From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 13 Sep 2015 10:53:55 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Generated. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~93 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/2cfe8acad639945ae30c388a0f041391107b5212?ds=sidebyside Generated. --- diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index e6876fe..c4232d9 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-13 10:34+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-13 12:53+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15846 +#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15852 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " @@ -344,12 +344,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13873 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13868 +#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13874 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14896 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14902 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4669 freeculture.xml:13769 freeculture.xml:14897 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4674 freeculture.xml:13775 freeculture.xml:14903 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14897 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14903 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9607 freeculture.xml:13184 freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9613 freeculture.xml:13190 freeculture.xml:13977 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9608 freeculture.xml:13185 freeculture.xml:13972 +#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9614 freeculture.xml:13191 freeculture.xml:13978 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4558 freeculture.xml:5160 freeculture.xml:8920 freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4563 freeculture.xml:5165 freeculture.xml:8926 freeculture.xml:14289 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9615 freeculture.xml:10313 +#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9621 freeculture.xml:10319 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -657,12 +657,12 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:3365 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:6847 freeculture.xml:8636 freeculture.xml:10217 freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:3369 freeculture.xml:4301 freeculture.xml:6852 freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:10223 freeculture.xml:10271 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6847 +#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6852 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" @@ -732,17 +732,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6850 freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6855 freeculture.xml:14041 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2533 +#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2501 freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2537 msgid "media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2533 +#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2537 msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "" @@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6846 +#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6851 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2362 freeculture.xml:2446 freeculture.xml:2480 freeculture.xml:2506 freeculture.xml:2757 freeculture.xml:4173 freeculture.xml:6730 freeculture.xml:7592 freeculture.xml:7660 freeculture.xml:10216 freeculture.xml:13500 freeculture.xml:14066 freeculture.xml:14067 freeculture.xml:14141 +#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:2316 freeculture.xml:2353 freeculture.xml:2366 freeculture.xml:2450 freeculture.xml:2484 freeculture.xml:2510 freeculture.xml:2761 freeculture.xml:4177 freeculture.xml:6735 freeculture.xml:7597 freeculture.xml:7665 freeculture.xml:10222 freeculture.xml:13506 freeculture.xml:14072 freeculture.xml:14073 freeculture.xml:14147 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13500 freeculture.xml:14066 +#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4714 freeculture.xml:13506 freeculture.xml:14072 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:762 freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:1702 freeculture.xml:5267 freeculture.xml:6501 freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:762 freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:1702 freeculture.xml:5272 freeculture.xml:6506 freeculture.xml:14112 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:788 freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:2882 freeculture.xml:2883 freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:9674 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:9950 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:788 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:2887 freeculture.xml:7828 freeculture.xml:9680 freeculture.xml:9681 freeculture.xml:9956 freeculture.xml:9957 freeculture.xml:9958 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" @@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:818 freeculture.xml:10200 +#: freeculture.xml:818 freeculture.xml:10206 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1158,12 +1158,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:6274 freeculture.xml:6304 freeculture.xml:7547 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:6279 freeculture.xml:6309 freeculture.xml:7552 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7547 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7552 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1212,32 +1212,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6882 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:6996 freeculture.xml:6997 freeculture.xml:7046 freeculture.xml:7635 freeculture.xml:8918 freeculture.xml:11206 freeculture.xml:11497 freeculture.xml:12149 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6887 freeculture.xml:7000 freeculture.xml:7001 freeculture.xml:7002 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:8924 freeculture.xml:11212 freeculture.xml:11503 freeculture.xml:12155 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6882 freeculture.xml:7635 freeculture.xml:8918 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6887 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:8924 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713 freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4295 freeculture.xml:4296 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:4710 freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:6503 freeculture.xml:6949 freeculture.xml:7033 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:7218 freeculture.xml:7318 freeculture.xml:7350 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:7415 freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7530 freeculture.xml:7591 freeculture.xml:7629 freeculture.xml:7729 freeculture.xml:7743 freeculture.xml:7802 freeculture.xml:7803 freeculture.xml:7901 freeculture.xml:9836 freeculture.xml:10189 freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:11191 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3214 freeculture.xml:4299 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:4329 freeculture.xml:4714 freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:5316 freeculture.xml:6508 freeculture.xml:6954 freeculture.xml:7038 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:7223 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7385 freeculture.xml:7420 freeculture.xml:7534 freeculture.xml:7535 freeculture.xml:7596 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7734 freeculture.xml:7748 freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:7808 freeculture.xml:7906 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:10195 freeculture.xml:11152 freeculture.xml:11197 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:7033 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:7038 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:6883 freeculture.xml:7636 freeculture.xml:8919 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:6888 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:8925 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:15295 +#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:15301 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:13416 freeculture.xml:13499 freeculture.xml:13669 +#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:13422 freeculture.xml:13505 freeculture.xml:13675 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1443,12 +1443,12 @@ msgid "Piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:4710 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:4715 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:5120 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:5125 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" @@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3207 +#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3211 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" @@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:6731 freeculture.xml:11194 +#: freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:6736 freeculture.xml:11200 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1578,7 +1578,7 @@ msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:7000 freeculture.xml:7104 freeculture.xml:7548 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:7005 freeculture.xml:7109 freeculture.xml:7553 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" @@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ msgid "if value, then right theory of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1150 freeculture.xml:3010 +#: freeculture.xml:1150 freeculture.xml:3014 msgid "if value, then right theory" msgstr "" @@ -1602,7 +1602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1169 freeculture.xml:7484 +#: freeculture.xml:1169 freeculture.xml:7489 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -1644,17 +1644,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:7318 freeculture.xml:7415 freeculture.xml:7729 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7420 freeculture.xml:7734 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:1526 freeculture.xml:3817 +#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:1526 freeculture.xml:3821 msgid "creativity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:3817 freeculture.xml:3818 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:9837 +#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:3821 freeculture.xml:3822 freeculture.xml:3829 freeculture.xml:9843 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" @@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1261 freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6110 +#: freeculture.xml:1261 freeculture.xml:5320 freeculture.xml:5354 freeculture.xml:6071 freeculture.xml:6115 msgid "films" msgstr "" @@ -1782,7 +1782,7 @@ msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1263 freeculture.xml:7509 +#: freeculture.xml:1263 freeculture.xml:7514 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" @@ -1798,7 +1798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1271 freeculture.xml:1489 freeculture.xml:1543 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:1930 freeculture.xml:4545 freeculture.xml:6242 freeculture.xml:7508 freeculture.xml:11087 freeculture.xml:11500 +#: freeculture.xml:1271 freeculture.xml:1489 freeculture.xml:1543 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:1930 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7513 freeculture.xml:11093 freeculture.xml:11506 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -1906,22 +1906,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7319 freeculture.xml:7416 freeculture.xml:7594 freeculture.xml:7698 freeculture.xml:7744 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7324 freeculture.xml:7421 freeculture.xml:7599 freeculture.xml:7703 freeculture.xml:7749 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7416 freeculture.xml:7594 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7421 freeculture.xml:7599 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:3009 freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:7417 freeculture.xml:7595 freeculture.xml:15361 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3719 freeculture.xml:7422 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:15367 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:7417 freeculture.xml:7595 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:7422 freeculture.xml:7600 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" @@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1369 freeculture.xml:6285 freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:1369 freeculture.xml:6290 freeculture.xml:7806 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" @@ -1989,7 +1989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1389 freeculture.xml:1685 freeculture.xml:11088 +#: freeculture.xml:1389 freeculture.xml:1685 freeculture.xml:11094 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2046,17 +2046,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:4829 freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:5104 freeculture.xml:5198 freeculture.xml:6698 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7002 freeculture.xml:7075 freeculture.xml:7101 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:7264 freeculture.xml:7311 freeculture.xml:7348 freeculture.xml:7651 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:11169 freeculture.xml:11498 freeculture.xml:11499 freeculture.xml:14014 freeculture.xml:14048 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4768 freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4872 freeculture.xml:4928 freeculture.xml:4974 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5203 freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:7003 freeculture.xml:7004 freeculture.xml:7007 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7106 freeculture.xml:7145 freeculture.xml:7269 freeculture.xml:7316 freeculture.xml:7353 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:11151 freeculture.xml:11175 freeculture.xml:11504 freeculture.xml:11505 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14054 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7002 freeculture.xml:7101 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:11499 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:4928 freeculture.xml:7004 freeculture.xml:7007 freeculture.xml:7106 freeculture.xml:11151 freeculture.xml:11505 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:1437 freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:7105 freeculture.xml:7229 freeculture.xml:8114 freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:13504 freeculture.xml:14300 freeculture.xml:14301 +#: freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:1437 freeculture.xml:5204 freeculture.xml:7110 freeculture.xml:7234 freeculture.xml:8119 freeculture.xml:11085 freeculture.xml:13510 freeculture.xml:14306 freeculture.xml:14307 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1671 freeculture.xml:3030 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:5034 freeculture.xml:7932 freeculture.xml:9063 +#: freeculture.xml:1671 freeculture.xml:3034 freeculture.xml:4780 freeculture.xml:5039 freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2449,7 +2449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4847 freeculture.xml:4884 freeculture.xml:5214 +#: freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:4889 freeculture.xml:5219 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" @@ -2516,7 +2516,7 @@ msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1790 freeculture.xml:1945 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:6809 +#: freeculture.xml:1790 freeculture.xml:1945 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:6814 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" @@ -2576,7 +2576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1827 freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:6811 +#: freeculture.xml:1827 freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:6816 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2678,22 +2678,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2377 freeculture.xml:2395 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2381 freeculture.xml:2399 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2377 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2381 msgid "in technologies of expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:2379 +#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:2383 msgid "expression, technologies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2379 +#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2383 msgid "democratic" msgstr "" @@ -2747,7 +2747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1931 freeculture.xml:9762 +#: freeculture.xml:1931 freeculture.xml:9768 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1983 freeculture.xml:3819 freeculture.xml:3841 freeculture.xml:3842 freeculture.xml:5794 freeculture.xml:10003 +#: freeculture.xml:1983 freeculture.xml:3823 freeculture.xml:3845 freeculture.xml:3846 freeculture.xml:5799 freeculture.xml:10009 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -2856,7 +2856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:6810 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:6815 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2884,7 +2884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2040 freeculture.xml:2837 +#: freeculture.xml:2040 freeculture.xml:2841 msgid "education" msgstr "" @@ -2954,22 +2954,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:2626 freeculture.xml:6806 freeculture.xml:7782 freeculture.xml:8885 freeculture.xml:8939 +#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:2630 freeculture.xml:6811 freeculture.xml:7787 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:8945 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6808 freeculture.xml:8886 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6813 freeculture.xml:8892 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6807 freeculture.xml:8887 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:15359 +#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6812 freeculture.xml:8893 freeculture.xml:8927 freeculture.xml:15365 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6807 freeculture.xml:8887 +#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6812 freeculture.xml:8893 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" @@ -3031,7 +3031,7 @@ msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:2195 freeculture.xml:2268 freeculture.xml:2689 +#: freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:2195 freeculture.xml:2268 freeculture.xml:2693 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" @@ -3121,7 +3121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2192 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:5262 freeculture.xml:8774 +#: freeculture.xml:2192 freeculture.xml:4090 freeculture.xml:5267 freeculture.xml:8779 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -3239,7 +3239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2289 freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:6095 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:6100 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" @@ -3249,7 +3249,7 @@ msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2291 freeculture.xml:6015 +#: freeculture.xml:2291 freeculture.xml:6020 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" @@ -3279,7 +3279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2312 freeculture.xml:8713 freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:2312 freeculture.xml:8718 freeculture.xml:8939 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3288,8 +3288,23 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CBS" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2314 +msgid "Cyber Rights (Godwin)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:2315 +msgid "Godwin, Mike" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2316 freeculture.xml:2484 +msgid "news events on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2318 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the tragedy of September " "11, those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3306,7 +3321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2330 +#: freeculture.xml:2333 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3317,7 +3332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2340 +#: freeculture.xml:2343 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3329,22 +3344,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2444 freeculture.xml:2583 +#: freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2448 freeculture.xml:2587 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446 +#: freeculture.xml:2353 freeculture.xml:2450 msgid "blogs on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447 +#: freeculture.xml:2354 freeculture.xml:2451 msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2353 +#: freeculture.xml:2356 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3356,17 +3371,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2430 +#: freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2434 msgid "political discourse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2362 +#: freeculture.xml:2366 msgid "public discourse conducted on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2364 +#: freeculture.xml:2368 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3382,13 +3397,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2378 +#: freeculture.xml:2382 msgid "elections" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2381 +#: freeculture.xml:2385 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3400,23 +3415,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2394 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2395 +#: freeculture.xml:2399 msgid "public discourse in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2396 +#: freeculture.xml:2400 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2413 +#: freeculture.xml:2417 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in " "America, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3424,7 +3439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2398 +#: freeculture.xml:2402 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3444,14 +3459,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2423 +#: freeculture.xml:2427 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, Deliberation Day, " "Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2419 +#: freeculture.xml:2423 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3463,14 +3478,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2439 +#: freeculture.xml:2443 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2432 +#: freeculture.xml:2436 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3482,13 +3497,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2445 +#: freeculture.xml:2449 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2452 +#: freeculture.xml:2456 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3499,7 +3514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2463 +#: freeculture.xml:2467 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3510,12 +3525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2470 +#: freeculture.xml:2474 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2472 +#: freeculture.xml:2476 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3524,35 +3539,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2477 +#: freeculture.xml:2481 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2478 +#: freeculture.xml:2482 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2479 +#: freeculture.xml:2483 msgid "blog pressure on" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2480 -msgid "news events on" -msgstr "" - #. f18 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2493 +#: freeculture.xml:2497 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot, New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2482 +#: freeculture.xml:2486 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3567,12 +3577,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 +#: freeculture.xml:2501 freeculture.xml:2535 msgid "commercial imperatives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2499 +#: freeculture.xml:2503 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3581,12 +3591,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2506 +#: freeculture.xml:2510 msgid "peer-generated rankings on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2508 +#: freeculture.xml:2512 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3597,18 +3607,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2517 +#: freeculture.xml:2521 msgid "journalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2518 +#: freeculture.xml:2522 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2524 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3621,23 +3631,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2580 +#: freeculture.xml:2534 freeculture.xml:2584 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2532 freeculture.xml:2581 freeculture.xml:5957 +#: freeculture.xml:2536 freeculture.xml:2585 freeculture.xml:5962 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2541 +#: freeculture.xml:2545 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2535 +#: freeculture.xml:2539 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3655,7 +3665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2561 +#: freeculture.xml:2565 msgid "" "John Schwartz, Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online, New York Times, 2 " @@ -3665,7 +3675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2553 +#: freeculture.xml:2557 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—amateur not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3681,12 +3691,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2582 +#: freeculture.xml:2586 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2580 +#: freeculture.xml:2584 msgid "" " -#: freeculture.xml:2573 +#: freeculture.xml:2577 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. It's going to become an essential skill, Winer " @@ -3720,7 +3730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2604 +#: freeculture.xml:2608 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper. " @@ -3737,12 +3747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6797 +#: freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6802 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2628 +#: freeculture.xml:2632 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3751,7 +3761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2634 +#: freeculture.xml:2638 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3761,7 +3771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2641 +#: freeculture.xml:2645 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When a lot of us grew " "up, he explains, that tinkering was done on motorcycle " @@ -3776,7 +3786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2654 +#: freeculture.xml:2658 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3786,7 +3796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2661 +#: freeculture.xml:2665 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a completely new kind of learning " "platform, as Brown describes. As soon as you start doing " @@ -3798,7 +3808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2669 +#: freeculture.xml:2673 msgid "" "In this process, the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code. Kids are shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3810,7 +3820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2678 +#: freeculture.xml:2682 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3825,7 +3835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2691 +#: freeculture.xml:2695 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3834,7 +3844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2699 +#: freeculture.xml:2703 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3847,7 +3857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2715 +#: freeculture.xml:2719 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship, " @@ -3856,7 +3866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2708 +#: freeculture.xml:2712 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter -#: freeculture.xml:2723 +#: freeculture.xml:2727 msgid "" "This is where education in the twenty-first century is going, " "Brown explains. We need to understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3877,7 +3887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2728 +#: freeculture.xml:2732 msgid "" "Yet, as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3887,7 +3897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2735 +#: freeculture.xml:2739 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3896,12 +3906,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2740 freeculture.xml:5958 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:11575 freeculture.xml:11833 +#: freeculture.xml:2744 freeculture.xml:5963 freeculture.xml:6004 freeculture.xml:11581 freeculture.xml:11839 msgid "Kahle, Brewster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2743 +#: freeculture.xml:2747 msgid "" "No way to run a culture, as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter , " @@ -3909,47 +3919,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2750 +#: freeculture.xml:2754 msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2794 freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:9683 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2752 +#: freeculture.xml:2756 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:2753 freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:2757 freeculture.xml:2758 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2758 msgid "computer network search engine of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2755 +#: freeculture.xml:2759 msgid "search engines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2756 +#: freeculture.xml:2760 msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2757 +#: freeculture.xml:2761 msgid "search engines used on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2759 +#: freeculture.xml:2763 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3960,7 +3970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2767 +#: freeculture.xml:2771 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3971,7 +3981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2775 +#: freeculture.xml:2779 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3981,13 +3991,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2781 freeculture.xml:2836 +#: freeculture.xml:2785 freeculture.xml:2840 msgid "Google" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2783 +#: freeculture.xml:2787 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -4001,17 +4011,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2795 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:5546 freeculture.xml:8243 freeculture.xml:13603 freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:5551 freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:13609 freeculture.xml:13678 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2795 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 msgid "network file system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2797 +#: freeculture.xml:2801 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -4022,7 +4032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2807 +#: freeculture.xml:2811 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -4036,7 +4046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2820 +#: freeculture.xml:2824 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -4047,7 +4057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2828 +#: freeculture.xml:2832 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -4057,12 +4067,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2837 +#: freeculture.xml:2841 msgid "tinkering as means of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2839 +#: freeculture.xml:2843 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -4079,37 +4089,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:9952 +#: freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:9681 freeculture.xml:9958 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2854 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:3211 freeculture.xml:3340 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:4299 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10368 freeculture.xml:10369 freeculture.xml:10525 +#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:3344 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:4303 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:9959 freeculture.xml:10373 freeculture.xml:10374 freeculture.xml:10375 freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:9953 +#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:9959 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2954 freeculture.xml:9954 freeculture.xml:10370 freeculture.xml:10371 freeculture.xml:10523 +#: freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2889 freeculture.xml:2958 freeculture.xml:9960 freeculture.xml:10376 freeculture.xml:10377 freeculture.xml:10529 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:9960 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2859 +#: freeculture.xml:2863 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -4120,7 +4130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2868 +#: freeculture.xml:2872 