From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 21:06:01 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1507 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/1d03c9d12192efb23ef9be23859aedfe3e7cf4a0?ds=sidebyside Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index c6f16e4..a4a1e22 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-24 19:21+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-24 23:01+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -763,6 +763,18 @@ msgstr "" "i ubestemt grad, oppover, så hadde regjeringen trengt seg inn " "på deres eiendom, og Causbys ønsket å sette en stopper for dette." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Douglas, William O." +msgstr "Douglas, William O." + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " @@ -904,6 +916,14 @@ msgstr "Edison, Thomas" msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "Faraday, Michael" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "radio" +msgstr "radio" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "FM spectrum of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -996,6 +1016,18 @@ msgstr "" "noen gang før hadde vært hørt fra en radio-musikk-boks." "" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "RCA" +msgstr "RCA" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "media" +msgstr "media" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "ownership concentration in" +msgstr "eierskapskonsentrasjon i" + #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -1011,7 +1043,7 @@ msgstr "" "radiomarkedet. I 1935 var det tusen radiostasjoner over hele USA, men " "stasjonene i de store byene var alle eid av en liten håndfull selskaper." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "Sarnoff, David" @@ -1053,20 +1085,22 @@ msgstr "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: -msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" -msgstr "Lessing, Lawrence" +msgid "FM radio" +msgstr "FM-radio" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described, " +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgstr "" "Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, så selskapet lanserte en " "kampanje for å knuse FM-radio. Mens FM kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, " -"var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik, " -"" +"var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik," + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" +msgstr "Lessing, Lawrence" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Lessing, 226." @@ -1089,6 +1123,14 @@ msgstr "" "begrensede AM-systemet som var grunnlaget for RCA stigning til makt." "" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "FCC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "on FM radio" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " @@ -1204,6 +1246,14 @@ msgstr "" "prosess. RCA hadde hva Causby-ene ikke hadde: Makten til Ã¥ undertrykke " "effekten av en teknologisk endring." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Internet" +msgstr "internet" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "development of" +msgstr "utviklingen av" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " @@ -1278,6 +1328,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "Barlow, Joel" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "culture" +msgstr "kultur" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" +msgstr "kommersiell vs. ikke-kommersiell" + #. type: Content of: msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "Webster, Noah" @@ -7209,14 +7267,13 @@ msgid "" "emphasis> harmful type A sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of " "sharing are." msgstr "" -"Men det at industrien har tatt feil før betyr ikke at de tar feil i " -"dag. For Ã¥ evaluere den virkelige trusselen som p2p-deling " -"representerer for indistrien spesielt, og samfunnet " -"generelt—eller i hvert fall det samfunnet som arvet tradisjonen " -"som ga oss filmindistrien, plateindustrien, radioindustrien, kabel-TV " -"og videospilleren—sÃ¥ er ikke spørsmÃ¥le kun om type-A-deling er " -"skadelig. SpørsmÃ¥let er ogsÃ¥ hvor skadelig " -"type-A-deling er, og hvor nyttige de andre typene deling er." +"Men det at industrien har tatt feil før betyr ikke at de tar feil i dag. " +"For Ã¥ evaluere den virkelige trusselen som p2p-deling representerer for " +"indistrien spesielt, og samfunnet generelt—eller i hvert fall det " +"samfunnet som arvet tradisjonen som ga oss filmindistrien, plateindustrien, " +"radioindustrien, kabel-TV og videospilleren—sÃ¥ er ikke spørsmÃ¥le kun " +"om type-A-deling er skadelig. SpørsmÃ¥let er ogsÃ¥ hvor " +"skadelig type-A-deling er, og hvor nyttige de andre typene deling er." #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -7247,9 +7304,9 @@ msgid "" "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " "it might be close." msgstr "" -"Kan det være riktig? Kan industrien som helhet øke i omfang på grunn " -"av fildeling? Selv om det kan høres rart ut, så foreslår faktisk " -"salgstall for CD-er at det ikke er langt unna sannheten." +"Kan det være riktig? Kan industrien som helhet øke i omfang på grunn av " +"fildeling? Selv om det kan høres rart ut, så foreslår faktisk salgstall for " +"CD-er at det ikke er langt unna sannheten." #. f12 #. type: Content of:
diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 1d7c788..6dbf7cd 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-24 19:21+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-24 23:01+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:398 freeculture.xml:1022 +#: freeculture.xml:398 freeculture.xml:1040 msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13114 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13115 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13133 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:580 freeculture.xml:1011 +#: freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:583 freeculture.xml:1029 msgid "Wright brothers" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14108 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:559 freeculture.xml:578 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:1009 freeculture.xml:1057 freeculture.xml:9027 freeculture.xml:12483 freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1010 freeculture.xml:1027 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:9045 freeculture.xml:12501 freeculture.xml:13236 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:560 freeculture.xml:579 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:1010 freeculture.xml:1058 freeculture.xml:9028 freeculture.xml:12484 freeculture.xml:13219 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1011 freeculture.xml:1028 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:9046 freeculture.xml:12502 freeculture.xml:13237 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -673,8 +673,23 @@ msgid "" "wanted it to stop." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:530 +msgid "Douglas, William O." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:531 +msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:531 +msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:533 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -687,7 +702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:551 +#: freeculture.xml:553 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a taking if the government's use of its land " @@ -701,7 +716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:542 +#: freeculture.xml:544 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -714,13 +729,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:565 +#: freeculture.xml:567 msgid "Common sense revolts at the idea." