapen.\" det er sÃ¥ vanlig for oss som det var " "til dem at loven bør intervenere for Ã¥ stoppe denne trespass." -#. PAGE BREAK 27 +#. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -1291,6 +1417,7 @@ msgstr "" "fornuft pÃ¥ siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig wright " "brødrene, har Internett ikke inspirert en revolusjon pÃ¥ høykant." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " @@ -1358,6 +1485,8 @@ msgstr "" "ansiktet av disse ytterpunktene fordi, som med armstrong versus rca, " "kraftigere siden har sikret at det har kraftigere visningen?" +#. PAGE BREAK 28 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " @@ -1375,6 +1504,7 @@ msgstr "" "krever i dag er stadig like dumt som en sheriff arrestere et fly for " "trespass. men konsekvensene av dette dumhet vil være mye mer dyptgripende." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " @@ -1390,7 +1520,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " -"theorists--however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have " +"theorists—however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have " "become. Instead I begin in each part with a collection of stories that set a " "context within which these apparently simple ideas can be more fully " "understood." @@ -1402,6 +1532,7 @@ msgstr "" "angir en kontekst som er innenfor disse tilsynelatende enkle ideer kan være " "mer fullt forstÃ¥tt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " @@ -1410,8 +1541,8 @@ msgid "" "old. Rather than understanding the changes the Internet might permit, and " "rather than taking time to let \"common sense\" resolve how best to respond, " "we are allowing those most threatened by the changes to use their power to " -"change the law--and more importantly, to use their power to change something " -"fundamental about who we have always been." +"change the law—and more importantly, to use their power to change " +"something fundamental about who we have always been." msgstr "" "de to delene satt opp kjernen krav i denne boken: som mens Internett har " "faktisk produsert noe fantastisk og nye, vÃ¥r regjering, presset av store " @@ -1429,8 +1560,8 @@ msgid "" "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " "threatened are among the most powerful players in our depressingly " "compromised process of making law. This book is the story of one more " -"consequence of this form of corruption--a consequence to which most of us " -"remain oblivious." +"consequence of this form of corruption—a consequence to which most of " +"us remain oblivious." msgstr "" "Vi tillater dette, jeg tror, ikke fordi det er riktig, og ikke fordi de " "fleste av oss virkelig tror pÃ¥ disse endringene. Vi tillater det fordi " @@ -1439,10 +1570,11 @@ msgstr "" "historien om en mer konsekvens av denne formen for korrupsjon--en konsekvens " "som de fleste av oss fortsatt oblivious." -#, mtrans +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "\"Piratvirksomhet\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " @@ -1457,7 +1589,7 @@ msgstr "" "lett Ã¥ fange. som Herren mansfield skrev i en sak som utvidet rekkevidden av " "engelsk lov om opphavsrett til Ã¥ inkludere sheet music," -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." @@ -1470,6 +1602,8 @@ msgid "" "own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 31 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " @@ -1486,6 +1620,7 @@ msgstr "" "intelligence, p2p systemer forenkle enkel spredning av innhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te " "som unimagined en generasjon siden." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " @@ -1500,13 +1635,14 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur glade krigen som " "eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren av overskuddet.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " "\"piracy.\" A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is being raised to " "believe that \"property\" should be \"free.\" Forget tattoos, never mind " -"body piercing--our kids are becoming thieves!" +"body piercing—our kids are becoming thieves!" msgstr "" "krigerne har slÃ¥tt til domstolene, til legislatures, og stadig til teknologi " "til Ã¥ forsvare sine \"property\" mot denne \"piratkopiering.\" en generasjon " @@ -1514,6 +1650,7 @@ msgstr "" "være \"gratis\" glem tatoveringer, never mind kroppspiercing--vÃ¥re barn blir " "tyver!" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " @@ -1545,6 +1682,8 @@ msgstr "" "fra noen andre, skulle jeg ha deres tillatelse. Ã¥ ta av noe av verdi fra " "noen andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for piratkopiering." +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " @@ -1553,7 +1692,7 @@ msgstr "" "se rochelle dreyfuss, \"uttrykksfulle genericity: varemerker som sprÃ¥k i " "pepsi-generasjon\" notre dame lov gÃ¥ gjennom 65 (1990): 397." -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " @@ -1567,14 +1706,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " -"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> --if there is " -"value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the perspective " -"that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the Girl Scouts for " -"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout campfires." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the songs) so " -"there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts." +"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> —if there " +"is value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the " +"perspective that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the " +"Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl " +"Scout campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value" +"\" (the songs) so there must have been a \"right\"—even against the " +"Girl Scouts." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 32 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " @@ -1607,10 +1749,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " -"care to draw--the distinction between republishing someone's work on the one " -"hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. Copyright law " -"at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law today " -"regulates both." +"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " +"the one hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. " +"Copyright law at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law " +"today regulates both." msgstr "" "kilden til denne forvirring er en utmerkelse som loven ikke lenger tar seg " "til Ã¥ tegne--skillet mellom republishing noens arbeid pÃ¥ den ene siden og " @@ -1624,7 +1766,7 @@ msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " "vast majority of publishing was commercial. Commercial entities could bear " -"the burden of the law--even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " +"the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" "før teknologien av Internett, gjorde ikke denne conflation saken alle sÃ¥ " @@ -1633,7 +1775,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven--selv byrden av den bysantinske kompleksiteten som copyright lov har " "blitt. Det var bare en mer utgifter ved Ã¥ gjøre forretninger." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -1659,19 +1801,21 @@ msgid "" "creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not " "matter much if copyright law regulated only \"copying,\" when the law " "regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a lot. " -"The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit--certainly " -"as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it affects " -"commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in the " -"chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, and " -"more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at the " -"time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of commercial " -"and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity with insanely " -"complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely severe penalties. " -"We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the \"Rise of the Creative " -"Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also " -"seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of this creative class." +"The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit—" +"certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it " +"affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in " +"the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, " +"and more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at " +"the time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of " +"commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity " +"with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely " +"severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the \"Rise of " +"the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of " +"this creative class." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " @@ -1717,7 +1861,7 @@ msgstr "" "om det ville vinne et publikum. men nÃ¥r disney kjørte en test sommeren 1928, " "resultatene var entydig. som disney beskriver det første eksperimentet" -#. PAGE BREAK 35 +#. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -1744,7 +1888,7 @@ msgstr "" "av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blÃ¥ste lysbilde plystre pÃ¥ beat. " "synkroniseringen var ganske nær." -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -1763,6 +1907,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " @@ -1777,11 +1922,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " -"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had rarely--" -"except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other films. " -"Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that set the " -"standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's great " -"genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others." +"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " +"rarely—except in Disney's hands—been anything more than filler " +"for other films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's " +"invention that set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite " +"often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the " +"work of others." msgstr "" "Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt nytt. " "synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde sjelden--" @@ -1810,7 +1956,7 @@ msgid "" "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " "laughter from his audience. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a classic of this form, " "famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. The film was classic " -"Keaton--wildly popular and among the best of its genre." +"Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its genre." msgstr "" "Keaton ble født inn i en vaudeville familie i 1895. i æra av stumfilm, hadde " "han mestret med bred fysiske komedie som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gnist lyste latter fra " @@ -1818,7 +1964,7 @@ msgstr "" "blant film buffs for sin utrolige stunts. filmen var klassisk keaton--vill " "populær og blant beste i sin sjanger." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " @@ -1843,7 +1989,7 @@ msgid "" "Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " @@ -1856,10 +2002,10 @@ msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " "his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many others. Early " -"cartoons are filled with knockoffs--slight variations on winning themes; " -"retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance of the " -"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its spark. " -"Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line " +"cartoons are filled with knockoffs—slight variations on winning " +"themes; retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance " +"of the differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its " +"spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line " "cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were built upon a base " "that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating " "something new out of something just barely old." @@ -1884,7 +2030,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved " "sengetid eller nÃ¥r som helst." -#. PAGE BREAK 37 +#. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -1898,7 +2044,7 @@ msgid "" "(1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), Cinderella (1950), Alice in " "Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp " "(1955), Mulan (1998), Sleeping Beauty (1959), 101 Dalmatians (1961), The " -"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)--not to mention a " +"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)—not to mention a " "recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet " "(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity " "from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own " @@ -1921,14 +2067,15 @@ msgstr "" "egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin " "kultur. rippe blande og brenne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " "this kind. We don't need to go that far to recognize its importance. We " "could call this \"Disney creativity,\" though that would be a bit " -"misleading. It is, more precisely, \"Walt Disney creativity\"--a form of " -"expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it " +"misleading. It is, more precisely, \"Walt Disney creativity\"—a form " +"of expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it " "something different." msgstr "" "Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og " @@ -1938,7 +2085,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for uttrykk og geni " "som bygger pÃ¥ kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " @@ -1955,7 +2102,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. " "The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. " -"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for that " +"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years—for that " "minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the " "authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive right\" " @@ -1963,14 +2110,15 @@ msgid "" "ways required the permission of the copyright owner." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " "hence, no lawyers. The public domain is a \"lawyer-free zone.\" Thus, most " "of the content from the nineteenth century was free for Disney to use and " -"build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone-- whether connected or not, " -"whether rich or not, whether approved or not--to use and build upon." +"build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone— whether connected or not, " +"whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build upon." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ slutten av en opphavsrett sikt sender et arbeid i public domain. Ingen " "tillatelse kreves for deretter Ã¥ trekke pÃ¥, eller bruke som fungerer. Ingen " @@ -1980,18 +2128,18 @@ msgstr "" "tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller ikke--" "hvis du vil bruke, og bygge pÃ¥." -#. PAGE BREAK 38 +#. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the ways things always were--until quite recently. For most of our " -"history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, the " -"average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning that " -"most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to build " -"upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would be for " -"creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next Walt " -"Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain is " -"presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." +"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " +"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " +"the average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning " +"that most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to " +"build upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would " +"be for creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next " +"Walt Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain " +"is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan ting var alltid--inntil ganske nylig. for de fleste av vÃ¥r " "historie var public domain litt over horisonten. fra 1978 var " @@ -2002,6 +2150,7 @@ msgstr "" "neste walt disney Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse. ennÃ¥ i dag, er den offentlige " "sfæren presumptive bare for innhold fra før den store depresjonen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " @@ -2031,6 +2180,7 @@ msgstr "" "magasinet stÃ¥ bÃ¥ret av en stor andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære " "systemet av offentlig transport." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " @@ -2062,19 +2212,21 @@ msgstr "" "manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney " "perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." +#. PAGE BREAK 39 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " "a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It " "is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution " "to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A " -"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently--" -"with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in " -"character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes " -"the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be different if they " -"are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that " -"review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic " -"that is merely a copy." +"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it " +"differently—with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the " +"character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for " +"what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be " +"different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are " +"committees that review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any " +"copycat comic that is merely a copy." msgstr "" "Dette er fenomenet doujinshi. doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ tegneserier, men de er en " "slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det " @@ -2088,6 +2240,7 @@ msgstr "" "for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er bare en " "kopi." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. " @@ -2110,6 +2263,7 @@ msgstr "" "markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " "konkurransen og til tross for loven." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " @@ -2136,7 +2290,7 @@ msgstr "" "en krenkelse av opprinnelige opphavsretten til Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et " "avledet arbeid uten den opphavspersonens tillatelse." -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2153,11 +2307,12 @@ msgid "" "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " "days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " "now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw--by going into comic books and not tracing " -"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." +"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " +"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " @@ -2174,6 +2329,8 @@ msgstr "" "\"som en creator, det er frustrerende mÃ¥tte holde oss til noen parametere " "som er femti Ã¥r.\"" +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " @@ -2205,6 +2362,7 @@ msgid "" "ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " @@ -2225,6 +2383,7 @@ msgstr "" "artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne " "\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " @@ -2239,7 +2398,7 @@ msgstr "" "advokater,\" han fortalte meg en ettermiddag. det \"bare ikke er nok " "ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller som dette.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 41 +#. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2274,14 +2433,16 @@ msgstr "" "begynne Ã¥ tenke disse problemene, bør sÃ¥ bare om nÃ¥ du være rÃ¥dvill om noe " "du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " "Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " "Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " -"\"property\" rights--copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret--but " -"the nature of those rights is very different." +"\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-" +"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different." msgstr "" "begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " "vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " @@ -2308,22 +2469,22 @@ msgid "" "can't buy you love,\" but rather, value that is plainly part of a process of " "production, including commercial as well as noncommercial production. If " "Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd " -"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong-- even though trivial, " -"even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the law of " -"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers Grimm. " -"There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's use " -"would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the taking " -"from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." +"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong— even though " +"trivial, even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the " +"law of the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers " +"Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's " +"use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the " +"taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 42 +#. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Thus, even though the things that Disney took--or more generally, the things " -"taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity--are valuable, our " -"tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free for " -"the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." +"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " +"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " +"our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free " +"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, selv om tingene som disney tok-- eller mer generelt, tingene som er " "tatt av noen utøve walt disney kreativitet--er verdifull, vÃ¥r tradisjon ikke " @@ -2334,11 +2495,11 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " -"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest work--or " -"even one copy--without paying, we'd have no hesitation in saying the artist " -"was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have stolen something " -"of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, whether large or " -"small." +"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " +"work—or even one copy—without paying, we'd have no hesitation in " +"saying the artist was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have " +"stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, " +"whether large or small." msgstr "" "det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en " "publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk-- eller " @@ -2346,6 +2507,7 @@ msgstr "" "galt. i tillegg til Ã¥ ha begÃ¥tt, ville han har stjÃ¥let noe av verdi. lov " "forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller smÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " @@ -2358,6 +2520,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet er sett pÃ¥ som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt " "finner det vanskelig Ã¥ si hvorfor." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " @@ -2383,7 +2546,7 @@ msgstr "" "første?) og hollywood gÃ¥r gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem " "asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997." -#. PAGE BREAK 43 +#. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2393,7 +2556,7 @@ msgid "" "compensating the original creator. No society, free or controlled, has ever " "demanded that every use be paid for or that permission for Walt Disney " "creativity must always be sought. Instead, every society has left a certain " -"bit of its culture free for the taking--free societies more fully than " +"bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than " "unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." msgstr "" "skaperne er her og overalt alltid og pÃ¥ alle ganger bygge pÃ¥ kreativitet som " @@ -2405,6 +2568,7 @@ msgstr "" "kultur som er gratis for Ã¥ ta--gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, men " "alle samfunn til en viss grad." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " @@ -2437,10 +2601,12 @@ msgstr "" "eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. vÃ¥re var en fri kultur. det blir " "mye mindre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " @@ -2459,6 +2625,7 @@ msgstr "" "bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved Ã¥ holde konkurranse Ã¥ holde " "prisene.)" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " @@ -2479,7 +2646,7 @@ msgstr "" "plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor " "rekkevidde de fleste amatører." -#. PAGE BREAK 45 +#. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2501,7 +2668,7 @@ msgstr "" "fotografering vesentlig. ved Ã¥ senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan " "dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer." -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2519,7 +2686,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in The Kodak Primer:" msgstr "" -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2541,13 +2708,13 @@ msgid "" "and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "Jenkins, 177." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." @@ -2568,7 +2735,7 @@ msgid "" "of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Coe, 58." @@ -2588,6 +2755,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " @@ -2611,7 +2779,7 @@ msgstr "" "av kreativitet som kodak aktivert. demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en " "mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke seg lettere enn noen verktøy kan har før." -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2633,14 +2801,16 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 47 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " -"building whose photograph he shot--pirating something of value. Some even " -"thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free to take " -"the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should these " -"photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." +"building whose photograph he shot—pirating something of value. Some " +"even thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free to " +"take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should " +"these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." msgstr "" "argumenter for Ã¥ trenge tillatelse vil lyde overraskende kjent. fotografen " "ble \"tar\" noe fra personen eller bygge med fotografi han skjøt--pirating " @@ -2649,6 +2819,8 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til Ã¥ ta bilder som de trodde " "verdifull." +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " @@ -2670,7 +2842,7 @@ msgid "" "without compensating the source." msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2697,6 +2869,7 @@ msgid "" "\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " @@ -2724,29 +2897,31 @@ msgstr "" "bli vist før et selskap utviklet bilder. Vi kunne forestille seg et system Ã¥ " "utvikle for Ã¥ demonstrere tillatelsen." +#. PAGE BREAK 48 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " "for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography " "would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. " -"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did--since " -"professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the permission " -"system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would not have " -"occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And certainly, " -"nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression would have " -"been realized. If you drive through San Francisco's Presidio, you might see " -"two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with colorful and striking " -"images, and the logo \"Just Think!\" in place of the name of a school. But " -"there's little that's \"just\" cerebral in the projects that these busses " -"enable. These buses are filled with technologies that teach kids to tinker " -"with film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather " -"the \"film\" of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids " -"to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that " -"they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than " -"thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn " -"something about media by doing something with media. By doing, they think. " -"By tinkering, they learn." +"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did—" +"since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the " +"permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would " +"not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And " +"certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression " +"would have been realized. If you drive through San Francisco's Presidio, " +"you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with colorful and " +"striking images, and the logo \"Just Think!\" in place of the name of a " +"school. But there's little that's \"just\" cerebral in the projects that " +"these busses enable. These buses are filled with technologies that teach " +"kids to tinker with film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your " +"VCR. Rather the \"film\" of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that " +"enables kids to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed " +"culture that they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to " +"more than thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children " +"to learn something about media by doing something with media. By doing, " +"they think. By tinkering, they learn." msgstr "" "men selv om vi kunne tenke seg dette systemet av tillatelse, det ville være " "svært vanskelig Ã¥ se hvordan fotografering kunne ha blomstret som det gjorde " @@ -2769,7 +2944,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ lære noe om medier ved Ã¥ gjøre noe med media. ved Ã¥ gjøre tror de. ved " "fiksing og triksing lærer de." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " @@ -2791,6 +2966,8 @@ msgid "" "teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 49 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " @@ -2804,6 +2981,7 @@ msgstr "" "bilder. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ gjøre [barn] literate om mÃ¥ten mediet fungerer, hvordan " "den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til den.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " @@ -2814,6 +2992,8 @@ msgstr "" "flest, leseferdighet handler om lesing og skriving. Faulkner og hemingway og " "merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om." +#. f10 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " @@ -2840,12 +3020,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " -"understands how difficult writing is--how difficult it is to sequence the " -"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be understandable--" -"few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or more " -"fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds an " -"audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds " -"suspense." +"understands how difficult writing is—how difficult it is to sequence " +"the story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be " +"understandable—few of us have any real sense of how difficult media " +"is. Or more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it " +"holds an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or " +"builds suspense." msgstr "" "et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for " "leseferdighet som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. for om " @@ -2873,13 +3053,13 @@ msgstr "" "en lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva " "man har opprettet." -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002." msgstr "Intervju med elizabeth daley og stephanie barish, 13 desember 2002." -#. f12 +#. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " @@ -2905,6 +3085,7 @@ msgid "" "author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " @@ -2922,10 +3103,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Yet the push for an expanded literacy--one that goes beyond text to include " -"audio and visual elements--is not about making better film directors. The " -"aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. Instead, as " -"Daley explained," +"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " +"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " +"directors. The aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. " +"Instead, as Daley explained," msgstr "" "men Skyv for en utvidet leseferdighet--en som gÃ¥r utover tekst til Ã¥ " "inkludere lyd og visuelle elementer--ikke handler om Ã¥ gjøre bedre film " @@ -2945,6 +3126,7 @@ msgstr "" "at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært fÃ¥ mennesker kan skrive med dette " "sprÃ¥ket, og resten av oss er redusert til Ã¥ være skrivebeskyttet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " @@ -2953,13 +3135,13 @@ msgstr "" "\"lese-bare.\" passiv mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. Couch " "Poteter. forbrukere. Dette er verden av medier fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish." msgstr "Intervju med daley og barish." -#. f31 +#. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid." @@ -2989,7 +3171,7 @@ msgid "" "was a very poor inner-city Los Angeles school. In all the traditional " "measures of success, this school was a failure. But Daley and Barish ran a " "program that gave kids an opportunity to use film to express meaning about " -"something the students know something about--gun violence." +"something the students know something about—gun violence." msgstr "" "som med alle sprÃ¥k, kommer dette sprÃ¥ket lettere til noen enn for andre. det " "kommer ikke nødvendigvis mer lett til de som excel i skriftlig sprÃ¥k. Daley " @@ -3000,6 +3182,7 @@ msgstr "" "fiasko. men daley og barish kjørte et program som ga barn en mulighet til Ã¥ " "bruke filmen til Ã¥ uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om--pistol vold." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " @@ -3007,7 +3190,7 @@ msgid "" "kids to come, the challenge in this class was keeping them away. The \"kids " "were showing up at 6 A.M. and leaving at 5 at night,\" said Barish. They " "were working harder than in any other class to do what education should be " -"about--learning how to express themselves." +"about—learning how to express themselves." msgstr "" "klassen ble avholdt fredag ettermiddagen, og det opprettes et relativt nytt " "problem for skolen. mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser fikk barna " @@ -3016,6 +3199,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn i noen annen klasse Ã¥ gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent--lære Ã¥ " "uttrykke seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " @@ -3024,8 +3208,8 @@ msgid "" "that few would otherwise understand. This was an issue close to the lives of " "these students. The project \"gave them a tool and empowered them to be able " "to both understand it and talk about it,\" Barish explained. That tool " -"succeeded in creating expression--far more successfully and powerfully than " -"could have been created using only text. \"If you had said to these " +"succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully " +"than could have been created using only text. \"If you had said to these " "students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands " "up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, " "because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do " @@ -3047,15 +3231,17 @@ msgstr "" "disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended upon " "dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." +#. PAGE BREAK 52 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " "explained, is about giving students a way of \"constructing meaning.\" To " "say that that means just writing is like saying teaching writing is only " -"about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part--and increasingly, not " -"the most powerful part--of constructing meaning. As Daley explained in the " -"most moving part of our interview," +"about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part—and increasingly, " +"not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As Daley explained " +"in the most moving part of our interview," msgstr "" "\"men ikke opplæring om undervise barna Ã¥ skrive?\" spurte jeg. delvis, " "selvfølgelig, er det. men hvorfor er vi lærer barna Ã¥ skrive? utdanning, " @@ -3065,6 +3251,7 @@ msgstr "" "økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen--for Ã¥ bygge betydning. som daley " "forklart i den mest flyttende del av vÃ¥rt intervju" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " @@ -3099,6 +3286,7 @@ msgstr "" "men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med Ã¥ ta disse elementene du forstÃ¥r, som " "er ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruere mening om emnet...." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " @@ -3113,6 +3301,8 @@ msgstr "" "lærerne fortalte stephanie, ville de omskrive et avsnitt 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, " "till de fÃ¥tt det riktig." +#. PAGE BREAK 53 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " @@ -3146,6 +3336,7 @@ msgstr "" "terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for Ã¥ sikre at " "hele verden ville være Ã¥ se." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " @@ -3160,6 +3351,7 @@ msgstr "" "koreograferte i mÃ¥ten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som " "underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " @@ -3186,13 +3378,16 @@ msgstr "" "aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det var abc " "og cbs, men det var ogsÃ¥ Internett." +#. PAGE BREAK 54 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet--though I do think the people who " -"supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead to point to " -"a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the Internet " -"enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student on the " -"\"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or text." +"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " +"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " +"to point to a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the " +"Internet enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student " +"on the \"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or " +"text." msgstr "" "Jeg trenger ikke bety bare Ã¥ prise Internett - selv om jeg tror de som " "støttes av denne formen for tale skal rost. Jeg mener i stedet til Ã¥ peke " @@ -3205,10 +3400,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " -"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition--not " -"just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just that " -"events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured images, " -"sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically instantaneously." +"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition—" +"not just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just " +"that events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured " +"images, sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically " +"instantaneously." msgstr "" "men i motsetning til noen teknologi for bare skjermbilder, Internett kan " "disse kreasjoner som skal deles med en ekstraordinære antall mennesker, " @@ -3225,8 +3421,8 @@ msgid "" "to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind " "of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions " "very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a " -"public way--it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available anywhere in " -"the world." +"public way—it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available " +"anywhere in the world." msgstr "" "11 september var ikke en villfarelse. Det var en begynnelse. rundt samme " "tid, en form for kommunikasjon som har vokst dramatisk var bare begynnelsen " @@ -3263,7 +3459,7 @@ msgstr "" "de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige " "diskusjon som vi har." -#. PAGE BREAK 55 +#. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3283,7 +3479,7 @@ msgstr "" "syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og routinized. de " "fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3300,16 +3496,18 @@ msgid "" "tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the " "idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-" "century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early " -"\"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated him--" -"it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to " -"choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for him was " -"that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. They " -"deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to " +"\"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated " +"him—it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the " +"right to choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for " +"him was that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. " +"They deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to " "persuade each other of the \"right\" result, and in criminal cases at least, " "they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an end." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " @@ -3328,7 +3526,7 @@ msgid "" "for \"democratic deliberation\" to occur." msgstr "" -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3349,7 +3547,7 @@ msgid "" "our friends want to hear, and hear very little beyond what our friends say." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 56 +#. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3396,6 +3594,8 @@ msgstr "" "dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. " "Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennÃ¥ lesing har en effekt." +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " @@ -3448,6 +3648,8 @@ msgstr "" "historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av " "en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer." +#. PAGE BREAK 57 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " @@ -3467,7 +3669,7 @@ msgstr "" "journalist simpelthen har ikke en konflikt av interesse, eller konflikt av " "interesse er sÃ¥ lett avslørt at du vet du kan liksom fÃ¥ det ut av veien.\"" -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." @@ -3477,18 +3679,18 @@ msgstr "telefon intervju med david vin, 16 april 2003." msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " -"than an unconcentrated media can--as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq war " -"because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more coherent " -"account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the Internet from " -"someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink with a reporter " -"in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter over and over " -"that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer a more " -"optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they told " -"her that they were writing \"the story.\")" -msgstr "" - -#. f20 +"than an unconcentrated media can—as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq " +"war because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more " +"coherent account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the " +"Internet from someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink " +"with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter " +"over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer " +"a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they " +"told her that they were writing \"the story.\")" +msgstr "" + +#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " @@ -3500,18 +3702,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate--\"amateur\" not in the " -"sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not " -"paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much broader range of " -"input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when " +"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " +"the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " +"not paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much broader range " +"of input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when " "hundreds from across the southwest United States turned to the Internet to " "retell what they had seen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it " "drives readers to read across the range of accounts and \"triangulate,\" as " "Winer puts it, the truth. Blogs, Winer says, are \"communicating directly " -"with our constituency, and the middle man is out of it\"--with all the " +"with our constituency, and the middle man is out of it\"—with all the " "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" +#. f21 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " @@ -3532,13 +3736,13 @@ msgstr "" "personlig weblogg, utgitt under psevdonym, som jobbet med noen av de " "problemer og folk som han var dekket.\")" -#. PAGE BREAK 58 +#. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. " "\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public " "figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear that " -"\"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to " +"\"journalism\" is happy about this—some journalists have been told to " "curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is " "clear that we are still in transition. \"A lot of what we are doing now is " "warm-up exercises,\" Winer told me. There is a lot that must mature before " @@ -3547,6 +3751,7 @@ msgid "" "copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " @@ -3575,6 +3780,7 @@ msgstr "" "blogger der skrive slike skjer. NÃ¥r det er ti millioner, vil det være noe " "ekstraordinære til rapporten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " @@ -3598,15 +3804,17 @@ msgstr "" "han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre demokrati. " "men hans hÃ¥v kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring." +#. PAGE BREAK 59 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " "engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.\" But digital technologies enable a " -"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete form. " -"The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays a " -"politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart and " -"manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital " +"different kind of tinkering—with abstract ideas though in concrete " +"form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays " +"a politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart " +"and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital " "technologies launch a kind of bricolage, or \"free collage,\" as Brown calls " "it. Many get to add to or transform the tinkering of many others." msgstr "" @@ -3630,6 +3838,7 @@ msgid "" "technology works can tinker with the code." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " @@ -3646,6 +3855,7 @@ msgstr "" "hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"Ã¥pen kildekode blir en større læretid " "plattform.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " @@ -3662,6 +3872,7 @@ msgstr "" "triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du " "forbedre, jo mer du lærer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " @@ -3684,7 +3895,7 @@ msgstr "" "er det mye du kan begynne Ã¥ gjøre pÃ¥ dette mediet. [det] kan nÃ¥ forsterke og " "respektere disse flere former for intelligens.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 60 +#. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3715,6 +3926,8 @@ msgstr "" "finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet som " "teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." +#. f22 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " @@ -3736,6 +3949,7 @@ msgid "" "of the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " @@ -3746,6 +3960,7 @@ msgstr "" "forklarer. Vi trenger Ã¥ \"forstÃ¥ hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og " "vil lære.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " @@ -3771,6 +3986,7 @@ msgstr "" "og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre at " "kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til Ã¥ lukke den teknologien." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " @@ -3831,6 +4047,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ aktivere studenter Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til Internett, sÃ¥ vel som mer intimt " "tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." +#. PAGE BREAK 62 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " @@ -3905,15 +4123,15 @@ msgstr "" "systemet fungerer ganske bra. Jesse hatt mer enn én million filer i hans " "mappen, inkludert alle typer innhold som kan være pÃ¥ brukernes datamaskiner." -#. PAGE BREAK 63 +#. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " "of information pamphlets; movie clips that students might have created; " -"university brochures--basically anything that users of the RPI network made " -"available in a public folder of their computer." +"university brochures—basically anything that users of the RPI network " +"made available in a public folder of their computer." msgstr "" "dermed the index sin søkemotor produsert inkludert bilder, som elevene kan " "bruke til Ã¥ sette pÃ¥ sine egne webomrÃ¥der; Kopier av notater eller " @@ -3926,15 +4144,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " -"course, that three quarters were not, and--so that this point is absolutely " -"clear--Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files in their public " -"folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these files. He was a " -"kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university where he was " -"studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. Unlike " -"Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this tinkering; " -"he was not connected to any business that would make any money from this " -"experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an environment where " -"tinkering with technology was precisely what he was supposed to do." +"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is " +"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files " +"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these " +"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university " +"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. " +"Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this " +"tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any money " +"from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an " +"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was " +"supposed to do." msgstr "" "men the index ogsÃ¥ inkludert musikkfiler. faktisk en fjerdedel av filene som " "jesse søkemotor oppført var musikkfiler. men det betyr, selvfølgelig, at tre " @@ -3966,17 +4185,18 @@ msgstr "" "servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og sÃ¥ " "nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " "or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " "promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"--again, a search engine, which " -"Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which " -"Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to get " -"access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the " -"vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." +"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a search engine, " +"which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, " +"which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to " +"get access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and " +"the vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." msgstr "" "\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " "Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " @@ -3989,6 +4209,8 @@ msgstr "" "opprettet eller lagt ut, og det store flertallet av som hadde ingenting Ã¥ " "gjøre med musikk." +#. PAGE BREAK 64 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " @@ -4007,6 +4229,8 @@ msgstr "" "riaa pÃ¥stÃ¥tte mer enn hundre bestemt opphavsrett infringements, krevde de " "derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000." +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " @@ -4025,8 +4249,8 @@ msgid "" "detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for " "\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the " "claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award " -"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total profit of the film " -"industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion—six times the total profit of the " +"film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -4042,6 +4266,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre " "sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for Ã¥ avvise saken." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " @@ -4062,7 +4287,7 @@ msgstr "" "\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok hver " "krone jesse hadde lagret." -#. PAGE BREAK 65 +#. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4091,11 +4316,11 @@ msgstr "" "Slik jesse møtt et mafia-lignende valg: $250,000 og en sjanse til Ã¥ vinne, " "eller $12.000 og en bosetning." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) (27­2042--" +"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) (27­2042—" "Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, More Than " "One in a Blue Moon (2000)." msgstr "" @@ -4103,6 +4328,8 @@ msgstr "" "musikere og vokalister). Se ogsÃ¥ nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn en i en " "blÃ¥ mÃ¥nen (2000)." +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " @@ -4148,6 +4375,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det " "riaa har gjort." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " @@ -4162,18 +4390,20 @@ msgstr "" "ville plukke pÃ¥ ham. men han ønsker Ã¥ la folk fÃ¥ vite at de sender feil " "budskap. og han ønsker Ã¥ korrigere posten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"pirater\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " -"permission--if \"if value, then right\" is true--then the history of the " -"content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of \"big " -"media\" today--film, records, radio, and cable TV--was born of a kind of " -"piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last generation's pirates " -"join this generation's country club--until now." +"permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " +"of the content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of " +"\"big media\" today—film, records, radio, and cable TV—was born " +"of a kind of piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last " +"generation's pirates join this generation's country club—until now." msgstr "" "Hvis \"piratkopiering\" betyr ved hjelp av kreative egenskapen til andre " "uten deres tillatelse--Hvis \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" er sant-- " @@ -4188,7 +4418,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Film" msgstr "filmen" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4200,7 +4430,7 @@ msgstr "" "historie. Se ogsÃ¥ siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 87­93, som " "inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent." -#. PAGE BREAK 67 +#. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " @@ -4209,7 +4439,7 @@ msgid "" "controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. " "These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the Motion " "Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative " -"property--patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this " +"property—patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this " "creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it " "demanded." msgstr "" @@ -4236,7 +4466,7 @@ msgstr "" "swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og importerte " "film lager til Ã¥ lage sine egne underjordisk marked." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " @@ -4265,7 +4495,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " @@ -4285,6 +4515,8 @@ msgid "" "prominently, did just that." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 68 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " @@ -4313,6 +4545,7 @@ msgstr "" "rullebladet industri ble født av en annen type piratkopiering, om Ã¥ se " "hvordan krever en bit av detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " @@ -4332,6 +4565,7 @@ msgstr "" "musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre det " "offentlig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " @@ -4342,11 +4576,11 @@ msgid "" "that I would have to pay for a \"public performance\" if I recorded the song " "in my own house (even today, you don't owe the Beatles anything if you sing " "their songs in the shower), or if I recorded the song from memory (copies in " -"your brain are not--yet-- regulated by copyright law). So if I simply sang " -"the song into a recording device in the privacy of my own home, it wasn't " -"clear that I owed the composer anything. And more importantly, it wasn't " -"clear whether I owed the composer anything if I then made copies of those " -"recordings. Because of this gap in the law, then, I could effectively " +"your brain are not—yet— regulated by copyright law). So if I " +"simply sang the song into a recording device in the privacy of my own home, " +"it wasn't clear that I owed the composer anything. And more importantly, it " +"wasn't clear whether I owed the composer anything if I then made copies of " +"those recordings. Because of this gap in the law, then, I could effectively " "pirate someone else's song without paying its composer anything." msgstr "" "men hva om jeg ønsket Ã¥ spille inn \"happy mose,\" ved hjelp av Edisons " @@ -4364,7 +4598,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kopier av disse innspillinger. pÃ¥ grunn av dette hullet i loven, sÃ¥ kunne " "jeg effektivt pirat andres sang uten Ã¥ betale sin komponist noe." -#. PAGE BREAK 69 +#. PAGE BREAK 69 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4374,7 +4608,7 @@ msgstr "" "komponister (og utgivere) var ingen sÃ¥ glade om denne kapasiteten til pirat. " "som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4401,7 +4635,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4411,7 +4645,7 @@ msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 223 (setning av " "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4421,7 +4655,7 @@ msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 226 (setning av " "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." -#. f7 +#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4442,7 +4676,7 @@ msgid "" "a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4454,7 +4688,7 @@ msgstr "" "av albert walker, er representative for auto-musikk perforating selskapet i " "new york)." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4482,6 +4716,8 @@ msgid "" "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 70 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " @@ -4506,6 +4742,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre gratis Ã¥ registrere samme sang, sÃ¥ lenge de betaler den opprinnelige " "komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " @@ -4539,7 +4776,7 @@ msgstr "" "satt av grisham og lov om opphavsrett sier vanligvis du har ikke tillatelse " "til Ã¥ bruke grisham's arbeide bortsett med tillatelse fra grisham." -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4558,16 +4795,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " -"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of piracy--" -"by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives creative " -"authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work than Grisham " -"does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the recording industry " -"and the public. The recording industry gets something of value for less than " -"it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much wider range of " -"musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about its reasons " -"for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of rights holders, " -"and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " +"piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise " +"gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative " +"work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the " +"recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of " +"value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much " +"wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " +"its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " +"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4581,7 +4818,7 @@ msgstr "" "det vært ganske en tilhenger av lovbestemte lisensen for poster. som en 1967 " "relaterer rapport fra house committee pÃ¥ rettsvesenet," -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4629,6 +4866,8 @@ msgstr "Radio" msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "Radio ble ogsÃ¥ født av piratkopiering." +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " @@ -4660,6 +4899,8 @@ msgid "" "owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 72 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " @@ -4708,6 +4949,7 @@ msgstr "" "teateroppsetninger av at musikk. sÃ¥ hvis madonna ønsker Ã¥ synge sangen i det " "offentlige, hun har Ã¥ bli din tillatelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " @@ -4751,7 +4993,7 @@ msgstr "kabel-tv" msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "kabel-tv ble ogsÃ¥ født av en form for piratkopiering." -#. PAGE BREAK 73 +#. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4760,8 +5002,8 @@ msgid "" "they echoed to their customers. Even when the cable companies started " "selling access to television broadcasts, they refused to pay for what they " "sold. Cable companies were thus Napsterizing broadcasters' content, but more " -"egregiously than anything Napster ever did-- Napster never charged for the " -"content it enabled others to give away." +"egregiously than anything Napster ever did— Napster never charged for " +"the content it enabled others to give away." msgstr "" "da kabel gründere startet ledningsnett fellesskap med kabel-TV i 1948, mest " "nektet Ã¥ betale broadcasters for innhold som de echoed til sine kunder. selv " @@ -4770,26 +5012,26 @@ msgstr "" "broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde noensinne--" "napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til Ã¥ gi bort." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the Subcommittee on " -"Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee on the " -"Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. Hyde, " -"chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " +"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " +"on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. " +"Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv: høre s. 1006 før subcommittee on patenter, " "varemerker og opphavsrett for senatets komité pÃ¥ rettsvesenet, 89nde cong., " "2nd sess., 78 (1966) (setning av rosel h. hyde, formann i federal " "communications commission)." -#. f14 +#. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, general " -"counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " +"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 116 (setning av douglas a. anello, sjefsjurist " "av national association of broadcasters)." @@ -4806,12 +5048,12 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster put it," msgstr "" -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, general " -"counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " +"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 126 (setning av ernest w. jennes, sjefsjurist " "av tilknytningen for maksimal service telecasters, inc.)." @@ -4828,11 +5070,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "igjen, etterspørselen av rettighetshavere virket fornuftig nok:" -#. f16 +#. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " "Artists Television, Inc.)." msgstr "" @@ -4848,12 +5090,12 @@ msgid "" "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, president " -"of the Screen Actors Guild)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " +"president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 209 (charlton heston-setningen, president i " "screen actors guild)." @@ -4874,12 +5116,12 @@ msgstr "" "men igjen, det var en annen side i debatten. som assistent justisministeren " "sa edwin zimmerman," -#. f18 +#. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, acting " -"assistant attorney general)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " +"acting assistant attorney general)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 216 (setning av edwin m. Zimmerman fungerende " "assistent justisministeren)." @@ -4903,6 +5145,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett eiere tok kabelselskaper til retten. Høyesterett holdt to ganger " "at kabelselskaper skyldte opphavsrett eierne ingenting." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " @@ -4925,27 +5168,29 @@ msgstr "" "kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis pÃ¥ en \"piratkopiering\" av " "verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " -"Expression: Copyright on the Internet--The Myth of Free Information, " +"Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. " -"\"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work without " -"permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\"" +"\"The threat of piracy—the use of someone else's creative work without " +"permission or compensation—has grown with the Internet.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " -"from someone else's creative property without permission from that creator--" -"as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product and " -"beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable " -"TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. Every generation " -"welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation--until now." +"from someone else's creative property without permission from that " +"creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then every industry affected by copyright " +"today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, " +"records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. " +"Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—" +"until now." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"piratkopiering\"" @@ -4965,6 +5210,8 @@ msgstr "" "kontekst. til tross for mange justifications som tilbys i sitt forsvar, er " "dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det." +#. PAGE BREAK 76 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " @@ -4986,7 +5233,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "piratkopiering jeg" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " @@ -5000,10 +5247,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " -"copy it, and sell it--all without the permission of a copyright owner. The " -"recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year to " -"physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out to " -"one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 " +"copy it, and sell it—all without the permission of a copyright owner. " +"The recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year " +"to physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out " +"to one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 " "billion annually worldwide to piracy." msgstr "" @@ -5059,7 +5306,7 @@ msgstr "" "er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et " "internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt ogsÃ¥." -#. PAGE BREAK 77 +#. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5073,7 +5320,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi " "tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til Ã¥ ha en lignende barndom." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5115,7 +5362,7 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5143,6 +5390,7 @@ msgid "" "otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " @@ -5167,6 +5415,8 @@ msgstr "" "fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk av " "piratkopiering av en konkret." +#. PAGE BREAK 78 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " @@ -5236,12 +5486,12 @@ msgid "" "away. If Microsoft fears the competition of GNU/Linux, then Microsoft can " "give its product away, as it did, for example, with Internet Explorer to " "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " -"to say who gets access to what--at least ordinarily. And if the law properly " -"balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of access, then " -"violating the law is still wrong." +"to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " +"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " +"access, then violating the law is still wrong." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 79 +#. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5262,6 +5512,7 @@ msgstr "" "endret for Ã¥ tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat " "ut feil." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " @@ -5322,13 +5573,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "piratkopiering ii" -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777)." -#. PAGE BREAK 80 +#. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " @@ -5338,7 +5589,7 @@ msgid "" "alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5370,6 +5621,8 @@ msgid "" "independently." msgstr "" +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " @@ -5396,11 +5649,11 @@ msgid "" "service. It boasts over 100 million members.) These services' systems are " "different architecturally, though not very different in function: Each " "enables users to make content available to any number of other users. With a " -"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend-- or " -"your 20,000 best friends." +"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend— " +"or your 20,000 best friends." msgstr "" -#. f7 +#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5414,6 +5667,8 @@ msgstr "" "og eldre har lastet ned musikk fra Internett og 30 prosent har lyttet til " "digitale musikkfiler som er lagret pÃ¥ datamaskinene sine." +#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " @@ -5426,7 +5681,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " -"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music--28 percent of " +"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of " "Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey " "by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million " "citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003." @@ -5443,9 +5698,9 @@ msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. " "And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " "calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one " -"might think. So consider--a bit more carefully than the polarized voices " -"around this debate usually do--the kinds of sharing that file sharing " -"enables, and the kinds of harm it entails." +"might think. So consider—a bit more carefully than the polarized " +"voices around this debate usually do—the kinds of sharing that file " +"sharing enables, and the kinds of harm it entails." msgstr "" "noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. noen av det ikke. " "og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter, beregne " @@ -5454,7 +5709,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, og hva slags " "skade det innebærer." -#. PAGE BREAK 81 +#. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5464,7 +5719,7 @@ msgstr "" "fil sharers dele ulike typer innhold. Vi kan dele disse ulike slag i fire " "typer." -#. A. +#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5483,7 +5738,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er mÃ¥let for kategori " "a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe." -#. B. +#. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5503,6 +5758,8 @@ msgstr "" "vil faktisk være ganske god. netto effekt av en slik deling kan øke antallet " "av musikk som er kjøpt." +#. C. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " @@ -5514,9 +5771,9 @@ msgid "" "solid weekend \"recalling\" old songs. She was astonished at the range and " "mix of content that was available.) For content not sold, this is still " "technically a violation of copyright, though because the copyright owner is " -"not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero--the same harm " -"that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records to a local " -"collector." +"not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero—the same " +"harm that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records to a " +"local collector." msgstr "" "Det er mange som bruk deling av nettverk for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold som selges ikke lenger, eller at de ikke ville " @@ -5531,8 +5788,8 @@ msgstr "" "skade er null--den samme skaden som oppstÃ¥r nÃ¥r jeg selger min samling av " "1960-tallet 45 rpm poster til en lokal solfangeren." -#. PAGE BREAK 82 -#. D. +#. PAGE BREAK 82 +#. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5548,7 +5805,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "hvordan disse ulike typer deling balanse?" -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148­49." @@ -5562,11 +5819,12 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. " "Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to " "music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise " -"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to answer--" -"and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric around the issue " -"suggests." +"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to " +"answer—and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric " +"around the issue suggests." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " @@ -5581,7 +5839,7 @@ msgstr "" "over kabel-tv, musikkbransjen complains at typen en deling er en slags " "\"tyveri\", som er \"ødeleggende\" industrien." -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5622,7 +5880,7 @@ msgid "" "problem, and banning or regulating technology was the answer." msgstr "" -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." @@ -5633,9 +5891,9 @@ msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " "the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers--who did not [stop after MTV came into being]--but had to a large " -"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " +"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5643,11 +5901,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " -"in particular, and society in general--or at least the society that inherits " -"the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, the radio " -"industry, cable TV, and the VCR--the question is not simply whether type A " -"sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A sharing is, and " -"how beneficial the other types of sharing are." +"in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that " +"inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, " +"the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply " +"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A " +"sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of sharing are." msgstr "" "men nettopp fordi industrien var galt før betyr ikke det er galt i dag. Hvis " "du vil evaluere den virkelige trusselen at p2p fildeling presenterer til " @@ -5657,6 +5915,7 @@ msgstr "" "skadelig. spørsmÃ¥let er hvordan skadelige type er ogsÃ¥ en deling, og hvor " "nyttig de andre typene deling er." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " @@ -5686,7 +5945,7 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? rart som det kan høres, data om cd-salg faktisk tyder det kanskje " "Lukk." -#. f12 +#. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " @@ -5703,7 +5962,7 @@ msgid "" "on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" msgstr "" -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " @@ -5729,7 +5988,7 @@ msgid "" "\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 84 +#. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5746,20 +6005,21 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. SÃ¥ledes, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble " "lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " "industry constantly asks, \"What's the difference between downloading a song " -"and stealing a CD?\"--but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I " +"and stealing a CD?\"—but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I " "steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost sale. " "But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely clear " -"that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost sale--" -"if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then the " -"industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not a 7 " -"percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, " -"and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge " -"difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\"" +"that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost " +"sale—if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit" +"\"—then the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales " +"last year, not a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were " +"downloaded for free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then " +"there is a huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\"" msgstr "" "Det er for mange forskjellige ting skjer samtidig Ã¥ forklare disse tallene " "definitively, men en konklusjon er uunngÃ¥elig: recording industry stadig " @@ -5777,7 +6037,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"These are the harms--alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " +"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " "industry. What value does it produce in addition to these costs?" msgstr "" @@ -5785,31 +6045,31 @@ msgstr "" "fordelene? fildeling kan pÃ¥legge kostnader pÃ¥ musikkindustrien. hva verdien " "produserer det i tillegg til disse kostnadene?" -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " -"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law--Coming Soon to " -"a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on the " -"Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of the " -"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #18</ulink>." +"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " +"Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on " +"the Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of " +"the Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"One benefit is type C sharing--making available content that is technically " -"still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. This is not " -"a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that are no longer " -"commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And while " -"it's conceivable that some of this content is not available because the " -"artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made available, the vast " -"majority of it is unavailable solely because the publisher or the " -"distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense to the company to " -"make it available." +"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " +"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " +"This is not a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that " +"are no longer commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> And while it's conceivable that some of this content is not available " +"because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made " +"available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the " +"publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense " +"to the company to make it available." msgstr "" -#. f16 +#. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " @@ -5824,18 +6084,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"In real space--long before the Internet--the market had a simple response to " -"this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands of used book " -"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they " -"buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell this content, " -"even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright owner doesn't " -"get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial entities; their " -"owners make money from the content they sell; but as with cable companies " -"before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the copyright owner for " -"the content they sell." +"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " +"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " +"of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the " +"content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell " +"this content, even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright " +"owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial " +"entities; their owners make money from the content they sell; but as with " +"cable companies before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the " +"copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " @@ -5875,20 +6136,22 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandlere. eller sagt pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te, hvis du tror at typen c deling bør " "stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt ogsÃ¥?" +#. PAGE BREAK 86 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " -"sharing to occur--the sharing of content that copyright owners want to have " -"shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing clearly " -"benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, for " -"example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, both " -"free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his publisher's) " -"thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great advertisement " -"for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and then decide " -"whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would be more " -"likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing networks " -"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better off. " -"(Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" +"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " +"have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing " +"clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, " +"for example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, " +"both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his " +"publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great " +"advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and " +"then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would " +"be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing " +"networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better " +"off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" msgstr "" "til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling " "oppstÃ¥r--deling av innhold som eiere av opphavsretter vil har delt eller som " @@ -5916,6 +6179,7 @@ msgstr "" "løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d " "deling, sÃ¥ vi mister noe viktig for Ã¥ beskytte type en innhold." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " @@ -5928,6 +6192,7 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være " "utilgjengelig?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " @@ -5952,6 +6217,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunstnere. spørsmÃ¥let er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og " "denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " @@ -5960,7 +6226,7 @@ msgstr "" "men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? er ikke mÃ¥let bare det " "du skriver inn en deling?" -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " @@ -6024,6 +6290,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen " "ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " @@ -6060,14 +6327,14 @@ msgstr "" "av loven. den likeledes ga kabelselskaper rettigheten til innholdet, sÃ¥ " "lenge de betalte lovbestemte pris." -#. PAGE BREAK 88 +#. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " -"served two important goals--indeed, the two central goals of any copyright " -"legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have the " -"freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured " +"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " +"copyright legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have " +"the freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured " "that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. " "One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright " "holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders " @@ -6090,6 +6357,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten Ã¥ gi " "siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " @@ -6114,6 +6382,8 @@ msgstr "" "drar nytte av opphavsretten til sine kunder. Det bør derfor disney og " "universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse." +#. PAGE BREAK 89 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " @@ -6140,7 +6410,7 @@ msgstr "" "brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og " "universal ønsket Ã¥ holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt." -#. f18 +#. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6154,13 +6424,13 @@ msgstr "" "(vitnesbyrd om jack valenti, president, motion picture association of " "america, inc.)." -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475." -#. f20 +#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6170,7 +6440,7 @@ msgstr "" "Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. " "429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." -#. f21 +#. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6194,16 +6464,17 @@ msgid "" "is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense." "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later " "show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " -"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> --a use the Court would later " -"hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means " -"of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to " -"compensate copyright owners,\" Valenti testified, Congress would \"take from " -"the owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive right to " -"control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and thereby profit " -"from its reproduction.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would " +"later hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the " +"means of an exemption from copyright infringementwithout creating a " +"mechanism to compensate copyrightowners,\" Valenti testified, Congress would " +"\"take from the owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive " +"right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and " +"thereby profit from its reproduction.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f22 +#. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6217,16 +6488,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " -"its jurisdiction--leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, " -"refers to it as the \"Hollywood Circuit\"--held that Sony would be liable " -"for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under the " -"Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology--which Jack Valenti " -"had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry\" (worse " -"yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film industry)--was " -"an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"its jurisdiction—leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, " +"refers to it as the \"Hollywood Circuit\"—held that Sony would be " +"liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under " +"the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology—which Jack " +"Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry" +"\" (worse yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film " +"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 90 +#. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6238,7 +6510,7 @@ msgstr "" "domstolen klart uttrykte sin forstÃ¥else av nÃ¥r og om domstoler bør " "intervenere i slike konflikter. som domstol skrev," -#. f23 +#. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6258,6 +6530,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " @@ -6280,6 +6553,7 @@ msgstr "tabell" msgid "CASE" msgstr "tilfelle" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\"" @@ -6343,7 +6617,7 @@ msgstr "VCR" msgid "Film creators" msgstr "filmen skaperne" -#. f24 +#. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6377,6 +6651,8 @@ msgid "" "ride\" on someone else's work." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 91 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " @@ -6419,7 +6695,7 @@ msgstr "" "hver cover band som har til Ã¥ ansette en advokat for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ " "registrere en sang?" -#. f25 +#. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6441,6 +6717,7 @@ msgid "" "facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " @@ -6467,6 +6744,8 @@ msgstr "" "utformet for Ã¥ balansere beskyttelsen av loven mot sterk offentlig interesse " "at innovasjon fortsette." +#. f26 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " @@ -6493,6 +6772,7 @@ msgid "" "good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " @@ -6501,11 +6781,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"det er vÃ¥r eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ " "samme mÃ¥te som en annen egenskap er beskyttet." -#, mtrans +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "\"Eiendom\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 94 +#. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6519,6 +6799,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten til Ã¥ holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner " "tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan fÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " @@ -6527,8 +6808,8 @@ msgid "" "I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your " "backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you " "don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put " -"a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying a " -"table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" +"a picnic table in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying " +"a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" "men i vanlig sprÃ¥k, Ã¥ ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt " "misvisende, for copyright-egenskapen er en odde type bolig. selve ideen om " @@ -6539,7 +6820,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel skal sears, kjøpe en tabell, og sette det i min bakgÃ¥rd? Hva er det " "jeg tar deretter?" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6555,14 +6836,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " -"ordinary case--indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow range " -"of exceptions--ideas released to the world are free. I don't take anything " -"from you when I copy the way you dress--though I might seem weird if I did " -"it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. Instead, as Thomas " -"Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the way someone else " -"dresses), \"He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself " -"without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light " -"without darkening me.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"ordinary case—indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow " +"range of exceptions—ideas released to the world are free. I don't take " +"anything from you when I copy the way you dress—though I might seem " +"weird if I did it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. " +"Instead, as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the " +"way someone else dresses), \"He who receives an idea from me, receives " +"instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at " +"mine, receives light without darkening me.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -6578,6 +6860,8 @@ msgstr "" "loven sier du ikke kan ta min ide eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven " "blir immaterielle eiendom." +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " @@ -6598,21 +6882,22 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other words--" -"matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the intangible " -"into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its proper " -"context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " +"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " +"intangible into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its " +"proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " "property\" in context. Where did the idea come from? What are its limits? " "How does it function in practice? After these stories, the significance of " -"this true statement--\"copyright material is property\"-- will be a bit more " -"clear, and its implications will be revealed as quite different from the " -"implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw." +"this true statement—\"copyright material is property\"— will be " +"a bit more clear, and its implications will be revealed as quite different " +"from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw." msgstr "" "min strategi for Ã¥ gjøre dette vil være det samme som min strategi i den " "foregÃ¥ende delen. Jeg tilbyr fire historier Ã¥ hjelpe sette ideen om " @@ -6648,7 +6933,7 @@ msgstr "" "kilden. Jeg overheard en gang noen kommentere kenneth branagh tilpasning av " "henry v: \"Jeg likte det, men shakespeare er sÃ¥ full av clichés.\"" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6668,7 +6953,7 @@ msgstr "" "john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob tonson, bokhandel," "\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 424­31." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6678,7 +6963,7 @@ msgstr "" "Lyman rokke patterson, copyright i historisk perspektiv (nashville: " "vanderbilt university press, 1968), 151­52." -#. PAGE BREAK 97 +#. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-" @@ -6693,6 +6978,8 @@ msgid "" "kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." msgstr "" +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " @@ -6715,11 +7002,12 @@ msgid "" "in 1774?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " -"was--indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of Anne, " -"there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last law " +"was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " +"Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last law " "regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in 1695. That " "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier " "for the Crown to control what was published. But after it expired, there " @@ -6735,6 +7023,7 @@ msgstr "" "positiv lov som sa at det hadde en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut bøker i " "utgivere, eller \"stationers\"." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " @@ -6757,6 +7046,8 @@ msgstr "" "etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, " "uavhengig av lovverket positiv." +#. PAGE BREAK 98 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " @@ -6774,6 +7065,7 @@ msgstr "" "parlamentet pass en lov til Ã¥ igjen gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over " "publisering. som krever til slutt resulterte i Vedtektene for anne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " @@ -6801,6 +7093,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense eneretten? ikke hvorfor ville de begrenser den til den bestemte " "limit de satt, men hvorfor ville begrense retten til alle?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " @@ -6823,6 +7116,7 @@ msgstr "" "uten hans, eller hans eiendom, tillatelse? Hva grunn er der for Ã¥ tillate at " "noen andre \"stjele\" Shakespeares arbeid?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " @@ -6833,6 +7127,8 @@ msgstr "" "\"copyright\" som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet for Vedtektene for anne. andre, har " "vi Ã¥ se noe viktig om \"bokhandlere.\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 99 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " @@ -6857,6 +7153,7 @@ msgstr "" "til eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, " "eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ utføre, og sÃ¥ videre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " @@ -6865,8 +7162,8 @@ msgid "" "the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, " "about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, " "or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The \"copy-" -"right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but also " -"no more." +"right\" was only an exclusive right to print—no less, of course, but " +"also no more." msgstr "" "sÃ¥, for eksempel, selv om opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var " "evigvarende, alle som ville ha betydd under den opprinnelige betydningen av " @@ -6877,18 +7174,19 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut--ikke desto mindre, selvfølgelig, men ogsÃ¥ " "ikke mer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " "\"exclusive rights\" granted by the Crown. The English had fought a civil " -"war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies--especially " -"monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII granted a patent " -"to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print playing cards. The " -"English Parliament began to fight back against this power of the Crown. In " -"1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to patents " -"for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with the " -"growing monopoly in publishing." +"war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies—" +"especially monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII " +"granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print playing " +"cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this power of the " +"Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to " +"patents for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with " +"the growing monopoly in publishing." msgstr "" "selv det begrensede riktig ble sett med skepsis av britene. de hadde hatt en " "lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett\" " @@ -6901,6 +7199,7 @@ msgstr "" "1710, parlamentet var ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende monopolet i " "publisering." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " @@ -6919,7 +7218,7 @@ msgstr "" "britene sÃ¥ skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har vedtatt en lov " "for Ã¥ stoppe dem." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6935,9 +7234,9 @@ msgid "" "It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " "sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in " "seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as " -"monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's repression, selling the " -"liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The attacks " -"against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as \"old " +"monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the Crown's repression, selling " +"the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The " +"attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as \"old " "patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men " "who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to which learning is " "indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7007,7 +7306,7 @@ msgstr "" "parlamentet avviste forespørsler. som en pamphleteer sa, i ord som echo i " "dag," -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7037,6 +7336,7 @@ msgid "" "private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " @@ -7064,7 +7364,7 @@ msgstr "" "selv om sine Vedtektene for anne copyright hadde gÃ¥tt ut. Dette, de hevdet, " "var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfattere." -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7087,7 +7387,7 @@ msgid "" "author's work gave." msgstr "" -#. f7 +#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7104,7 +7404,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7114,7 +7414,7 @@ msgstr "" "merke rose, forfattere og eiere (cambridge: harvard university press, 1993), " "92." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 93." @@ -7133,7 +7433,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7154,6 +7454,7 @@ msgid "" "the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " @@ -7164,6 +7465,8 @@ msgstr "" "donaldson's. en rekke handlinger var vellykket mot \"pirates,\" den " "viktigste tidlige seieren blir millar v. taylor." +#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " @@ -7184,6 +7487,7 @@ msgid "" "Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " @@ -7204,20 +7508,20 @@ msgstr "" "sedvanerett dermed ga effektivt bokhandlerne evigvarende rett til Ã¥ " "kontrollere publiseringen av noen bok som er tilordnet." -#. PAGE BREAK 103 +#. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Considered as a matter of abstract justice--reasoning as if justice were " -"just a matter of logical deduction from first principles--Mansfield's " -"conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the larger issue " -"that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit the monopoly " -"power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term for existing " -"works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short enough to assure " -"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of time. " -"Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature from the " -"controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that we " -"inherited." +"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " +"were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—" +"Mansfield's conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the " +"larger issue that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit " +"the monopoly power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term " +"for existing works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short " +"enough to assure that culture would pass into competition within a " +"reasonable period of time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, " +"Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to " +"the free culture that we inherited." msgstr "" "regnet som et spørsmÃ¥l om abstrakt rettferdighet--resonnement som om " "rettferdighet var bare et spørsmÃ¥l om logiske fradrag fra første prinsipper--" @@ -7239,7 +7543,7 @@ msgstr "" "kampen for Ã¥ forsvare grensene for Vedtektene for anne var ikke Ã¥ avslutte " "der, og det er her at donaldson gÃ¥r inn i mix." -#. f12 +#. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 1156." @@ -7278,6 +7582,7 @@ msgstr "" "Vedtektene for anne utløpt, fungerer som hadde vært beskyttet av Vedtektene " "var ikke lenger beskyttet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " @@ -7291,7 +7596,7 @@ msgstr "" "Høyesterett. deretter, etter at loven lords stemte, house of lords vanligvis " "stemte." -#. PAGE BREAK 104 +#. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7310,6 +7615,7 @@ msgstr "" "forstÃ¥else av sedvanerett, nÃ¥ en copyright ble løst i en begrenset periode, " "hvoretter arbeidet beskyttet av opphavsrett sendes til public domain." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " @@ -7317,8 +7623,8 @@ msgid "" "argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public " "domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal " "control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " -"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan--" -"were free of legal restraint." +"history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " +"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint." msgstr "" "\"i public domain.\" før saken av donaldson v. beckett, det var ingen klar " "idé av et offentlig-domene i england. før 1774 var det en sterk argumentet " @@ -7328,7 +7634,7 @@ msgstr "" "inkludert de av shakespeare, bacon, milton, johnson og bunyan--var fri for " "juridiske selvbeherskelse." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rose, 97." @@ -7367,6 +7673,8 @@ msgid "" "devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 105 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " @@ -7381,10 +7689,11 @@ msgid "" "longer be controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market " "does, this free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and " "producers chose. English culture would develop as the many English readers " -"chose to let it develop-- chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in " -"the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive context, not a " -"context in which the choices about what culture is available to people and " -"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many." +"chose to let it develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; " +"chose in the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive " +"context, not a context in which the choices about what culture is available " +"to people and how they get access to it are made by the few despite the " +"wishes of the many." msgstr "" "\"ødela\" er litt av en overdrivelse. men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ si at " "endringen var dyp. vedtaket av house of lords betydde at bokhandlerne ikke " @@ -7457,7 +7766,7 @@ msgstr "" "i fatt lounge og i loft belysning. de gjør en perfekt kontrast til kunst pÃ¥ " "scenen." -#. PAGE BREAK 107 +#. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7473,6 +7782,7 @@ msgstr "" "simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av " "det som var spesielt med scenen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " @@ -7518,14 +7828,15 @@ msgstr "" "filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var " "bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation--or at least that someone [at " -"Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox \"wanted " -"ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-point-five " -"seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the corner of " -"the shot.\"" +"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " +"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-" +"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the " +"corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" "deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi " "oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering-- eller i det " @@ -7534,6 +7845,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i " "hjørnet av skutt.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " @@ -7548,6 +7860,8 @@ msgstr "" "var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller sÃ¥ senere, ellers " "kalles pÃ¥ nytt for Ã¥ bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt." +#. PAGE BREAK 108 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " @@ -7601,6 +7915,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥ten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan " "angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren fÃ¥r kontroll." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " @@ -7608,7 +7923,7 @@ msgid "" "episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come see \"My " "Favorite Simpsons,\" then you need to get permission from the copyright " "owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she " -"wants--$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law." +"wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law." msgstr "" "\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " "opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " @@ -7617,6 +7932,8 @@ msgstr "" "rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun ønsker--$ " "10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av loven." +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " @@ -7636,9 +7953,11 @@ msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " "4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a Simpsons episode is clearly a fair use " -"of The Simpsons--and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." +"of The Simpsons—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 109 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" @@ -7646,6 +7965,7 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole pÃ¥ \"rettferdig bruk.\" her " "annet hans svar:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " @@ -7662,6 +7982,8 @@ msgstr "" "i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ " "noen konkret mÃ¥te. Her er hvorfor:" +#. 1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " @@ -7676,7 +7998,7 @@ msgstr "" "dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe " "søknadsprosessen til Ã¥ stoppe." -#. 2. +#. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7699,6 +8021,9 @@ msgstr "" "selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for Ã¥ forsvare et " "prinsipp." +#. 3. +#. PAGE BREAK 110 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law " @@ -7714,7 +8039,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvem som hadde større juridiske avdelingen og dypere lommebøker, meg eller " "dem." -#. 4. +#. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7778,8 +8103,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " -"emerging market for CD-ROM technology--not to distribute film, but to do " -"things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he " +"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " +"do things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he " "launched an initiative to develop a product to build retrospectives on the " "work of particular actors. The first actor chosen was Clint Eastwood. The " "idea was to showcase all of the work of Eastwood, with clips from his films " @@ -7806,7 +8131,7 @@ msgstr "" "om hans karriere. fordi starwave produsert de intervjuene, var det gratis Ã¥ " "inkludere dem pÃ¥ CD-ROMen." -#. PAGE BREAK 112 +#. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7822,6 +8147,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin karriere ble brukt pÃ¥ warner brothers, og sÃ¥ var det relativt lett Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tillatelse for innholdet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " @@ -7837,6 +8163,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt pÃ¥ en skuespiller-karriere." "\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " @@ -7845,12 +8172,14 @@ msgstr "" "Alben brakt ideen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " -"publicity--rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation of " -"his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, as " -"this chapter evinces." +"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " +"of his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, " +"as this chapter evinces." msgstr "" "teknisk, rettighetene som alben hadde Ã¥ fjerne var hovedsakelig de " "publisitet--rettigheter kunstner har til Ã¥ kontrollere kommersiell " @@ -7891,13 +8220,14 @@ msgstr "" "hans resourcefulness som skjult Ã¥penbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted " "alben bare hva de gjorde:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " -"artistic decisions about what film clips to include--of course we were going " -"to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to get " -"the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get his " -"permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him." +"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " +"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to " +"get the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get " +"his permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ vi gikk veldig mekanisk about looking up film klipp. Vi har gjort noen " "kunstneriske beslutninger om hva film klipp for Ã¥ inkludere--selvfølgelig vi " @@ -7905,18 +8235,18 @@ msgstr "" "fyren pÃ¥ bakken som er vrir under pistol og du trenger for Ã¥ fÃ¥ sin " "tillatelse. og deretter mÃ¥ du bestemme hva du skal betale ham." -#. PAGE BREAK 113 +#. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " "a minute, but to reuse that performance in the CD-ROM the rate at the time " -"was about $600. So we had to identify the people--some of them were hard to " -"identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy crashing " -"through the glass--is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And then we just, " -"we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we just started " -"calling people." +"was about $600. So we had to identify the people—some of them were " +"hard to identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy " +"crashing through the glass—is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And " +"then we just, we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we " +"just started calling people." msgstr "" "vi besluttet at det ville være rettferdig hvis vi tilbudt dem dayplayer-rate " "for retten til Ã¥ gjenbruke denne prestasjonen. Vi snakker om et klipp av " @@ -7927,10 +8257,11 @@ msgstr "" "stuntman? og sÃ¥ begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og " "noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Some actors were glad to help--Donald Sutherland, for example, followed up " -"himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " +"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " +"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " "dumbfounded at their good fortune. Alben would ask, \"Hey, can I pay you " "$600 or maybe if you were in two films, you know, $1,200?\" And they would " "say, \"Are you for real? Hey, I'd love to get $1,200.\" And some of course " @@ -7947,9 +8278,10 @@ msgstr "" "hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen pÃ¥ clint " "eastwood karriere." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It was one year later--\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " +"It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" "Det var ett Ã¥r senere, \"og selv da vi var ikke sikker pÃ¥ om vi var helt i " @@ -7966,6 +8298,7 @@ msgstr "" "eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde pÃ¥tatt seg et kjempestort " "prosjekt for Ã¥ slippe en retrospektiv." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " @@ -7983,7 +8316,7 @@ msgstr "" "det er sÃ¥ mange aktører, sÃ¥ mange styremedlemmer... sÃ¥ mange musikere,\" og " "vi bare gikk pÃ¥ den svært systematisk og fjernet rettighetene." -#. PAGE BREAK 114 +#. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7993,7 +8326,7 @@ msgstr "" "og ingen tvil, selve produktet var usedvanlig god. Eastwood elsket det, og " "det selges godt." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " @@ -8011,6 +8344,7 @@ msgid "" "Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " @@ -8057,13 +8391,15 @@ msgstr "" "hver? ville ikke mye mer opprettes hvis den juridiske delen av den kreative " "prosessen kan gjøres for Ã¥ være mer ren?" +#. PAGE BREAK 115 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism--where " -"you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged former " -"spouses--you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't be so " -"daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career and " -"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. " +"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—" +"where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged " +"former spouses—you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't " +"be so daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career " +"and meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. " "You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in " "a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a " "known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of " @@ -8091,6 +8427,7 @@ msgstr "" "mennesker kommer til Ã¥ holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir vanskeligere " "Ã¥ sette en av disse tingene sammen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " @@ -8123,7 +8460,7 @@ msgstr "" "tatt. eller pÃ¥ minst, en frisk-utdannet, regulationminimizing republikanske " "bør se pÃ¥ rettighetene og spør, \"betyr dette fortsatt fornuftig?\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 116 +#. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8154,6 +8491,7 @@ msgstr "" "var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. dommernes elsket enhver " "minutt av den." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " @@ -8198,13 +8536,14 @@ msgstr "" "teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nÃ¥ gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men " "du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " -"paste architecture of the Internet created--in a second you can find just " -"about any image you want; in another second, you can have it planted in your " -"presentation." +"paste architecture of the Internet created—in a second you can find " +"just about any image you want; in another second, you can have it planted in " +"your presentation." msgstr "" "Vi lever i en \"klippe og lime\" kultur aktiveres av teknologi. alle bygge " "en presentasjon vet ekstraordinære friheten som klippe- og limefunksjon " @@ -8212,7 +8551,7 @@ msgstr "" "alle bildet du ønsker; i en annen andre, kan du ha det plantet i " "presentasjonen." -#. PAGE BREAK 117 +#. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8234,6 +8573,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og " "musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " @@ -8248,6 +8588,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke " "komme ut." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " @@ -8289,15 +8630,18 @@ msgstr "" "under denne plan, ville produsere nye inntekter for kunstnere. Hva grunn " "ville alle ha til Ã¥ motsette seg det?" +#. PAGE BREAK 118 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " "announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a \"unique " "filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights " -"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and--with " -"the use of stateof-the-art digital technology--insert Myers and other actors " -"into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\"" +"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and—" +"with the use of stateof-the-art digital technology—insert Myers and " +"other actors into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of " +"entertainment.\"" msgstr "" "i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic " "geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-" @@ -8307,6 +8651,7 @@ msgstr "" "og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og andre " "aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " @@ -8333,8 +8678,8 @@ msgid "" "copyright, the real meaning of the DreamWorks announcement is just this: It " "is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom " "to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts " -"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and famous--" -"and presumably rich." +"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and " +"famous—and presumably rich." msgstr "" "Spielberg er rett. filmen prøvetaking av myers vil bli strÃ¥lende. men hvis " "du ikke tenke pÃ¥ det, du vil kanskje savne helt utrolig punktet om denne " @@ -8345,6 +8690,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nÃ¥ et privilegium reservert for morsomt " "og berømte-- og antagelig rik." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " @@ -8356,7 +8702,8 @@ msgid "" "mirror the costs with fair use: You either pay a lawyer to defend your fair " "use rights or pay a lawyer to track down permissions so you don't have to " "rely upon fair use rights. Either way, the creative process is a process of " -"paying lawyers--again a privilege, or perhaps a curse, reserved for the few." +"paying lawyers—again a privilege, or perhaps a curse, reserved for the " +"few." msgstr "" "dette privilegiet blir reservert for to slags grunner. først fortsetter " "historien om det siste kapitlet: vagueness av \"rettferdig bruk.\" mye av " @@ -8375,15 +8722,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "kapittel 9: samlere" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"--computer codes designed to \"spider,\" " -"or automatically search the Internet and copy content--began running across " -"the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information onto a " -"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's Presidio. " -"Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started again. Over " -"and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took copies of the " -"Internet and stored them." +"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " +"\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy content—" +"began running across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based " +"information onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San " +"Francisco's Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they " +"started again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of " +"code took copies of the Internet and stored them." msgstr "" "i april 1996 fikk begynte millioner av \"bots\"--datakode utformet til " "\"edderkopp\", eller automatisk søke Internett og kopiere innholdet--kjører " @@ -8393,6 +8741,7 @@ msgstr "" "igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to mÃ¥neder, disse biter av koden tok " "kopier av Internett og lagret dem." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " @@ -8421,7 +8770,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjeldende visning av verden, godkjent av regjeringen, ikke var motsagt av " "forrige nyhetsrapporter." -#. PAGE BREAK 120 +#. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8439,8 +8788,8 @@ msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " "content you read before. The page may seem the same, but the content could " -"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library--constantly updated, " -"without any reliable memory." +"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library—constantly " +"updated, without any reliable memory." msgstr "" "Det er det samme med Internett. Hvis du gÃ¥r til en webside i dag, er det " "ingen mÃ¥te for deg Ã¥ vite om innholdet du leser er det samme som innholdet " @@ -8448,6 +8797,8 @@ msgstr "" "Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten noen pÃ¥litelig " "minne." +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " @@ -8480,7 +8831,7 @@ msgid "" "cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the " "newspapers. Those papers probably exist on microfiche. If you're lucky, they " "exist in paper, too. Either way, you are free, using a library, to go back " -"and remember--not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember " +"and remember—not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember " "something close to the truth." msgstr "" "vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gÃ¥ tilbake til Ã¥ se hva vi husker jeg leser. " @@ -8508,7 +8859,7 @@ msgstr "" "samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et " "fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge." -#. PAGE BREAK 121 +#. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8518,7 +8869,7 @@ msgid "" "reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some " "historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives " "of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of " -"the Internet--the one kept by the Internet Archive." +"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive." msgstr "" "Internett var et unntak til denne antagelse. før internet archive var det " "ikke mulig Ã¥ gÃ¥ tilbake. Internett var typiske forbigÃ¥ende medium. og ennÃ¥, " @@ -8548,17 +8899,18 @@ msgstr "" "2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en " "milliard sider per mÃ¥ned." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " -"material\"--and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" And " -"this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In " +"material\"—and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" " +"And this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In " "addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been constructing the Television " "Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the Internet. " "While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through television, " "only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone to see today. " -"Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt University--" +"Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt University—" "thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That content is " "indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But other than " "that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If you were " @@ -8579,7 +8931,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan fÃ¥ tilgang til [arkivene], men " "hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," -#. PAGE BREAK 122 +#. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8630,7 +8982,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre at en kopi av arbeidet vil være rundt nÃ¥r opphavsretten utløpt, slik " "at andre kan fÃ¥ tilgang til og kopiere arbeidet." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8649,18 +9001,19 @@ msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " "deposits were made. But the filmmaker was then allowed to borrow back the " -"deposits--for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were more " -"than 5,475 films deposited and \"borrowed back.\" Thus, when the copyrights " -"to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The copy exists--if " -"it exists at all--in the library archive of the film company.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"deposits—for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were " +"more than 5,475 films deposited and \"borrowed back.\" Thus, when the " +"copyrights to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The copy " +"exists—if it exists at all—in the library archive of the film " +"company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " -"originally not copyrighted--there was no way to capture the broadcasts, so " -"there was no fear of \"theft.\" But as technology enabled capturing, " +"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " +"so there was no fear of \"theft.\" But as technology enabled capturing, " "broadcasters relied increasingly upon the law. The law required they make a " "copy of each broadcast for the work to be \"copyrighted.\" But those copies " "were simply kept by the broadcasters. No library had any right to them; the " @@ -8676,7 +9029,7 @@ msgstr "" "dem. regjeringen kreve ikke dem. innholdet i denne delen av den amerikanske " "kulturen er praktisk talt usynlige for alle som ville se." -#. PAGE BREAK 123 +#. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8696,6 +9049,7 @@ msgstr "" "on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " "hendelsene den dagen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " @@ -8712,7 +9066,7 @@ msgid "" "important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the \"Duck and Cover\" " "film that instructed children how to save themselves in the middle of " "nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the film in a few " -"minutes--for free." +"minutes—for free." msgstr "" "Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av " "filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn " @@ -8752,7 +9106,7 @@ msgid "" "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " "to ensure competition in access to this important part of our culture. Not " "during the commercial life of a bit of creative property, but during a " -"second life that all creative property has--a noncommercial life." +"second life that all creative property has—a noncommercial life." msgstr "" "nøkkelen her er tilgang, ikke pris. Kahle ønsker Ã¥ aktivere gratis tilgang " "til dette innholdet, men han ønsker ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ gjøre andre til Ã¥ selge tilgang " @@ -8761,6 +9115,8 @@ msgstr "" "men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et ikke-" "kommersiell liv." +#. PAGE BREAK 124 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " @@ -8796,6 +9152,8 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskap om vÃ¥r historie. i denne second life, kan innholdet fortsette Ã¥ " "informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt." +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " @@ -8828,11 +9186,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " -"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these--television, " -"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second life. " -"For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with Barnes " -"& Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is nothing but " -"what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture disappears." +"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these—" +"television, movies, music, radio, the Internet—there is no guarantee " +"of a second life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced " +"libraries with Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's " +"accessible is nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond " +"that, culture disappears." msgstr "" "ennÃ¥ i økende grad holder noen antakelse om en stabil second life for " "kreative egenskapen ikke true med de viktigste komponentene i " @@ -8842,7 +9201,7 @@ msgstr "" "& noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er noe " "annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur." -#. PAGE BREAK 125 +#. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8916,7 +9275,7 @@ msgstr "" "en mann pÃ¥ mÃ¥nen, og oppfinnelsen av trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i " "alexandria." -#. PAGE BREAK 126 +#. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8928,8 +9287,9 @@ msgid "" "perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand it; some to " "criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create the past " "for the future. These technologies promise something that had become " -"unimaginable for much of our past--a future for our past. The technology of " -"digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria real again." +"unimaginable for much of our past—a future for our past. The " +"technology of digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria " +"real again." msgstr "" "Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekar. internet archive er ikke det eneste " "arkivet. men kahle og internet archive foreslÃ¥ hva fremtiden for biblioteker " @@ -8942,6 +9302,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥r fortid--en fremtid for vÃ¥r fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan gjøre " "drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " @@ -8958,6 +9319,7 @@ msgstr "" "noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, " "og andre vil utøve." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "Kapittel 10: \"property\"" @@ -8967,8 +9329,8 @@ msgstr "Kapittel 10: \"property\"" msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " -"administration--literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in on " -"Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " +"administration—literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in " +"on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " "the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " "established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " "Washington." @@ -9002,18 +9364,18 @@ msgstr "" "og TV-programmer i USA: walt disney, sony pictures entertainment, mgm, " "paramount bilder, 20th century fox, universal studios og warner brothers." -#. PAGE BREAK 128 +#. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " "Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a " -"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a lightning-" -"fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. But this " -"Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at the age " -"of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, is no " -"Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a " +"Southerner—the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a " +"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. " +"But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at " +"the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, " +"is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a " "quintessentially Washingtonian way." msgstr "" "Valenti er bare den tredje presidenten av mpaa. Ingen president før ham har " @@ -9026,6 +9388,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. NÃ¥r valenti gikk til washington, han " "mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian mÃ¥te." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " @@ -9045,10 +9408,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" -msgstr "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" +msgid "" +"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" +msgstr "" +"i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9076,6 +9441,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 129 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " @@ -9093,6 +9460,7 @@ msgstr "" "bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har " "fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " @@ -9115,7 +9483,7 @@ msgstr "" "faktiske juridiske tradisjon, selv om de subtile drar av hans Texas sjarm " "har sakte redefinert denne tradisjonen, minst i washington." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9161,7 +9529,7 @@ msgstr "" "1710. i verden som vil opprette valenti's endringer, vil noen kraftige utøve " "kraftig kontroll over hvordan vÃ¥r kreative kultur ville utvikle." -#. PAGE BREAK 130 +#. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9207,16 +9575,17 @@ msgstr "" "et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, mÃ¥ vi se " "lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " -"requirement. If the government takes your property--if it condemns your " -"house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm--it is required, under the " -"Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just compensation\" for " -"that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that property is, in a certain " -"sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the property owner unless the " -"government pays for the privilege." +"requirement. If the government takes your property—if it condemns your " +"house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is required, " +"under the Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just " +"compensation\" for that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that " +"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the " +"property owner unless the government pays for the privilege." msgstr "" "forfatterne av vÃ¥r grunnlov elsket \"egenskapen.\" faktisk sÃ¥ sterkt gjorde " "de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis " @@ -9227,6 +9596,8 @@ msgstr "" "den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre regjeringen " "betaler for privilegiet." +#. PAGE BREAK 131 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " @@ -9306,6 +9677,7 @@ msgstr "" "som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det mÃ¥ " "være et frivare?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " @@ -9328,7 +9700,7 @@ msgstr "" "institusjoner utformet for Ã¥ forsikre at artister fÃ¥r betalt mÃ¥ du ogsÃ¥ " "kontrollere hvordan kultur utvikler seg." -#. PAGE BREAK 132 +#. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9349,11 +9721,19 @@ msgstr "" "støtte eller svekke høyre eller regulering. Jeg representerte det med dette " "diagrammet:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1331.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +msgid "" +"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " +"the right or regulation." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 133 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 133 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9361,7 +9741,7 @@ msgid "" "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " "throughout, we can describe this either as regulation or as a right. For " "simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent " -"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated-- either " +"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated— either " "constrained or, alternatively, enabled. Law is the most obvious constraint " "(to lawyers, at least). It constrains by threatening punishments after the " "fact if the rules set in advance are violated. So if, for example, you " @@ -9408,11 +9788,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " -"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms--it is property " -"law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; it is " -"norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, and a " -"background of property and contract law, the market imposes a simultaneous " -"constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." +"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms—it is " +"property law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; " +"it is norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, " +"and a background of property and contract law, the market imposes a " +"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." msgstr "" "markedet er en tredje type betingelse. betingelsen er berørt gjennom " "betingelser: du kan gjøre x Hvis du betaler y; vil du fÃ¥ betalt m Hvis du " @@ -9422,20 +9802,21 @@ msgstr "" "bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pÃ¥legger en samtidige " "begrensning pÃ¥ hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture\"--" -"the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on behavior. A fallen " -"bridge might constrain your ability to get across a river. Railroad tracks " -"might constrain the ability of a community to integrate its social life. As " -"with the market, architecture does not effect its constraint through ex post " -"punishments. Instead, also as with the market, architecture effects its " -"constraint through simultaneous conditions. These conditions are imposed not " -"by courts enforcing contracts, or by police punishing theft, but by nature, " -"by \"architecture.\" If a 500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law " -"of gravity that enforces this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands " -"between you and a flight to New York, it is the market that enforces this " -"constraint." +"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture" +"\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a constraint on " +"behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability to get across a " +"river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a community to " +"integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture does not effect " +"its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as with the " +"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous conditions. " +"These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, or by police " +"punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a 500-pound boulder " +"blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces this constraint. If " +"a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight to New York, it is " +"the market that enforces this constraint." msgstr "" "til slutt, og for øyeblikket, kanskje mest mysteriously \"arkitektur\"--den " "fysiske verden som en finner den--er en begrensning pÃ¥ atferd. en falne bro " @@ -9449,7 +9830,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomfører denne betingelsen. Hvis en $500 flybillett stÃ¥r mellom deg og " "et fly til new york, er det markedet som hÃ¥ndhever denne betingelsen." -#. PAGE BREAK 134 +#. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9479,6 +9860,7 @@ msgstr "" "blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) " "mÃ¥ vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. " @@ -9505,7 +9887,7 @@ msgstr "" "eget og du sannsynligvis til Ã¥ bli straffet av naboene. samme normen ville " "ikke være sÃ¥ effektiv i en annen by, eller om natten." -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9525,7 +9907,7 @@ msgstr "" "york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye chicago " "skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." -#. PAGE BREAK 135 +#. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " @@ -9537,14 +9919,23 @@ msgid "" "might be used to mandate more speed bumps, so as to increase the difficulty " "of driving rapidly. The law might be used to fund ads that stigmatize " "reckless driving. Or the law might be used to require that other laws be " -"more strict--a federal requirement that states decrease the speed limit, for " -"example--so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast driving." +"more strict—a federal requirement that states decrease the speed " +"limit, for example—so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast " +"driving." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1361.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. f4 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " @@ -9629,16 +10020,18 @@ msgstr "" "domstolene Ã¥ forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne " "samlingspunkt fornuftig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1371.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." +msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" -#. PAGE BREAK 136 +#. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9647,10 +10040,10 @@ msgid "" "who copy and share content. Those penalties are reinforced by technologies " "that make it hard to copy and share content (architecture) and expensive to " "copy and share content (market). Finally, those penalties are mitigated by " -"norms we all recognize--kids, for example, taping other kids' records. These " -"uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms of our " -"society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this form of " -"infringement." +"norms we all recognize—kids, for example, taping other kids' records. " +"These uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms " +"of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this " +"form of infringement." msgstr "" "Det er balansen mellom lov, normer, markedet og arkitektur. loven begrenser " "muligheten til Ã¥ kopiere og dele innhold, ved Ã¥ angi strafferammer for de " @@ -9678,7 +10071,7 @@ msgstr "" "av copyright, normer haug pÃ¥. happy saldoen (for krigere, minst) av livet " "før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett." -#. PAGE BREAK 137 +#. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9695,10 +10088,17 @@ msgstr "" "rettigheter har gÃ¥tt tapt. Dette er Irak etter fallet av saddam, men denne " "gangen ingen regjering er rettferdiggjørende looting resultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1381.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " @@ -9721,16 +10121,16 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle kode for Ã¥ beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale og (4) lærere " "skal utdanne barn Ã¥ bedre beskytte opphavsretten." -#. PAGE BREAK 138 +#. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed--if it was to preserve the " -"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the Internet. " -"And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push for. It is " -"as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as an " -"entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes along " -"to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no " +"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " +"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " +"the Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to " +"push for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have " +"as an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes " +"along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no " "hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a " "flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no " "hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus " @@ -9751,6 +10151,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringen Ã¥ kausjon dem. NÃ¥r import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stÃ¥l " "industrien." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " @@ -9767,7 +10168,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥ten Ã¥ drive virksomhet, eller som john seely brown beskriver den, dens " "\"arkitektur av inntekter.\"" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " @@ -9799,7 +10200,7 @@ msgid "" "hour?)" msgstr "" -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170­71." @@ -9841,19 +10242,20 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ forespørsel fra de vondt ved Ã¥ endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare " "insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In the context of laws regulating speech--which include, obviously, " -"copyright law--that duty is even stronger. When the industry complaining " -"about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a way that " -"burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially wary of " -"the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into the " -"business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that game " -"are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " +"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " +"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " +"complaining about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a " +"way that burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially " +"wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " +"the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " +"game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " "Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " "speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge" -"\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such regulation " -"is justified." +"\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— carefully—whether such " +"regulation is justified." msgstr "" "i sammenheng med lover som regulerer tale--, og som omfatter, tydeligvis, " "copyright lov--at plikt er enda sterkere. NÃ¥r industrien klagende om hvordan " @@ -9866,6 +10268,8 @@ msgstr "" "\" sÃ¥ nÃ¥r Kongressen blir bedt om Ã¥ passere lovgivning som ville \"abridge\" " "ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er begrunnet." +#. PAGE BREAK 140 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " @@ -9943,6 +10347,8 @@ msgstr "" "verre enn problemer det løst, minst nÃ¥r de vurderer den andre, mer " "miljøvennlig mÃ¥ten Ã¥ løse problemer som ddt var ment Ã¥ løse." +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " @@ -9951,7 +10357,7 @@ msgstr "" "Se for eksempel james boyle, \"en politikk av Ã¥ndsverk: environmentalism for " "nettet?\" duke law journal 47 (1997): 87." -#. PAGE BREAK 141 +#. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " @@ -10006,6 +10412,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "begynnelse" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " @@ -10018,6 +10425,7 @@ msgstr "" "property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den " "engelske mÃ¥l Ã¥ unngÃ¥ altfor kraftig utgivere." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " @@ -10028,6 +10436,8 @@ msgstr "" "en mÃ¥te som for vÃ¥r grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, 8-" "setningsdelen i vÃ¥r grunnlov sier at:" +#. PAGE BREAK 142 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " @@ -10048,6 +10458,7 @@ msgstr "" "og formÃ¥let er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller " "med hovedsakelig formÃ¥let med givende forfatternes." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " @@ -10076,10 +10487,10 @@ msgid "" "prevent the concentrated power of a church, they banned the federal " "government from establishing a church. To prevent concentrating power in the " "federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the " -"states--including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected by the " -"states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to select the " -"president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances into the " -"constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable " +"states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected " +"by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to " +"select the president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances " +"into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable " "concentrations of power." msgstr "" "utformingen av fremdriften-setningsdelen gjenspeiler noe om grunnlovens " @@ -10094,6 +10505,7 @@ msgstr "" "struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, " "strukturert for Ã¥ hindre at ellers uunngÃ¥elig konsentrasjoner av makt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " @@ -10108,7 +10520,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"copyright\" i sammenheng: vi trenger Ã¥ se hvordan det har endret i 210 " "Ã¥rene siden de først slo sin design." -#. PAGE BREAK 143 +#. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10120,20 +10532,22 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi, og noen i lys av endringer i teknologi gitt en bestemt " "konsentrasjon av markedets makt. NÃ¥r det gjelder vÃ¥r modell startet vi her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1441.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "Vi vil ende her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1442.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 144 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Let me explain how." @@ -10144,7 +10558,7 @@ msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan." msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "loven: varighet" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10207,7 +10621,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten for en annen fjorten Ã¥r. Hvis han ikke fornye opphavsretten, " "bestÃ¥tt hans arbeid i public domain." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " @@ -10236,7 +10650,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 145 +#. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10252,7 +10666,7 @@ msgstr "" "det ikke var verdt det en forfatter Ã¥ fornye sin opphavsrett, deretter det " "var ikke verdt det for samfunnet Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ opphavsretten, enten." -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10282,7 +10696,7 @@ msgid "" "work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." @@ -10296,7 +10710,8 @@ msgid "" "happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the " "books are no longer effectively controlled by copyright. The only practical " "commercial use of the books at that time is to sell the books as used books; " -"that use--because it does not involve publication--is effectively free." +"that use—because it does not involve publication—is effectively " +"free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -10336,7 +10751,7 @@ msgstr "" "og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven Kongressen " "utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue Ã¥r." -#. PAGE BREAK 146 +#. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10374,15 +10789,16 @@ msgstr "" "domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " -"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term--the maximum term. For " -"\"natural\" authors, that term was life plus fifty years. For corporations, " -"the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, Congress abandoned the " -"renewal requirement for all works created before 1978. All works still under " -"copyright would be accorded the maximum term then available. After the Sonny " -"Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years." +"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " +"term. For \"natural\" authors, that term was life plus fifty years. For " +"corporations, the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, Congress " +"abandoned the renewal requirement for all works created before 1978. All " +"works still under copyright would be accorded the maximum term then " +"available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years." msgstr "" "USA forlatt dette fornuftig systemet i 1976. for alle arbeider opprettet " "etter 1978, var det bare en opphavsrett term--den maksimale betegnelsen. for " @@ -10392,6 +10808,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett ville substansiell den maksimale betegnelsen deretter " "tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti Ã¥r." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " @@ -10408,6 +10825,8 @@ msgstr "" "i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkÃ¥rene være \"begrenset" "\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " @@ -10436,6 +10855,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "loven: VirkeomrÃ¥de" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " @@ -10448,6 +10868,7 @@ msgstr "" "er ikke nødvendigvis dÃ¥rlig. men vi bør forstÃ¥ omfanget av endringene Hvis " "vi Ã¥ holde denne debatten i sammenheng." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " @@ -10474,6 +10895,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller Ã¥ tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " "(for eksempel et drama basert pÃ¥ en publiserte bok)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " @@ -10502,7 +10924,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativt arbeid, beskytter det kreative arbeidet mer forstand, og beskytter " "verk som er basert pÃ¥ en betydelig mÃ¥te pÃ¥ det første skapende arbeidet." -#. PAGE BREAK 148 +#. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10536,10 +10958,11 @@ msgid "" "copyrighted. Thus, the rule reflected the norm: Most works apparently didn't " "need copyright, so registration narrowed the regulation of the law to the " "few that did. The same reasoning justified the requirement that a work be " -"marked as copyrighted--that way it was easy to know whether a copyright was " -"being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure that " -"after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work somewhere so " -"that it could be copied by others without locating the original author." +"marked as copyrighted—that way it was easy to know whether a copyright " +"was being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure " +"that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work " +"somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the original " +"author." msgstr "" "Ã¥rsaken til registreringskrav var fornuftig forstÃ¥elsen om at for de fleste " "arbeider, ingen opphavsrett var nødvendig. igjen, i de første ti Ã¥rene av " @@ -10571,10 +10994,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." +msgid "" +"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "vurdere et praktisk eksempel Ã¥ forstÃ¥ omfanget av disse forskjellene." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10597,10 +11021,10 @@ msgid "" "unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny " "regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the " -"United States--publishers." +"United States—publishers." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 149 +#. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10625,9 +11049,9 @@ msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " "note to your spouse, every doodle, every creative act that's reduced to a " -"tangible form--all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no need " -"to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not the " -"steps you take to protect it." +"tangible form—all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no " +"need to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not " +"the steps you take to protect it." msgstr "" "i dag historien er svært forskjellige: Hvis du skriver en bok, boken er " "automatisk beskyttet. faktisk, ikke bare i adresseboken. hver e-post, hver " @@ -10647,6 +11071,7 @@ msgstr "" "unntak) til Ã¥ kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den " "til Ã¥ publisere den pÃ¥ nytt, eller for Ã¥ dele et utdrag." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " @@ -10690,7 +11115,7 @@ msgstr "" "spøk av opphavsretten, slik loven ble riktig utvidet til Ã¥ omfatte disse smÃ¥ " "endringer, sÃ¥ vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." -#. f14 +#. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " @@ -10700,18 +11125,18 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " -"culture--at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law applies " -"not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. I " -"understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " +"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " +"applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. " +"I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " "whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different " -"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all--they believe that our " -"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at all." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that far, it " -"seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally different from " -"the wrong of direct piracy." +"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—they believe that " +"our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at " +"all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that " +"far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally " +"different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10736,6 +11161,7 @@ msgid "" "creative work are treated the same." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " @@ -10767,12 +11193,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "lov og arkitektur: nÃ¥" +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " -"regulates more than \"copies\"--a public performance of a copyrighted song, " -"for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make a " -"copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes " +"regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " +"song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make " +"a copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes " "doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 United States Code, section 112(a). But the " "presumption under the existing law (which regulates \"copies;\" 17 United " "States Code, section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." @@ -10794,6 +11222,8 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 151 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " @@ -10815,7 +11245,7 @@ msgstr "" "med Internett, Kopier ikke bør være utløser for lov om opphavsrett. mer " "presist, bør de ikke alltid være utløser for lov om opphavsrett." -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10846,11 +11276,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1521.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 152 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10877,10 +11313,16 @@ msgstr "" "disse handlinger er regulert av lov om opphavsrett, fordi disse handlinger " "ikke gjør en kopi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1531.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10898,6 +11340,7 @@ msgstr "" "paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første " "diagrammet pÃ¥ neste side)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " @@ -10906,10 +11349,19 @@ msgstr "" "Endelig er det en liten sliver i regulert Ellers kopierer bruker som forblir " "unregulated fordi loven vurderer disse \"rimelig bruk\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1541.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "" +"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " +"copyrighted work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " @@ -10930,14 +11382,30 @@ msgstr "" "slike \"fair bruker\" for offentlig politikk (og muligens first endring) " "grunner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1542.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1551.jpg\"></graphic>" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "" +"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " +"regulated." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 154 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " @@ -10949,6 +11417,8 @@ msgstr "" "bruker som likevel anses \"rettferdig\" uavhengig av copyrighteieren " "visninger." +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " @@ -10965,20 +11435,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Enter the Internet--a distributed, digital network where every use of a " +"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "And because of this single, arbitrary feature of the design of a digital " "network, the scope of category 1 changes dramatically. Uses that before were " "presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated. No longer is " "there a set of presumptively unregulated uses that define a freedom " "associated with a copyrighted work. Instead, each use is now subject to the " -"copyright, because each use also makes a copy--category 1 gets sucked into " -"category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of copyrighted " -"work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of " -"this shift." +"copyright, because each use also makes a copy—category 1 gets sucked " +"into category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of " +"copyrighted work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the " +"burden of this shift." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 155 +#. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10987,8 +11457,8 @@ msgid "" "plausible copyright-related argument that the copyright owner could make to " "control that use of her book. Copyright law would have nothing to say about " "whether you read the book once, ten times, or every night before you went to " -"bed. None of those instances of use--reading-- could be regulated by " -"copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy." +"bed. None of those instances of use—reading— could be regulated " +"by copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ la oss være svært spesifikke Ã¥ gjøre herfra Generelt og fjerner. før " "Internett, hvis du kjøpte en bok og Les det ti ganger, ville det ikke " @@ -11050,6 +11520,7 @@ msgstr "" "policy her for Ã¥ skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur " "før Internett." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " @@ -11071,6 +11542,8 @@ msgstr "" "troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men det er " "svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid." +#. PAGE BREAK 156 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " @@ -11098,7 +11571,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " -"use--never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " +"use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " "effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense " "when the vast majority of uses are unregulated. But when everything becomes " "presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not enough." @@ -11110,6 +11583,7 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men nÃ¥r alt blir presumptively " "regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " @@ -11124,6 +11598,7 @@ msgstr "" "video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere pÃ¥ bÃ¥nd, og " "solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " @@ -11140,19 +11615,21 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandel du kan lese noen fÃ¥ sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, sÃ¥, du " "vil ogsÃ¥ kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den." +#. PAGE BREAK 157 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " "sending the tapes) to distributors of their videos. Two years later, Disney " "told Video Pipeline to stop. The owner of Video Pipeline asked Disney to " -"talk about the matter--he had built a business on distributing this content " -"as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended upon his " -"delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video Pipeline " -"stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it was within " -"their \"fair use\" rights to distribute the clips as they had. So they filed " -"a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact their " -"rights." +"talk about the matter—he had built a business on distributing this " +"content as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended " +"upon his delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video " +"Pipeline stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it " +"was within their \"fair use\" rights to distribute the clips as they had. So " +"they filed a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in " +"fact their rights." msgstr "" "i 1998 informert video rørledningen disney og andre trevare at det ment Ã¥ " "distribuere tilhengere gjennom Internett (i stedet for Ã¥ sende bÃ¥ndene) til " @@ -11166,9 +11643,10 @@ msgstr "" "de hadde. sÃ¥ de anlagt en sak Ã¥ be retten Ã¥ erklære at disse rettighetene " "var faktisk sine rettigheter." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Disney countersued--for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " +"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " "Disney's copyright. When a court makes a finding of willful infringement, it " "can award damages not on the basis of the actual harm to the copyright " @@ -11204,6 +11682,7 @@ msgstr "" "vise titlene pÃ¥ filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til Ã¥ vise klipp av " "filmer som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ selge dem uten disney's tillatelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " @@ -11229,7 +11708,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontroll en bruk pÃ¥ Internett. teknologien utvider omfanget av effektiv " "kontroll, fordi teknologien bygger en kopi til hver transaksjon." -#. PAGE BREAK 158 +#. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11309,7 +11788,7 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonen med loven og cognizant av saldoer som tradisjon omfavnet, som sa " "om og hvordan loven ville begrense friheten." -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11328,7 +11807,7 @@ msgid "" "their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f20 +#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1­3." @@ -11395,10 +11874,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." -msgstr "pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." +msgid "" +"On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." +msgstr "" +"pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." -#. PAGE BREAK 160 +#. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11419,12 +11900,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Acrobat eBook Reader" -msgstr "Acrobat eBok-leser" +msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "" +"pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1611.