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -4135,33 +4145,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:9674 freeculture.xml:9951 +#: freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:9680 freeculture.xml:9957 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2882 +#: freeculture.xml:2886 msgid "statutory damages of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2883 +#: freeculture.xml:2887 msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2884 +#: freeculture.xml:2888 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2885 +#: freeculture.xml:2889 msgid "intimidation tactics of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:2891 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -4174,18 +4184,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2898 +#: freeculture.xml:2902 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2912 +#: freeculture.xml:2916 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -4193,7 +4203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2900 +#: freeculture.xml:2904 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -4208,7 +4218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2919 +#: freeculture.xml:2923 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -4217,12 +4227,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2925 +#: freeculture.xml:2929 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2927 +#: freeculture.xml:2931 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -4236,13 +4246,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2937 +#: freeculture.xml:2941 msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2939 +#: freeculture.xml:2943 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -4254,35 +4264,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2949 +#: freeculture.xml:2953 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3341 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:5555 freeculture.xml:5604 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10524 freeculture.xml:10547 freeculture.xml:15260 freeculture.xml:15325 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3345 freeculture.xml:4295 freeculture.xml:5560 freeculture.xml:5609 freeculture.xml:10268 freeculture.xml:10369 freeculture.xml:10530 freeculture.xml:10553 freeculture.xml:15266 freeculture.xml:15331 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3341 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10524 freeculture.xml:10547 freeculture.xml:15260 freeculture.xml:15325 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3345 freeculture.xml:4295 freeculture.xml:10268 freeculture.xml:10369 freeculture.xml:10530 freeculture.xml:10553 freeculture.xml:15266 freeculture.xml:15331 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10525 +#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:10373 freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2954 freeculture.xml:10371 +#: freeculture.xml:2958 freeculture.xml:10377 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2964 +#: freeculture.xml:2968 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -4291,7 +4301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2972 +#: freeculture.xml:2976 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -4299,7 +4309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2956 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4313,7 +4323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2979 +#: freeculture.xml:2983 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4321,7 +4331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2986 +#: freeculture.xml:2990 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4330,7 +4340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2993 +#: freeculture.xml:2997 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4340,17 +4350,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3008 +#: freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3009 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 msgid "in development of content industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3012 +#: freeculture.xml:3016 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -4362,32 +4372,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3023 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:3025 +#: freeculture.xml:3028 freeculture.xml:3029 msgid "Hollywood film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:7783 freeculture.xml:15362 +#: freeculture.xml:3028 freeculture.xml:7788 freeculture.xml:15368 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3026 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:11149 freeculture.xml:11150 freeculture.xml:13245 freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11155 freeculture.xml:11156 freeculture.xml:13251 freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3026 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "on film technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3030 +#: freeculture.xml:3034 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -4397,7 +4407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3028 +#: freeculture.xml:3032 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4411,12 +4421,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3046 +#: freeculture.xml:3050 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3050 +#: freeculture.xml:3054 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4427,27 +4437,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3058 +#: freeculture.xml:3062 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3059 +#: freeculture.xml:3063 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3060 freeculture.xml:3359 freeculture.xml:4527 freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:3064 freeculture.xml:3363 freeculture.xml:4532 freeculture.xml:10419 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3084 freeculture.xml:4526 freeculture.xml:10130 freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:3088 freeculture.xml:4531 freeculture.xml:10136 freeculture.xml:10249 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3073 +#: freeculture.xml:3077 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4463,7 +4473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3062 +#: freeculture.xml:3066 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4479,7 +4489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3095 +#: freeculture.xml:3099 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4487,7 +4497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3089 +#: freeculture.xml:3093 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4502,7 +4512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3106 +#: freeculture.xml:3110 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4513,34 +4523,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3118 +#: freeculture.xml:3122 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:4295 +#: freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:4299 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3125 +#: freeculture.xml:3129 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3127 +#: freeculture.xml:3131 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4553,12 +4563,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3136 freeculture.xml:3274 +#: freeculture.xml:3140 freeculture.xml:3278 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3138 +#: freeculture.xml:3142 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4578,12 +4588,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3161 freeculture.xml:3178 +#: freeculture.xml:3165 freeculture.xml:3182 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3157 +#: freeculture.xml:3161 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4591,7 +4601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3176 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4603,7 +4613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3165 +#: freeculture.xml:3169 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4614,13 +4624,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3182 +#: freeculture.xml:3186 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3188 +#: freeculture.xml:3192 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4628,7 +4638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3194 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4636,14 +4646,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3205 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3184 +#: freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4656,43 +4666,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3205 +#: freeculture.xml:3209 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3206 +#: freeculture.xml:3210 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3208 freeculture.xml:3209 freeculture.xml:4293 freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:4378 freeculture.xml:4379 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7216 freeculture.xml:7217 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:3212 freeculture.xml:3213 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:4383 freeculture.xml:4384 freeculture.xml:7014 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:7221 freeculture.xml:7222 freeculture.xml:10370 freeculture.xml:10371 freeculture.xml:10372 freeculture.xml:11150 freeculture.xml:11211 freeculture.xml:12154 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3208 freeculture.xml:4293 freeculture.xml:4378 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7216 freeculture.xml:10364 +#: freeculture.xml:3212 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:4383 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:7221 freeculture.xml:10370 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3209 freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:10366 +#: freeculture.xml:3213 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:10372 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4296 freeculture.xml:10189 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:10195 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3211 +#: freeculture.xml:3215 msgid "statutory license system in" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3221 +#: freeculture.xml:3225 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4701,7 +4711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3232 +#: freeculture.xml:3236 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4709,7 +4719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3213 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4726,13 +4736,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3237 +#: freeculture.xml:3241 msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3239 +#: freeculture.xml:3243 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4747,17 +4757,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3253 +#: freeculture.xml:3257 msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3254 freeculture.xml:4301 freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:3258 freeculture.xml:4305 freeculture.xml:10194 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3256 +#: freeculture.xml:3260 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4768,12 +4778,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3263 freeculture.xml:14956 +#: freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:14962 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3265 +#: freeculture.xml:3269 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4785,7 +4795,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3290 +#: freeculture.xml:3294 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4796,7 +4806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3276 +#: freeculture.xml:3280 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4812,7 +4822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3301 +#: freeculture.xml:3305 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4821,7 +4831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3323 +#: freeculture.xml:3327 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4829,7 +4839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3308 +#: freeculture.xml:3312 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4846,34 +4856,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3334 +#: freeculture.xml:3338 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3339 freeculture.xml:4491 +#: freeculture.xml:3343 freeculture.xml:4496 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3340 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:10368 +#: freeculture.xml:3344 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:10374 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3343 +#: freeculture.xml:3347 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3358 +#: freeculture.xml:3362 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3349 +#: freeculture.xml:3353 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4890,7 +4900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3346 +#: freeculture.xml:3350 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4901,18 +4911,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3365 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:3369 freeculture.xml:4301 freeculture.xml:10271 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3377 freeculture.xml:9431 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:12998 +#: freeculture.xml:3381 freeculture.xml:9437 freeculture.xml:9912 freeculture.xml:13004 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3367 +#: freeculture.xml:3371 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4927,7 +4937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3382 +#: freeculture.xml:3386 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4937,12 +4947,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:3904 freeculture.xml:6520 freeculture.xml:6536 +#: freeculture.xml:3393 freeculture.xml:3908 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6541 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3391 +#: freeculture.xml:3395 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4951,7 +4961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3397 +#: freeculture.xml:3401 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4963,7 +4973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3410 +#: freeculture.xml:3414 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4974,23 +4984,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3420 freeculture.xml:4497 +#: freeculture.xml:3424 freeculture.xml:4502 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3421 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:8608 freeculture.xml:8648 freeculture.xml:15358 +#: freeculture.xml:3425 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:8613 freeculture.xml:8653 freeculture.xml:15364 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3423 +#: freeculture.xml:3427 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3426 +#: freeculture.xml:3430 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -5002,22 +5012,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3436 +#: freeculture.xml:3440 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3437 +#: freeculture.xml:3441 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3438 freeculture.xml:3449 +#: freeculture.xml:3442 freeculture.xml:3453 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3444 +#: freeculture.xml:3448 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -5028,14 +5038,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3460 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3440 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -5050,14 +5060,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3467 +#: freeculture.xml:3471 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3463 +#: freeculture.xml:3467 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -5065,13 +5075,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3473 +#: freeculture.xml:3477 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3482 +#: freeculture.xml:3486 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -5079,7 +5089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3477 +#: freeculture.xml:3481 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -5088,12 +5098,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3496 +#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:3500 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3494 +#: freeculture.xml:3498 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5101,7 +5111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3490 +#: freeculture.xml:3494 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -5109,19 +5119,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3501 +#: freeculture.xml:3505 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3517 freeculture.xml:3519 +#: freeculture.xml:3521 freeculture.xml:3523 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3515 +#: freeculture.xml:3519 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5129,7 +5139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3506 +#: freeculture.xml:3510 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5141,14 +5151,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3523 +#: freeculture.xml:3527 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3527 +#: freeculture.xml:3531 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5164,7 +5174,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3546 +#: freeculture.xml:3550 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5175,7 +5185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3541 +#: freeculture.xml:3545 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5189,12 +5199,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3563 +#: freeculture.xml:3567 msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3565 +#: freeculture.xml:3569 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5206,7 +5216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3573 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5218,28 +5228,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3583 +#: freeculture.xml:3587 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3584 freeculture.xml:3664 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:15360 +#: freeculture.xml:3588 freeculture.xml:3668 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:15366 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3585 freeculture.xml:4039 freeculture.xml:9907 freeculture.xml:10765 freeculture.xml:14751 freeculture.xml:15342 +#: freeculture.xml:3589 freeculture.xml:4043 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10771 freeculture.xml:14757 freeculture.xml:15348 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3585 +#: freeculture.xml:3589 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3593 +#: freeculture.xml:3597 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5249,7 +5259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3587 +#: freeculture.xml:3591 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5261,7 +5271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3603 +#: freeculture.xml:3607 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5269,7 +5279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3609 +#: freeculture.xml:3613 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5281,7 +5291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3618 +#: freeculture.xml:3622 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5296,7 +5306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3629 +#: freeculture.xml:3633 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5305,17 +5315,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3657 +#: freeculture.xml:3661 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3658 freeculture.xml:13290 freeculture.xml:13782 freeculture.xml:13789 +#: freeculture.xml:3662 freeculture.xml:13296 freeculture.xml:13788 freeculture.xml:13795 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3642 +#: freeculture.xml:3646 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5335,7 +5345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3637 +#: freeculture.xml:3641 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5347,12 +5357,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3679 freeculture.xml:3960 freeculture.xml:15508 +#: freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:3964 freeculture.xml:15514 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3672 +#: freeculture.xml:3676 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5365,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3666 +#: freeculture.xml:3670 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5375,7 +5385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3683 +#: freeculture.xml:3687 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5391,7 +5401,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3697 +#: freeculture.xml:3701 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5410,52 +5420,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:15361 +#: freeculture.xml:3719 freeculture.xml:15367 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3716 +#: freeculture.xml:3720 msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:3717 freeculture.xml:13601 freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:13607 freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3748 freeculture.xml:12079 freeculture.xml:13616 freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:3752 freeculture.xml:12085 freeculture.xml:13622 freeculture.xml:14255 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3719 freeculture.xml:3749 freeculture.xml:12081 freeculture.xml:13617 freeculture.xml:14250 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:3753 freeculture.xml:12087 freeculture.xml:13623 freeculture.xml:14256 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3720 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3721 +#: freeculture.xml:3725 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3722 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3723 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3725 +#: freeculture.xml:3729 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5471,17 +5481,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:5008 freeculture.xml:6504 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6715 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:4789 freeculture.xml:5013 freeculture.xml:6509 freeculture.xml:6585 freeculture.xml:6720 freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:14287 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:14287 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3739 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5492,17 +5502,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3746 +#: freeculture.xml:3750 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3747 +#: freeculture.xml:3751 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3751 +#: freeculture.xml:3755 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5518,7 +5528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3765 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5530,7 +5540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3775 +#: freeculture.xml:3779 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5543,7 +5553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3784 +#: freeculture.xml:3788 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5552,7 +5562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3790 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5561,20 +5571,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3796 +#: freeculture.xml:3800 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3802 +#: freeculture.xml:3806 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3807 +#: freeculture.xml:3811 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5582,7 +5592,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3804 +#: freeculture.xml:3808 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5592,17 +5602,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3816 +#: freeculture.xml:3820 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3835 freeculture.xml:8843 +#: freeculture.xml:3839 freeculture.xml:8848 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3825 +#: freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5617,7 +5627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3816 +#: freeculture.xml:3820 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -5630,23 +5640,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3840 +#: freeculture.xml:3844 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3841 +#: freeculture.xml:3845 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3842 +#: freeculture.xml:3846 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3848 +#: freeculture.xml:3852 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5660,7 +5670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3840 +#: freeculture.xml:3844 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5678,7 +5688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3871 +#: freeculture.xml:3875 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5689,14 +5699,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3880 +#: freeculture.xml:3884 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3865 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5712,7 +5722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3889 +#: freeculture.xml:3893 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5724,7 +5734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3899 +#: freeculture.xml:3903 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5732,7 +5742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3907 +#: freeculture.xml:3911 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5745,7 +5755,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:3921 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5758,7 +5768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3928 +#: freeculture.xml:3932 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5777,26 +5787,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3945 +#: freeculture.xml:3949 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3951 +#: freeculture.xml:3955 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3959 +#: freeculture.xml:3963 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3954 +#: freeculture.xml:3958 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5810,7 +5820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3970 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5821,17 +5831,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3977 freeculture.xml:3986 freeculture.xml:4347 freeculture.xml:8403 freeculture.xml:8432 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15068 +#: freeculture.xml:3981 freeculture.xml:3990 freeculture.xml:4352 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:8437 freeculture.xml:10192 freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3977 freeculture.xml:4347 freeculture.xml:8403 freeculture.xml:8432 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:15068 freeculture.xml:15069 +#: freeculture.xml:3981 freeculture.xml:4352 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:8437 freeculture.xml:10192 freeculture.xml:10193 freeculture.xml:15074 freeculture.xml:15075 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3986 +#: freeculture.xml:3990 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5848,7 +5858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3979 +#: freeculture.xml:3983 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5863,18 +5873,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4004 +#: freeculture.xml:4008 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4014 +#: freeculture.xml:4018 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4006 +#: freeculture.xml:4010 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5886,7 +5896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4019 +#: freeculture.xml:4023 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5899,7 +5909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4029 +#: freeculture.xml:4033 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5911,12 +5921,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4039 +#: freeculture.xml:4043 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4041 +#: freeculture.xml:4045 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5925,7 +5935,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4050 +#: freeculture.xml:4054 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5943,12 +5953,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4077 +#: freeculture.xml:4081 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4074 +#: freeculture.xml:4078 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5957,7 +5967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4046 +#: freeculture.xml:4050 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5978,7 +5988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4092 +#: freeculture.xml:4096 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5989,7 +5999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4100 +#: freeculture.xml:4104 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -6007,7 +6017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4116 +#: freeculture.xml:4120 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -6016,7 +6026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4128 +#: freeculture.xml:4132 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6027,7 +6037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4122 +#: freeculture.xml:4126 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6041,22 +6051,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:4150 freeculture.xml:4171 freeculture.xml:4195 freeculture.xml:4708 freeculture.xml:6170 freeculture.xml:6175 freeculture.xml:6227 freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7590 freeculture.xml:7659 freeculture.xml:7947 freeculture.xml:14453 freeculture.xml:15180 freeculture.xml:15181 +#: freeculture.xml:4145 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4175 freeculture.xml:4199 freeculture.xml:4713 freeculture.xml:6175 freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:6232 freeculture.xml:7207 freeculture.xml:7208 freeculture.xml:7595 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:7952 freeculture.xml:14459 freeculture.xml:15186 freeculture.xml:15187 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:4150 freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:15181 +#: freeculture.xml:4145 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:7207 freeculture.xml:15187 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4142 +#: freeculture.xml:4146 msgid "used record sales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4150 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6070,7 +6080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4144 +#: freeculture.xml:4148 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6085,22 +6095,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4171 freeculture.xml:6170 freeculture.xml:6175 freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:15180 +#: freeculture.xml:4175 freeculture.xml:6175 freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:7208 freeculture.xml:15186 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4172 +#: freeculture.xml:4176 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4173 freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:4177 freeculture.xml:7665 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4175 +#: freeculture.xml:4179 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6116,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4188 +#: freeculture.xml:4192 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6127,23 +6137,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4195 freeculture.xml:14453 +#: freeculture.xml:4199 freeculture.xml:14459 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4196 +#: freeculture.xml:4200 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4197 +#: freeculture.xml:4201 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4199 +#: freeculture.xml:4203 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6161,7 +6171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4217 +#: freeculture.xml:4221 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6170,7 +6180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4223 +#: freeculture.xml:4227 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6180,7 +6190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4231 +#: freeculture.xml:4235 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6196,7 +6206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4245 +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -6204,7 +6214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6215,7 +6225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4249 +#: freeculture.xml:4253 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6228,7 +6238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4272 +#: freeculture.xml:4276 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6242,7 +6252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4283 +#: freeculture.xml:4287 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6254,22 +6264,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4292 +#: freeculture.xml:4296 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4299 +#: freeculture.xml:4303 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4302 +#: freeculture.xml:4306 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4304 +#: freeculture.xml:4308 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6283,7 +6293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4317 +#: freeculture.xml:4321 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6292,9 +6302,14 @@ msgid "" "content, so long as they paid the statutory price." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4329 +msgid "two central goals of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4328 +#: freeculture.xml:4333 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6312,22 +6327,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4346 +#: freeculture.xml:4351 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4348 freeculture.xml:8172 freeculture.xml:8316 freeculture.xml:8381 freeculture.xml:8493 +#: freeculture.xml:4353 freeculture.xml:8177 freeculture.xml:8321 freeculture.xml:8386 freeculture.xml:8498 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4348 +#: freeculture.xml:4353 msgid "Betamax technology developed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4350 +#: freeculture.xml:4355 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6344,7 +6359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4364 +#: freeculture.xml:4369 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6360,13 +6375,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4379 +#: freeculture.xml:4384 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4388 +#: freeculture.xml:4393 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6376,13 +6391,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4400 +#: freeculture.xml:4405 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4405 +#: freeculture.xml:4410 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6390,14 +6405,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4416 +#: freeculture.xml:4421 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4381 +#: freeculture.xml:4386 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6424,19 +6439,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4435 +#: freeculture.xml:4440 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4438 +#: freeculture.xml:4443 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4423 +#: freeculture.xml:4428 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6453,7 +6468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4441 +#: freeculture.xml:4446 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6462,14 +6477,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4460 +#: freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4450 +#: freeculture.xml:4455 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6480,7 +6495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4466 +#: freeculture.xml:4471 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6490,77 +6505,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4477 +#: freeculture.xml:4482 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4483 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4479 +#: freeculture.xml:4484 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4480 +#: freeculture.xml:4485 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4485 +#: freeculture.xml:4490 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4486 +#: freeculture.xml:4491 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4487 freeculture.xml:4499 freeculture.xml:4505 +#: freeculture.xml:4492 freeculture.xml:4504 freeculture.xml:4510 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4488 freeculture.xml:4500 +#: freeculture.xml:4493 freeculture.xml:4505 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4492 +#: freeculture.xml:4497 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4493 +#: freeculture.xml:4498 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4494 freeculture.xml:4506 +#: freeculture.xml:4499 freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4498 +#: freeculture.xml:4503 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4503 +#: freeculture.xml:4508 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4504 +#: freeculture.xml:4509 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4516 +#: freeculture.xml:4521 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -6577,7 +6592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4513 +#: freeculture.xml:4518 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6587,7 +6602,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4534 +#: freeculture.xml:4539 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6601,7 +6616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4547 +#: freeculture.xml:4552 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6614,20 +6629,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4558 +#: freeculture.xml:4563 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4565 +#: freeculture.xml:4570 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4560 +#: freeculture.xml:4565 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6641,7 +6656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4576 +#: freeculture.xml:4581 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6658,7 +6673,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4600 +#: freeculture.xml:4605 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6666,7 +6681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4592 +#: freeculture.xml:4597 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6678,7 +6693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4605 +#: freeculture.xml:4610 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6692,7 +6707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4617 +#: freeculture.xml:4622 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6700,13 +6715,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4626 +#: freeculture.xml:4631 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4631 +#: freeculture.xml:4636 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6716,7 +6731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4638 +#: freeculture.xml:4643 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6730,13 +6745,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4649 freeculture.xml:6465 freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:4654 freeculture.xml:6470 freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4664 +#: freeculture.xml:4669 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6744,7 +6759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4651 +#: freeculture.xml:4656 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6760,12 +6775,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4669 +#: freeculture.xml:4674 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4671 +#: freeculture.xml:4676 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6775,7 +6790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4684 +#: freeculture.xml:4689 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6787,7 +6802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4679 +#: freeculture.xml:4684 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6797,7 +6812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4699 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6810,47 +6825,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4707 +#: freeculture.xml:4712 msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4708 +#: freeculture.xml:4713 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4711 +#: freeculture.xml:4716 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:4717 freeculture.xml:13983 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4712 +#: freeculture.xml:4717 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4713 freeculture.xml:4883 +#: freeculture.xml:4718 freeculture.xml:4888 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4714 +#: freeculture.xml:4719 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4848 +#: freeculture.xml:4721 freeculture.xml:4853 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4718 +#: freeculture.xml:4723 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6864,27 +6879,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:4813 freeculture.xml:4922 freeculture.xml:5055 +#: freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:4818 freeculture.xml:4927 freeculture.xml:5060 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4730 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 +#: freeculture.xml:4742 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6899,7 +6914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 +#: freeculture.xml:4754 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6908,7 +6923,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4732 +#: freeculture.xml:4737 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6924,22 +6939,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:4814 freeculture.xml:4954 freeculture.xml:5135 freeculture.xml:5291 +#: freeculture.xml:4766 freeculture.xml:4819 freeculture.xml:4959 freeculture.xml:5140 freeculture.xml:5296 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:7140 +#: freeculture.xml:4768 freeculture.xml:7145 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4764 freeculture.xml:4816 freeculture.xml:4860 freeculture.xml:4967 freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:7130 +#: freeculture.xml:4769 freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:4865 freeculture.xml:4972 freeculture.xml:5059 freeculture.xml:7135 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4775 +#: freeculture.xml:4780 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6947,7 +6962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4766 +#: freeculture.xml:4771 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6962,22 +6977,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:5008 +#: freeculture.xml:4789 freeculture.xml:5013 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:5009 +#: freeculture.xml:4790 freeculture.xml:5014 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4786 +#: freeculture.xml:4791 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4788 +#: freeculture.xml:4793 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6990,12 +7005,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:5007 freeculture.xml:5078 freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:4804 freeculture.xml:5012 freeculture.xml:5083 freeculture.xml:5183 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4801 +#: freeculture.xml:4806 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -7010,13 +7025,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:5044 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:5230 +#: freeculture.xml:4820 freeculture.xml:5049 freeculture.xml:5157 freeculture.xml:5235 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 +#: freeculture.xml:4823 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -7028,12 +7043,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4829 +#: freeculture.xml:4834 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4831 +#: freeculture.xml:4836 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -7044,7 +7059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4841 +#: freeculture.xml:4846 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7053,7 +7068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4850 +#: freeculture.xml:4855 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7067,7 +7082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4862 +#: freeculture.xml:4867 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7076,13 +7091,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:7651 freeculture.xml:7822 +#: freeculture.xml:4872 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7827 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4869 +#: freeculture.xml:4874 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7098,7 +7113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4886 +#: freeculture.xml:4891 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7111,22 +7126,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4895 +#: freeculture.xml:4900 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4896 +#: freeculture.xml:4901 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4897 +#: freeculture.xml:4902 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4899 +#: freeculture.xml:4904 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7141,7 +7156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4912 +#: freeculture.xml:4917 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7153,25 +7168,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4920 freeculture.xml:5213 +#: freeculture.xml:4925 freeculture.xml:5218 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4921 +#: freeculture.xml:4926 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4940 +#: freeculture.xml:4945 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4925 +#: freeculture.xml:4930 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7187,17 +7202,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4944 +#: freeculture.xml:4949 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4945 +#: freeculture.xml:4950 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4947 +#: freeculture.xml:4952 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7207,7 +7222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4956 +#: freeculture.xml:4961 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7221,12 +7236,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:5104 freeculture.xml:5198 freeculture.xml:11169 +#: freeculture.xml:4974 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5203 freeculture.xml:11175 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4971 +#: freeculture.xml:4976 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7238,7 +7253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4980 +#: freeculture.xml:4985 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7246,7 +7261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:5000 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7258,7 +7273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4985 +#: freeculture.xml:4990 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7270,7 +7285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5011 +#: freeculture.xml:5016 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7287,12 +7302,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5033 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5038 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:5091 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5033 +#: freeculture.xml:5038 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7301,7 +7316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5027 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7313,20 +7328,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 freeculture.xml:5151 +#: freeculture.xml:5047 freeculture.xml:5156 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5050 +#: freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5046 +#: freeculture.xml:5051 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7334,22 +7349,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5056 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5057 +#: freeculture.xml:5062 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:15605 +#: freeculture.xml:5071 freeculture.xml:15611 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5064 +#: freeculture.xml:5069 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7357,12 +7372,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5075 +#: freeculture.xml:5080 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5059 +#: freeculture.xml:5064 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7376,7 +7391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5091 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7384,7 +7399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5085 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7396,12 +7411,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5095 +#: freeculture.xml:5100 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5097 +#: freeculture.xml:5102 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7410,23 +7425,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5103 freeculture.xml:5157 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 freeculture.xml:5162 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5105 +#: freeculture.xml:5110 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5106 +#: freeculture.xml:5111 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5115 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7434,7 +7449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5108 +#: freeculture.xml:5113 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7446,7 +7461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5122 +#: freeculture.xml:5127 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7461,7 +7476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5137 +#: freeculture.xml:5142 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7476,35 +7491,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5154 +#: freeculture.xml:5159 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5158 +#: freeculture.xml:5163 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5266 +#: freeculture.xml:5164 freeculture.xml:5271 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5160 +#: freeculture.xml:5165 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5166 +#: freeculture.xml:5171 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5162 +#: freeculture.xml:5167 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7518,12 +7533,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5177 +#: freeculture.xml:5182 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5180 +#: freeculture.xml:5185 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7536,7 +7551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5191 +#: freeculture.xml:5196 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7546,13 +7561,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:5267 +#: freeculture.xml:5204 freeculture.xml:5272 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:5206 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7564,22 +7579,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5210 +#: freeculture.xml:5215 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5211 +#: freeculture.xml:5216 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5212 +#: freeculture.xml:5217 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5216 +#: freeculture.xml:5221 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7593,12 +7608,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5242 +#: freeculture.xml:5247 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5232 +#: freeculture.xml:5237 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7613,7 +7628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5247 +#: freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7621,7 +7636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5253 +#: freeculture.xml:5258 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7635,7 +7650,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5270 +#: freeculture.xml:5275 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7658,7 +7673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5293 +#: freeculture.xml:5298 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7666,42 +7681,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5310 +#: freeculture.xml:5315 msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:7629 freeculture.xml:7743 freeculture.xml:7802 +#: freeculture.xml:5316 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7748 freeculture.xml:7807 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5312 +#: freeculture.xml:5317 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5313 +#: freeculture.xml:5318 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5461 freeculture.xml:7628 freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7742 freeculture.xml:7804 +#: freeculture.xml:5319 freeculture.xml:5466 freeculture.xml:7633 freeculture.xml:7666 freeculture.xml:7747 freeculture.xml:7809 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5314 +#: freeculture.xml:5319 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5320 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5317 +#: freeculture.xml:5322 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7711,24 +7726,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5324 +#: freeculture.xml:5329 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5328 freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5333 freeculture.xml:5399 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5329 freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5334 freeculture.xml:5413 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5331 +#: freeculture.xml:5336 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7738,13 +7753,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 +#: freeculture.xml:5343 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5340 +#: freeculture.xml:5345 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7755,12 +7770,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5349 +#: freeculture.xml:5354 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5351 +#: freeculture.xml:5356 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7771,17 +7786,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5357 +#: freeculture.xml:5362 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5358 freeculture.xml:5419 freeculture.xml:5483 +#: freeculture.xml:5363 freeculture.xml:5424 freeculture.xml:5488 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5360 +#: freeculture.xml:5365 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7791,12 +7806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5366 freeculture.xml:5418 freeculture.xml:5482 +#: freeculture.xml:5371 freeculture.xml:5423 freeculture.xml:5487 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5368 +#: freeculture.xml:5373 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7806,7 +7821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5376 +#: freeculture.xml:5381 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7817,12 +7832,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5385 +#: freeculture.xml:5390 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5387 +#: freeculture.xml:5392 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7834,7 +7849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5396 +#: freeculture.xml:5401 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7846,12 +7861,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5409 +#: freeculture.xml:5414 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5411 +#: freeculture.xml:5416 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7862,7 +7877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5421 +#: freeculture.xml:5426 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7876,7 +7891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5432 +#: freeculture.xml:5437 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7889,7 +7904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5444 +#: freeculture.xml:5449 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7899,7 +7914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5441 +#: freeculture.xml:5446 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7911,19 +7926,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5458 +#: freeculture.xml:5463 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 freeculture.xml:7804 +#: freeculture.xml:5466 freeculture.xml:7809 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5463 +#: freeculture.xml:5468 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7934,13 +7949,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5472 +#: freeculture.xml:5477 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5475 +#: freeculture.xml:5480 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7950,18 +7965,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5484 +#: freeculture.xml:5489 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5485 +#: freeculture.xml:5490 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5488 +#: freeculture.xml:5493 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7977,7 +7992,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5500 +#: freeculture.xml:5505 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7988,14 +8003,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5512 +#: freeculture.xml:5517 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5520 +#: freeculture.xml:5525 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8006,7 +8021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5528 +#: freeculture.xml:5533 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -8015,22 +8030,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5548 msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5544 +#: freeculture.xml:5549 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5545 freeculture.xml:5605 freeculture.xml:5790 freeculture.xml:10522 freeculture.xml:14971 +#: freeculture.xml:5550 freeculture.xml:5610 freeculture.xml:5795 freeculture.xml:10528 freeculture.xml:14977 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5548 +#: freeculture.xml:5553 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -8040,17 +8055,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5555 +#: freeculture.xml:5560 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5556 +#: freeculture.xml:5561 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5558 +#: freeculture.xml:5563 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8062,7 +8077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5568 +#: freeculture.xml:5573 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8072,7 +8087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5575 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8082,7 +8097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5582 +#: freeculture.xml:5587 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8093,19 +8108,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5590 +#: freeculture.xml:5595 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5604 +#: freeculture.xml:5609 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5600 +#: freeculture.xml:5605 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8115,7 +8130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5594 +#: freeculture.xml:5599 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8124,7 +8139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5609 +#: freeculture.xml:5614 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8134,7 +8149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5616 +#: freeculture.xml:5621 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8142,7 +8157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5622 +#: freeculture.xml:5627 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8154,7 +8169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5631 +#: freeculture.xml:5636 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8167,12 +8182,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5647 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5644 +#: freeculture.xml:5649 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8185,14 +8200,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5655 +#: freeculture.xml:5660 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5659 +#: freeculture.xml:5664 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8200,7 +8215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5665 +#: freeculture.xml:5670 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8213,20 +8228,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5677 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5680 +#: freeculture.xml:5685 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5688 +#: freeculture.xml:5693 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8235,7 +8250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5687 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8246,7 +8261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5696 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8256,7 +8271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5704 +#: freeculture.xml:5709 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8265,7 +8280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5712 +#: freeculture.xml:5717 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8278,7 +8293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5723 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8299,7 +8314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5743 +#: freeculture.xml:5748 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8309,7 +8324,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5752 +#: freeculture.xml:5757 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8324,7 +8339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5765 +#: freeculture.xml:5770 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8335,7 +8350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5775 +#: freeculture.xml:5780 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8344,12 +8359,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5780 +#: freeculture.xml:5785 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 +#: freeculture.xml:5787 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8360,27 +8375,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5791 +#: freeculture.xml:5796 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5792 +#: freeculture.xml:5797 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5792 +#: freeculture.xml:5797 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5793 +#: freeculture.xml:5798 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5790 +#: freeculture.xml:5795 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8400,7 +8415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5810 +#: freeculture.xml:5815 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8410,13 +8425,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5816 +#: freeculture.xml:5821 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5818 +#: freeculture.xml:5823 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8429,7 +8444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5829 +#: freeculture.xml:5834 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8439,7 +8454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5836 +#: freeculture.xml:5841 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8456,7 +8471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5851 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8466,7 +8481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5857 +#: freeculture.xml:5862 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8480,7 +8495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5870 +#: freeculture.xml:5875 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8492,7 +8507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5879 +#: freeculture.xml:5884 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8505,7 +8520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5889 +#: freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8521,22 +8536,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 +#: freeculture.xml:5909 msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:9261 freeculture.xml:11588 freeculture.xml:11834 +#: freeculture.xml:5910 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11594 freeculture.xml:11840 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5906 freeculture.xml:8546 +#: freeculture.xml:5911 freeculture.xml:8551 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5908 +#: freeculture.xml:5913 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8549,12 +8564,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5918 freeculture.xml:5949 freeculture.xml:6013 +#: freeculture.xml:5923 freeculture.xml:5954 freeculture.xml:6018 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5920 +#: freeculture.xml:5925 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8565,12 +8580,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5927 +#: freeculture.xml:5932 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5934 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8580,7 +8595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8588,7 +8603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5942 +#: freeculture.xml:5947 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8598,12 +8613,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5959 +#: freeculture.xml:5964 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5957 +#: freeculture.xml:5962 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations " @@ -8615,7 +8630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5951 +#: freeculture.xml:5956 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8625,12 +8640,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5967 +#: freeculture.xml:5972 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5969 +#: freeculture.xml:5974 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8643,7 +8658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5980 +#: freeculture.xml:5985 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8656,7 +8671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5989 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8668,7 +8683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6001 +#: freeculture.xml:6006 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8681,32 +8696,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6010 freeculture.xml:6065 freeculture.xml:10507 +#: freeculture.xml:6015 freeculture.xml:6070 freeculture.xml:10513 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6011 +#: freeculture.xml:6016 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6012 +#: freeculture.xml:6017 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6014 freeculture.xml:11078 freeculture.xml:14152 