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:568 +#: freeculture.xml:571 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -733,7 +748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:582 +#: freeculture.xml:585 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -754,28 +769,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:9035 freeculture.xml:9690 +#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9053 freeculture.xml:9708 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:603 +#: freeculture.xml:607 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:604 +#: freeculture.xml:608 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:605 +#: freeculture.xml:609 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:610 +msgid "radio" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:610 +msgid "FM spectrum of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:607 +#: freeculture.xml:612 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of " "America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " @@ -790,7 +815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:620 +#: freeculture.xml:625 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -802,7 +827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:630 +#: freeculture.xml:635 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -815,19 +840,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:641 +#: freeculture.xml:646 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:657 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:645 +#: freeculture.xml:650 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -838,9 +863,24 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:662 +msgid "RCA" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:663 +msgid "media" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:663 +msgid "ownership concentration in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:658 +#: freeculture.xml:665 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -850,13 +890,13 @@ msgid "" "networks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:666 freeculture.xml:693 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:673 freeculture.xml:695 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:668 +#: freeculture.xml:675 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -866,7 +906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:679 +#: freeculture.xml:686 msgid "" "See Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era, " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -874,7 +914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:676 +#: freeculture.xml:683 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -883,26 +923,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:687 -msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" +#: freeculture.xml:694 +msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:689 +#: freeculture.xml:697 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described, " +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:702 +msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:710 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:697 +#: freeculture.xml:705 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -912,8 +956,18 @@ msgid "" "grown to power." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:714 +msgid "FCC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:714 +msgid "on FM radio" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:707 +#: freeculture.xml:716 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -929,12 +983,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:726 +#: freeculture.xml:735 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:722 +#: freeculture.xml:731 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -943,12 +997,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:731 +#: freeculture.xml:740 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:733 +#: freeculture.xml:742 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -960,7 +1014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:743 +#: freeculture.xml:754 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -975,7 +1029,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:756 +#: freeculture.xml:768 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -990,8 +1044,18 @@ msgid "" "did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:785 +msgid "Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:785 +msgid "development of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:778 +#: freeculture.xml:793 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide, Pew Internet and American " @@ -1000,7 +1064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:772 +#: freeculture.xml:787 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the " "Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " @@ -1012,7 +1076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:787 +#: freeculture.xml:802 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -1026,7 +1090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:798 +#: freeculture.xml:813 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -1037,18 +1101,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:806 +#: freeculture.xml:822 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:807 +#: freeculture.xml:823 +msgid "culture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:823 +msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:824 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:809 +#: freeculture.xml:826 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1062,7 +1136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:821 +#: freeculture.xml:838 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1076,12 +1150,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:846 freeculture.xml:1883 freeculture.xml:1894 +#: freeculture.xml:863 freeculture.xml:1901 freeculture.xml:1912 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:838 +#: freeculture.xml:855 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1094,7 +1168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:832 +#: freeculture.xml:849 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1107,39 +1181,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:853 +#: freeculture.xml:870 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:853 +#: freeculture.xml:870 msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:854 +#: freeculture.xml:871 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:854 +#: freeculture.xml:871 msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:860 freeculture.xml:9583 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:9601 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:858 +#: freeculture.xml:875 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:856 +#: freeculture.xml:873 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased. The Internet has set the " @@ -1155,7 +1229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:875 +#: freeculture.xml:892 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1169,7 +1243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:888 +#: freeculture.xml:905 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1190,7 +1264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:907 +#: freeculture.xml:924 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1201,17 +1275,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:915 +#: freeculture.xml:933 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:915 +#: freeculture.xml:933 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:925 +#: freeculture.xml:943 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club, New " @@ -1219,7 +1293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:917 +#: freeculture.xml:935 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1235,7 +1309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:934 +#: freeculture.xml:952 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1246,7 +1320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:942 +#: freeculture.xml:960 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1255,12 +1329,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:956 freeculture.xml:14507 +#: freeculture.xml:974 freeculture.xml:14525 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:954 +#: freeculture.xml:972 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society, " "Yale Law Journal 106 (1996): 283. -#: freeculture.xml:948 +#: freeculture.xml:966 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1282,7 +1356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:964 +#: freeculture.xml:982 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1295,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:976 +#: freeculture.xml:994 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the " "centrality of technology to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1305,7 +1379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:984 +#: freeculture.xml:1002 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1317,7 +1391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:995 +#: freeculture.xml:1013 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, " "in part, about property. The property of this war is not as " @@ -1336,7 +1410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1013 +#: freeculture.xml:1031 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1346,7 +1420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1024 +#: freeculture.xml:1042 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1359,7 +1433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1034 +#: freeculture.xml:1052 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1368,14 +1442,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1040 +#: freeculture.xml:1058 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1044 +#: freeculture.xml:1062 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1385,7 +1459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1051 +#: freeculture.xml:1069 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1395,7 +1469,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1060 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1407,7 +1481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1070 +#: freeculture.xml:1088 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now " "centers on two ideas: piracy and property. My " @@ -1415,7 +1489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1075 +#: freeculture.xml:1093 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1426,7 +1500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1083 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1440,7 +1514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1094 +#: freeculture.xml:1112 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1451,37 +1525,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1104 +#: freeculture.xml:1122 msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1107 +#: freeculture.xml:1125 msgid "Copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1107 +#: freeculture.xml:1125 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1108 freeculture.xml:4841 +#: freeculture.xml:1126 freeculture.xml:4859 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1109 +#: freeculture.xml:1127 msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1110 freeculture.xml:3041 +#: freeculture.xml:1128 freeculture.xml:3059 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1112 +#: freeculture.xml:1130 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " "regulating creative property, there has been a war against " @@ -1493,14 +1567,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1124 +#: freeculture.xml:1142 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1120 +#: freeculture.xml:1138 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1509,7 +1583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1130 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1520,7 +1594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1139 +#: freeculture.xml:1157 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1530,7 +1604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 +#: freeculture.xml:1165 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1541,7 +1615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1155 +#: freeculture.xml:1173 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1551,12 +1625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1161 +#: freeculture.xml:1179 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1165 +#: freeculture.xml:1183 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1566,28 +1640,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1173 +#: freeculture.xml:1191 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1174 +#: freeculture.xml:1192 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1175 +#: freeculture.xml:1193 msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1176 freeculture.xml:2850 +#: freeculture.xml:1194 freeculture.xml:2868 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1182 +#: freeculture.xml:1200 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1595,12 +1669,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1195 freeculture.xml:6996 +#: freeculture.xml:1213 freeculture.xml:7014 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1190 +#: freeculture.xml:1208 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1612,7 +1686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1178 +#: freeculture.xml:1196 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1627,7 +1701,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1201 +#: freeculture.xml:1219 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1637,7 +1711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1210 +#: freeculture.xml:1228 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1647,7 +1721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1217 +#: freeculture.xml:1235 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1657,7 +1731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1224 +#: freeculture.xml:1242 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1667,17 +1741,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1231 freeculture.xml:1262 +#: freeculture.xml:1249 freeculture.xml:1280 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1232 freeculture.xml:1263 +#: freeculture.xml:1250 freeculture.xml:1281 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1254 +#: freeculture.xml:1272 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1690,7 +1764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1234 +#: freeculture.xml:1252 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1712,7 +1786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1269 +#: freeculture.xml:1287 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1720,22 +1794,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1277 +#: freeculture.xml:1295 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1278 +#: freeculture.xml:1296 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1279 +#: freeculture.xml:1297 msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1281 +#: freeculture.xml:1299 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " "born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " @@ -1746,7 +1820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1288 +#: freeculture.xml:1306 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1758,7 +1832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1297 +#: freeculture.xml:1315 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1767,7 +1841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1304 +#: freeculture.xml:1322 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1777,14 +1851,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1317 +#: freeculture.xml:1335 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1311 +#: freeculture.xml:1329 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1794,12 +1868,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1322 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1324 +#: freeculture.xml:1342 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1807,7 +1881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1329 +#: freeculture.xml:1347 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1819,7 +1893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1338 +#: freeculture.xml:1356 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1828,7 +1902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1344 +#: freeculture.xml:1362 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1840,7 +1914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1358 +#: freeculture.xml:1376 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1854,7 +1928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1352 +#: freeculture.xml:1370 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1869,7 +1943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1379 +#: freeculture.xml:1397 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1877,7 +1951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1375 +#: freeculture.xml:1393 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1892,7 +1966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1394 +#: freeculture.xml:1412 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1905,7 +1979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1403 +#: freeculture.xml:1421 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1932,7 +2006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1426 +#: freeculture.xml:1444 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1945,7 +2019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1440 +#: freeculture.xml:1458 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -1959,7 +2033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1434 +#: freeculture.xml:1452 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1973,7 +2047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1457 +#: freeculture.xml:1475 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1986,7 +2060,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1466 +#: freeculture.xml:1484 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1999,7 +2073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1480 +#: freeculture.xml:1498 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " "on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " @@ -2008,7 +2082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1486 +#: freeculture.xml:1504 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -2020,7 +2094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1495 +#: freeculture.xml:1513 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2034,7 +2108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1506 +#: freeculture.xml:1524 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -2043,7 +2117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1511 +#: freeculture.xml:1529 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2060,7 +2134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1526 +#: freeculture.xml:1544 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2074,7 +2148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1537 +#: freeculture.xml:1555 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2091,20 +2165,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1550 +#: freeculture.xml:1568 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1562 +#: freeculture.xml:1580 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1552 +#: freeculture.xml:1570 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2117,12 +2191,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1566 +#: freeculture.xml:1584 msgid "Superman comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1568 +#: freeculture.xml:1586 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2134,7 +2208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1585 +#: freeculture.xml:1603 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2148,7 +2222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1577 +#: freeculture.xml:1595 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2160,7 +2234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1596 +#: freeculture.xml:1614 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2173,7 +2247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1607 +#: freeculture.xml:1625 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2184,7 +2258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1614 +#: freeculture.xml:1632 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2197,12 +2271,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1626 +#: freeculture.xml:1644 msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1629 +#: freeculture.xml:1647 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2210,12 +2284,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1639 freeculture.xml:2867 freeculture.xml:4542 freeculture.xml:4767 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:8487 +#: freeculture.xml:1657 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:4560 freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:7398 freeculture.xml:8505 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1639 +#: freeculture.xml:1657 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " "property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -2228,7 +2302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1634 +#: freeculture.xml:1652 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2240,7 +2314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1653 +#: freeculture.xml:1671 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2258,7 +2332,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1668 +#: freeculture.xml:1686 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2267,7 +2341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1677 +#: freeculture.xml:1695 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2278,7 +2352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1685 +#: freeculture.xml:1703 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2287,7 +2361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1691 +#: freeculture.xml:1709 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2304,7 +2378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1705 +#: freeculture.xml:1723 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2317,7 +2391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1716 +#: freeculture.xml:1734 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2331,7 +2405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1728 +#: freeculture.xml:1746 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2339,27 +2413,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1736 +#: freeculture.xml:1754 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1737 freeculture.xml:1950 freeculture.xml:6416 +#: freeculture.xml:1755 freeculture.xml:1968 freeculture.xml:6434 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1738 +#: freeculture.xml:1756 msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1739 +#: freeculture.xml:1757 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1741 +#: freeculture.xml:1759 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " "first practical technology for producing what we would call " @@ -2372,12 +2446,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1750 +#: freeculture.xml:1768 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1752 +#: freeculture.xml:1770 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2390,13 +2464,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1762 +#: freeculture.xml:1780 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1764 +#: freeculture.xml:1782 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2409,20 +2483,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1775 +#: freeculture.xml:1793 msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1782 +#: freeculture.xml:1800 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1777 +#: freeculture.xml:1795 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2432,19 +2506,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1824 +#: freeculture.xml:1818 freeculture.xml:1842 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1798 +#: freeculture.xml:1816 msgid "" "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1787 +#: freeculture.xml:1805 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2458,18 +2532,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1816 +#: freeculture.xml:1834 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1820 +#: freeculture.xml:1838 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1805 +#: freeculture.xml:1823 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2486,12 +2560,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1839 +#: freeculture.xml:1857 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1828 +#: freeculture.xml:1846 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2506,7 +2580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1843 +#: freeculture.xml:1861 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2522,7 +2596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1865 +#: freeculture.xml:1883 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2532,7 +2606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1856 +#: freeculture.xml:1874 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2546,7 +2620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1873 +#: freeculture.xml:1891 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2558,12 +2632,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1895 +#: freeculture.xml:1913 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1892 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2571,7 +2645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1885 +#: freeculture.xml:1903 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2585,13 +2659,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1901 freeculture.xml:9177 +#: freeculture.xml:1919 freeculture.xml:9195 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1913 +#: freeculture.xml:1931 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2602,7 +2676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1903 +#: freeculture.xml:1921 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2616,7 +2690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1921 +#: freeculture.xml:1939 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2634,7 +2708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1938 +#: freeculture.xml:1956 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2649,7 +2723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1952 +#: freeculture.xml:1970 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " "Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " @@ -2668,7 +2742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1976 +#: freeculture.xml:1994 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2677,7 +2751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1970 +#: freeculture.xml:1988 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2692,13 +2766,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:2004 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1989 +#: freeculture.xml:2007 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " @@ -2708,7 +2782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1996 +#: freeculture.xml:2014 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2717,13 +2791,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:6415 freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:8321 freeculture.xml:8392 +#: freeculture.xml:2019 freeculture.xml:2520 freeculture.xml:6433 freeculture.xml:7267 freeculture.xml:8339 freeculture.xml:8410 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2007 +#: freeculture.xml:2025 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2732,7 +2806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2003 +#: freeculture.xml:2021 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2745,7 +2819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2018 +#: freeculture.xml:2036 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2758,7 +2832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2028 +#: freeculture.xml:2046 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2769,22 +2843,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2035 +#: freeculture.xml:2053 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2049 freeculture.xml:2109 freeculture.xml:2116 freeculture.xml:2565 +#: freeculture.xml:2067 freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:2134 freeculture.xml:2583 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2050 +#: freeculture.xml:2068 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2047 +#: freeculture.xml:2065 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2793,7 +2867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2061 +#: freeculture.xml:2079 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -2803,7 +2877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2037 +#: freeculture.xml:2055 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2822,12 +2896,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2068 +#: freeculture.xml:2086 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2070 +#: freeculture.xml:2088 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -2837,7 +2911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2077 +#: freeculture.xml:2095 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2846,7 +2920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2084 +#: freeculture.xml:2102 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2855,7 +2929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2092 +#: freeculture.xml:2110 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -2863,18 +2937,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2108 +#: freeculture.xml:2126 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2113 freeculture.xml:3893 freeculture.xml:4959 freeculture.xml:8210 +#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:3911 freeculture.xml:4977 freeculture.xml:8228 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2097 +#: freeculture.xml:2115 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2888,7 +2962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2118 +#: freeculture.xml:2136 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2902,7 +2976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2130 +#: freeculture.xml:2148 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2913,7 +2987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2138 +#: freeculture.xml:2156 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -2934,7 +3008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2157 +#: freeculture.xml:2175 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -2946,7 +3020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2168 +#: freeculture.xml:2186 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2967,7 +3041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2187 +#: freeculture.xml:2205 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -2978,7 +3052,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2194 +#: freeculture.xml:2212 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2987,12 +3061,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2204 +#: freeculture.xml:2222 msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2206 +#: freeculture.xml:2224 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " "Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " @@ -3006,7 +3080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2218 +#: freeculture.xml:2236 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -3017,17 +3091,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2225 freeculture.xml:8149 freeculture.xml:8386 +#: freeculture.xml:2243 freeculture.xml:8167 freeculture.xml:8404 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2226 +#: freeculture.xml:2244 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2228 +#: freeculture.xml:2246 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3044,7 +3118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2242 +#: freeculture.xml:2260 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3055,7 +3129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2252 +#: freeculture.xml:2270 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3067,7 +3141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2261 +#: freeculture.xml:2279 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3079,12 +3153,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2269 freeculture.xml:2342 freeculture.xml:2465 +#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:2360 freeculture.xml:2483 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2271 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3101,7 +3175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2285 +#: freeculture.xml:2303 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3113,18 +3187,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2295 +#: freeculture.xml:2313 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2296 +#: freeculture.xml:2314 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2313 +#: freeculture.xml:2331 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3132,7 +3206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2298 +#: freeculture.xml:2316 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3152,14 +3226,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2322 +#: freeculture.xml:2340 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2318 +#: freeculture.xml:2336 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3171,14 +3245,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2337 +#: freeculture.xml:2355 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2330 +#: freeculture.xml:2348 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3190,13 +3264,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2343 +#: freeculture.xml:2361 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2345 +#: freeculture.xml:2363 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3207,7 +3281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2356 +#: freeculture.xml:2374 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3218,12 +3292,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2363 +#: freeculture.xml:2381 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2365 +#: freeculture.xml:2383 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3232,25 +3306,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2370 +#: freeculture.xml:2388 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2371 +#: freeculture.xml:2389 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2384 +#: freeculture.xml:2402 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2373 +#: freeculture.xml:2391 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3265,7 +3339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2389 +#: freeculture.xml:2407 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3274,7 +3348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2396 +#: freeculture.xml:2414 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3285,13 +3359,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2404 +#: freeculture.xml:2422 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2406 +#: freeculture.xml:2424 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3304,23 +3378,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2416 freeculture.xml:2462 +#: freeculture.xml:2434 freeculture.xml:2480 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2417 freeculture.xml:2463 freeculture.xml:5608 +#: freeculture.xml:2435 freeculture.xml:2481 freeculture.xml:5626 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2425 +#: freeculture.xml:2443 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2419 +#: freeculture.xml:2437 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3338,7 +3412,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2443 +#: freeculture.xml:2461 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3348,7 +3422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2435 +#: freeculture.xml:2453 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3364,12 +3438,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2464 +#: freeculture.xml:2482 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2462 +#: freeculture.xml:2480 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -3386,7 +3460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2455 +#: freeculture.xml:2473 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3403,7 +3477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2485 +#: freeculture.xml:2503 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3420,12 +3494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2501 +#: freeculture.xml:2519 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2504 +#: freeculture.xml:2522 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3434,7 +3508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2510 +#: freeculture.xml:2528 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3444,7 +3518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2517 +#: freeculture.xml:2535 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3459,7 +3533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2530 +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3469,7 +3543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2537 +#: freeculture.xml:2555 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3481,7 +3555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2545 +#: freeculture.xml:2563 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3493,7 +3567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2554 +#: freeculture.xml:2572 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3508,7 +3582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2567 +#: freeculture.xml:2585 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3517,7 +3591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2575 +#: freeculture.xml:2593 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3530,7 +3604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2591 +#: freeculture.xml:2609 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3539,7 +3613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2584 +#: freeculture.xml:2602 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3552,7 +3626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2599 +#: freeculture.xml:2617 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3560,7 +3634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2604 +#: freeculture.xml:2622 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3570,7 +3644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2612 +#: freeculture.xml:2630 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3579,7 +3653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2618 +#: freeculture.xml:2636 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3587,22 +3661,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2625 +#: freeculture.xml:2643 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2626 +#: freeculture.xml:2644 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2626 freeculture.xml:2627 +#: freeculture.xml:2644 freeculture.xml:2645 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2629 +#: freeculture.xml:2647 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3613,7 +3687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2637 +#: freeculture.xml:2655 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3624,7 +3698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2645 +#: freeculture.xml:2663 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3635,7 +3709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2652 +#: freeculture.xml:2670 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3649,7 +3723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2664 +#: freeculture.xml:2682 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3660,7 +3734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2673 +#: freeculture.xml:2691 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3674,7 +3748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2685 +#: freeculture.xml:2703 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3685,7 +3759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2692 +#: freeculture.xml:2710 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3695,7 +3769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2701 +#: freeculture.xml:2719 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3712,7 +3786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2716 +#: freeculture.xml:2734 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3723,7 +3797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2725 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -3738,13 +3812,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2737 +#: freeculture.xml:2755 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2739 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -3757,18 +3831,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2749 +#: freeculture.xml:2767 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2750 +#: freeculture.xml:2768 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2764 +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -3776,7 +3850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2752 +#: freeculture.xml:2770 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3791,7 +3865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2771 +#: freeculture.xml:2789 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3800,12 +3874,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2777 +#: freeculture.xml:2795 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2779 +#: freeculture.xml:2797 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3820,7 +3894,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2790 +#: freeculture.xml:2808 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3832,25 +3906,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 +#: freeculture.xml:2818 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2803 freeculture.xml:3159 freeculture.xml:4094 freeculture.xml:5209 freeculture.xml:5258 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:9740 freeculture.xml:9909 freeculture.xml:14472 freeculture.xml:14537 +#: freeculture.xml:2821 freeculture.xml:3177 freeculture.xml:4112 freeculture.xml:5227 freeculture.xml:5276 freeculture.xml:9660 freeculture.xml:9758 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:14490 freeculture.xml:14555 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2803 freeculture.xml:3159 freeculture.xml:4094 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:9740 freeculture.xml:9909 freeculture.xml:14472 freeculture.xml:14537 +#: freeculture.xml:2821 freeculture.xml:3177 freeculture.xml:4112 freeculture.xml:9660 freeculture.xml:9758 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:14490 freeculture.xml:14555 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2813 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3859,7 +3933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2821 +#: freeculture.xml:2839 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -3867,7 +3941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2805 +#: freeculture.xml:2823 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3881,7 +3955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2826 +#: freeculture.xml:2844 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3889,7 +3963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2833 +#: freeculture.xml:2851 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3898,7 +3972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2840 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3908,12 +3982,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2849 +#: freeculture.xml:2867 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2852 +#: freeculture.xml:2870 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -3925,12 +3999,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2863 +#: freeculture.xml:2881 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2867 +#: freeculture.xml:2885 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -3940,7 +4014,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2865 +#: freeculture.xml:2883 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3954,12 +4028,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2883 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:2905 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3970,27 +4044,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2895 +#: freeculture.xml:2913 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2896 +#: freeculture.xml:2914 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 freeculture.xml:3177 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:3195 freeculture.xml:4327 freeculture.xml:9800 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2921 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:9516 freeculture.xml:9637 +#: freeculture.xml:2939 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:9534 freeculture.xml:9655 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2910 +#: freeculture.xml:2928 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4006,7 +4080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2899 +#: freeculture.xml:2917 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4022,7 +4096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2932 +#: freeculture.xml:2950 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4030,7 +4104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2926 +#: freeculture.xml:2944 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4045,7 +4119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2942 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4056,29 +4130,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 +#: freeculture.xml:2971 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2955 +#: freeculture.xml:2973 