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -11436,10 +11920,12 @@ msgstr "" "som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1612.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" -#. PAGE BREAK 161 +#. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11464,10 +11950,16 @@ msgstr "" "Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert " "oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1621.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11477,10 +11969,16 @@ msgstr "" "i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det " "hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for Ã¥ høre boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1622.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11490,10 +11988,16 @@ msgstr "" "Endelig (og mest embarrassingly), her er du tillatelsene for den " "opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for ideer:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1631.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" @@ -11501,7 +12005,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og ikke vÃ¥ger du prøver Ã¥ lytte til denne " "boken!" -#. f21 +#. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11521,32 +12025,35 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"-- as if the " -"publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For works under " -"copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the power--up to the " -"limits of the copyright law. But for work not under copyright, there is no " -"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my e-" -"book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text " -"selections into the memory every ten days, what that really means is that " -"the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I use the book on " -"my computer, far beyond the control that the law would enable." +"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " +"if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " +"works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the " +"power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not under " +"copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy " +"only ten text selections into the memory every ten days, what that really " +"means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I " +"use the book on my computer, far beyond the control that the law would " +"enable." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The control comes instead from the code--from the technology within which " -"the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are permissions, " -"they are not the sort of \"permissions\" that most of us deal with. When a " -"teenager gets \"permission\" to stay out till midnight, she knows (unless " -"she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will suffer a " -"punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I have the " -"permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's memory, that " -"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any more. " -"The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook Reader " -"will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly restriction " -"that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my book aloud--" -"it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if you push the " -"Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read aloud." +"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " +"which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " +"permissions, they are not the sort of \"permissions\" that most of us deal " +"with. When a teenager gets \"permission\" to stay out till midnight, she " +"knows (unless she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will " +"suffer a punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I " +"have the permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's " +"memory, that means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not " +"make any more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the " +"eBook Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly " +"restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my " +"book aloud—it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, " +"if you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't " +"read aloud." msgstr "" "kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om e-" "boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som de " @@ -11562,6 +12069,8 @@ msgstr "" "gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, maskinen bare " "vil ikke lese høyt." +#. PAGE BREAK 163 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " @@ -11628,10 +12137,19 @@ msgstr "" "in wonderland. denne fantastiske boken er offentlig tilgjengelig. ennÃ¥ nÃ¥r " "du klikket pÃ¥ tillatelser for boken, fikk du det fulgte rapporten:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1641.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "" +"List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 164 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " @@ -11708,6 +12226,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en " "favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " @@ -11718,7 +12237,7 @@ msgstr "" "cuddles, og følger deg. det spiser bare elektrisitet og som ikke la sÃ¥ mye " "av et rot (i det minste i huset)." -#. PAGE BREAK 165 +#. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11736,6 +12255,7 @@ msgstr "" "informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo Ã¥ gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony " "hadde lært det pÃ¥ det omrÃ¥det." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " @@ -11752,6 +12272,7 @@ msgstr "" "pet om hvordan Ã¥ hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " "(derfor aibohack.com)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " @@ -11802,7 +12323,7 @@ msgstr "" "programmert Ã¥ danse jazz. Det var en smart bit av fiksing og triksing som " "forvandlet hunden til en mer talentfull skapning enn sony hadde bygget." -#. PAGE BREAK 166 +#. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11831,7 +12352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show-- not " +"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " "Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and " "respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test " @@ -11849,7 +12370,7 @@ msgstr "" "badgering av microsoft advokater, ed felten stÃ¥tt sin bakken. Han var ikke " "om Ã¥ bli mobba til Ã¥ være stille om noe han visste godt." -#. f22 +#. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " @@ -11873,6 +12394,7 @@ msgid "" "Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " @@ -11904,7 +12426,7 @@ msgstr "" "var contestants Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sprekk det, og hvis de gjorde, kan du rapportere " "problemer til konsortiet." -#. PAGE BREAK 167 +#. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11983,6 +12505,8 @@ msgstr "" "bør ogsÃ¥ være helt lovlig, felten mottatt et brev fra en riaa advokat som " "lese:" +#. PAGE BREAK 168 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " @@ -12012,10 +12536,10 @@ msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " "response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new " -"technologies would be copyright protection technologies-- technologies to " -"control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They were " -"designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to reestablish " -"some protection for copyright owners." +"technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies " +"to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They " +"were designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to " +"reestablish some protection for copyright owners." msgstr "" "dmca ble vedtatt som en reaksjon pÃ¥ opphavsrett eiernes første frykt om " "cyberspace. frykt var at opphavsrett kontroll var effektivt død; svaret var " @@ -12055,7 +12579,7 @@ msgstr "" "utformet for Ã¥ forby disse enheter, om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale " "gjort mulig ved at omgÃ¥else ville ha vært et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten." -#. PAGE BREAK 169 +#. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12096,6 +12620,7 @@ msgstr "" "selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre " "til Ã¥ krenke andres opphavsrett." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " @@ -12114,7 +12639,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridiske: fred rogers, aka \"mr. rogers,\" for eksempel hadde vitnet i sÃ¥ " "fall at han ønsket Ã¥ fremkalle gratis Ã¥ tape mr. rogers' neighborhood." -#. f23 +#. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12145,7 +12670,7 @@ msgid "" "healthy way, is important.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 170 +#. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12158,8 +12683,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." -msgstr "Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." +msgid "" +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +msgstr "" +"Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -12173,8 +12700,9 @@ msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. " "They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted " -"material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of particular " -"copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair use--a good end." +"material—a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of " +"particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair " +"use—a good end." msgstr "" "anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgÃ¥else teknologier. " "omgÃ¥else teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan brukes, for " @@ -12183,7 +12711,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale pÃ¥ mÃ¥ter som vil anses rimelig bruk--en god " "slutt." -#. PAGE BREAK 171 +#. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12198,10 +12726,16 @@ msgstr "" "bruk ville vært bra. det, ogsÃ¥, er en teknologi som har bÃ¥de gode og dÃ¥rlige " "bruker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1711.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12240,11 +12774,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " -"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law--increasing its " -"regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would " +"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law—increasing " +"its regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would " "otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code " "becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that " -"copyright owners effect--at least for those copyright holders with the " +"copyright owners effect—at least for those copyright holders with the " "lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien " @@ -12278,6 +12812,8 @@ msgstr "" "snoops, sÃ¥ vel som brukere, og snoops er stadig gode pÃ¥ sporing ned " "identiteten til de som bryter reglene." +#. f24 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " @@ -12355,23 +12891,23 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "markedet: konsentrasjon" -#. PAGE BREAK 173 +#. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically--tripled in the past " -"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well--from regulating " -"only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And copyright's reach " -"has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence presumptively " -"regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control the use of " -"content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through technology, " -"copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and easier to " -"control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a tiny " -"regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has become " -"the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a massive " -"expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation and " -"creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth to " -"copyright's control." +"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " +"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " +"regulating only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And " +"copyright's reach has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence " +"presumptively regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control " +"the use of content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through " +"technology, copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and " +"easier to control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a " +"tiny regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has " +"become the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a " +"massive expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation " +"and creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth " +"to copyright's control." msgstr "" "Slik copyright's varighet har økt dramatisk--tredoblet de siste tretti " "Ã¥rene. og copyright's omfang har økt samt--fra regulerer bare utgivere Ã¥ " @@ -12429,7 +12965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." -#. f25 +#. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12440,6 +12976,8 @@ msgstr "" "FCC oversight: høring før Senatet commerce, science and transport komiteen, " "108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)." +#. f26 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " @@ -12448,6 +12986,8 @@ msgstr "" "lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette Ã¥ " "skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002." +#. f27 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " @@ -12468,7 +13008,7 @@ msgid "" "cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 174 +#. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12498,7 +13038,7 @@ msgid "" "States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The " "ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. " "This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. " -"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the market." +"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market." msgstr "" "avisen eierskap er i ferd med Ã¥ bli mer konsentrert ogsÃ¥. i dag, er det seks " "hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var Ã¥tti Ã¥r siden og ti selskaper " @@ -12519,6 +13059,8 @@ msgstr "" "natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " "artikkel om rupert murdoch," +#. f28 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89." @@ -12529,14 +13071,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . Fox-" -"controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " -"content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the broadcast " -"network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical distribution " -"system through which the content reaches the customers. Murdoch's satellite " -"systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and Asia; if Murdoch " -"becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will serve the same " -"function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . " +"Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " +"content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " +"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " +"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " +"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " +"serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12552,11 +13095,17 @@ msgstr "" "uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre " "dette mønsteret:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1761.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 175 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12610,7 +13159,7 @@ msgstr "" "ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre " "irritabel, ikke mer." -#. f29 +#. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " @@ -12629,13 +13178,15 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 176 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " "separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation " "would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, " -"the vast majority of prime time television--75 percent of it--was " +"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was " "\"independent\" of the networks." msgstr "" "nettverket ikke kontrollere måte av opphavsrettighetene fordi lov forbød " @@ -12645,7 +13196,7 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av prime-time TV--75 prosent av det--var \"uavhengige\" av " "nettverk." -#. f30 +#. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " @@ -12698,7 +13249,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrenses til en stadig mindre og mindre fÃ¥. som barry diller sa til bill " "moyers," -#. f32 +#. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " @@ -12724,7 +13275,7 @@ msgid "" "Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is " "increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is " "not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the " -"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence--not " +"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not " "necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, " "critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a " "democracy." @@ -12738,7 +13289,7 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendigvis banishment til Sibir, men straff likevel. uavhengige, kritiske, " "forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et demokrati." -#. f33 +#. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " @@ -12748,8 +13299,8 @@ msgid "" "Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution,\" Research " "Policy 14 (1985): 235­51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and " "Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " -"Underperform the Market--and How to Successfully Transform Them (New York: " -"Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." +"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them (New " +"York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12794,16 +13345,16 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker " "og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen." -#. PAGE BREAK 178 +#. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " -"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs--though " -"the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this war is " -"a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great as to " -"make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the " +"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—" +"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this " +"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great " +"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the " "criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only " "real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of " "constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war " @@ -12839,6 +13390,7 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig fundamentalt pressen for Ã¥ informere amerikanerne om disse " "problemene." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " @@ -12883,7 +13435,7 @@ msgstr "" "demonstrere den ekstraordinære sikkerhetsstillelse skaden som kommer fra " "stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?" -#. PAGE BREAK 179 +#. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12897,7 +13449,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ hjelpe deg Ã¥ fÃ¥ budskapet. kan du være sikker pÃ¥ at meldingen vil " "deretter bli hørt?" -#. f34 +#. f34 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " @@ -12940,14 +13492,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well--if we lived in a media " -"market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws that " -"condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the media, " -"and that handful of companies gets to decide which political positions it " -"will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious and important " -"way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the handful of " -"companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a mere few get " -"to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." +"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " +"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " +"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the " +"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political " +"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious " +"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the " +"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a " +"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." msgstr "" "Jeg ville være glad for Ã¥ forsvare nettverk rettigheter, samt--hvis vi bodde " "i en medier markedet som var virkelig mangfoldig. men konsentrasjon i media " @@ -12964,6 +13516,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Together" msgstr "sammen" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " @@ -12976,18 +13529,20 @@ msgstr "" "sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en " "Anarkisten kan uenige." +#. PAGE BREAK 180 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed-- when we " -"recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to mean " -"that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture is " -"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and obvious. " -"Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, and (2) " -"the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for dissent, if " -"strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights granted by " -"copyright fundamentally changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate " -"and build upon our past, then we have to ask whether this property should be " -"redefined." +"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " +"we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " +"mean that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture " +"is dramatically different—the claim begins to seem less innocent and " +"obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, " +"and (2) the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for " +"dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights " +"granted by copyright fundamentally changes the freedom within this culture " +"to cultivate and build upon our past, then we have to ask whether this " +"property should be redefined." msgstr "" "men nÃ¥r vi ser hvor dramatisk denne \"property\" er endret--nÃ¥r vi innser " "hvor den kan nÃ¥ kommunisere med bÃ¥de teknologi og markeder Ã¥ bety at " @@ -13022,7 +13577,7 @@ msgid "" "another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases " "copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an " "adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's " -"regulation--a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." +"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." msgstr "" "men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. " "og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet " @@ -13056,7 +13611,7 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av opphavsrett, svar pÃ¥ det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som " "teknologi og markedet aktivere." -#. PAGE BREAK 181 +#. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13074,7 +13629,7 @@ msgstr "" "færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " "enn nÃ¥." -#. f35 +#. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13093,10 +13648,10 @@ msgid "" "studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " "Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad " "a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of " -"regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a " -"nation at the founding--is now a massive regulation of the overall creative " -"process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn this " -"historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " +"regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of " +"a nation at the founding—is now a massive regulation of the overall " +"creative process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn " +"this historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " "culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" @@ -13151,7 +13706,7 @@ msgstr "gratis" msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "reklamefrie" -#. PAGE BREAK 182 +#. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13174,8 +13729,8 @@ msgstr "ved slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre, hadde loven endres til dette:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law--if published, which " -"again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " +"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " +"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " "commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still " "essentially free." msgstr "" @@ -13222,14 +13777,14 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i " "sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nÃ¥ ser slik ut:" -#. PAGE BREAK 183 +#. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " -"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity-- commercial or not, " -"transformative or not--with the same rules designed to regulate commercial " -"publishers." +"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " +"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate " +"commercial publishers." msgstr "" "hver riket er underlagt lov om opphavsrett, mens før de fleste kreativitet " "ikke var. loven regulerer nÃ¥ hele omfanget av kreativitet--kommersielle " @@ -13267,6 +13822,8 @@ msgstr "" "for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil " "bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset." +#. f36 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " @@ -13296,6 +13853,8 @@ msgid "" "180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 184 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " @@ -13353,7 +13912,6 @@ msgstr "" "oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet mÃ¥ kontrollere med en advokat." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "Nøtter" @@ -13362,6 +13920,8 @@ msgstr "Nøtter" msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "Kapittel 11: chimera" +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " @@ -13385,6 +13945,7 @@ msgid "" "life as a king." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " @@ -13405,6 +13966,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg " "være! \"\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 187 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " @@ -13426,6 +13989,7 @@ msgstr "" "overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare " "halvparten forstÃ¥r, men hun var mysteriously glad.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " @@ -13438,6 +14002,7 @@ msgstr "" "instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe " "høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " @@ -13446,6 +14011,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" " "rapporterer han." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " @@ -13454,16 +14020,20 @@ msgstr "" "\"hva pÃ¥virker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " "sykelig... pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som pÃ¥virker hans hjernen.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " -"surgical operation--namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the eyes].\"" +"surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the eyes]." +"\"" msgstr "" "legen fortsetter: \"Jeg tror jeg kan si med rimelig sikkerhet at for Ã¥ " "helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger Ã¥ gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk " "operasjon – nemlig Ã¥ fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 188 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " @@ -13487,6 +14057,7 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med " "100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble pÃ¥ scenen....\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " @@ -13503,6 +14074,7 @@ msgstr "" "chimera). vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " "virkeligheten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " @@ -13510,8 +14082,8 @@ msgid "" "enough, \"the copyright wars,\" the more I think we're dealing with a " "chimera. For example, in the battle over the question \"What is p2p file " "sharing?\" both sides have it right, and both sides have it wrong. One side " -"says, \"File sharing is just like two kids taping each others' records--the " -"sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty years without any " +"says, \"File sharing is just like two kids taping each others' records—" +"the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty years without any " "question at all.\" That's true, at least in part. When I tell my best friend " "to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather than just send the CD, I " "point him to my p2p server, that is, in all relevant respects, just like " @@ -13530,6 +14102,7 @@ msgstr "" "relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling " "selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " @@ -13548,6 +14121,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt Ã¥ dele musikk med \"vÃ¥re ti tusen beste " "venner.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " @@ -13562,7 +14136,7 @@ msgstr "" "et nytt album, heller enn Ã¥ kjøpe det, jeg gÃ¥r til kazaa og finne en gratis " "kopi til Ã¥ ta, det er veldig mye som Ã¥ stjele en kopi fra tÃ¥rnet." -#. PAGE BREAK 189 +#. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13586,10 +14160,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " -"is both--both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is a " -"chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we need " -"to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What rules " -"should govern it?" +"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " +"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we " +"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What " +"rules should govern it?" msgstr "" "Poenget er ikke at det er som verken side beskriver. Poenget er at det er " "bÃ¥de--bÃ¥de som riaa beskriver det og som kazaa beskriver den. Det er en " @@ -13597,7 +14171,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " @@ -13674,7 +14248,7 @@ msgstr "" "være verre enn et rimelig alternativ. men jeg tror den nulltoleranse " "løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene." -#. PAGE BREAK 190 +#. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13691,6 +14265,7 @@ msgstr "" "aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny " "innovasjon og nye kreativitet gÃ¥r tapt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " @@ -13737,7 +14312,7 @@ msgstr "" "besvare det spørsmÃ¥let. markedskrefter operere naturlig kan godt gi en helt " "annen industri-modell." -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13767,6 +14342,7 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " @@ -13791,6 +14367,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "Kapittel 12: skader" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " @@ -13805,6 +14382,7 @@ msgstr "" "direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil " "disse skader bli rammet mest av vÃ¥re egne folk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " @@ -13817,6 +14395,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen " "rettferdiggjøres?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " @@ -13828,6 +14407,7 @@ msgstr "" "første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare nÃ¥r strømmen av " "egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er pÃ¥ sitt største i vÃ¥r historie." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " @@ -13840,7 +14420,7 @@ msgstr "" "navnet pÃ¥ egenskapen fortsatt appellerer; ukritisk avvisningen av " "\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille." -#. PAGE BREAK 193 +#. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13874,8 +14454,8 @@ msgid "" "the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to " "hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. " "You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a " -"string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a collage and " -"make it available on the Net." +"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a " +"collage and make it available on the Net." msgstr "" "i de neste ti Ã¥rene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse " "teknologiene kan nesten hvem som helst Ã¥ fange opp og dele innhold. Ã¥ fange " @@ -13890,6 +14470,7 @@ msgstr "" "sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den tilgjengelig pÃ¥ " "nettet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " @@ -13910,7 +14491,7 @@ msgstr "" "spekter av borgere Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ uttrykke og kritisere og bidra " "til kultur rundt." -#. PAGE BREAK 194 +#. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13948,7 +14529,7 @@ msgstr "" "over Internett. men som loven er nÃ¥ laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively " "ugyldig." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " @@ -13958,7 +14539,7 @@ msgid "" "notes/\">link #37</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " @@ -13979,19 +14560,19 @@ msgid "" "same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The " "four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 " "was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search " -"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com--which defrauded " -"investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market " -"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 million." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed " -"in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an " -"operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and " -"suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense " -"recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading " -"two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently " -"butchering a patient?" -msgstr "" - -#. f3. +"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which " +"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in " +"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere " +"$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " +"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the " +"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in " +"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " +"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " +"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " +"negligently butchering a patient?" +msgstr "" + +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " @@ -14010,10 +14591,10 @@ msgid "" "boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It never pays to " "do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only those who can " "pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet Union, though for " -"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground art--not " -"because the message is necessarily political, or because the subject is " -"controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is legally " -"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United States." +"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground " +"art—not because the message is necessarily political, or because the " +"subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is " +"legally fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United States." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their \"illegality\" " "consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an expression that " "is critical or reflective." @@ -14077,18 +14658,18 @@ msgstr "" "ellers har bruk var rettferdig bruk, og derfor er jeg feil Ã¥ si at loven " "regulerer slik bruk." -#. PAGE BREAK 196 +#. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " -"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad--in practically every " -"context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too slowly, and " -"what it delivers often has little connection to the justice underlying the " -"claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. For everyone " -"else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself on the rule " -"of law." +"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically " +"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too " +"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice " +"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. " +"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself " +"on the rule of law." msgstr "" "men rimelig bruk i Amerika betyr ganske enkelt rett til Ã¥ leie en advokat " "for Ã¥ forsvare din rett til Ã¥ opprette. og som advokater elsker Ã¥ glemme, " @@ -14099,6 +14680,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en " "forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg pÃ¥ rettssikkerhet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " @@ -14106,7 +14688,7 @@ msgid "" "should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal system has " "become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that publishers impose " "upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon filmmakers, the " -"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists-- these are the real laws " +"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these are the real laws " "governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the \"law" "\" with which judges comfort themselves." msgstr "" @@ -14118,16 +14700,17 @@ msgstr "" "disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og disse reglene har " "lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " "against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the " "wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend " -"her right to speak--in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations that " -"pass under the name \"copyright\" silence speech and creativity. And in that " -"world, it takes a studied blindness for people to continue to believe they " -"live in a culture that is free." +"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations " +"that pass under the name \"copyright\" silence speech and creativity. And in " +"that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to continue to believe " +"they live in a culture that is free." msgstr "" "for i en verden som truer $150.000 for en enkelt willful brudd pÃ¥ " "opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot " @@ -14142,6 +14725,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg," +#. PAGE BREAK 197 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " @@ -14169,11 +14754,11 @@ msgstr "Begrensende innovators" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story--creativity quashed, " -"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you going. " -"Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough expression " -"that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And if you " -"think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you." +"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " +"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " +"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough " +"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And " +"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you." msgstr "" "historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie--kreativitet " "ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme " @@ -14181,6 +14766,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk til hva synes Ã¥ være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror " "det er lite i denne historien Ã¥ bekymre deg over." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " @@ -14203,9 +14789,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " -"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary--at a minimum, we need " -"rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, in " -"this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of " +"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we " +"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, " +"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of " "copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that " "just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation " "is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which " @@ -14222,6 +14808,8 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiver er stadig attuned til mÃ¥tene i hvilke regulering aktiverer bare " "de kraftige industriene i dag for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot konkurrenter i morgen." +#. PAGE BREAK 198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " @@ -14230,9 +14818,9 @@ msgid "" "who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " "sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " "taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach " -"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson--what former Napster CEO Hank " -"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley--has been " -"learned." +"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank " +"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has " +"been learned." msgstr "" "Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " @@ -14295,12 +14883,12 @@ msgid "" "Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and " "then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and " "then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted " -"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at home--you could " -"get access to that music once you signed into your account. The system was " -"therefore a kind of music-lockbox." +"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—" +"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The " +"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 199 +#. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14382,7 +14970,7 @@ msgstr "" "søkt Ã¥ straffe noen advokat som hadde vÃ¥get Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ at loven mindre " "restriktive enn etikettene krevde." -#. PAGE BREAK 200 +#. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14402,7 +14990,7 @@ msgstr "" "bør være mindre bør restriktive innse at slikt syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste deg og " "ditt firma dyrt." -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " @@ -14432,7 +15020,7 @@ msgid "" "a discussion with BMW:" msgstr "" -#. f5. +#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " @@ -14451,9 +15039,10 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the world of the mafia--filled with \"your money or your life\" " +"This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " "empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will obviously " "and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a company. " @@ -14465,6 +15054,8 @@ msgstr "" "kveler ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok Ã¥ starte et selskap. Det er " "impossibly vanskelig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." +#. PAGE BREAK 201 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " @@ -14491,6 +15082,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre " "levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " @@ -14513,13 +15105,13 @@ msgstr "" "overregulated kultur, akkurat som effekten av for mye kontroll i markedet er " "Ã¥ produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet." -#. PAGE BREAK 202 +#. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " -"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture--a culture in " +"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in " "which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not " "antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly " "not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And " @@ -14554,6 +15146,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold for Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ regulere direkte teknologi pÃ¥ Internett slik " "at det bedre beskytter innholdet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " @@ -14574,7 +15167,7 @@ msgstr "" "effektivt. Hvis Internett gjør at \"piratkopiering\", deretter dette svaret " "sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett." -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " @@ -14582,7 +15175,7 @@ msgid "" "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "GartnerG2, 26­27." @@ -14603,7 +15196,7 @@ msgid "" "disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 203 +#. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14619,6 +15212,8 @@ msgstr "" "dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader pÃ¥ teknologi, men vil " "trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene." +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " @@ -14639,7 +15234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation--" +"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—" "again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd." msgstr "" "Det er en tydeligere mÃ¥te der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en " @@ -14658,10 +15253,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. NÃ¥r gjort galt, det " "er regulering kraftig bruk Ã¥ beseire konkurrenter." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." +msgid "" +"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." msgstr "" "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." @@ -14692,7 +15288,7 @@ msgstr "" "domstoler og Kongressen innført juridiske restriksjoner som vil ha effekten " "av smothering ny for Ã¥ dra nytte av gamle." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14722,7 +15318,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " "medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." -#. f11. +#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" @@ -14749,13 +15345,15 @@ msgid "" "radio." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 204 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " "or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"--to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden-- then whenever that " +"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " +"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " "Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" @@ -14788,6 +15386,7 @@ msgstr "" "ganske god til Ã¥ stoppe enhver innsats for Ã¥ fÃ¥ Kongressen til Ã¥ kreve " "kompensasjon for artistene." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " @@ -14829,7 +15428,7 @@ msgstr "" "stort antall brukere over hele verden. Ifølge noen anslag har mer enn Ã¥tti " "millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn pÃ¥ denne nye formen for radio." -#. PAGE BREAK 205 +#. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14847,7 +15446,7 @@ msgstr "" "beskytte Internett-radio. som en forfatter beskriver howard Armstrongs kamp " "for Ã¥ aktivere fm-radio," -#. f12. +#. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Lessing, 239." @@ -14869,7 +15468,7 @@ msgid "" "shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f13. +#. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 229." @@ -14877,8 +15476,8 @@ msgstr "ibid., 229." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"This potential for FM radio was never realized--not because Armstrong was " -"wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " +"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " +"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " "\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology." msgstr "" @@ -14898,6 +15497,8 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett er en slik lov. sÃ¥ det første spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør spørre er, " "hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?" +#. PAGE BREAK 206 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " @@ -14907,9 +15508,9 @@ msgid "" "for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While " "terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " "it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, " -"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet radio--" -"the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens terrestrial " -"radio." +"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet " +"radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens " +"terrestrial radio." msgstr "" "men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny " "industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde " @@ -14921,7 +15522,7 @@ msgstr "" "nøytral mot Internett-radio--loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer enn det " "byrder bakkesendte radio." -#. f14. +#. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " @@ -15128,6 +15729,8 @@ msgstr "" "samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy pÃ¥ real " "networks, meg:" +#. PAGE BREAK 208 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " @@ -15150,6 +15753,7 @@ msgstr "" "etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen sÃ¥ høyt, du kommer til Ã¥ " "drive smÃ¥ webcasters ut av business.... \"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " @@ -15207,7 +15811,7 @@ msgstr "" "forfedre, men synes glemt i dag. overregulation skader borgere og svekker " "rettssikkerhet." -#. f15. +#. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " @@ -15217,7 +15821,7 @@ msgid "" "from the Internet by early 2001." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 209 +#. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " @@ -15234,6 +15838,8 @@ msgid "" "extreme response by the other." msgstr "" +#. f16. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " @@ -15252,17 +15858,19 @@ msgid "" "in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the " "money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same " "strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September " -"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals--including a twelve-year-old girl living " -"in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what file " -"sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these scapegoats " -"discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these suits than it " -"would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for example, like Jesse " -"Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the case.) Our law is an " -"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our tradition. " -"And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the power can " -"use the law to quash any rights they oppose." -msgstr "" - +"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl " +"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what " +"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these " +"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these " +"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for " +"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the " +"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an " +"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is " +"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." +msgstr "" + +#. f17. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " @@ -15271,7 +15879,7 @@ msgstr "" "Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" " "amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." -#. f18. +#. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15283,6 +15891,8 @@ msgstr "" "committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, " "direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)." +#. f19. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " @@ -15314,6 +15924,7 @@ msgid "" "result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " @@ -15323,12 +15934,13 @@ msgid "" "have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and sometimes " "drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven cars. These " "are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. And then we, " -"as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave ethically--how " -"to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or honor a demand to " +"as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave ethically—" +"how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or honor a demand to " "disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. Generations of " -"Americans--more significantly in some parts of America than in others, but " -"still, everywhere in America today--can't live their lives both normally and " -"legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of illegality." +"Americans—more significantly in some parts of America than in others, " +"but still, everywhere in America today—can't live their lives both " +"normally and legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of " +"illegality." msgstr "" "denne tilstanden av saker er ikke uten konsekvens. Det er en spesielt " "fremtredende spørsmÃ¥let for lærere som meg, hvis jobb er det Ã¥ undervise law " @@ -15365,7 +15977,7 @@ msgstr "" "er mye større enn kostnadene for et alternativ, vi har en god grunn til Ã¥ " "vurdere alternativet." -#. PAGE BREAK 211 +#. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15381,6 +15993,7 @@ msgstr "" "mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett Ã¥ utestenge " "drap alltid og overalt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " @@ -15436,6 +16049,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel." +#. PAGE BREAK 212 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " @@ -15450,6 +16065,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett for meg Ã¥ selge min klassisk poster pÃ¥ en brukte platebutikk og " "kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " @@ -15466,15 +16082,16 @@ msgstr "" "foreslÃ¥ at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple " "godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " "one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program called " "Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, Baroque, " -"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others--the potential is endless. And " -"by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help build a " -"creativity with play lists that is itself independently valuable. " +"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is endless. " +"And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help " +"build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently valuable. " "Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own right." msgstr "" "Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor " @@ -15490,7 +16107,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This use is enabled by unprotected media--either CDs or records. But " +"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " "the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return " "from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with " @@ -15506,6 +16123,8 @@ msgstr "" "CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer Ã¥ " "identifisere rippede innhold pÃ¥ folks maskiner." +#. PAGE BREAK 213 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " @@ -15554,9 +16173,9 @@ msgid "" "point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved " "the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, " "but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good " -"reason to pursue this alternative--namely, freedom. The choice, in other " -"words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be between " -"different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." +"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in " +"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be " +"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." msgstr "" "Mitt poeng er akkurat nÃ¥ ikke for Ã¥ bevise at det er et slikt system. Jeg " "tilbyr en versjon av slikt system i det siste kapitlet av denne boken. for " @@ -15599,6 +16218,8 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " "kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." +#. PAGE BREAK 214 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " @@ -15622,12 +16243,14 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," msgstr "" "\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " @@ -15676,6 +16299,8 @@ msgstr "" "tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i " "det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt." +#. f20. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " @@ -15712,7 +16337,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f21. +#. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " @@ -15730,7 +16355,7 @@ msgid "" "MP3s will have the same \"fingerprint.\"" msgstr "" -#. f22. +#. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " @@ -15751,8 +16376,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " -"CD to your daughter--a collection of songs just like the cassettes you used " -"to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where " +"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " +"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where " "these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She " "then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and " "if the college network is \"cooperating\" with the RIAA's espionage, and she " @@ -15764,6 +16389,8 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 216 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " @@ -15820,13 +16447,15 @@ msgstr "" "glatt skrÃ¥ning Ã¥ miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti " "millioner av dem." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " -"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective-- securing rights to " -"authors--without these millions being considered \"criminals,\" who is the " -"villain? Americans or the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own " -"people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change our law?" +"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " +"rights to authors—without these millions being considered \"criminals," +"\" who is the villain? Americans or the law? Which is American, a constant " +"war on our own people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change " +"our law?" msgstr "" "NÃ¥r førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, " "og nÃ¥r loven kan oppnÃ¥ det samme mÃ¥let--sikre rettighetene til forfattere--" @@ -15835,7 +16464,6 @@ msgstr "" "folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vÃ¥rt demokrati for Ã¥ endre vÃ¥r lov?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "Maktfordeling" @@ -15856,8 +16484,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " -"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop--or before she " -"understands just why she should stop--the bucket is in the air. The " +"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " +"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The " "gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will " "ignite is about to ignite everything around." msgstr "" @@ -15869,12 +16497,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"A war about copyright rages all around--and we're all focusing on the wrong " -"thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. No " -"doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry and " -"technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect themselves " -"against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that if let " -"alone would burn itself out." +"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " +"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " +"No doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry " +"and technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect " +"themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that " +"if let alone would burn itself out." msgstr "" "en krig om opphavsrett rages rundt-- og vi alle fokuserer pÃ¥ feil. ingen " "tvil, truer aktuell teknologi eksisterende virksomheter. de kan uten tvil " @@ -15882,7 +16510,7 @@ msgstr "" "masse av veier Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot gjeldende trusler pÃ¥ " "Internett. Dette er en brann at hvis enn si ville brenne seg." -#. PAGE BREAK 219 +#. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15961,17 +16589,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It didn't work--at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne any " -"more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a hobby, " -"and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public domain " -"works by scanning these works and making them available for free." +"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " +"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " +"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public " +"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free." msgstr "" "den gjorde ikke arbeide--minst for hans døtre. de finner ikke hawthorne noe " "mer interessant enn før. men eldred's eksperimentet fødte en hobby og hans " "hobby fikk en Ã¥rsak: eldred ville bygge et bibliotek med bøker ved skanning " "disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis." -#. PAGE BREAK 221 +#. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -15980,8 +16608,8 @@ msgid "" "who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was " "producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney " "turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred " -"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible--" -"technically accessible--today." +"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—" +"technically accessible—today." msgstr "" "eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært " "enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan fÃ¥ tilgang " @@ -16014,15 +16642,15 @@ msgstr "" "(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). " "disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " -"noncommercial pornographers--people who were distributing porn but were not " -"making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class " -"didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " +"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " +"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " +"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " "distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " "special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " "Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " @@ -16066,10 +16694,10 @@ msgid "" "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " "wanted to post that collection in his free public library. But Congress got " "in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in 1998, for the eleventh time in " -"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights--this time " -"by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent than " -"1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass " -"into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress " +"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights—this " +"time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent " +"than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would " +"pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress " "extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period, more than 1 " "million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" @@ -16084,6 +16712,8 @@ msgstr "" "deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil " "mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain." +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " @@ -16116,7 +16746,7 @@ msgid "" "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " "would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law " "passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing " -"would make Eldred a felon--whether or not anyone complained. This was a " +"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a " "dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." msgstr "" "Eldred besluttet Ã¥ kjempe denne loven. han først løst Ã¥ bekjempe den gjennom " @@ -16151,15 +16781,17 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved Ã¥ sikre for " "begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " -"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something--for example, " -"to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War.\" But " -"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote . . . " -"Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" " -"\"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times.\"" +"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " +"example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War." +"\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " +"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " +"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times." +"\"" msgstr "" "som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" "setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver andre " @@ -16169,6 +16801,8 @@ msgstr "" "fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke--av \"sikre\" \"enerett" "\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 223 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " @@ -16176,9 +16810,9 @@ msgid "" "Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's " "requirement that terms be \"limited\" will have no practical effect. If " "every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power to extend " -"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly forbids--" -"perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter Jaszi so " -"nicely put it." +"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " +"forbids—perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor " +"Peter Jaszi so nicely put it." msgstr "" "i de siste 40 Ã¥rene, har Kongressen fÃ¥tt i praksis for Ã¥ utvide eksisterende " "vilkÃ¥r for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rÃ¥dvill meg om dette var, hvis " @@ -16209,6 +16843,7 @@ msgstr "" "være villig til Ã¥ betale mye penger Ã¥ se sine opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r utvidet. og " "sÃ¥ congress er ganske fornøyd med Ã¥ holde denne Kjøttsaft tog gÃ¥r." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " @@ -16216,8 +16851,8 @@ msgid "" "\"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the beneficiaries of " "Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to induce it to act. " "There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress can do. Why not " -"limit its actions to those things it must do--and those things that pay? " -"Extending copyright terms pays." +"limit its actions to those things it must do—and those things that " +"pay? Extending copyright terms pays." msgstr "" "for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vÃ¥r nÃ¥værende system av regjeringen. " "\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere " @@ -16259,6 +16894,8 @@ msgstr "" "med Ã¥ utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell " "rÃ¥dgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:" +#. PAGE BREAK 224 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " @@ -16269,6 +16906,7 @@ msgstr "" "utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste Ã¥r, vi vil ikke lenger motta Ã¥rlige royalty " "kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " @@ -16281,6 +16919,7 @@ msgstr "" "tjue Ã¥r. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. sÃ¥ vi bør hÃ¥pe " "passerer denne regningen.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?" @@ -16288,6 +16927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "\"hÃ¥per?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " @@ -16297,6 +16937,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rÃ¥dgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av " "en rekke representanter Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sikre at de støtter regningen.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " @@ -16307,6 +16948,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi fÃ¥ Hvis denne " "utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rÃ¥dgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " @@ -16327,6 +16969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " @@ -16337,6 +16980,7 @@ msgstr "" "kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker pÃ¥ disse bidragene vil forsikre at " "regningen ble sendt?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " @@ -16347,14 +16991,14 @@ msgstr "" "til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. " "som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 225 +#. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"You quickly get the point--you as the member of the board and, I trust, you " -"the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary in " -"the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they can " -"contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit " +"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " +"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " +"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they " +"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit " "greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to " "expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term " "extended." @@ -16377,6 +17021,8 @@ msgstr "" "(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til Ã¥ kjøpe " "ytterligere utvidelser av copyright." +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " @@ -16387,14 +17033,14 @@ msgstr "" "Mikke Mus innsats; Kongressen øks bill tildeling skaperne 20 Ã¥r,\"chicago " "tribune, 17 oktober 1998, 22." -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f5. +#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " @@ -16416,6 +17062,7 @@ msgid "" "campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " @@ -16436,7 +17083,7 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle krav at vilkÃ¥rene være \"begrenset.\" Hvis de kunne " "forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen." -#. PAGE BREAK 226 +#. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16456,6 +17103,7 @@ msgstr "" "av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 Ã¥ ramme en lov som forbød " "besittelse av vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " @@ -16510,13 +17158,13 @@ msgstr "" "Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til Ã¥ second-guess " "Kongressen." -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)." -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." @@ -16532,16 +17180,18 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " "the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government " -"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce--the " +"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the " "limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in " "the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's " "interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate " -"copyrights--the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding." +"copyrights—the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding." msgstr "" "Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra " "en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-" @@ -16552,7 +17202,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringen unending makt til Ã¥ regulere opphavsrett--begrenset til " "\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for." -#. PAGE BREAK 227 +#. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " @@ -16566,18 +17216,19 @@ msgid "" "extend the term of existing copyrights." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " -"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics--a conservative Supreme " -"Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over Congress to " -"advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected that view of " -"the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the decision, I wrote an " -"article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an interpretation of the " -"Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides cases based upon its " -"politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was not going to devote my " -"life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices were going to be " -"petty politicians." +"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " +"Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over " +"Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected " +"that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the " +"decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an " +"interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides " +"cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was " +"not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine " +"Justices were going to be petty politicians." msgstr "" "Hvis, det vil si at prinsippet annonsert i lopez stod for et prinsipp. mange " "trodde beslutningen i lopez stod for politikk--en konservativ Høyesterett, " @@ -16596,16 +17247,17 @@ msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " "copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious " -"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy--piracy of the public domain. When " -"Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the " -"maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, " -"Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their " -"work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution " -"envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they " -"created new work. But now these entities were using their power--expressed " -"through the power of lobbyists' money--to get another twenty-year dollop of " -"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public domain. " -"Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all." +"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. " +"When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, " +"the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim " +"changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly " +"for their work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the " +"Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six " +"years, they created new work. But now these entities were using their " +"power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' money—to get " +"another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be " +"taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects " +"us all." msgstr "" "NÃ¥ la oss pause for et øyeblikk Ã¥ sørge for at vi forstÃ¥r hva argumentet i " "eldred ikke var om. ved Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, " @@ -16621,7 +17273,7 @@ msgstr "" "dollop av monopol. at tyve Ã¥rs Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public " "domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som pÃ¥virker oss alle." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U." @@ -16659,6 +17311,7 @@ msgstr "" "perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper " "ikke, sÃ¥ lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for Ã¥ utvide dem igjen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " @@ -16679,7 +17332,7 @@ msgstr "" "verk. reell skade er Works ikke er kjent, ikke kommersielt utnyttede og ikke " "lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " @@ -16698,12 +17351,12 @@ msgid "" "generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 229 +#. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Think practically about the consequence of this extension--practically, as a " -"businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " +"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " +"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " "10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in " "print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available " "to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you " @@ -16760,8 +17413,8 @@ msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " "how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such " -"records--especially since the person who registered is not necessarily the " -"current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" +"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily " +"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" msgstr "" "men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og deretter i 1959, " "pÃ¥ personen som registrerte opphavsretten. men det er bare tenke praktisk " @@ -16769,6 +17422,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike poster--spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er nødvendigvis " "gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " @@ -16795,7 +17449,7 @@ msgstr "" "sannsynligvis ditt.) sÃ¥ har formelt eller uformelt, vi en ganske god mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen." -#. PAGE BREAK 230 +#. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16853,6 +17507,8 @@ msgstr "" "vil bare rot bort pÃ¥ hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er " "mye mer dire." +#. f11. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " @@ -16892,15 +17548,15 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett begrepet filtypen act vil, hvis stÃ¥ stÃ¥ende, ødelegge en hel " "generasjon av american film." -#. PAGE BREAK 231 +#. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " -"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at all--" -"sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now " -"commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of the " -"vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " +"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " +"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work " +"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of " +"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " "must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution." msgstr "" "hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen " @@ -16910,7 +17566,7 @@ msgstr "" "for at dette skal skje, men mÃ¥ kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet overskride " "kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." -#. f12. +#. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " @@ -16960,6 +17616,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for Ã¥ være et svært stort tall. dermed " "kostnadene ved Ã¥ fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " @@ -16982,7 +17639,7 @@ msgstr "" "advokat. og som for ofte er tilfellet, sier du har til Ã¥ snakke med en " "advokat er det samme som Ã¥ si du ikke gjøre noen penger." -#. PAGE BREAK 232 +#. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17011,6 +17668,7 @@ msgstr "" "tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nÃ¥ lagret bli fylt med " "noe mer enn støv." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " @@ -17050,9 +17708,9 @@ msgid "" "have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending " "Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 " "news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and " -"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for knowledge. " -"To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have made the " -"mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." +"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for " +"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have " +"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." msgstr "" "Det betyr ennÃ¥ ikke livet av endene skapende arbeid. vi holde ikke " "biblioteker av bøker for Ã¥ konkurrere med barnes & noble, og vi har ikke " @@ -17063,7 +17721,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi er, og der vi kom fra, og hvordan vi har gjort feil som vi har, trenger " "vi Ã¥ ha tilgang til denne historien." -#. PAGE BREAK 233 +#. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17100,9 +17758,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " -"film--the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs--were so high, it was " -"never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains of a " -"great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its " +"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " +"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains " +"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its " "commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end " "of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer." msgstr "" @@ -17154,7 +17812,7 @@ msgstr "" "levetid. Det er nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ bevare og forsikrer særlige til denne kunnskap og " "kultur, mens før det ikke var." -#. PAGE BREAK 234 +#. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17197,6 +17855,7 @@ msgstr "" "spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis " "uttrykksmÃ¥ter. Copyright er en brems." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " @@ -17207,6 +17866,7 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ " "ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i Ã¥ spre kultur allment?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " @@ -17214,8 +17874,8 @@ msgid "" "to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need " "for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve " "what \"the market\" would demand. But if you think the role of a library is " -"bigger than this--if you think its role is to archive culture, whether " -"there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or not--then we " +"bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive culture, whether " +"there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or not—then we " "can't count on the commercial market to do our library work for us." msgstr "" "kanskje. en dag. men det er absolutt ingen bevis som tyder pÃ¥ at utgivere " @@ -17227,7 +17887,7 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørsel etter en bestemt bit av denne kulturen eller ikke-- sÃ¥ vi ikke " "stole pÃ¥ det kommersielle markedet Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet vÃ¥rt bibliotek for oss." -#. f13. +#. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " @@ -17248,6 +17908,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " @@ -17278,6 +17939,7 @@ msgstr "" "en av de mest konservative dommerne pÃ¥ at domstolen. at ga dissens livet " "vÃ¥rt krav." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " @@ -17299,6 +17961,7 @@ msgstr "" "sentelle hevdet, ville være Ã¥ nekte Kongressen makt til Ã¥ utvide " "eksisterende vilkÃ¥r." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " @@ -17311,7 +17974,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, " "der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for Ã¥ høre tilfelle." -#. PAGE BREAK 236 +#. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17385,7 +18048,7 @@ msgstr "" "historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe Ã¥ tro at min egen feil " "mistet den." -#. PAGE BREAK 237 +#. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17404,6 +18067,7 @@ msgstr "" "protectionist for Ã¥ støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som noen " "advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de kunne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " @@ -17422,6 +18086,7 @@ msgstr "" "om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur; ellers ville " "de aldri stemt mot \"de kraftigste media selskapene i verden.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " @@ -17473,7 +18138,7 @@ msgstr "" "dem at denne loven var ille, vi trengte Ã¥ vise hvorfor det var " "forfatningsstridig." -#. PAGE BREAK 238 +#. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17487,10 +18152,10 @@ msgid "" "demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument " "against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " "views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not " -"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible critics--" -"credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, in the " -"aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless of " -"one's politics." +"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible " +"critics—credible not because they were rich and famous, but because " +"they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional " +"regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" "Det var en mÃ¥te, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde " "et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre vÃ¥re " @@ -17506,6 +18171,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at denne " "loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " @@ -17547,7 +18213,7 @@ msgstr "" "grense for Kongressens makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. som sterkt konservativ " "argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle." -#. PAGE BREAK 239 +#. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " @@ -17586,6 +18252,7 @@ msgstr "" "ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre " "gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " @@ -17594,8 +18261,8 @@ msgid "" "Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their " "conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the " "terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to " -"create. Such extensions were nothing more than \"rent-seeking\"--the fancy " -"term economists use to describe special-interest legislation gone wild." +"create. Such extensions were nothing more than \"rent-seeking\"—the " +"fancy term economists use to describe special-interest legislation gone wild." msgstr "" "Denne økonomer kort ble signert av sytten økonomer, inkludert fem " "Nobelprisen vinnerne, inkludert ronald Coases, james buchanan, milton " @@ -17606,7 +18273,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt økonomer " "bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." -#. PAGE BREAK 240 +#. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17653,6 +18320,7 @@ msgstr "" "posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte Ã¥rsaken " "var en stemme av tilliten i vÃ¥r argumentet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " @@ -17669,11 +18337,11 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " -"law. The congressmen were not surprising either--they were defending their " -"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power induced. " -"And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders would defend " -"the idea that they should continue to have the right to control who did what " -"with content they wanted to control." +"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " +"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power " +"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders " +"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control " +"who did what with content they wanted to control." msgstr "" "media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest Ã¥ tjene pÃ¥ loven. " "congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var Ã¥ forsvare sin makt, og " @@ -17682,7 +18350,7 @@ msgstr "" "fortsette Ã¥ ha rett til Ã¥ kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " "ønsket Ã¥ kontroll." -#. f14. +#. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -17692,6 +18360,8 @@ msgstr "" "kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 " "amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " @@ -17700,22 +18370,23 @@ msgstr "" "dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer " "fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7." -#. PAGE BREAK 241 +#. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " -"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work-- better than " -"allowing it to fall into the public domain--because if this creativity were " -"in the public domain, then people could use it to \"glorify drugs or to " -"create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also " -"the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its \"protection\" of the " -"work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to license Porgy and Bess " -"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American " -"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect " -"that control." +"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " +"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this " +"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to \"glorify " +"drugs or to create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its " +"\"protection\" of the work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to " +"license Porgy and Bess to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the " +"cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this " +"part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to " +"help them effect that control." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " @@ -17744,7 +18415,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " -"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights--" +"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—" "extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean " "that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through " "copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, " @@ -17770,18 +18441,18 @@ msgid "" "interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 242 +#. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " -"Congress's power. These four--Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " -"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer--had repeatedly argued that the Constitution " -"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its powers. " -"In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role should " -"be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the votes " -"that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also the " -"votes that we were least likely to get." +"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " +"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the " +"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement " +"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's " +"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices " +"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they " +"were also the votes that we were least likely to get." msgstr "" "resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger pÃ¥ " "Kongressens makt. disse fire--rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet souter, " @@ -17846,15 +18517,16 @@ msgstr "" "argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var " "ganske trygg pÃ¥ han ville anerkjenne grenser her." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " "get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single overriding argument " "that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' most important " -"jurisprudential innovation--the argument that Judge Sentelle had relied upon " -"in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must be interpreted so that " -"its enumerated powers have limits." +"jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge Sentelle had relied " +"upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must be interpreted so " +"that its enumerated powers have limits." msgstr "" "Denne analysen av \"resten\" viste mest tydelig der vÃ¥rt fokus mÃ¥tte være: " "pÃ¥ høyre. for Ã¥ vinne dette tilfellet, vi hadde Ã¥ sprekk Ã¥pne disse fem og " @@ -17863,9 +18535,11 @@ msgstr "" "- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at " "Kongressens makt mÃ¥ tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger." +#. PAGE BREAK 243 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This then was the core of our strategy--a strategy for which I am " +"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " "under the government's argument here, Congress would always have unlimited " "power to extend existing terms. If anything was plain about Congress's power " @@ -17903,14 +18577,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " -"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly--eleven " -"times in forty years." +"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—" +"eleven times in forty years." msgstr "" "Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt " "at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene i og i 1909. og " "selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende regelmessig--" "betingelser elleve ganger i førti Ã¥r." +#. PAGE BREAK 244 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " @@ -17972,13 +18648,14 @@ msgstr "" "stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin " "bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " "consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the " -"harm--passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see that, " -"then we haven't any chance of winning.\"" +"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see " +"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.\"" msgstr "" "Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være " "villig til Ã¥ opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en " @@ -17986,22 +18663,22 @@ msgstr "" "passionately fÃ¥ dem til Ã¥ se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, sÃ¥ vi har " "ikke noen sjanse til Ã¥ vinne." -#. PAGE BREAK 245 +#. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " -"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right thing--" -"not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, I had " -"spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right thing--not " -"because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to Ayer's plea " -"for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I rejected it. " -"Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians learn to see " -"that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line of people " -"began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a focus of " -"the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in line for " -"the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the Supreme " -"Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." +"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " +"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law " +"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the " +"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I " +"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his " +"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the " +"politicians learn to see that it was also good. The night before the " +"argument, a line of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The " +"case had become a focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. " +"Hundreds stood in line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent " +"the night on the Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." msgstr "" "han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han " "forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette--ikke pÃ¥ " @@ -18079,6 +18756,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes Ã¥ være en praksis som begynte med " "svært første akt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " @@ -18089,7 +18767,7 @@ msgstr "" "underskrev hadde i tankene.\", men mitt svar var igjen og igjen Ã¥ " "understreke begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt." -#. PAGE BREAK 246 +#. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18172,7 +18850,7 @@ msgstr "" "justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi hÃ¥pet at ville han " "se denne saken som sin andre fetter." -#. PAGE BREAK 247 +#. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18236,10 +18914,10 @@ msgid "" "first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause " "power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the " "long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of " -"the Copyright and Patent Clause-- indeed, the very first case striking a law " -"of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon the " -"Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the Court " -"to my side." +"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking " +"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the " +"Court to my side." msgstr "" "NÃ¥r olson var ferdig, var det min tur til Ã¥ gi en avsluttende rebuttal. " "olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble " @@ -18253,7 +18931,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til Ã¥ flytte " "retten til min side." -#. PAGE BREAK 248 +#. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18278,9 +18956,9 @@ msgid "" "often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that " "Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the " "Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe " -"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court--in particular, " -"the Conservatives--would feel itself constrained by the rule of law that it " -"had established elsewhere." +"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in " +"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the " +"rule of law that it had established elsewhere." msgstr "" "regjeringen hadde blitt spurt om og om igjen, hva er grensen? igjen og " "igjen, det hadde besvart det er ingen begrensning. Dette var nettopp svaret " @@ -18345,7 +19023,7 @@ msgstr "" "funnet. saken ble ikke selv sitert. argumentet som ble argumentet kjernen i " "vÃ¥rt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening." -#. PAGE BREAK 249 +#. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18360,7 +19038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice Souter. " +"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " "Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an " "opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked " "so hard to defeat." @@ -18395,13 +19073,13 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " -"would respect? By what right did they--the silent five--get to select the " -"part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values they thought " -"important? We were right back to the argument that I said I hated at the " -"start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was important, and " -"I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a system in which " -"the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it will respect, that " -"is the system we have." +"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " +"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values " +"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I " +"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was " +"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a " +"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it " +"will respect, that is the system we have." msgstr "" "ennÃ¥ ved hvilken rett de fikk til Ã¥ velge hvilke av de underskrev verdiene " "de ville respekt? ved hvilken rett gjorde de--de stille fem--fÃ¥r Ã¥ velge " @@ -18419,10 +19097,10 @@ msgid "" "intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of " "terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the " "context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the " -"parallel--without explaining how the very same words in the Progress Clause " -"could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether the words " -"were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's charge go " -"unanswered." +"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress " +"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether " +"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's " +"charge go unanswered." msgstr "" "to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. " "Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med " @@ -18434,6 +19112,8 @@ msgstr "" "om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens " "kostnad gÃ¥ ubesvart." +#. PAGE BREAK 250 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " @@ -18481,6 +19161,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " "Dette sinne var inälvor." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " @@ -18489,7 +19170,7 @@ msgid "" "believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. " "But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in " "particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " -"Constitution is \"originalism\"--to first understand the framers' text, " +"Constitution is \"originalism\"—to first understand the framers' text, " "interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. " "That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " "was their \"originalism\" now?" @@ -18505,7 +19186,7 @@ msgstr "" "lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" " "nÃ¥?" -#. PAGE BREAK 251 +#. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18564,7 +19245,7 @@ msgstr "" "argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke Ã¥ kaste bort min tid viser " "det bør ogsÃ¥ følge i popularitet." -#. PAGE BREAK 252 +#. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18637,6 +19318,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate " "rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " @@ -18651,7 +19333,7 @@ msgstr "" "-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves " "før det er." -#. PAGE BREAK 253 +#. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18660,16 +19342,16 @@ msgid "" "then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter " "was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do " "some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do " -"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case--a decision I had " -"made four years before--was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny Bono Act " -"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " -"was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that extending the " -"term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over ideas. Where " -"the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had been skeptical " -"of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good thing, even if " -"it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was attacked, it was " -"attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. The New York " -"Times wrote in its editorial," +"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I " +"had made four years before—was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny " +"Bono Act itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's " +"decision was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that " +"extending the term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over " +"ideas. Where the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had " +"been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good " +"thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was " +"attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. " +"The New York Times wrote in its editorial," msgstr "" "etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han " "var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, " @@ -18703,18 +19385,21 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " -"images--of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the case, " -"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and wealthy" -"\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that." +"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " +"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " +"that." msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder--av " "mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " "bolling, gjengis pÃ¥ neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstÃ¥ende\" er en " "smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sÃ¥nn." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " @@ -18741,8 +19426,8 @@ msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: eldred ii" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " -"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied--" -"meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I was " +"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied—" +"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was " "giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly " "long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles " "was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-" @@ -18756,6 +19441,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsinket pÃ¥ grunn av trafikk, sÃ¥ jeg Ã¥pnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en " "op-ed brikke." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " @@ -18776,7 +19462,7 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle prinsippet, til slutt, jeg slÃ¥tt til et argument av " "politikk." -#. PAGE BREAK 256 +#. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18803,6 +19489,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred var slag nok Ã¥ la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det " "vil ikke fÃ¥ gÃ¥tt med mindre det er et annet navn." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " @@ -18864,7 +19551,7 @@ msgstr "" "systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved Ã¥ etablere minst én registret der " "eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18914,6 +19601,7 @@ msgid "" "creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " @@ -18977,6 +19665,8 @@ msgstr "" "formaliteter lovet ikke bare Ã¥ lagre sultende enker, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ lette en " "unødvendig regulatoriske belastning pÃ¥tvang skapere." +#. PAGE BREAK 258 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " @@ -19020,10 +19710,10 @@ msgid "" "effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because " "you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both " "of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure " -"registration--both because it makes the markets more efficient and because " -"it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration system for " -"land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. With " -"registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a " +"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and " +"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration " +"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. " +"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a " "registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a " "registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A " "slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a " @@ -19043,7 +19733,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av " "beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt." -#. PAGE BREAK 259 +#. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19067,6 +19757,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten " "formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " @@ -19144,7 +19835,7 @@ msgstr "" "mener at $1 er egentlig misvisende? er ikke hassle verdt mer enn $1? er ikke " "det virkelige problemet med registrering?" -#. PAGE BREAK 260 +#. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19189,6 +19880,7 @@ msgstr "" "villig til Ã¥ introdusere eldred act. og jeg hadde noen som direkte foreslo " "at de kan være villige til Ã¥ ta det første skrittet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " @@ -19222,24 +19914,27 @@ msgstr "" "viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig " "om." +#. PAGE BREAK 261 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " -"concept in the proposed bill\"--that copyrights be renewed. That was true, " -"but irrelevant, as Congress's \"firm rejection\" had occurred long before " -"the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. Second, they argued " -"that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners--apparently those who " -"could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that Congress had determined " -"that extending a copyright term would encourage restoration work. Maybe in " -"the case of the small percentage of work covered by copyright law that is " -"still commercially valuable, but again this was irrelevant, as the proposal " -"would not cut off the extended term unless the $1 fee was not paid. Fourth, " -"the MPAA argued that the bill would impose \"enormous\" costs, since a " -"registration system is not free. True enough, but those costs are certainly " -"less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose owner is " -"not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to a story " -"underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk is " -"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative use." +"concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " +"true, but irrelevant, as Congress's \"firm rejection\" had occurred long " +"before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. Second, they " +"argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—apparently " +"those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that Congress had " +"determined that extending a copyright term would encourage restoration work. " +"Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered by copyright law " +"that is still commercially valuable, but again this was irrelevant, as the " +"proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the $1 fee was not paid. " +"Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose \"enormous\" costs, since " +"a registration system is not free. True enough, but those costs are " +"certainly less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose " +"owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to " +"a story underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk " +"is that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative " +"use." msgstr "" "mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i " "lovforslaget\"--opphavsrett fornyes. Det var sant, men irrelevant, som " @@ -19265,8 +19960,9 @@ msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " "copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether " -"they are free to give away their copyright or not--a controversial claim in " -"any case--unless they know about a copyright, they're not likely to." +"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial " +"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not " +"likely to." msgstr "" "Endelig, mpaa hevdet at eksisterende lov aktivert opphavsrett eiere til Ã¥ " "gjøre dette hvis de ville. men hele poenget er at det er tusenvis av " @@ -19280,10 +19976,10 @@ msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " "common sense was delayed. The difference between the two stories was the " -"power of the opposition--the power of the side that fought to defend the " -"status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. But in " -"only one case did those interest's have the power to protect themselves " -"against this new competitive threat." +"power of the opposition—the power of the side that fought to defend " +"the status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. " +"But in only one case did those interest's have the power to protect " +"themselves against this new competitive threat." msgstr "" "i begynnelsen av denne boken fortalte jeg to historier om loven reagerer pÃ¥ " "endringer i teknologi. i den prevailed sunn fornuft. i den andre, ble sunn " @@ -19306,7 +20002,7 @@ msgstr "" "her vi bør spørre, ogsÃ¥, er loven etter eller motsette sunn fornuft? Hvis " "sunn fornuft støtter loven, forklarer hva denne sunn fornuft?" -#. PAGE BREAK 262 +#. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19329,6 +20025,7 @@ msgstr "" "hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner Ã¥rsakene til Ã¥ begrense " "opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig Ã¥ se god tro i motstanden." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " @@ -19373,6 +20070,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen " "kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " @@ -19387,7 +20085,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke bare Ã¥ beskytte hva er deres. deres mÃ¥l er Ã¥ sikre at alt er det er hva " "er deres." -#. PAGE BREAK 263 +#. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19420,6 +20118,7 @@ msgstr "" "at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften " "for andre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " @@ -19438,7 +20137,6 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hÃ¥nden av fortiden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "Konklusjon" @@ -19470,7 +20168,7 @@ msgstr "" "cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til tjue Ã¥r. for noen " "gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " @@ -19478,7 +20176,7 @@ msgid "" "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. " "According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, " "only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive " -"them--and half of them are in Brazil." +"them—and half of them are in Brazil." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19492,7 +20190,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 265 +#. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19545,7 +20243,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere hiv behandlinger pÃ¥ kostnader betydelig under " "markedspris." -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19566,7 +20264,7 @@ msgid "" "Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " @@ -19579,7 +20277,7 @@ msgid "" "No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150­57 (statement of James Love)." msgstr "" -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " @@ -19595,18 +20293,19 @@ msgid "" "characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " "permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " -"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law--and to " -"add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa for " -"possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty pharmaceutical " -"companies began proceedings in the South African courts to challenge the " -"government's actions. The United States was then joined by other governments " -"from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the pharmaceutical companies, was " -"that South Africa was violating its obligations under international law by " -"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical patents. " -"The demand of these governments, with the United States in the lead, was " -"that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other patent, " -"regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" +"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " +"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty " +"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to " +"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by " +"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the " +"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its " +"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular " +"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these " +"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa " +"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any " +"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19649,11 +20348,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " -"of United States drug companies--at least, not substantially. It was not as " -"if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the prices the " -"drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too poor to " -"afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel import of " -"these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. companies." +"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " +"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the " +"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too " +"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel " +"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. " +"companies." msgstr "" "heller ikke var intervensjon av den USA kommer til Ã¥ beskytte fortjeneste av " "USA stoffet selskaper--minst, ikke betydelig. Det var ikke som om disse " @@ -19662,8 +20362,8 @@ msgstr "" "stoffene til tilbys priser. stoppe parallellimport av disse stoffene ville " "ikke øke betydelig salg etter amerikanske selskaper." -#. f5. -#. PAGE BREAK 333 +#. f5. +#. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " @@ -19690,6 +20390,7 @@ msgid "" "against the South African response to AIDS." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " @@ -19716,8 +20417,8 @@ msgid "" "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " "certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy " "that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money " -"because of a certain corruption within our political system-- a corruption " -"the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." +"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a " +"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." msgstr "" "Noen skylden stoffet selskaper. jeg gjør ikke. de er selskaper. deres ledere " "er organisert etter loven, Ã¥ tjene penger for corporation. de push en " @@ -19730,11 +20431,11 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " -"companies would love--they say, and I believe them--to sell their drugs as " -"cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There are issues " -"they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back into the " -"United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They could be " -"overcome." +"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " +"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There " +"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back " +"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They " +"could be overcome." msgstr "" "korrupsjon er vÃ¥r egen politikeres svikt i integritet. for stoffet selskaper " "ville elske--de sier, og jeg tror dem – Ã¥ selge sine narkotika sÃ¥ billig som " @@ -19742,6 +20443,8 @@ msgstr "" "sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer av " "teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet." +#. PAGE BREAK 268 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " @@ -19753,8 +20456,8 @@ msgid "" "companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first step. They reinforce " "the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a rational strategy in " "an irrational context, with the unintended consequence that perhaps millions " -"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal--" -"the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" +"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this " +"ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" msgstr "" "et annet problem, men kunne ikke bli overvunnet. Dette er frykt for den " "grandstanding politikeren som ville kalle presidenter av stoffet selskaper " @@ -19802,20 +20505,20 @@ msgstr "" "policy. for de fleste av vÃ¥r historie, var bÃ¥de om opphavsrett og patent " "politikk balansert i bare denne forstand." -#. PAGE BREAK 269 +#. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " "A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, " -"now reigns in this culture--bizarrely, and with consequences more grave to " -"the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy decision " -"that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and under the " -"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " -"looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas that we " -"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are " -"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " +"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave " +"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy " +"decision that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and " +"under the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if " +"any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas " +"that we don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who " +"are dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " "culture that we don't even question when the control of that property " "removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. " "Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would " @@ -19838,6 +20541,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gjøre " "dette sunn fornuft Ã¥pne sine øyne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " @@ -19864,7 +20568,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke engang merke til. kraftig lobbies, komplekse problemer og mtv " "oppmerksomhet spenn produsere \"perfect storm\" gratis kultur." -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " @@ -19877,7 +20581,7 @@ msgid "" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 270 +#. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " @@ -19916,7 +20620,7 @@ msgstr "" "holde access Ã¥pne, eller for Ã¥ angi begrensninger for hvordan proprietære " "krav kan brukes." -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19934,6 +20638,8 @@ msgid "" "intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 271 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " @@ -19976,6 +20682,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle er nødvendig, siden etter mitt syn er selve ideen om balanse i " "immaterielle hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " @@ -19988,6 +20695,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosjekter til Ã¥ opprette offentlige varer\" virket perfekt passende innen " "wipo-agendaen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " @@ -20010,7 +20718,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥pen kildekode eller gratis programvare, snarere enn \"proprietær " "programvare,\" for sine egne interne bruk." -#. f8. +#. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " @@ -20036,12 +20744,14 @@ msgid "" "There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open " "source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly " "shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of " -"\"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, to " -"support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " +"\"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, " +"to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " "entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " "different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 272 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" @@ -20073,7 +20783,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " "microsoft." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -20106,6 +20816,7 @@ msgstr "" "og ingenting veldig overraskende om den mektigste programvare produsenten i " "USA har lyktes i sin lobbyvirksomhet innsats." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " @@ -20129,16 +20840,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " "\"copyright.\" Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't " "work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of promoting " -"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in understanding--" -"the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law student, but an " -"embarrassment from a high government official dealing with intellectual " -"property issues." +"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in " +"understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year " +"law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing " +"with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" "først, de er bare flatt feil. som jeg beskrevet, mest Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " "programvare avhengig fundamentalt immaterielle rett kalt \"copyright.\" uten " @@ -20148,6 +20860,7 @@ msgstr "" "unnskyldelig i jus første Ã¥ret, men en forlegenhet fra en høy " "statstjenesteperson hÃ¥ndtere intellektuell eiendom problemer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " @@ -20172,6 +20885,7 @@ msgstr "" "svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis protokoller av Internett " "hadde vært patenterte?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " @@ -20196,6 +20910,8 @@ msgstr "" "være om: Ã¥ gi enkeltpersoner retten til Ã¥ avgjøre hva Ã¥ gjøre med deres " "eiendom." +#. PAGE BREAK 274 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " @@ -20215,6 +20931,7 @@ msgstr "" "at immaterielle rettigheter er maksimert, men at de ogsÃ¥ kan vere mest " "ekstreme og restriktiv mulig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " @@ -20237,7 +20954,7 @@ msgstr "" "Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det kjempet " "noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210­20." @@ -20265,6 +20982,8 @@ msgstr "" "hennes Kommentarer gjort forstand. men det var en kommentar som var spesielt " "deprimerende for meg. skrev en anonym plakat," +#. PAGE BREAK 275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " @@ -20303,6 +21022,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjering om republikaner eller demokrat. min eneste illusjon angivelig er " "om om vÃ¥r regjering bør snakke sannheten eller ikke.)" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " @@ -20349,7 +21069,7 @@ msgstr "" "absurd, at ideen om krevende av regjeringen at det taler sannheten og ikke " "løgn er bare naiv, og som har vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, bli?" -#. PAGE BREAK 276 +#. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20357,7 +21077,7 @@ msgid "" "It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " "than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to " "argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " -"tradition for most of our history--free culture." +"tradition for most of our history—free culture." msgstr "" "Det kan være gal Ã¥ forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle Ã¥ si sannheten. " "Det kan være gal Ã¥ tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn handmaiden " @@ -20425,8 +21145,9 @@ msgid "" "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " "copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies " "that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this " -"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights--property " -"rights of a historically extreme form--that makes their bigness bad." +"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—" +"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " +"bigness bad." msgstr "" "faren i media konsentrasjon kommer ikke fra konsentrasjonen, men i stedet " "fra føydalisme som denne konsentrasjonen knyttet til endring i copyright, " @@ -20435,6 +21156,7 @@ msgstr "" "like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter--eiendomsrettighetene til en historisk " "ekstrem form--som gjør deres bigness dÃ¥rlig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " @@ -20449,6 +21171,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss er \"store" "\" igjen ikke noe nytt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " @@ -20474,7 +21197,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis vi var achilles, ville dette være vÃ¥re hæl. Dette ville være stedet for " "vÃ¥re tragedie." -#. f11. +#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " @@ -20490,7 +21213,7 @@ msgid "" "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f12. +#. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " @@ -20498,8 +21221,8 @@ msgid "" "\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f13. -#. PAGE BREAK 334 +#. f13. +#. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " @@ -20514,18 +21237,18 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" someone " "else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob " "Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making the " -"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from Hollywood--" -"who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing conversation with " -"these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content that they'd love " -"to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got " -"scores of kids who could do amazing things with the content, but it would " -"take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" Congressmen are talking about " -"deputizing computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the " -"law. Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to " -"share content." -msgstr "" - -#. f14. +"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from " +"Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—reports \"an " +"amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] " +"content that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear " +"the rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the " +"content, but it would take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" " +"Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer viruses to bring down " +"computers thought to violate the law. Universities are threatening expulsion " +"for kids who use a computer to share content." +msgstr "" + +#. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " @@ -20533,14 +21256,14 @@ msgid "" "#70</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f15. +#. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 278 +#. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " @@ -20557,7 +21280,7 @@ msgid "" "it will take some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 279 +#. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20568,11 +21291,10 @@ msgstr "" "potensialet er stadig Ã¥ bli realisert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "Etterord" -#. PAGE BREAK 280 +#. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20602,7 +21324,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " -"musicians, filmmakers, scientists--all to tell this story in their own " +"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own " "words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important." msgstr "" "Det betyr at denne bevegelsen mÃ¥ begynne i gatene. Det mÃ¥ rekruttere et " @@ -20633,20 +21355,22 @@ msgstr "oss nÃ¥" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " -"been framed at the extremes--as a grand either/or: either property or " +"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " "anarchy, either total control or artists won't be paid. If that really is " "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " -"believe in maximal copyright--\"All Rights Reserved\"-- and those who reject " -"copyright--\"No Rights Reserved.\" The \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts believe " -"that you should ask permission before you \"use\" a copyrighted work in any " -"way. The \"No Rights Reserved\" sorts believe you should be able to do with " -"content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." +"believe in maximal copyright—\"All Rights Reserved\"— and those " +"who reject copyright—\"No Rights Reserved.\" The \"All Rights Reserved" +"\" sorts believe that you should ask permission before you \"use\" a " +"copyrighted work in any way. The \"No Rights Reserved\" sorts believe you " +"should be able to do with content as you wish, regardless of whether you " +"have permission or not." msgstr "" "feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne " "debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror pÃ¥ " @@ -20657,6 +21381,8 @@ msgstr "" "være i stand til Ã¥ gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har " "tillatelse eller ikke." +#. PAGE BREAK 282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -20673,6 +21399,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -20699,13 +21426,14 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle--neither \"all rights " -"reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved\"-- and " -"thus a way to respect copyrights but enable creators to free content as they " -"see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we " -"could just take for granted before." +"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " +"rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved" +"\"— and thus a way to respect copyrights but enable creators to free " +"content as they see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of " +"freedoms that we could just take for granted before." msgstr "" "Hva trenger er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ si noe i midten--verken \"all rights reserved\" " "eller \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" men \"noen rettigheter reservert\"- og " @@ -20718,6 +21446,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Ã¥ gjenoppbygge friheter tidligere antatt: eksempler" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -20741,6 +21470,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde det forsikret?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " @@ -20770,6 +21500,7 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -20789,6 +21520,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -20807,7 +21539,7 @@ msgstr "" "sortere hvem gjør hva i elektronisk mellomrom, forsvinner personvern " "friksjon i gÃ¥r." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " @@ -20819,7 +21551,7 @@ msgid "" "(mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 284 +#. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " @@ -20837,9 +21569,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " "When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " -"software--both the source code and the binaries-- was free. You couldn't run " -"a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data " -"General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." +"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You " +"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, " +"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." msgstr "" "en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-" "bevegelsen. NÃ¥r datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig " @@ -20904,7 +21636,7 @@ msgstr "" "skriverdriveren og kopiere den, og deretter som ville gjøre det enklere for " "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." -#. PAGE BREAK 285 +#. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20977,7 +21709,7 @@ msgstr "" "historien om denne boken. Dette er skiftet i mÃ¥ten faglige og vitenskapelige " "journaler er produsert." -#. PAGE BREAK 286 +#. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21046,8 +21778,8 @@ msgid "" "certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available " "articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the " "institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals " -"(architecture)--namely, that it was very hard to control access to a paper " -"journal." +"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a " +"paper journal." msgstr "" "som mange begynner Ã¥ legge merke til, er dette stadig virkeligheten med " "vitenskapelige journaler. NÃ¥r disse kladdene ble distribuert i papirskjema, " @@ -21075,7 +21807,7 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. PAGE BREAK 287 +#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21107,8 +21839,8 @@ msgid "" "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " "doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and " "their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But " -"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good--especially when it " -"helps spread knowledge and science." +"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when " +"it helps spread knowledge and science." msgstr "" "Dette er ett av mange slike anstrengelser til Ã¥ gjenopprette en frihet tatt " "for gitt før, men nÃ¥ truet av skiftende teknologi og markeder. Det er ingen " @@ -21150,21 +21882,23 @@ msgstr "" "sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til " "vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." +#. PAGE BREAK 288 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Simple--which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By developing " -"a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, Creative " -"Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and reliably, be " -"built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable versions of the " -"license that enable computers automatically to identify content that can " -"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a human-" -"readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative " -"Commons license. A Creative Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom " -"to anyone who accesses the license, and more importantly, an expression of " -"the ideal that the person associated with the license believes in something " -"different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. Content is marked with the CC " -"mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain " -"freedoms are given." +"Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " +"developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " +"Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and " +"reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable " +"versions of the license that enable computers automatically to identify " +"content that can easily be shared. These three expressions together—a " +"legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-readable tags—" +"constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license " +"constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the license, and more " +"importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person associated with the " +"license believes in something different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. " +"Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is " +"waived, but that certain freedoms are given." msgstr "" "enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved Ã¥ " "utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, " @@ -21179,6 +21913,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-merket, som " "ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -21221,6 +21956,8 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." +#. PAGE BREAK 289 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -21242,6 +21979,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -21250,9 +21988,9 @@ msgid "" "ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have imagined. The " "rules may well have made sense against a background of technologies from " "centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the background of digital " -"technologies. New rules--with different freedoms, expressed in ways so that " -"humans without lawyers can use them--are needed. Creative Commons gives " -"people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." +"technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, expressed in ways so " +"that humans without lawyers can use them—are needed. Creative Commons " +"gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." msgstr "" "MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ utfylle dem. " "problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap " @@ -21313,7 +22051,7 @@ msgstr "" "første utskrift er oppbrukt mÃ¥neder før utgiveren hadde forventet. denne " "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." -#. PAGE BREAK 290 +#. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21333,7 +22071,7 @@ msgstr "" "som spÃ¥dd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker " "ogsÃ¥." -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " @@ -21351,7 +22089,7 @@ msgid "" "The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial or " "noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are " "just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. " -"This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from others. " +"This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from others. " "Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of " "the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has " "stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because " @@ -21360,6 +22098,7 @@ msgid "" "upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " @@ -21382,7 +22121,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette begrepet \"noen rettigheter reservert\", og gir mange sjansen til Ã¥ si " "det til andre." -#. PAGE BREAK 291 +#. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21482,7 +22221,7 @@ msgstr "" "en bil, kan du fÃ¥ en regning for salg og registrere bilen. Hvis du kjøper en " "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." -#. PAGE BREAK 293 +#. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21492,6 +22231,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -21531,11 +22271,11 @@ msgid "" "Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. " "Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must " "deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no " -"records, there is no system to trace-- there is no simple way to know how to " -"get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of copyright's " -"rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that builds upon " -"our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into silence where " -"they otherwise could speak." +"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know " +"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of " +"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that " +"builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into " +"silence where they otherwise could speak." msgstr "" "men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en " "byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i " @@ -21547,7 +22287,7 @@ msgstr "" "som bygger pÃ¥ vÃ¥r fortid. og dermed mangel pÃ¥ formaliteter styrker mange i " "stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21562,9 +22302,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to the old, broken " -"system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a system that " -"will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these formalities." +"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " +"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a " +"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these " +"formalities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -21599,8 +22340,8 @@ msgid "" "the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the " "office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who " "know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their " -"first reaction is panic--nothing could be worse than forcing people to deal " -"with the mess that is the Copyright Office." +"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to " +"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office." msgstr "" "under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en " "registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. " @@ -21652,7 +22393,7 @@ msgstr "" "enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstÃ¥r " "opp." -#. PAGE BREAK 295 +#. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21663,8 +22404,8 @@ msgid "" "registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with " "one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and " "renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden " -"of this formality--while producing a database of registrations that would " -"facilitate the licensing of content." +"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that " +"would facilitate the licensing of content." msgstr "" "vi alle bør vedtas en lignende modell for registrering og fornying av " "opphavsretten. opphavsrett kontoret kan ogsÃ¥ tjene som sentrale registret, " @@ -21686,11 +22427,11 @@ msgstr "merking" msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " -"failing to comply with a regulatory rule--akin to imposing the death penalty " -"for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, there is " -"no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this way. And " -"more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to be " -"enforced uniformly across all media." +"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death " +"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, " +"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this " +"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to " +"be enforced uniformly across all media." msgstr "" "Det pleide Ã¥ være at Ã¥ inkludere en opphavsrett pÃ¥ en skapende arbeid " "betydde at opphavsretten ble forkastet. Det var en streng straff for ikke Ã¥ " @@ -21721,8 +22462,8 @@ msgid "" "marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the " "differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as " "technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the " -"failure to mark--not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the right to " -"punish someone for failing to get permission first." +"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the " +"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first." msgstr "" "ett av problemene opphavsretten til systemet konfrontert tidlig var at ulike " "opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk mÃ¥tte være annerledes merket. Det var ikke " @@ -21733,7 +22474,7 @@ msgstr "" "spesiell signalet fra Ã¥ merke--ikke tap av opphavsretten, men tap av retten " "til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21745,7 +22486,7 @@ msgstr "" "her. etter mitt syn er oppretter loven av derivater et mer komplisert system " "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." -#. PAGE BREAK 296 +#. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " @@ -21857,7 +22598,7 @@ msgstr "" "corporate forfattere og livet forfatter pluss sytti Ã¥r for naturlig " "forfattere." -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " @@ -21885,7 +22626,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikt. men om fjorten Ã¥r eller sytti-fem, finnes det fire prinsipper som er " "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." -#. (1) +#. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21903,8 +22644,8 @@ msgstr "" "(ikke avledede) utvides ytterligere. nøkkelen er ikke Ã¥ knytte arbeidet opp " "med forskrifter nÃ¥r det ikke lenger fordeler en forfatter." -#. (2) -#. PAGE BREAK 298 +#. (2) +#. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " @@ -21917,7 +22658,7 @@ msgid "" "and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." msgstr "" -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" @@ -21937,7 +22678,7 @@ msgid "" "minutes every fifty years to file a single form." msgstr "" -#. (4) +#. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21977,6 +22718,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er mye kortere enn gjeldende begrepet. frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig " "begrepet bare 32.2 Ã¥r. Vi bør være sikter for samme." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " @@ -22011,6 +22753,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" @@ -22027,7 +22770,7 @@ msgstr "" "skrive en bok og en film basert pÃ¥ boken, jeg har makt til Ã¥ nekte deg rett " "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" -#. f5. +#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22047,7 +22790,7 @@ msgid "" "Judge Benjamin Kaplan." msgstr "" -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." @@ -22076,7 +22819,7 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. PAGE BREAK 300 +#. PAGE BREAK 300 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22096,6 +22839,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " @@ -22125,9 +22869,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " -"derivative rights--turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a musical " -"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the unforeseeable. " -"Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." +"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a " +"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the " +"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." msgstr "" "Dette var poenget som alben gjort nÃ¥r beskriver inngÃ¥else av clint eastwood-" "cd. mens det er fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede " @@ -22135,7 +22879,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, ville en " "lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22169,7 +22913,7 @@ msgstr "" "arkitekturer av inntekt, kombinert med en sterk copyright svekke prosessen " "med innovasjon." -#. PAGE BREAK 301 +#. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22187,7 +22931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "4. Liberate the Music--Again" +msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. frigjøre musikk--pÃ¥ nytt" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22195,8 +22939,9 @@ msgstr "4. frigjøre musikk--pÃ¥ nytt" msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " -"most pressing--music. There is no other policy issue that better teaches the " -"lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of music." +"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better " +"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of " +"music." msgstr "" "Slaget som fikk dette hele krigen gÃ¥r var om musikk, sÃ¥ det ikke ville være " "rettferdig Ã¥ avslutte denne boken uten Ã¥ ta opp problemet som er, for " @@ -22208,10 +22953,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " -"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app--possibly in two " -"senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand for " -"bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for regulations " -"that in the end kill innovation on the network." +"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in " +"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand " +"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for " +"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network." msgstr "" "Anken av fildelings-musikken var crack-kokain av internetts vekst. den " "kjørte behov for tilgang til Internett mer kraftfullt enn andre enkelt " @@ -22248,15 +22993,16 @@ msgstr "" "alle fildeling nettverk gjør. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 5, aktivere de " "fire forskjellige typer deling:" -#. A. +#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." -msgstr "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." +msgstr "" +"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." -#. B. +#. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22266,8 +23012,8 @@ msgstr "" "Det er ogsÃ¥ noen som bruker deling nettverk for Ã¥ prøve, pÃ¥ vei til Ã¥ kjøpe " "CDer." -#. PAGE BREAK 302 -#. C. +#. PAGE BREAK 302 +#. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22279,7 +23025,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som selges ikke lenger, men er fortsatt under opphavsrett eller som " "ville ha vært altfor tunge Ã¥ kjøpe fra nettet." -#. D. +#. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22334,12 +23080,12 @@ msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " "content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of " -"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and slow--" -"we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 MBs, and " -"very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. Although " -"wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across wires. Most " -"only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of the always " -"on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." +"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and " +"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at " +"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. " +"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across " +"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of " +"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." msgstr "" "i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti Ã¥r, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive " "i dag fordi det er den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til et bredt spekter av " @@ -22351,7 +23097,7 @@ msgstr "" "fleste bare fÃ¥ tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. ideen om den " "alltid pÃ¥, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en idé." -#. PAGE BREAK 303 +#. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22362,10 +23108,10 @@ msgid "" "should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what " "law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly " "becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is " -"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are--except maybe the desert or " -"the Rockies--you can instantaneously be connected to the Internet. Imagine " -"the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, where with the " -"flip of a device, you are connected." +"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the " +"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the " +"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, " +"where with the flip of a device, you are connected." msgstr "" "men det vil bli en realitet, og det betyr at mÃ¥ten vi fÃ¥r tilgang til " "Internett i dag er en teknologi i overgangen. beslutningstakere mÃ¥ ikke " @@ -22378,7 +23124,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett. Tenk deg sÃ¥ allestedsnærværende som beste mobiltelefonen " "tjenesten, der med flippen pÃ¥ en enhet, du er tilkoblet Internett." -#. f8. +#. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " @@ -22389,8 +23135,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " -"you access to content on the fly--such as Internet radio, content that is " -"streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " +"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " +"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " "point: When it is extremely easy to connect to services that give access to " "content, it will be easier to connect to services that give you access to " "content than it will be to download and store content on the many devices " @@ -22405,18 +23151,21 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 304 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " -"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file sharing--to " -"the extent there is a real problem--is a problem that will increasingly " -"disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the Internet. And thus it is " -"an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today to be \"solving\" this " -"problem in light of a technology that will be gone tomorrow. The question " -"should not be how to regulate the Internet to eliminate file sharing (the " -"Net will evolve that problem away). The question instead should be how to " -"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between twentieth-" -"century models for doing business and twenty-first-century technologies." +"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " +"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that " +"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the " +"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today " +"to be \"solving\" this problem in light of a technology that will be gone " +"tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet to " +"eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The question " +"instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this " +"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-" +"first-century technologies." msgstr "" "dette punktet om fremtiden er ment Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ et perspektiv pÃ¥ stede: det er " "spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling--i den grad det er et " @@ -22429,13 +23178,14 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " -"here to solve. Let's start with type D content--uncopyrighted content or " -"copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The \"problem\" with this " -"content is to make sure that the technology that would enable this kind of " -"sharing is not rendered illegal. You can think of it this way: Pay phones " +"here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " +"or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The \"problem\" with " +"this content is to make sure that the technology that would enable this kind " +"of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can think of it this way: Pay phones " "are used to deliver ransom demands, no doubt. But there are many who need " "to use pay phones who have nothing to do with ransoms. It would be wrong to " "ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping." @@ -22449,6 +23199,7 @@ msgstr "" "som trenger Ã¥ bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting Ã¥ gjøre med ransoms. " "det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ eliminere kidnapping." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -22465,6 +23216,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -22484,6 +23236,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" @@ -22502,7 +23255,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenheng der kommersielle publisering er avsluttet, bør handel musikk være " "gratis som handel bøker." -#. PAGE BREAK 305 +#. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22588,7 +23341,7 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ har ogsÃ¥, teknologien for digitale nettverk skadet interessene til " "innhold industrien." -#. PAGE BREAK 306 +#. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22605,7 +23358,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ Internett, mÃ¥ vi " "finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som er skadet." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " @@ -22682,16 +23435,18 @@ msgstr "" "lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen." +#. PAGE BREAK 307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " "supports the widest range of \"semiotic democracy\" possible. But the aims " "of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I described " -"were accomplished--in particular, the limits on derivative uses. A system " -"that simply charges for access would not greatly burden semiotic democracy " -"if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with the content " -"itself." +"were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative uses. A " +"system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden semiotic " +"democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with " +"the content itself." msgstr "" "Fisher vil balk pÃ¥ ideen om Ã¥ la systemet synker. hans mÃ¥l er ikke bare for " "Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere er betalt, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ sikre at systemet støtter en " @@ -22701,6 +23456,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -22729,6 +23485,7 @@ msgstr "" "en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " "musikk pÃ¥ nettet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -22738,8 +23495,9 @@ msgid "" "anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and better " "products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be about. " "Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " -"luxurious--with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch a " -"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with \"free.\"" +"luxurious—with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch " +"a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with " +"\"free.\"" msgstr "" "Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd pÃ¥ bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra " "p2p-systemer. som selgere av kabel-TV har kjent for tretti Ã¥r og selgere av " @@ -22757,7 +23515,7 @@ msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " "content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would " -"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators--ones who would have a " +"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a " "right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and " "barbarically severe punishments of the law." msgstr "" @@ -22773,7 +23531,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er mitt forslag dette:" -#. PAGE BREAK 308 +#. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22790,15 +23548,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" -msgstr "Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" +msgstr "" +"Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" -#. 1. +#. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-d dele;" -#. 2. +#. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22808,7 +23567,7 @@ msgstr "" "tillater ikke-kommersiell type c deling uten erstatningsansvar og " "kommersielle type c deling med en lav og fast hastighet ved lov;" -#. 3. +#. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22818,6 +23577,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens du er i denne overgangen, taxing og kompensere for typen en deling, i " "grad er faktiske skade vist." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " @@ -22856,7 +23616,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten Ã¥ bryte Internett. NÃ¥r som er trygg, kan " "deretter det godt være riktig Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp smÃ¥lig pirates." -#. PAGE BREAK 309 +#. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22905,7 +23665,7 @@ msgstr "" "rike klientene har en sterk visning, yrke Ã¥ spørsmÃ¥let eller telleren uvilje " "mot en sterk visningen queers loven." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22938,22 +23698,23 @@ msgstr "" "ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det er enda viktigere om vÃ¥r " "manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk regner med kostnadene for loven." -#. f11. +#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " -"question his own publicly stated position--twice. He initially predicted " -"that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then revised his " -"view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view again. Compare " -"Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True Forces That " -"Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his " -"original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will " -"MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. " -"Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating the effect " -"of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs " -"of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, 174­76." +"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially " +"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then " +"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view " +"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True " +"Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " +"(reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. " +"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</" +"ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating " +"the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he " +"underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, " +"174­76." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22966,7 +23727,7 @@ msgid "" "the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 310 +#. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -23008,10 +23769,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " -"to change the way the law works--or better, to change the law so that it " -"works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent of " -"the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, and " -"hence radically more just." +"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that " +"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent " +"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, " +"and hence radically more just." msgstr "" "costliness og clumsiness og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet hÃ¥ne vÃ¥r " "tradisjon. og advokater, samt akademikere, bør vurdere det deres plikt til Ã¥ " @@ -23035,12 +23796,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " -"technology--the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about the " -"amazing things your community could facilitate with digital technology--a " -"wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. Think about all those " -"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the machines. " -"This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, this is " -"the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." +"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " +"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital " +"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. " +"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured " +"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission " +"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." msgstr "" "Tenk pÃ¥ de fantastiske tingene barnet kan gjøre eller gjøre med digital " "teknologi--filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. eller Tenk pÃ¥ de " @@ -23050,13 +23811,15 @@ msgstr "" "hva noen regime som krever tillatelse produserer. igjen, dette er " "virkeligheten av brezhnev's Russland." +#. PAGE BREAK 311 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture--but it should regulate " -"culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely test their " -"power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic question: " -"\"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the expanding reach of the law, " -"the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" +"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " +"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " +"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic " +"question: \"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the expanding reach of " +"the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" msgstr "" "loven skal regulere i visse omrÃ¥der av kultur-- men det skal regulere kultur " "bare der den reguleringen gjør bra. men advokater sjelden teste deres makt, " @@ -23064,6 +23827,7 @@ msgstr "" "det gjøre gode?\" nÃ¥r utfordret om det utvider nÃ¥ av loven, advokat-svar, " "\"Hvorfor ikke?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " @@ -23075,7 +23839,6 @@ msgstr "" "holde advokater din unna." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "NOTES" msgstr "Notater" @@ -23093,7 +23856,6 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#, mtrans msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "Takk til" @@ -23135,7 +23897,7 @@ msgstr "" "og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga sin egen " "kritisk blikk pÃ¥ mye av dette." -#. PAGE BREAK 337 +#. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -23156,6 +23918,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ gi meg muligheten til Ã¥ bruke tid i japan, og tadashi shiraishi og " "kiyokazu yamagami for deres sjenerøs hjelp mens jeg var der." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. " @@ -23202,12 +23965,12 @@ msgid "" "in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important " "places throughout this book." msgstr "" -"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge lest utkast av hele " -"denne boken, og hver av dem har bidratt med svært nyttige korreksjoner " -"og rÃ¥d Michael hjalp meg Ã¥ se mer tydelig " -"betydningen av regulering av avledede verk. og Richard korrigerte en " -"pinlig stor mengde feil. Selv om mitt arbeid er delvis inspirert av " -"Stallmans, enig han ikke med meg viktige steder i denne boken." +"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge lest utkast av hele denne " +"boken, og hver av dem har bidratt med svært nyttige korreksjoner og rÃ¥d " +"Michael hjalp meg Ã¥ se mer tydelig betydningen av regulering av avledede " +"verk. og Richard korrigerte en pinlig stor mengde feil. Selv om mitt " +"arbeid er delvis inspirert av Stallmans, enig han ikke med meg viktige " +"steder i denne boken." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -23217,9 +23980,11 @@ msgid "" "always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual " "patience and love." msgstr "" -"Til slutt, og for evig, jeg er Bettina takknemlig, som alltid har " -"insistert pÃ¥ at det ville være lykke uten ende borte fra disse kampene, og som " -"alltid har hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes " +"Til slutt, og for evig, jeg er Bettina takknemlig, som alltid har insistert " +"pÃ¥ at det ville være lykke uten ende borte fra disse kampene, og som alltid " +"har hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes " "evigvarende tÃ¥lmodighet og kjærlighet." - +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#~ msgid "Acrobat eBook Reader" +#~ msgstr "Acrobat eBok-leser"