freeculture.xml:14282 freeculture.xml:14318 +#: freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:14158 freeculture.xml:14288 freeculture.xml:14324 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6014 +#: freeculture.xml:6019 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6017 +#: freeculture.xml:6022 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8726,18 +8741,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6039 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:6040 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6037 +#: freeculture.xml:6042 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8749,17 +8764,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6048 +#: freeculture.xml:6053 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6048 +#: freeculture.xml:6053 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6050 +#: freeculture.xml:6055 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8770,7 +8785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6058 +#: freeculture.xml:6063 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8780,13 +8795,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6110 +#: freeculture.xml:6071 freeculture.xml:6115 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6077 +#: freeculture.xml:6082 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8796,7 +8811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6073 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8809,7 +8824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6085 +#: freeculture.xml:6090 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8824,7 +8839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6102 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8836,37 +8851,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6107 +#: freeculture.xml:6112 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6113 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 freeculture.xml:6111 +#: freeculture.xml:6113 freeculture.xml:6116 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6112 +#: freeculture.xml:6117 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6113 +#: freeculture.xml:6118 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6114 +#: freeculture.xml:6119 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6116 +#: freeculture.xml:6121 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8886,7 +8901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6139 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8896,7 +8911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6142 +#: freeculture.xml:6147 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8907,7 +8922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6150 +#: freeculture.xml:6155 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8919,7 +8934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6162 +#: freeculture.xml:6167 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8930,7 +8945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6175 +#: freeculture.xml:6180 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8942,7 +8957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6172 +#: freeculture.xml:6177 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8954,7 +8969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6190 +#: freeculture.xml:6195 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8968,7 +8983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6201 +#: freeculture.xml:6206 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8981,7 +8996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6213 +#: freeculture.xml:6218 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8992,7 +9007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6221 +#: freeculture.xml:6226 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -9001,12 +9016,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6227 +#: freeculture.xml:6232 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6229 +#: freeculture.xml:6234 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -9023,7 +9038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6244 +#: freeculture.xml:6249 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -9039,7 +9054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6259 +#: freeculture.xml:6264 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9051,27 +9066,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6276 msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6272 +#: freeculture.xml:6277 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:10263 +#: freeculture.xml:6278 freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6274 freeculture.xml:6304 +#: freeculture.xml:6279 freeculture.xml:6309 msgid "background of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6276 +#: freeculture.xml:6281 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9083,37 +9098,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6286 +#: freeculture.xml:6291 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6287 +#: freeculture.xml:6292 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6288 +#: freeculture.xml:6293 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6289 +#: freeculture.xml:6294 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6290 +#: freeculture.xml:6295 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6291 freeculture.xml:7913 freeculture.xml:8085 +#: freeculture.xml:6296 freeculture.xml:7918 freeculture.xml:8090 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6293 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9128,7 +9143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6307 +#: freeculture.xml:6312 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9142,7 +9157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6319 +#: freeculture.xml:6324 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9154,13 +9169,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6328 +#: freeculture.xml:6333 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6342 +#: freeculture.xml:6347 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9170,7 +9185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6333 +#: freeculture.xml:6338 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9184,7 +9199,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6352 +#: freeculture.xml:6357 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9196,7 +9211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6363 +#: freeculture.xml:6368 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9212,7 +9227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6379 +#: freeculture.xml:6384 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9225,7 +9240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6376 +#: freeculture.xml:6381 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9238,7 +9253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6394 +#: freeculture.xml:6399 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9249,7 +9264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6402 +#: freeculture.xml:6407 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9263,7 +9278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6417 +#: freeculture.xml:6422 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9275,7 +9290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6426 +#: freeculture.xml:6431 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9283,7 +9298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6431 +#: freeculture.xml:6436 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9298,7 +9313,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6442 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9315,7 +9330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6457 +#: freeculture.xml:6462 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9326,7 +9341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6467 +#: freeculture.xml:6472 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9340,7 +9355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6479 +#: freeculture.xml:6484 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9350,7 +9365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6489 +#: freeculture.xml:6494 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9365,33 +9380,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6501 +#: freeculture.xml:6506 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6502 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9838 freeculture.xml:9955 +#: freeculture.xml:6507 freeculture.xml:6766 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:9961 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6502 +#: freeculture.xml:6507 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6503 +#: freeculture.xml:6508 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6504 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6715 +#: freeculture.xml:6509 freeculture.xml:6585 freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6508 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9403,14 +9418,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:7085 +#: freeculture.xml:6523 freeculture.xml:6716 freeculture.xml:7090 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6522 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9427,12 +9442,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6538 freeculture.xml:6600 freeculture.xml:6716 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6721 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6540 +#: freeculture.xml:6545 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9445,12 +9460,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6550 freeculture.xml:6599 freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:6732 freeculture.xml:9847 freeculture.xml:10081 +#: freeculture.xml:6555 freeculture.xml:6604 freeculture.xml:6697 freeculture.xml:6737 freeculture.xml:9853 freeculture.xml:10087 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6552 +#: freeculture.xml:6557 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9462,12 +9477,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6561 freeculture.xml:6598 freeculture.xml:6650 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:6714 +#: freeculture.xml:6566 freeculture.xml:6603 freeculture.xml:6655 freeculture.xml:6696 freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6563 +#: freeculture.xml:6568 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9486,7 +9501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6584 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9494,7 +9509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6590 +#: freeculture.xml:6595 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9506,17 +9521,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6601 +#: freeculture.xml:6606 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6602 +#: freeculture.xml:6607 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6604 +#: freeculture.xml:6609 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9533,7 +9548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6622 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9547,7 +9562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6618 +#: freeculture.xml:6623 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9564,24 +9579,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6647 +#: freeculture.xml:6652 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6689 +#: freeculture.xml:6694 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6690 +#: freeculture.xml:6695 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6660 +#: freeculture.xml:6665 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9616,7 +9631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6652 +#: freeculture.xml:6657 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9627,17 +9642,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6697 +#: freeculture.xml:6702 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6698 freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:7080 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6700 +#: freeculture.xml:6705 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9646,13 +9661,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6706 +#: freeculture.xml:6711 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6719 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9666,22 +9681,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6730 +#: freeculture.xml:6735 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6731 +#: freeculture.xml:6736 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6733 +#: freeculture.xml:6738 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6735 +#: freeculture.xml:6740 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9692,18 +9707,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:7902 +#: freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:7598 freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6744 +#: freeculture.xml:6749 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6746 +#: freeculture.xml:6751 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9714,24 +9729,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6757 +#: freeculture.xml:6762 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6760 +#: freeculture.xml:6765 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9838 +#: freeculture.xml:6766 freeculture.xml:9844 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6763 +#: freeculture.xml:6768 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9745,18 +9760,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6776 freeculture.xml:6916 +#: freeculture.xml:6781 freeculture.xml:6921 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6777 +#: freeculture.xml:6782 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6779 +#: freeculture.xml:6784 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9773,7 +9788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6799 +#: freeculture.xml:6804 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9784,18 +9799,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6812 +#: freeculture.xml:6817 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6813 +#: freeculture.xml:6818 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6823 +#: freeculture.xml:6828 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9807,7 +9822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6815 +#: freeculture.xml:6820 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9829,35 +9844,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6844 +#: freeculture.xml:6849 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6845 freeculture.xml:15547 +#: freeculture.xml:6850 freeculture.xml:15553 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6848 freeculture.xml:13741 +#: freeculture.xml:6853 freeculture.xml:13747 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6849 freeculture.xml:7867 +#: freeculture.xml:6854 freeculture.xml:7872 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#: freeculture.xml:6867 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6852 +#: freeculture.xml:6857 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9875,7 +9890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6873 +#: freeculture.xml:6878 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9887,17 +9902,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6884 +#: freeculture.xml:6889 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6884 +#: freeculture.xml:6889 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6886 +#: freeculture.xml:6891 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9914,7 +9929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6902 +#: freeculture.xml:6907 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9925,27 +9940,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6916 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:6918 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6919 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6915 +#: freeculture.xml:6920 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6918 +#: freeculture.xml:6923 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9955,7 +9970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6925 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9963,22 +9978,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6929 +#: freeculture.xml:6934 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6930 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6931 +#: freeculture.xml:6936 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6933 +#: freeculture.xml:6938 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9987,7 +10002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6939 +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9999,18 +10014,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6948 +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6949 +#: freeculture.xml:6954 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6955 +#: freeculture.xml:6960 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -10019,7 +10034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6951 +#: freeculture.xml:6956 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -10037,7 +10052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6973 +#: freeculture.xml:6978 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -10051,49 +10066,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:6990 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6994 +#: freeculture.xml:6999 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6995 +#: freeculture.xml:7000 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6996 freeculture.xml:11497 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 freeculture.xml:11503 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6997 freeculture.xml:11206 +#: freeculture.xml:7002 freeculture.xml:11212 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:11498 +#: freeculture.xml:7003 freeculture.xml:11504 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7000 +#: freeculture.xml:7005 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7001 freeculture.xml:11207 +#: freeculture.xml:7006 freeculture.xml:11213 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7004 +#: freeculture.xml:7009 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10102,12 +10117,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7009 +#: freeculture.xml:7014 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7011 +#: freeculture.xml:7016 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10115,7 +10130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7017 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10123,7 +10138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#: freeculture.xml:7030 msgid "" "We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this " "clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant " @@ -10134,12 +10149,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7034 +#: freeculture.xml:7039 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7036 +#: freeculture.xml:7041 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10152,22 +10167,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#: freeculture.xml:7050 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7046 +#: freeculture.xml:7051 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7047 +#: freeculture.xml:7052 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7049 +#: freeculture.xml:7054 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10184,7 +10199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7066 +#: freeculture.xml:7071 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10195,7 +10210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7077 +#: freeculture.xml:7082 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10203,12 +10218,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7088 +#: freeculture.xml:7093 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7092 +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -10216,37 +10231,37 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7095 +#: freeculture.xml:7100 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7100 +#: freeculture.xml:7105 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7103 freeculture.xml:7396 +#: freeculture.xml:7108 freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7104 +#: freeculture.xml:7109 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7105 +#: freeculture.xml:7110 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7121 +#: freeculture.xml:7126 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:7120 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -10257,7 +10272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:7112 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10273,12 +10288,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7131 +#: freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "federal vs. state" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7133 +#: freeculture.xml:7138 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10289,7 +10304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7142 +#: freeculture.xml:7147 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10300,7 +10315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7158 +#: freeculture.xml:7163 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10319,7 +10334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7150 +#: freeculture.xml:7155 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10332,7 +10347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7176 +#: freeculture.xml:7181 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10343,7 +10358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7191 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10357,7 +10372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7185 +#: freeculture.xml:7190 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10368,12 +10383,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7209 +#: freeculture.xml:7214 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7205 +#: freeculture.xml:7210 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10386,17 +10401,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 freeculture.xml:11144 +#: freeculture.xml:7222 freeculture.xml:11150 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 freeculture.xml:11146 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7220 +#: freeculture.xml:7225 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10407,22 +10422,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7227 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "CTEA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7228 freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11170 freeculture.xml:15465 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 freeculture.xml:7233 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11176 freeculture.xml:15471 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7229 freeculture.xml:11150 +#: freeculture.xml:7234 freeculture.xml:11156 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7231 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10435,13 +10450,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:11149 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11155 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#: freeculture.xml:7247 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10453,7 +10468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7254 +#: freeculture.xml:7259 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10465,22 +10480,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7264 +#: freeculture.xml:7269 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7265 freeculture.xml:13399 +#: freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7265 +#: freeculture.xml:7270 msgid "copyright terms for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7267 +#: freeculture.xml:7272 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10492,7 +10507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7277 +#: freeculture.xml:7282 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10504,7 +10519,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7296 +#: freeculture.xml:7301 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10513,7 +10528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7288 +#: freeculture.xml:7293 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10525,17 +10540,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7310 +#: freeculture.xml:7315 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7311 freeculture.xml:7530 +#: freeculture.xml:7316 freeculture.xml:7535 msgid "scope of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7313 +#: freeculture.xml:7318 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10544,12 +10559,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7319 +#: freeculture.xml:7324 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7321 +#: freeculture.xml:7326 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10565,7 +10580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7334 +#: freeculture.xml:7339 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10582,23 +10597,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7348 +#: freeculture.xml:7353 msgid "marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7349 +#: freeculture.xml:7354 msgid "formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7350 +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "registration requirement of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7352 +#: freeculture.xml:7357 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10613,7 +10628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7367 +#: freeculture.xml:7372 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10629,12 +10644,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7385 msgid "European" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7382 +#: freeculture.xml:7387 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10645,13 +10660,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7393 +#: freeculture.xml:7398 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7405 +#: freeculture.xml:7410 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10661,7 +10676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7398 +#: freeculture.xml:7403 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10675,7 +10690,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7420 +#: freeculture.xml:7425 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10686,7 +10701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7430 +#: freeculture.xml:7435 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10697,7 +10712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7439 +#: freeculture.xml:7444 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10705,7 +10720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7444 +#: freeculture.xml:7449 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10720,7 +10735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:7464 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10732,7 +10747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7481 +#: freeculture.xml:7486 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10741,7 +10756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7471 +#: freeculture.xml:7476 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10756,12 +10771,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7503 +#: freeculture.xml:7508 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7496 +#: freeculture.xml:7501 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10773,7 +10788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7491 +#: freeculture.xml:7496 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10783,7 +10798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7511 +#: freeculture.xml:7516 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10793,7 +10808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7519 +#: freeculture.xml:7524 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10802,18 +10817,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7528 +#: freeculture.xml:7533 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7591 freeculture.xml:7803 +#: freeculture.xml:7534 freeculture.xml:7596 freeculture.xml:7808 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7537 +#: freeculture.xml:7542 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10827,7 +10842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7532 +#: freeculture.xml:7537 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10837,13 +10852,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7548 +#: freeculture.xml:7553 msgid "other property rights vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7551 +#: freeculture.xml:7556 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10859,7 +10874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7570 +#: freeculture.xml:7575 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10868,7 +10883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7565 +#: freeculture.xml:7570 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10880,37 +10895,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7583 +#: freeculture.xml:7588 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7588 +#: freeculture.xml:7593 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7590 +#: freeculture.xml:7595 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7592 +#: freeculture.xml:7597 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7593 +#: freeculture.xml:7598 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7598 +#: freeculture.xml:7603 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10925,14 +10940,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7612 +#: freeculture.xml:7617 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7615 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10943,21 +10958,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7626 +#: freeculture.xml:7631 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7631 +#: freeculture.xml:7636 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7638 +#: freeculture.xml:7643 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10970,7 +10985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7649 +#: freeculture.xml:7654 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" @@ -10978,7 +10993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7654 +#: freeculture.xml:7659 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -10987,18 +11002,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7659 freeculture.xml:7947 freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:7952 freeculture.xml:10223 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7742 +#: freeculture.xml:7666 freeculture.xml:7747 msgid "Internet burdens on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7666 +#: freeculture.xml:7671 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -11008,7 +11023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7668 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -11025,7 +11040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7686 +#: freeculture.xml:7691 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -11038,17 +11053,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7697 +#: freeculture.xml:7702 msgid "e-books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7698 +#: freeculture.xml:7703 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7700 +#: freeculture.xml:7705 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -11062,14 +11077,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7713 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7716 +#: freeculture.xml:7721 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -11078,7 +11093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7722 +#: freeculture.xml:7727 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -11089,7 +11104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7731 +#: freeculture.xml:7736 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -11103,13 +11118,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7744 +#: freeculture.xml:7749 msgid "fair use vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7746 +#: freeculture.xml:7751 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -11123,7 +11138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7765 +#: freeculture.xml:7770 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -11135,17 +11150,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7786 msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7783 +#: freeculture.xml:7788 msgid "trailer advertisements of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7785 +#: freeculture.xml:7790 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -11155,12 +11170,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7791 freeculture.xml:7866 freeculture.xml:14107 +#: freeculture.xml:7796 freeculture.xml:7871 freeculture.xml:14113 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7793 +#: freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -11173,7 +11188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7806 +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -11189,17 +11204,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7823 +#: freeculture.xml:7828 msgid "willful infringement findings in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7824 +#: freeculture.xml:7829 msgid "willful infringement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7826 +#: freeculture.xml:7831 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -11212,7 +11227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7836 +#: freeculture.xml:7841 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -11224,12 +11239,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7844 +#: freeculture.xml:7849 msgid "first-sale doctrine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7846 +#: freeculture.xml:7851 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -11245,13 +11260,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7865 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7870 +#: freeculture.xml:7875 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -11268,7 +11283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7885 +#: freeculture.xml:7890 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -11279,12 +11294,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7894 +#: freeculture.xml:7899 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7896 +#: freeculture.xml:7901 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -11293,17 +11308,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7901 +#: freeculture.xml:7906 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7902 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7904 +#: freeculture.xml:7909 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -11313,18 +11328,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7911 +#: freeculture.xml:7916 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7912 freeculture.xml:8084 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 freeculture.xml:8089 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7923 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -11332,7 +11347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7915 +#: freeculture.xml:7920 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -11343,14 +11358,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7932 +#: freeculture.xml:7937 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7928 +#: freeculture.xml:7933 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -11362,7 +11377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7942 +#: freeculture.xml:7947 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -11371,7 +11386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7949 +#: freeculture.xml:7954 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11383,17 +11398,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7961 +#: freeculture.xml:7966 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7963 +#: freeculture.xml:7968 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7966 +#: freeculture.xml:7971 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11402,14 +11417,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7974 +#: freeculture.xml:7979 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7977 +#: freeculture.xml:7982 msgid "" "In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version " @@ -11418,7 +11433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7982 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11431,14 +11446,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7995 +#: freeculture.xml:8000 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8000 +#: freeculture.xml:8005 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -11446,7 +11461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8004 +#: freeculture.xml:8009 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11457,75 +11472,75 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8011 +#: freeculture.xml:8016 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8012 +#: freeculture.xml:8017 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8014 +#: freeculture.xml:8019 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8019 +#: freeculture.xml:8024 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8022 +#: freeculture.xml:8027 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8028 +#: freeculture.xml:8033 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8030 freeculture.xml:9888 +#: freeculture.xml:8035 freeculture.xml:9894 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8031 freeculture.xml:9889 freeculture.xml:11208 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:13555 +#: freeculture.xml:8036 freeculture.xml:9895 freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11260 freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8033 +#: freeculture.xml:8038 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8040 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8043 +#: freeculture.xml:8048 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8053 +#: freeculture.xml:8058 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11536,7 +11551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8046 +#: freeculture.xml:8051 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11551,7 +11566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8068 +#: freeculture.xml:8073 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11571,7 +11586,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8088 +#: freeculture.xml:8093 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11580,7 +11595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8094 +#: freeculture.xml:8099 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11592,7 +11607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8103 +#: freeculture.xml:8108 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11602,24 +11617,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8110 +#: freeculture.xml:8115 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8113 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:8119 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8121 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11629,14 +11644,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8125 +#: freeculture.xml:8130 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8129 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11645,7 +11660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8139 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11656,7 +11671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8142 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11671,7 +11686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8157 +#: freeculture.xml:8162 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11681,29 +11696,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8167 +#: freeculture.xml:8172 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8170 freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8491 +#: freeculture.xml:8175 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8384 freeculture.xml:8496 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8171 freeculture.xml:8315 freeculture.xml:8380 freeculture.xml:8492 +#: freeculture.xml:8176 freeculture.xml:8320 freeculture.xml:8385 freeculture.xml:8497 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 freeculture.xml:8316 freeculture.xml:8381 freeculture.xml:8493 +#: freeculture.xml:8177 freeculture.xml:8321 freeculture.xml:8386 freeculture.xml:8498 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8174 +#: freeculture.xml:8179 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11712,7 +11727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8179 +#: freeculture.xml:8184 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11723,7 +11738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#: freeculture.xml:8193 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11734,12 +11749,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8195 +#: freeculture.xml:8200 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8197 +#: freeculture.xml:8202 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11755,7 +11770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8211 +#: freeculture.xml:8216 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11765,7 +11780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8218 +#: freeculture.xml:8223 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11776,7 +11791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8228 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11791,12 +11806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8243 +#: freeculture.xml:8248 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8245 +#: freeculture.xml:8250 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11810,12 +11825,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8268 freeculture.xml:10846 +#: freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:10852 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8258 +#: freeculture.xml:8263 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11834,7 +11849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8256 +#: freeculture.xml:8261 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11844,7 +11859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8276 +#: freeculture.xml:8281 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11856,7 +11871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8286 +#: freeculture.xml:8291 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11866,7 +11881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8293 +#: freeculture.xml:8298 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11875,7 +11890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8299 +#: freeculture.xml:8304 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11886,7 +11901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8307 +#: freeculture.xml:8312 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11896,7 +11911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8318 +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11904,7 +11919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8325 +#: freeculture.xml:8330 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11912,7 +11927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8334 +#: freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11921,7 +11936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8340 +#: freeculture.xml:8345 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11930,7 +11945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8348 +#: freeculture.xml:8353 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11938,7 +11953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8353 +#: freeculture.xml:8358 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -11951,7 +11966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8369 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -11961,7 +11976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8371 +#: freeculture.xml:8376 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -11973,7 +11988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8383 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -11987,7 +12002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8395 +#: freeculture.xml:8400 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -11998,17 +12013,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8402 freeculture.xml:8437 +#: freeculture.xml:8407 freeculture.xml:8442 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8413 freeculture.xml:8452 freeculture.xml:8480 +#: freeculture.xml:8418 freeculture.xml:8457 freeculture.xml:8485 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8405 +#: freeculture.xml:8410 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -12021,7 +12036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8432 +#: freeculture.xml:8437 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -12032,7 +12047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8422 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -12052,7 +12067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8443 +#: freeculture.xml:8448 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -12060,7 +12075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8448 +#: freeculture.xml:8453 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref " "xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, " @@ -12068,26 +12083,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:8460 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8458 +#: freeculture.xml:8463 msgid "" "— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers " "be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8461 +#: freeculture.xml:8466 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"65%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8464 +#: freeculture.xml:8469 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -12098,13 +12113,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8473 +#: freeculture.xml:8478 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -12113,7 +12128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8482 +#: freeculture.xml:8487 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -12124,7 +12139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8495 +#: freeculture.xml:8500 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -12135,7 +12150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8503 +#: freeculture.xml:8508 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -12149,7 +12164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8515 +#: freeculture.xml:8520 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -12164,7 +12179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8534 +#: freeculture.xml:8539 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -12173,7 +12188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8528 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -12183,7 +12198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8540 +#: freeculture.xml:8545 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -12193,7 +12208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8548 +#: freeculture.xml:8553 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -12206,7 +12221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8558 +#: freeculture.xml:8563 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -12217,13 +12232,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8567 +#: freeculture.xml:8572 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8569 +#: freeculture.xml:8574 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -12241,7 +12256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 +#: freeculture.xml:8592 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -12251,7 +12266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8594 +#: freeculture.xml:8599 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -12264,38 +12279,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8605 +#: freeculture.xml:8610 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8609 +#: freeculture.xml:8614 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8610 freeculture.xml:9998 +#: freeculture.xml:8615 freeculture.xml:10004 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:8616 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8612 freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:8617 freeculture.xml:10011 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8613 +#: freeculture.xml:8618 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8619 +#: freeculture.xml:8624 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -12304,7 +12319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8626 +#: freeculture.xml:8631 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -12312,14 +12327,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8632 +#: freeculture.xml:8637 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8615 +#: freeculture.xml:8620 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -12333,13 +12348,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8636 +#: freeculture.xml:8641 msgid "ownership consolidation in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8638 +#: freeculture.xml:8643 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -12352,7 +12367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8650 +#: freeculture.xml:8655 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -12366,12 +12381,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8660 freeculture.xml:8681 +#: freeculture.xml:8665 freeculture.xml:8686 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8662 +#: freeculture.xml:8667 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -12379,7 +12394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8679 +#: freeculture.xml:8684 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -12387,7 +12402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8668 +#: freeculture.xml:8673 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -12402,7 +12417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:8692 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -12411,7 +12426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8694 +#: freeculture.xml:8699 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" " "align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>" @@ -12419,7 +12434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8698 +#: freeculture.xml:8703 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -12427,7 +12442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8703 +#: freeculture.xml:8708 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -12436,24 +12451,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8709 +#: freeculture.xml:8714 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8712 +#: freeculture.xml:8717 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8714 freeculture.xml:8777 +#: freeculture.xml:8719 freeculture.xml:8782 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 +#: freeculture.xml:8721 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -12464,7 +12479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8728 +#: freeculture.xml:8733 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -12475,7 +12490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8723 +#: freeculture.xml:8728 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -12485,7 +12500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8739 +#: freeculture.xml:8744 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -12497,7 +12512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#: freeculture.xml:8763 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -12509,7 +12524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8748 +#: freeculture.xml:8753 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -12528,7 +12543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8779 +#: freeculture.xml:8784 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -12537,17 +12552,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8784 +#: freeculture.xml:8789 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8785 +#: freeculture.xml:8790 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8787 +#: freeculture.xml:8792 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -12556,7 +12571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8802 +#: freeculture.xml:8807 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -12564,7 +12579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8793 +#: freeculture.xml:8798 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -12575,7 +12590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8809 +#: freeculture.xml:8814 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -12589,13 +12604,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8820 +#: freeculture.xml:8825 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8829 +#: freeculture.xml:8834 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -12611,7 +12626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8822 +#: freeculture.xml:8827 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -12626,7 +12641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8846 +#: freeculture.xml:8851 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12634,23 +12649,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8852 +#: freeculture.xml:8857 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:8861 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " "criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8865 +msgid "criminal justice system" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8861 +#: freeculture.xml:8867 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -12668,7 +12688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8880 +#: freeculture.xml:8886 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12676,12 +12696,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8888 +#: freeculture.xml:8894 msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8890 +#: freeculture.xml:8896 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -12696,14 +12716,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8902 +#: freeculture.xml:8908 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8906 +#: freeculture.xml:8912 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -12713,7 +12733,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8912 +#: freeculture.xml:8918 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -12722,42 +12742,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8920 +#: freeculture.xml:8926 msgid "on television advertising bans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8921 +#: freeculture.xml:8927 msgid "controversy avoided by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8934 +#: freeculture.xml:8940 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8935 +#: freeculture.xml:8941 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8936 +#: freeculture.xml:8942 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8937 +#: freeculture.xml:8943 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8938 +#: freeculture.xml:8944 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:8939 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -12791,7 +12811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8923 +#: freeculture.xml:8929 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -12805,7 +12825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8972 +#: freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -12818,12 +12838,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8985 +#: freeculture.xml:8991 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8987 +#: freeculture.xml:8993 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -12833,7 +12853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8993 +#: freeculture.xml:8999 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -12848,7 +12868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9009 +#: freeculture.xml:9015 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12857,7 +12877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9015 +#: freeculture.xml:9021 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12871,7 +12891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9027 +#: freeculture.xml:9033 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -12886,7 +12906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9039 +#: freeculture.xml:9045 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12897,7 +12917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9063 +#: freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -12905,7 +12925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9048 +#: freeculture.xml:9054 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -12923,14 +12943,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9069 +#: freeculture.xml:9075 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9073 +#: freeculture.xml:9079 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -12940,38 +12960,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9085 freeculture.xml:9122 +#: freeculture.xml:9091 freeculture.xml:9128 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9086 freeculture.xml:9123 freeculture.xml:9161 freeculture.xml:9193 +#: freeculture.xml:9092 freeculture.xml:9129 freeculture.xml:9167 freeculture.xml:9199 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9091 freeculture.xml:9128 freeculture.xml:9166 freeculture.xml:9198 +#: freeculture.xml:9097 freeculture.xml:9134 freeculture.xml:9172 freeculture.xml:9204 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9092 freeculture.xml:9129 freeculture.xml:9130 freeculture.xml:9167 freeculture.xml:9168 freeculture.xml:9199 freeculture.xml:9200 freeculture.xml:9204 freeculture.xml:9205 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9173 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9205 freeculture.xml:9206 freeculture.xml:9210 freeculture.xml:9211 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9093 freeculture.xml:9097 freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9134 freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9173 +#: freeculture.xml:9099 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9140 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9179 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9096 freeculture.xml:9133 freeculture.xml:9171 freeculture.xml:9203 +#: freeculture.xml:9102 freeculture.xml:9139 freeculture.xml:9177 freeculture.xml:9209 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9105 +#: freeculture.xml:9111 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -12981,12 +13001,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9114 +#: freeculture.xml:9120 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9142 +#: freeculture.xml:9148 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -12995,7 +13015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9148 +#: freeculture.xml:9154 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -13005,17 +13025,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9160 freeculture.xml:9192 +#: freeculture.xml:9166 freeculture.xml:9198 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9172 +#: freeculture.xml:9178 msgid "© / Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9180 +#: freeculture.xml:9186 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -13026,7 +13046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9212 +#: freeculture.xml:9218 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -13035,7 +13055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9220 +#: freeculture.xml:9226 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -13044,7 +13064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9226 +#: freeculture.xml:9232 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -13058,12 +13078,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9244 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9244 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important " "contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property " @@ -13074,7 +13094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9244 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -13092,7 +13112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9263 +#: freeculture.xml:9269 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -13116,7 +13136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9286 +#: freeculture.xml:9292 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -13131,33 +13151,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9303 +#: freeculture.xml:9309 msgid "Puzzles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9307 +#: freeculture.xml:9313 msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9308 +#: freeculture.xml:9314 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9309 +#: freeculture.xml:9315 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9310 +#: freeculture.xml:9316 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9318 +#: freeculture.xml:9324 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -13166,7 +13186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9313 +#: freeculture.xml:9319 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -13181,7 +13201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9330 +#: freeculture.xml:9336 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -13196,7 +13216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9342 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -13210,7 +13230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9353 +#: freeculture.xml:9359 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -13220,14 +13240,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9359 +#: freeculture.xml:9365 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9363 +#: freeculture.xml:9369 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -13235,7 +13255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9368 +#: freeculture.xml:9374 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -13244,7 +13264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9374 +#: freeculture.xml:9380 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -13254,7 +13274,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9380 +#: freeculture.xml:9386 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -13266,7 +13286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9394 +#: freeculture.xml:9400 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -13277,7 +13297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9402 +#: freeculture.xml:9408 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -13294,7 +13314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9416 +#: freeculture.xml:9422 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -13307,7 +13327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9425 +#: freeculture.xml:9431 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -13319,7 +13339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9436 +#: freeculture.xml:9442 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -13331,7 +13351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9446 +#: freeculture.xml:9452 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -13341,22 +13361,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9462 freeculture.xml:9749 freeculture.xml:10847 +#: freeculture.xml:9468 freeculture.xml:9755 freeculture.xml:10853 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9493 +#: freeculture.xml:9499 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9494 freeculture.xml:10241 +#: freeculture.xml:9500 freeculture.xml:10247 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9462 +#: freeculture.xml:9468 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -13392,7 +13412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9453 +#: freeculture.xml:9459 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -13405,7 +13425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9500 +#: freeculture.xml:9506 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13415,7 +13435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9507 +#: freeculture.xml:9513 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13429,7 +13449,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9519 +#: freeculture.xml:9525 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13440,7 +13460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9527 +#: freeculture.xml:9533 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -13454,14 +13474,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9540 +#: freeculture.xml:9546 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9544 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13472,7 +13492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9561 +#: freeculture.xml:9567 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13483,7 +13503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9551 +#: freeculture.xml:9557 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -13496,12 +13516,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9575 freeculture.xml:9949 +#: freeculture.xml:9581 freeculture.xml:9955 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9572 +#: freeculture.xml:9578 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -13509,7 +13529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9578 +#: freeculture.xml:9584 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13517,12 +13537,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9586 +#: freeculture.xml:9592 msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9588 +#: freeculture.xml:9594 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -13533,7 +13553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9596 +#: freeculture.xml:9602 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -13542,7 +13562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9602 +#: freeculture.xml:9608 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13551,7 +13571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9610 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -13561,7 +13581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9618 +#: freeculture.xml:9624 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13571,12 +13591,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9625 +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9627 +#: freeculture.xml:9633 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -13593,7 +13613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9642 +#: freeculture.xml:9648 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -13608,7 +13628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9653 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13618,7 +13638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9663 +#: freeculture.xml:9669 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13632,17 +13652,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9673 freeculture.xml:9697 +#: freeculture.xml:9679 freeculture.xml:9703 msgid "WorldCom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:9682 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9692 +#: freeculture.xml:9698 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13653,12 +13673,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9713 +#: freeculture.xml:9719 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9704 +#: freeculture.xml:9710 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13672,7 +13692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9685 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -13694,13 +13714,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9719 +#: freeculture.xml:9725 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9740 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13710,7 +13730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9721 +#: freeculture.xml:9727 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13730,7 +13750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9751 +#: freeculture.xml:9757 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13744,7 +13764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9764 +#: freeculture.xml:9770 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13758,7 +13778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9775 +#: freeculture.xml:9781 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13769,7 +13789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9786 +#: freeculture.xml:9792 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13782,7 +13802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9796 +#: freeculture.xml:9802 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13795,7 +13815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9807 +#: freeculture.xml:9813 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13808,13 +13828,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:9824 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9822 +#: freeculture.xml:9828 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13827,22 +13847,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9835 +#: freeculture.xml:9841 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9836 +#: freeculture.xml:9842 msgid "innovation hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9837 +#: freeculture.xml:9843 msgid "industry establishment opposed to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9840 +#: freeculture.xml:9846 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13853,7 +13873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9849 +#: freeculture.xml:9855 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13866,7 +13886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9860 +#: freeculture.xml:9866 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13881,18 +13901,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9873 freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10000 +#: freeculture.xml:9879 freeculture.xml:10000 freeculture.xml:10006 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10006 +#: freeculture.xml:9880 freeculture.xml:10012 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9876 +#: freeculture.xml:9882 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13907,7 +13927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9891 +#: freeculture.xml:9897 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13915,22 +13935,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9895 +#: freeculture.xml:9901 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9896 +#: freeculture.xml:9902 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9897 +#: freeculture.xml:9903 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9899 +#: freeculture.xml:9905 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13941,12 +13961,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9907 +#: freeculture.xml:9913 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9909 +#: freeculture.xml:9915 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13956,7 +13976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9916 +#: freeculture.xml:9922 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -13971,7 +13991,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9928 +#: freeculture.xml:9934 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13981,7 +14001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9938 +#: freeculture.xml:9944 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13995,17 +14015,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9950 freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:9956 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9955 +#: freeculture.xml:9961 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9957 +#: freeculture.xml:9963 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -14017,12 +14037,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9967 +#: freeculture.xml:9973 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:9976 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -14035,7 +14055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:9987 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -14047,43 +14067,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9996 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9997 +#: freeculture.xml:10003 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9999 +#: freeculture.xml:10005 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10001 +#: freeculture.xml:10007 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10002 +#: freeculture.xml:10008 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10003 +#: freeculture.xml:10009 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10004 freeculture.xml:10050 +#: freeculture.xml:10010 freeculture.xml:10056 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10014 +#: freeculture.xml:10020 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -14096,7 +14116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10008 +#: freeculture.xml:10014 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -14116,7 +14136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10046 +#: freeculture.xml:10052 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -14126,7 +14146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10037 +#: freeculture.xml:10043 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -14138,7 +14158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10058 +#: freeculture.xml:10064 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -14150,7 +14170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10074 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -14166,7 +14186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10083 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14181,7 +14201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10095 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14200,7 +14220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10114 +#: freeculture.xml:10120 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14210,7 +14230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10121 +#: freeculture.xml:10127 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14224,7 +14244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10136 +#: freeculture.xml:10142 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14234,12 +14254,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10149 +#: freeculture.xml:10155 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10132 +#: freeculture.xml:10138 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14257,7 +14277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10153 +#: freeculture.xml:10159 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14267,20 +14287,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10162 freeculture.xml:12080 +#: freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:12086 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10168 +#: freeculture.xml:10174 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10164 +#: freeculture.xml:10170 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14290,7 +14310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10176 +#: freeculture.xml:10182 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14298,7 +14318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10181 +#: freeculture.xml:10187 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14307,12 +14327,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10199 +#: freeculture.xml:10205 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10197 +#: freeculture.xml:10203 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -14320,7 +14340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:10197 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14335,7 +14355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10210 +#: freeculture.xml:10216 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14345,17 +14365,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:10222 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10221 +#: freeculture.xml:10227 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10221 +#: freeculture.xml:10227 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14374,17 +14394,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10240 +#: freeculture.xml:10246 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10242 +#: freeculture.xml:10248 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10240 +#: freeculture.xml:10246 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -14404,7 +14424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10219 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14415,13 +14435,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10264 +#: freeculture.xml:10270 msgid "Monroe, Marilyn" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10269 +#: freeculture.xml:10275 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14435,7 +14455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10280 +#: freeculture.xml:10286 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14448,7 +14468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10292 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14459,7 +14479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10301 +#: freeculture.xml:10307 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14475,7 +14495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10317 +#: freeculture.xml:10323 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14487,12 +14507,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10347 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10327 +#: freeculture.xml:10333 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14510,12 +14530,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10351 +#: freeculture.xml:10357 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10346 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14525,7 +14545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10356 +#: freeculture.xml:10362 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14535,23 +14555,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10365 +#: freeculture.xml:10371 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10369 +#: freeculture.xml:10375 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 freeculture.xml:10523 +#: freeculture.xml:10376 freeculture.xml:10529 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10373 +#: freeculture.xml:10379 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14566,12 +14586,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10412 +#: freeculture.xml:10418 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10395 +#: freeculture.xml:10401 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14593,7 +14613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10388 +#: freeculture.xml:10394 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14604,7 +14624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10424 +#: freeculture.xml:10430 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14613,57 +14633,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10432 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10435 +#: freeculture.xml:10441 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10438 +#: freeculture.xml:10444 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10441 +#: freeculture.xml:10447 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10444 +#: freeculture.xml:10450 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10447 +#: freeculture.xml:10453 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10450 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10453 +#: freeculture.xml:10459 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10456 +#: freeculture.xml:10462 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10459 +#: freeculture.xml:10465 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10462 +#: freeculture.xml:10468 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14671,77 +14691,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10465 +#: freeculture.xml:10471 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10468 +#: freeculture.xml:10474 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10471 +#: freeculture.xml:10477 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10474 +#: freeculture.xml:10480 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10477 +#: freeculture.xml:10483 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10480 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10483 +#: freeculture.xml:10489 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10486 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10489 +#: freeculture.xml:10495 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10492 +#: freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10498 +#: freeculture.xml:10504 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10501 +#: freeculture.xml:10507 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10504 +#: freeculture.xml:10510 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10509 +#: freeculture.xml:10515 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14752,7 +14772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10517 +#: freeculture.xml:10523 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14760,12 +14780,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:15341 +#: freeculture.xml:10527 freeculture.xml:15347 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10527 +#: freeculture.xml:10533 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14774,7 +14794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10533 +#: freeculture.xml:10539 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14788,7 +14808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10549 +#: freeculture.xml:10555 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14797,7 +14817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10561 +#: freeculture.xml:10567 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14808,12 +14828,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 +#: freeculture.xml:10583 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10579 +#: freeculture.xml:10585 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14821,7 +14841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10585 +#: freeculture.xml:10591 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14830,7 +14850,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10594 +#: freeculture.xml:10600 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14841,7 +14861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10590 +#: freeculture.xml:10596 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14859,7 +14879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:10634 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14867,7 +14887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10615 +#: freeculture.xml:10621 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14889,13 +14909,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10639 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10651 +#: freeculture.xml:10657 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14904,7 +14924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10659 +#: freeculture.xml:10665 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14913,7 +14933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10669 +#: freeculture.xml:10675 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14921,7 +14941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10641 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -14944,12 +14964,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10677 +#: freeculture.xml:10683 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10679 +#: freeculture.xml:10685 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14968,7 +14988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10696 +#: freeculture.xml:10702 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14982,7 +15002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10709 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14992,7 +15012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -15009,7 +15029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10730 +#: freeculture.xml:10736 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -15023,13 +15043,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10742 +#: freeculture.xml:10748 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10745 +#: freeculture.xml:10751 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -15040,7 +15060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10756 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -15052,17 +15072,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10764 +#: freeculture.xml:10770 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10765 +#: freeculture.xml:10771 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10767 +#: freeculture.xml:10773 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15076,7 +15096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10778 +#: freeculture.xml:10784 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15089,7 +15109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10788 +#: freeculture.xml:10794 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15103,7 +15123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15115,7 +15135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10812 +#: freeculture.xml:10818 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15128,7 +15148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10823 +#: freeculture.xml:10829 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15140,7 +15160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10838 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15150,7 +15170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#: freeculture.xml:10844 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15159,7 +15179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10849 +#: freeculture.xml:10855 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15171,19 +15191,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10857 freeculture.xml:10957 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 freeculture.xml:10963 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10859 +#: freeculture.xml:10865 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10864 +#: freeculture.xml:10870 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15197,7 +15217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10876 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15205,7 +15225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10881 +#: freeculture.xml:10887 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15217,7 +15237,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10899 +#: freeculture.xml:10905 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15234,7 +15254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15248,7 +15268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10917 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15256,7 +15276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10913 +#: freeculture.xml:10919 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15268,7 +15288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10938 +#: freeculture.xml:10944 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15291,7 +15311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10926 +#: freeculture.xml:10932 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15309,7 +15329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10959 +#: freeculture.xml:10965 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15323,7 +15343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:10980 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15344,7 +15364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10994 +#: freeculture.xml:11000 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15355,12 +15375,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11007 +#: freeculture.xml:11013 msgid "Balances" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11012 +#: freeculture.xml:11018 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15370,7 +15390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11019 +#: freeculture.xml:11025 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15380,7 +15400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11027 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15393,7 +15413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11037 +#: freeculture.xml:11043 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15403,7 +15423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11051 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15411,7 +15431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11050 +#: freeculture.xml:11056 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15420,7 +15440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11062 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15429,22 +15449,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11066 +#: freeculture.xml:11072 msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11067 +#: freeculture.xml:11073 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11068 +#: freeculture.xml:11074 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11070 +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15456,17 +15476,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11084 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11079 +#: freeculture.xml:11085 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11081 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15476,7 +15496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:11096 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15488,12 +15508,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11100 +#: freeculture.xml:11106 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11108 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15509,12 +15529,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:12180 +#: freeculture.xml:11133 freeculture.xml:12186 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11133 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15533,7 +15553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15548,17 +15568,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11147 +#: freeculture.xml:11153 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11148 +#: freeculture.xml:11154 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11152 +#: freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15574,17 +15594,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11167 freeculture.xml:11179 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:11185 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 freeculture.xml:11180 +#: freeculture.xml:11174 freeculture.xml:11186 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11179 +#: freeculture.xml:11185 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15597,7 +15617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:11180 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15606,27 +15626,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11191 +#: freeculture.xml:11197 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11192 +#: freeculture.xml:11198 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11199 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11194 +#: freeculture.xml:11200 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11196 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15637,17 +15657,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:11211 freeculture.xml:12154 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11208 freeculture.xml:11254 +#: freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11260 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11210 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15657,7 +15677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11221 +#: freeculture.xml:11227 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15665,7 +15685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15679,13 +15699,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11240 freeculture.xml:12743 +#: freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:12749 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11248 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15698,7 +15718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11256 +#: freeculture.xml:11262 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15711,7 +15731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11267 +#: freeculture.xml:11273 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15723,7 +15743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11276 +#: freeculture.xml:11282 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15735,7 +15755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11286 +#: freeculture.xml:11292 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15745,7 +15765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11293 +#: freeculture.xml:11299 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15754,7 +15774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11301 +#: freeculture.xml:11307 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15763,14 +15783,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11307 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11311 +#: freeculture.xml:11317 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15778,7 +15798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11316 +#: freeculture.xml:11322 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15787,7 +15807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11322 +#: freeculture.xml:11328 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15796,14 +15816,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11328 +#: freeculture.xml:11334 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11332 +#: freeculture.xml:11338 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15811,7 +15831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11338 +#: freeculture.xml:11344 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15820,7 +15840,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11344 +#: freeculture.xml:11350 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15832,7 +15852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11355 +#: freeculture.xml:11361 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15841,7 +15861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11367 +#: freeculture.xml:11373 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15850,7 +15870,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11374 +#: freeculture.xml:11380 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15859,7 +15879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11382 +#: freeculture.xml:11388 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15867,7 +15887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11360 +#: freeculture.xml:11366 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15882,7 +15902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11389 +#: freeculture.xml:11395 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15897,7 +15917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11404 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15909,7 +15929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11417 +#: freeculture.xml:11423 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15919,7 +15939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11427 +#: freeculture.xml:11433 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15929,12 +15949,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11433 freeculture.xml:12229 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11435 +#: freeculture.xml:11441 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -15950,7 +15970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11450 +#: freeculture.xml:11456 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15958,14 +15978,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11457 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11448 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15978,7 +15998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11464 +#: freeculture.xml:11470 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15993,7 +16013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11461 +#: freeculture.xml:11467 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16007,7 +16027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11485 +#: freeculture.xml:11491 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -16023,7 +16043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11502 +#: freeculture.xml:11508 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -16043,13 +16063,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11519 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11527 +#: freeculture.xml:11533 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -16058,7 +16078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11521 +#: freeculture.xml:11527 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16070,7 +16090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11537 +#: freeculture.xml:11543 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16082,7 +16102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11549 +#: freeculture.xml:11555 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16097,7 +16117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11573 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16107,7 +16127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11561 +#: freeculture.xml:11567 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16119,7 +16139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11577 +#: freeculture.xml:11583 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16130,7 +16150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11590 +#: freeculture.xml:11596 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16141,14 +16161,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11598 +#: freeculture.xml:11604 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11602 +#: freeculture.xml:11608 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16156,7 +16176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11609 +#: freeculture.xml:11615 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16166,7 +16186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11618 +#: freeculture.xml:11624 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16174,7 +16194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11623 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16186,7 +16206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11632 +#: freeculture.xml:11638 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16200,7 +16220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11653 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16214,7 +16234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11659 +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16222,28 +16242,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11664 +#: freeculture.xml:11670 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:11671 freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11666 +#: freeculture.xml:11672 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11667 +#: freeculture.xml:11673 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11680 +#: freeculture.xml:11686 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16253,7 +16273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11669 +#: freeculture.xml:11675 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16268,7 +16288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11693 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16278,7 +16298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11693 +#: freeculture.xml:11699 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16290,7 +16310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11711 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16302,7 +16322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11704 +#: freeculture.xml:11710 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16313,7 +16333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11727 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16323,7 +16343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11729 +#: freeculture.xml:11735 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16334,7 +16354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11743 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16349,7 +16369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11748 +#: freeculture.xml:11754 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16359,7 +16379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11765 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16368,7 +16388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11767 +#: freeculture.xml:11773 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16379,7 +16399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11775 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16390,7 +16410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11785 +#: freeculture.xml:11791 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16404,7 +16424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11798 +#: freeculture.xml:11804 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16412,7 +16432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11805 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16425,7 +16445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11816 +#: freeculture.xml:11822 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16436,7 +16456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11825 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16445,12 +16465,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11831 +#: freeculture.xml:11837 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11836 +#: freeculture.xml:11842 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16465,7 +16485,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11849 +#: freeculture.xml:11855 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16478,7 +16498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11859 +#: freeculture.xml:11865 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16492,7 +16512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16501,7 +16521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11877 +#: freeculture.xml:11883 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16516,7 +16536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 +#: freeculture.xml:11907 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16524,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:11895 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16538,7 +16558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11908 +#: freeculture.xml:11914 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16550,7 +16570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11917 +#: freeculture.xml:11923 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16560,7 +16580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:11930 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16574,7 +16594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16583,13 +16603,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11940 +#: freeculture.xml:11946 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11942 +#: freeculture.xml:11948 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16599,7 +16619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11951 +#: freeculture.xml:11957 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16609,7 +16629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11958 +#: freeculture.xml:11964 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16617,7 +16637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11964 +#: freeculture.xml:11970 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16630,7 +16650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11975 +#: freeculture.xml:11981 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16638,18 +16658,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11980 freeculture.xml:11995 +#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12001 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11981 freeculture.xml:12132 freeculture.xml:12361 +#: freeculture.xml:11987 freeculture.xml:12138 freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11983 +#: freeculture.xml:11989 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16661,17 +16681,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11993 freeculture.xml:12358 freeculture.xml:12375 freeculture.xml:12472 freeculture.xml:12692 freeculture.xml:12723 freeculture.xml:12822 +#: freeculture.xml:11999 freeculture.xml:12364 freeculture.xml:12381 freeculture.xml:12478 freeculture.xml:12698 freeculture.xml:12729 freeculture.xml:12828 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11994 +#: freeculture.xml:12000 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:12003 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16684,7 +16704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12008 +#: freeculture.xml:12014 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16706,7 +16726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12029 +#: freeculture.xml:12035 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16717,7 +16737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12037 +#: freeculture.xml:12043 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16736,17 +16756,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12055 freeculture.xml:12082 +#: freeculture.xml:12061 freeculture.xml:12088 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12056 +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12058 +#: freeculture.xml:12064 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16763,7 +16783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12072 +#: freeculture.xml:12078 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16774,7 +16794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12090 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16787,17 +16807,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12096 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12097 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12105 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16806,7 +16826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12106 +#: freeculture.xml:12112 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16815,32 +16835,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12112 +#: freeculture.xml:12118 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12113 +#: freeculture.xml:12119 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12114 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12115 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12118 +#: freeculture.xml:12124 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16854,28 +16874,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12128 freeculture.xml:12147 freeculture.xml:12360 freeculture.xml:12724 +#: freeculture.xml:12134 freeculture.xml:12153 freeculture.xml:12366 freeculture.xml:12730 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12129 +#: freeculture.xml:12135 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12130 +#: freeculture.xml:12136 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12131 freeculture.xml:12359 freeculture.xml:13510 +#: freeculture.xml:12137 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:13516 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12134 +#: freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16889,12 +16909,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12149 +#: freeculture.xml:12155 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12151 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16908,7 +16928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12163 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16918,7 +16938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12170 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16929,18 +16949,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12178 +#: freeculture.xml:12184 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12179 +#: freeculture.xml:12185 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12189 +#: freeculture.xml:12195 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16948,7 +16968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12197 +#: freeculture.xml:12203 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -16957,7 +16977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12182 +#: freeculture.xml:12188 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16974,7 +16994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12206 +#: freeculture.xml:12212 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16989,7 +17009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12218 +#: freeculture.xml:12224 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16999,7 +17019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12225 +#: freeculture.xml:12231 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -17007,12 +17027,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12230 freeculture.xml:12417 +#: freeculture.xml:12236 freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12232 +#: freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -17025,18 +17045,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12241 freeculture.xml:12266 freeculture.xml:12619 freeculture.xml:12631 +#: freeculture.xml:12247 freeculture.xml:12272 freeculture.xml:12625 freeculture.xml:12637 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12242 freeculture.xml:12583 +#: freeculture.xml:12248 freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12244 +#: freeculture.xml:12250 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17049,7 +17069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12256 +#: freeculture.xml:12262 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17062,7 +17082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12274 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17072,7 +17092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12277 +#: freeculture.xml:12283 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17083,7 +17103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12285 +#: freeculture.xml:12291 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17096,7 +17116,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12295 +#: freeculture.xml:12301 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17111,7 +17131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12309 +#: freeculture.xml:12315 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17121,7 +17141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12317 +#: freeculture.xml:12323 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17130,7 +17150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12324 +#: freeculture.xml:12330 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17145,7 +17165,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12339 +#: freeculture.xml:12345 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17155,7 +17175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12349 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17166,7 +17186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:12369 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17175,7 +17195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17185,7 +17205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12377 +#: freeculture.xml:12383 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17199,7 +17219,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12387 +#: freeculture.xml:12393 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17209,7 +17229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12397 +#: freeculture.xml:12403 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17225,7 +17245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12418 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17234,14 +17254,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12419 +#: freeculture.xml:12425 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12424 +#: freeculture.xml:12430 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17250,7 +17270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12431 +#: freeculture.xml:12437 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17259,7 +17279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12437 +#: freeculture.xml:12443 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17267,14 +17287,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12445 +#: freeculture.xml:12451 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12451 +#: freeculture.xml:12457 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17284,14 +17304,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12459 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12465 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17301,7 +17321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12480 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17311,7 +17331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12481 +#: freeculture.xml:12487 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17320,21 +17340,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12486 +#: freeculture.xml:12492 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#: freeculture.xml:12499 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12497 +#: freeculture.xml:12503 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17343,12 +17363,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12505 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:12513 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17356,7 +17376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12513 +#: freeculture.xml:12519 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17365,7 +17385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12521 +#: freeculture.xml:12527 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17381,7 +17401,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12534 +#: freeculture.xml:12540 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17390,7 +17410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12543 +#: freeculture.xml:12549 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17407,7 +17427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12558 +#: freeculture.xml:12564 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17418,7 +17438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#: freeculture.xml:12572 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17426,7 +17446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17434,7 +17454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12577 +#: freeculture.xml:12583 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17445,7 +17465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12593 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17453,7 +17473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12592 +#: freeculture.xml:12598 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17462,7 +17482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12598 +#: freeculture.xml:12604 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17476,7 +17496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12609 +#: freeculture.xml:12615 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17489,7 +17509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12621 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17504,7 +17524,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12634 +#: freeculture.xml:12640 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17518,7 +17538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12645 +#: freeculture.xml:12651 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17529,7 +17549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12652 +#: freeculture.xml:12658 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17537,12 +17557,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12663 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12659 +#: freeculture.xml:12665 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17560,7 +17580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12672 +#: freeculture.xml:12678 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17575,7 +17595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12687 +#: freeculture.xml:12693 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17583,7 +17603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12694 +#: freeculture.xml:12700 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17598,7 +17618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:12711 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17617,7 +17637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12726 +#: freeculture.xml:12732 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17625,7 +17645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12731 +#: freeculture.xml:12737 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17634,7 +17654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17644,7 +17664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12745 +#: freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17654,7 +17674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12752 +#: freeculture.xml:12758 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17667,7 +17687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12761 +#: freeculture.xml:12767 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17681,7 +17701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12776 +#: freeculture.xml:12782 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17692,12 +17712,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12791 freeculture.xml:12796 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 freeculture.xml:12802 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12785 +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17708,14 +17728,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12795 +#: freeculture.xml:12801 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12799 +#: freeculture.xml:12805 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17728,12 +17748,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12810 +#: freeculture.xml:12816 msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12812 +#: freeculture.xml:12818 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17746,7 +17766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12824 +#: freeculture.xml:12830 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17760,7 +17780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:12840 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17770,7 +17790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12842 +#: freeculture.xml:12848 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17778,7 +17798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12847 +#: freeculture.xml:12853 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17790,12 +17810,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12855 freeculture.xml:13056 +#: freeculture.xml:12861 freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12857 +#: freeculture.xml:12863 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17809,7 +17829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12869 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17822,22 +17842,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12879 +#: freeculture.xml:12885 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12880 freeculture.xml:12921 +#: freeculture.xml:12886 freeculture.xml:12927 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17860,7 +17880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12883 +#: freeculture.xml:12889 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17875,7 +17895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12915 +#: freeculture.xml:12921 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17885,7 +17905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 +#: freeculture.xml:12929 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17898,7 +17918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17909,7 +17929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12941 +#: freeculture.xml:12947 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17920,7 +17940,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:12955 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17932,7 +17952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12961 +#: freeculture.xml:12967 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17943,7 +17963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12970 +#: freeculture.xml:12976 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17961,7 +17981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12986 +#: freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17976,7 +17996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13001 +#: freeculture.xml:13007 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17989,7 +18009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13017 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18001,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13020 +#: freeculture.xml:13026 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -18011,7 +18031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13027 +#: freeculture.xml:13033 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18021,7 +18041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13034 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18030,7 +18050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13040 +#: freeculture.xml:13046 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18048,7 +18068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13058 +#: freeculture.xml:13064 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18058,12 +18078,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13064 +#: freeculture.xml:13070 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18074,7 +18094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13075 +#: freeculture.xml:13081 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18086,7 +18106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13083 +#: freeculture.xml:13089 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18108,7 +18128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13104 +#: freeculture.xml:13110 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18119,7 +18139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13112 +#: freeculture.xml:13118 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18132,7 +18152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13128 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18142,7 +18162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13131 +#: freeculture.xml:13137 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18156,12 +18176,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13141 +#: freeculture.xml:13147 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 +#: freeculture.xml:13149 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18174,12 +18194,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13153 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18192,7 +18212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13167 +#: freeculture.xml:13173 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18203,7 +18223,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13181 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18214,7 +18234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13187 +#: freeculture.xml:13193 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18224,7 +18244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13194 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18236,47 +18256,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13206 +#: freeculture.xml:13212 msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13207 +#: freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13208 +#: freeculture.xml:13214 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13209 +#: freeculture.xml:13215 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13210 +#: freeculture.xml:13216 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13211 freeculture.xml:13725 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 freeculture.xml:13731 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13211 freeculture.xml:13725 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 freeculture.xml:13731 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13212 +#: freeculture.xml:13218 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13214 +#: freeculture.xml:13220 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18286,7 +18306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13221 +#: freeculture.xml:13227 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18297,7 +18317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13236 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18308,7 +18328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13229 +#: freeculture.xml:13235 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18320,18 +18340,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:13251 freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13246 +#: freeculture.xml:13252 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13249 +#: freeculture.xml:13255 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18342,7 +18362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18355,7 +18375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18365,27 +18385,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13274 +#: freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#: freeculture.xml:13281 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13276 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13289 freeculture.xml:13783 +#: freeculture.xml:13295 freeculture.xml:13789 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13287 +#: freeculture.xml:13293 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18394,7 +18414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13278 +#: freeculture.xml:13284 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18406,13 +18426,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13293 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13301 +#: freeculture.xml:13307 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18427,7 +18447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#: freeculture.xml:13334 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18436,7 +18456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13295 +#: freeculture.xml:13301 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18459,7 +18479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18471,7 +18491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18482,7 +18502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13353 +#: freeculture.xml:13359 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18496,7 +18516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13368 +#: freeculture.xml:13374 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18514,7 +18534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13368 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18526,7 +18546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#: freeculture.xml:13396 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18539,12 +18559,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13399 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13401 +#: freeculture.xml:13407 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18555,7 +18575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13409 +#: freeculture.xml:13415 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18566,13 +18586,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13422 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13418 +#: freeculture.xml:13424 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18589,7 +18609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13440 +#: freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18597,7 +18617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13446 +#: freeculture.xml:13452 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18611,7 +18631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#: freeculture.xml:13467 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18623,7 +18643,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13470 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18638,7 +18658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18655,68 +18675,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13497 freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13498 freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13504 freeculture.xml:13517 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 freeculture.xml:13669 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 freeculture.xml:13675 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13501 freeculture.xml:13618 freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:13507 freeculture.xml:13624 freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13502 freeculture.xml:14339 +#: freeculture.xml:13508 freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:13509 freeculture.xml:14346 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13504 +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13505 +#: freeculture.xml:13511 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13506 +#: freeculture.xml:13512 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13507 freeculture.xml:13670 +#: freeculture.xml:13513 freeculture.xml:13676 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13508 +#: freeculture.xml:13514 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13509 +#: freeculture.xml:13515 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13516 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18732,7 +18752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13513 +#: freeculture.xml:13519 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18757,7 +18777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13549 +#: freeculture.xml:13555 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18767,20 +18787,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13555 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13558 +#: freeculture.xml:13564 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13557 +#: freeculture.xml:13563 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18791,13 +18811,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13567 freeculture.xml:13724 +#: freeculture.xml:13573 freeculture.xml:13730 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13569 +#: freeculture.xml:13575 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18821,7 +18841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13593 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18830,17 +18850,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 freeculture.xml:15339 +#: freeculture.xml:13608 freeculture.xml:15345 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13609 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13605 +#: freeculture.xml:13611 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18854,13 +18874,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13615 +#: freeculture.xml:13621 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13631 +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18881,7 +18901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13620 +#: freeculture.xml:13626 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18896,18 +18916,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13649 +#: freeculture.xml:13655 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13656 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13652 +#: freeculture.xml:13658 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18925,25 +18945,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13671 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:13678 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13682 +#: freeculture.xml:13688 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18956,7 +18976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13688 +#: freeculture.xml:13694 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18966,17 +18986,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13702 freeculture.xml:13761 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13697 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13699 +#: freeculture.xml:13705 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18988,12 +19008,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13710 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13715 +#: freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -19006,12 +19026,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13726 +#: freeculture.xml:13732 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13729 +#: freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -19027,7 +19047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -19043,7 +19063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13757 +#: freeculture.xml:13763 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19057,17 +19077,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13768 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13771 +#: freeculture.xml:13777 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19081,14 +19101,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:13791 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19099,7 +19119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13799 +#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19109,7 +19129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19122,7 +19142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13826 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19135,7 +19155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13831 +#: freeculture.xml:13837 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19147,7 +19167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13845 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19155,7 +19175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13845 +#: freeculture.xml:13851 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19170,7 +19190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13856 +#: freeculture.xml:13862 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19180,17 +19200,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13871 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13871 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19204,7 +19224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13888 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19214,7 +19234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13890 +#: freeculture.xml:13896 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19224,7 +19244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13897 +#: freeculture.xml:13903 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19236,7 +19256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13913 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19246,7 +19266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13914 +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19257,20 +19277,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13922 +#: freeculture.xml:13928 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13931 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13931 +#: freeculture.xml:13937 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19289,7 +19309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13949 +#: freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19299,7 +19319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19307,7 +19327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13927 +#: freeculture.xml:13933 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19327,33 +19347,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13974 +#: freeculture.xml:13980 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13975 freeculture.xml:14370 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 freeculture.xml:14376 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:13982 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13983 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13982 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19362,7 +19382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13991 +#: freeculture.xml:13997 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19371,7 +19391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:13985 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19390,25 +19410,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14005 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:14019 msgid "Afterword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14014 freeculture.xml:14048 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14054 msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14018 +#: freeculture.xml:14024 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19416,7 +19436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14023 +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19425,7 +19445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14029 +#: freeculture.xml:14035 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19434,7 +19454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14038 +#: freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19444,12 +19464,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14047 +#: freeculture.xml:14053 msgid "Us, now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19459,7 +19479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19472,13 +19492,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14073 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14069 +#: freeculture.xml:14075 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19490,7 +19510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14081 +#: freeculture.xml:14087 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19507,7 +19527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14097 +#: freeculture.xml:14103 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19518,22 +19538,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14105 +#: freeculture.xml:14111 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:14112 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14108 +#: freeculture.xml:14114 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19545,12 +19565,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14120 +#: freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14124 +#: freeculture.xml:14130 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19568,22 +19588,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14139 +#: freeculture.xml:14145 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14140 +#: freeculture.xml:14146 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14141 +#: freeculture.xml:14147 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14143 +#: freeculture.xml:14149 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19596,12 +19616,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:14158 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14154 +#: freeculture.xml:14160 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19614,7 +19634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19629,7 +19649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14166 +#: freeculture.xml:14172 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19643,12 +19663,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14195 +#: freeculture.xml:14201 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19659,12 +19679,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14202 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14204 +#: freeculture.xml:14210 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19674,7 +19694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14212 +#: freeculture.xml:14218 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19688,12 +19708,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14223 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14225 +#: freeculture.xml:14231 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19706,7 +19726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14234 +#: freeculture.xml:14240 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19716,12 +19736,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14243 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14245 +#: freeculture.xml:14251 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19732,7 +19752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19745,7 +19765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14264 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19756,12 +19776,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14274 +#: freeculture.xml:14280 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14276 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19769,23 +19789,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14282 freeculture.xml:14318 +#: freeculture.xml:14288 freeculture.xml:14324 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:14289 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14285 +#: freeculture.xml:14291 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19802,17 +19822,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14300 +#: freeculture.xml:14306 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14301 +#: freeculture.xml:14307 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19824,7 +19844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14314 +#: freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19832,7 +19852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14320 +#: freeculture.xml:14326 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19847,7 +19867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14338 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19858,7 +19878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14342 +#: freeculture.xml:14348 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19872,7 +19892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14356 +#: freeculture.xml:14362 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19883,24 +19903,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14372 +#: freeculture.xml:14378 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14375 +#: freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14377 +#: freeculture.xml:14383 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19914,7 +19934,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14388 +#: freeculture.xml:14394 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19933,7 +19953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14406 +#: freeculture.xml:14412 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19947,7 +19967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14417 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19960,13 +19980,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:14433 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14429 +#: freeculture.xml:14435 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19980,7 +20000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:14448 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19995,7 +20015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14455 +#: freeculture.xml:14461 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -20005,7 +20025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:14468 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -20019,7 +20039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14474 +#: freeculture.xml:14480 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20027,18 +20047,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14479 +#: freeculture.xml:14485 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14480 +#: freeculture.xml:14486 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14482 +#: freeculture.xml:14488 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20050,23 +20070,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:14499 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14494 +#: freeculture.xml:14500 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14496 +#: freeculture.xml:14502 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:14519 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20075,7 +20095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14498 +#: freeculture.xml:14504 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20095,7 +20115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14522 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20110,7 +20130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14534 +#: freeculture.xml:14540 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20121,7 +20141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14544 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20132,7 +20152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14552 +#: freeculture.xml:14558 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20143,12 +20163,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14566 +#: freeculture.xml:14572 msgid "Them, soon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14568 +#: freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20158,7 +20178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14575 +#: freeculture.xml:14581 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20167,12 +20187,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14582 +#: freeculture.xml:14588 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14584 +#: freeculture.xml:14590 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20182,14 +20202,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14591 +#: freeculture.xml:14597 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14596 +#: freeculture.xml:14602 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20198,12 +20218,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14602 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14605 +#: freeculture.xml:14611 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20214,7 +20234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14614 +#: freeculture.xml:14620 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20229,7 +20249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14634 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20237,7 +20257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14626 +#: freeculture.xml:14632 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20247,7 +20267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14636 +#: freeculture.xml:14642 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20258,12 +20278,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14648 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "Registration and renewal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14650 +#: freeculture.xml:14656 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20278,7 +20298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14663 +#: freeculture.xml:14669 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20290,7 +20310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14672 +#: freeculture.xml:14678 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20303,7 +20323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14682 +#: freeculture.xml:14688 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20317,12 +20337,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14697 +#: freeculture.xml:14703 msgid "Marking" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14699 +#: freeculture.xml:14705 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20334,7 +20354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14709 +#: freeculture.xml:14715 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20342,7 +20362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14715 +#: freeculture.xml:14721 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20356,7 +20376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14732 +#: freeculture.xml:14738 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20365,7 +20385,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14725 +#: freeculture.xml:14731 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20381,7 +20401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14745 +#: freeculture.xml:14751 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20391,12 +20411,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14751 +#: freeculture.xml:14757 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14753 +#: freeculture.xml:14759 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20410,7 +20430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14765 +#: freeculture.xml:14771 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20421,7 +20441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14773 +#: freeculture.xml:14779 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20429,7 +20449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14778 +#: freeculture.xml:14784 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20440,12 +20460,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14790 +#: freeculture.xml:14796 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14792 +#: freeculture.xml:14798 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20454,7 +20474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14805 +#: freeculture.xml:14811 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20462,7 +20482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14797 +#: freeculture.xml:14803 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20475,7 +20495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14812 +#: freeculture.xml:14818 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20484,7 +20504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14820 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20497,7 +20517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14829 +#: freeculture.xml:14835 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20511,13 +20531,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:14847 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14852 +#: freeculture.xml:14858 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20525,7 +20545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14844 +#: freeculture.xml:14850 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20540,7 +20560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14863 +#: freeculture.xml:14869 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20557,7 +20577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14879 +#: freeculture.xml:14885 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20565,7 +20585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14885 +#: freeculture.xml:14891 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20575,12 +20595,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14895 +#: freeculture.xml:14901 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14899 +#: freeculture.xml:14905 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20591,7 +20611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14907 +#: freeculture.xml:14913 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20603,20 +20623,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14915 +#: freeculture.xml:14921 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14921 +#: freeculture.xml:14927 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14917 +#: freeculture.xml:14923 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20628,12 +20648,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14934 +#: freeculture.xml:14940 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14930 +#: freeculture.xml:14936 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20642,7 +20662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:14945 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20652,7 +20672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14946 +#: freeculture.xml:14952 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20664,7 +20684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14959 +#: freeculture.xml:14965 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20679,7 +20699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14973 +#: freeculture.xml:14979 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20689,12 +20709,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14989 +#: freeculture.xml:14995 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14987 +#: freeculture.xml:14993 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20702,7 +20722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14981 +#: freeculture.xml:14987 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20712,7 +20732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14995 +#: freeculture.xml:15001 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20723,7 +20743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15002 +#: freeculture.xml:15008 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20733,12 +20753,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15012 +#: freeculture.xml:15018 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15014 +#: freeculture.xml:15020 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20748,7 +20768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15021 +#: freeculture.xml:15027 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20759,7 +20779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15030 +#: freeculture.xml:15036 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20769,7 +20789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15037 +#: freeculture.xml:15043 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20780,7 +20800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15046 +#: freeculture.xml:15052 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20788,7 +20808,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15051 +#: freeculture.xml:15057 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20797,7 +20817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15057 +#: freeculture.xml:15063 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20806,7 +20826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15063 +#: freeculture.xml:15069 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20814,7 +20834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15071 +#: freeculture.xml:15077 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20825,7 +20845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15085 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20835,7 +20855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15087 +#: freeculture.xml:15093 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20843,7 +20863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15092 +#: freeculture.xml:15098 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20858,7 +20878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15104 +#: freeculture.xml:15110 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20874,13 +20894,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15118 +#: freeculture.xml:15124 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15138 +#: freeculture.xml:15144 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20888,7 +20908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15120 +#: freeculture.xml:15126 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20910,7 +20930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15145 +#: freeculture.xml:15151 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20926,7 +20946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:15167 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20940,7 +20960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15172 +#: freeculture.xml:15178 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20952,7 +20972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15183 +#: freeculture.xml:15189 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20965,7 +20985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15193 +#: freeculture.xml:15199 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20978,7 +20998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15204 +#: freeculture.xml:15210 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20990,7 +21010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15214 +#: freeculture.xml:15220 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -21003,7 +21023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15224 +#: freeculture.xml:15230 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21014,14 +21034,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15232 +#: freeculture.xml:15238 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15236 +#: freeculture.xml:15242 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21035,7 +21055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15247 +#: freeculture.xml:15253 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21046,17 +21066,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15254 freeculture.xml:15296 +#: freeculture.xml:15260 freeculture.xml:15302 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15294 +#: freeculture.xml:15300 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15260 +#: freeculture.xml:15266 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21098,7 +21118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15256 +#: freeculture.xml:15262 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21113,7 +21133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15310 +#: freeculture.xml:15316 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21131,7 +21151,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15327 +#: freeculture.xml:15333 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21144,17 +21164,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15340 +#: freeculture.xml:15346 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15342 +#: freeculture.xml:15348 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15344 +#: freeculture.xml:15350 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21172,17 +21192,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15359 +#: freeculture.xml:15365 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15362 +#: freeculture.xml:15368 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15364 +#: freeculture.xml:15370 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21198,7 +21218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15376 +#: freeculture.xml:15382 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21209,13 +21229,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15385 +#: freeculture.xml:15391 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15390 +#: freeculture.xml:15396 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21224,19 +21244,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15397 +#: freeculture.xml:15403 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15403 +#: freeculture.xml:15409 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15407 +#: freeculture.xml:15413 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21244,14 +21264,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15413 +#: freeculture.xml:15419 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15418 +#: freeculture.xml:15424 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21260,7 +21280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15424 +#: freeculture.xml:15430 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21277,7 +21297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15438 +#: freeculture.xml:15444 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21287,12 +21307,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15449 +#: freeculture.xml:15455 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15451 +#: freeculture.xml:15457 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21301,7 +21321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15457 +#: freeculture.xml:15463 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21311,18 +21331,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15464 +#: freeculture.xml:15470 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15465 +#: freeculture.xml:15471 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15476 +#: freeculture.xml:15482 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21330,7 +21350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15467 +#: freeculture.xml:15473 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21343,7 +21363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15482 +#: freeculture.xml:15488 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21351,7 +21371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15492 +#: freeculture.xml:15498 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21371,7 +21391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15487 +#: freeculture.xml:15493 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21383,7 +21403,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15516 +#: freeculture.xml:15522 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21393,7 +21413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15524 +#: freeculture.xml:15530 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21406,7 +21426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15534 +#: freeculture.xml:15540 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21417,7 +21437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15542 +#: freeculture.xml:15548 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21425,7 +21445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15549 +#: freeculture.xml:15555 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21438,7 +21458,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15558 +#: freeculture.xml:15564 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21448,7 +21468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15567 +#: freeculture.xml:15573 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21456,12 +21476,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15576 +#: freeculture.xml:15582 msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15578 +#: freeculture.xml:15584 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21475,12 +21495,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15598 +#: freeculture.xml:15604 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15600 +#: freeculture.xml:15606 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21489,7 +21509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15607 +#: freeculture.xml:15613 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21505,7 +21525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15620 +#: freeculture.xml:15626 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21518,7 +21538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15631 +#: freeculture.xml:15637 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21540,7 +21560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15651 +#: freeculture.xml:15657 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21551,7 +21571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15660 +#: freeculture.xml:15666 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21560,12 +21580,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15670 +#: freeculture.xml:15676 msgid "About this edition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15672 +#: freeculture.xml:15678 msgid "" "This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three " "years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten " @@ -21578,7 +21598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15684 +#: freeculture.xml:15690 msgid "" "Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience " "translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this " @@ -21592,7 +21612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15696 +#: freeculture.xml:15702 msgid "" "Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, " "Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. " @@ -21611,7 +21631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15715 +#: freeculture.xml:15721 msgid "" "At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to " "publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to " @@ -21619,36 +21639,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15722 +#: freeculture.xml:15728 msgid "" "In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my " "family for their patience with me in this project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15727 +#: freeculture.xml:15733 msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15737 +#: freeculture.xml:15743 msgid "" "Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " "and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15741 +#: freeculture.xml:15747 msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15745 +#: freeculture.xml:15751 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15749 +#: freeculture.xml:15755 msgid "" "Published in English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with " "help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson " @@ -21656,12 +21676,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15755 +#: freeculture.xml:15761 msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15759 +#: freeculture.xml:15765 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21670,7 +21690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15765 +#: freeculture.xml:15771 msgid "" "Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright " @@ -21679,7 +21699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15771 +#: freeculture.xml:15777 msgid "" "Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office " @@ -21687,19 +21707,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15777 +#: freeculture.xml:15783 msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15781 +#: freeculture.xml:15787 msgid "" "The quotes on the cover came from <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15786 +#: freeculture.xml:15792 msgid "" "Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " @@ -21708,49 +21728,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15793 +#: freeculture.xml:15799 msgid "Classifications:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15797 +#: freeculture.xml:15803 msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15806 +#: freeculture.xml:15812 msgid "(UDK) 347.78" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15810 +#: freeculture.xml:15816 msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15814 +#: freeculture.xml:15820 msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15818 +#: freeculture.xml:15824 msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15822 +#: freeculture.xml:15828 msgid "" "Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink " "url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15827 +#: freeculture.xml:15833 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15834 +#: freeculture.xml:15840 msgid "" "The Docbook source is available from <ulink " "url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please " @@ -21758,64 +21778,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> -#: freeculture.xml:15841 +#: freeculture.xml:15847 msgid "images/cc.svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15853 +#: freeculture.xml:15859 msgid "" "This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to " "get the latest version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15862 +#: freeculture.xml:15868 msgid "Format / MIME-type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15863 +#: freeculture.xml:15869 msgid "ISBN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15868 +#: freeculture.xml:15874 msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15869 +#: freeculture.xml:15875 msgid "978-82-8067-010-6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15872 +#: freeculture.xml:15878 msgid "application/pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15873 +#: freeculture.xml:15879 msgid "978-82-8067-011-3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15876 +#: freeculture.xml:15882 msgid "application/epub+zip" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15877 +#: freeculture.xml:15883 msgid "978-82-8067-012-0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15880 +#: freeculture.xml:15886 msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15881 +#: freeculture.xml:15887 msgid "978-82-8067-013-7" msgstr ""