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2958 +#: freeculture.xml:2976 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2959 +#: freeculture.xml:2977 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2961 +#: freeculture.xml:2979 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4091,12 +4165,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2970 freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:2988 freeculture.xml:3139 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2972 +#: freeculture.xml:2990 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4116,12 +4190,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2995 freeculture.xml:3012 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2991 +#: freeculture.xml:3009 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4129,7 +4203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3006 +#: freeculture.xml:3024 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4141,7 +4215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2999 +#: freeculture.xml:3017 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4152,13 +4226,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3016 +#: freeculture.xml:3034 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3022 +#: freeculture.xml:3040 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4166,7 +4240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3028 +#: freeculture.xml:3046 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4174,14 +4248,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3035 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3018 +#: freeculture.xml:3036 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4194,18 +4268,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3039 +#: freeculture.xml:3057 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3040 +#: freeculture.xml:3058 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3051 +#: freeculture.xml:3069 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4214,7 +4288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3062 +#: freeculture.xml:3080 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4222,7 +4296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3043 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4240,7 +4314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3068 +#: freeculture.xml:3086 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4255,7 +4329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3083 +#: freeculture.xml:3101 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4266,12 +4340,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3098 freeculture.xml:14168 +#: freeculture.xml:3116 freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3091 +#: freeculture.xml:3109 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4284,7 +4358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3115 +#: freeculture.xml:3133 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4295,7 +4369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3101 +#: freeculture.xml:3119 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4312,7 +4386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#: freeculture.xml:3142 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4321,7 +4395,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3146 +#: freeculture.xml:3164 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4329,7 +4403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3131 +#: freeculture.xml:3149 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4346,29 +4420,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3153 +#: freeculture.xml:3171 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3158 freeculture.xml:4273 +#: freeculture.xml:3176 freeculture.xml:4291 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3161 +#: freeculture.xml:3179 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3176 +#: freeculture.xml:3194 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3167 +#: freeculture.xml:3185 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4385,7 +4459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3164 +#: freeculture.xml:3182 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4396,13 +4470,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3194 freeculture.xml:8851 freeculture.xml:9310 freeculture.xml:12297 +#: freeculture.xml:3212 freeculture.xml:8869 freeculture.xml:9328 freeculture.xml:12315 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3184 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4417,7 +4491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3199 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4427,12 +4501,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3206 freeculture.xml:3711 freeculture.xml:6170 +#: freeculture.xml:3224 freeculture.xml:3729 freeculture.xml:6188 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3208 +#: freeculture.xml:3226 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4441,7 +4515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3214 +#: freeculture.xml:3232 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4453,7 +4527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3225 +#: freeculture.xml:3243 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4464,23 +4538,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3235 freeculture.xml:4279 +#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:4297 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3236 freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:8046 freeculture.xml:8085 freeculture.xml:14570 +#: freeculture.xml:3254 freeculture.xml:4125 freeculture.xml:8064 freeculture.xml:8103 freeculture.xml:14588 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3238 +#: freeculture.xml:3256 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3241 +#: freeculture.xml:3259 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4492,22 +4566,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3251 +#: freeculture.xml:3269 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3252 +#: freeculture.xml:3270 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:3264 +#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:3282 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3259 +#: freeculture.xml:3277 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4518,14 +4592,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3271 +#: freeculture.xml:3289 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3255 +#: freeculture.xml:3273 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -4540,14 +4614,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3282 +#: freeculture.xml:3300 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3278 +#: freeculture.xml:3296 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4555,13 +4629,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3288 +#: freeculture.xml:3306 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3297 +#: freeculture.xml:3315 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4569,7 +4643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3292 +#: freeculture.xml:3310 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4578,12 +4652,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3303 freeculture.xml:3311 +#: freeculture.xml:3321 freeculture.xml:3329 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3309 +#: freeculture.xml:3327 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4591,7 +4665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3305 +#: freeculture.xml:3323 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -4599,19 +4673,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3316 +#: freeculture.xml:3334 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:3334 +#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3352 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3330 +#: freeculture.xml:3348 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4619,7 +4693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3321 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4631,14 +4705,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3338 +#: freeculture.xml:3356 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3342 +#: freeculture.xml:3360 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -4654,7 +4728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3360 +#: freeculture.xml:3378 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4665,7 +4739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3355 +#: freeculture.xml:3373 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -4679,12 +4753,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3377 +#: freeculture.xml:3395 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3379 +#: freeculture.xml:3397 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -4696,7 +4770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3387 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -4708,28 +4782,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3397 +#: freeculture.xml:3415 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3398 freeculture.xml:3478 freeculture.xml:3528 freeculture.xml:14572 +#: freeculture.xml:3416 freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3546 freeculture.xml:14590 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3399 freeculture.xml:3846 freeculture.xml:9311 freeculture.xml:10118 freeculture.xml:13963 freeculture.xml:14554 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 freeculture.xml:3864 freeculture.xml:9329 freeculture.xml:10136 freeculture.xml:13981 freeculture.xml:14572 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3399 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3407 +#: freeculture.xml:3425 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4739,7 +4813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3401 +#: freeculture.xml:3419 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4751,7 +4825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3417 +#: freeculture.xml:3435 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4759,7 +4833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3423 +#: freeculture.xml:3441 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4771,7 +4845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3432 +#: freeculture.xml:3450 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4786,7 +4860,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3443 +#: freeculture.xml:3461 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4795,17 +4869,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3471 +#: freeculture.xml:3489 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3472 freeculture.xml:12581 freeculture.xml:13034 freeculture.xml:13041 +#: freeculture.xml:3490 freeculture.xml:12599 freeculture.xml:13052 freeculture.xml:13059 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3474 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4825,7 +4899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3451 +#: freeculture.xml:3469 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4837,12 +4911,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3493 freeculture.xml:3767 freeculture.xml:14720 +#: freeculture.xml:3511 freeculture.xml:3785 freeculture.xml:14738 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3486 +#: freeculture.xml:3504 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -4855,7 +4929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3498 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4865,7 +4939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3497 +#: freeculture.xml:3515 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4881,7 +4955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3511 +#: freeculture.xml:3529 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4900,57 +4974,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3529 freeculture.xml:14573 +#: freeculture.xml:3547 freeculture.xml:14591 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3529 freeculture.xml:14573 +#: freeculture.xml:3547 freeculture.xml:14591 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3530 +#: freeculture.xml:3548 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3531 freeculture.xml:3561 freeculture.xml:11385 freeculture.xml:12880 freeculture.xml:13478 +#: freeculture.xml:3549 freeculture.xml:3579 freeculture.xml:11403 freeculture.xml:12898 freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3532 freeculture.xml:3562 freeculture.xml:11387 freeculture.xml:12881 freeculture.xml:13479 +#: freeculture.xml:3550 freeculture.xml:3580 freeculture.xml:11405 freeculture.xml:12899 freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3533 freeculture.xml:3535 freeculture.xml:3536 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:7685 freeculture.xml:12933 +#: freeculture.xml:3551 freeculture.xml:3553 freeculture.xml:3554 freeculture.xml:5218 freeculture.xml:7703 freeculture.xml:12951 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3533 +#: freeculture.xml:3551 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3534 +#: freeculture.xml:3552 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3535 +#: freeculture.xml:3553 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3554 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 +#: freeculture.xml:3556 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -4966,17 +5040,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3550 +#: freeculture.xml:3568 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3550 +#: freeculture.xml:3568 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3552 +#: freeculture.xml:3570 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4987,17 +5061,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3559 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3560 +#: freeculture.xml:3578 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3564 +#: freeculture.xml:3582 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5013,7 +5087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3578 +#: freeculture.xml:3596 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5025,7 +5099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3588 +#: freeculture.xml:3606 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5038,7 +5112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3597 +#: freeculture.xml:3615 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5047,7 +5121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3603 +#: freeculture.xml:3621 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5056,20 +5130,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3609 +#: freeculture.xml:3627 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3615 +#: freeculture.xml:3633 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3620 +#: freeculture.xml:3638 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5077,7 +5151,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3617 +#: freeculture.xml:3635 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5087,22 +5161,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3628 freeculture.xml:3636 +#: freeculture.xml:3646 freeculture.xml:3654 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3629 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3646 freeculture.xml:8279 +#: freeculture.xml:3664 freeculture.xml:8297 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3636 +#: freeculture.xml:3654 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5117,7 +5191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3631 +#: freeculture.xml:3649 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -5129,7 +5203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3656 +#: freeculture.xml:3674 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5143,7 +5217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3651 +#: freeculture.xml:3669 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -5159,7 +5233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3678 +#: freeculture.xml:3696 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5170,14 +5244,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3687 +#: freeculture.xml:3705 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3672 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5193,7 +5267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3696 +#: freeculture.xml:3714 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5205,7 +5279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3706 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5213,7 +5287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3714 +#: freeculture.xml:3732 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5226,7 +5300,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 +#: freeculture.xml:3742 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5239,7 +5313,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3735 +#: freeculture.xml:3753 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5258,26 +5332,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3752 +#: freeculture.xml:3770 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3758 +#: freeculture.xml:3776 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3766 +#: freeculture.xml:3784 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3761 +#: freeculture.xml:3779 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5291,7 +5365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3777 +#: freeculture.xml:3795 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5302,17 +5376,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3784 freeculture.xml:3793 freeculture.xml:4136 freeculture.xml:7845 freeculture.xml:7874 freeculture.xml:9572 freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:3811 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:7863 freeculture.xml:7892 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3784 freeculture.xml:4136 freeculture.xml:7845 freeculture.xml:7874 freeculture.xml:9572 freeculture.xml:9573 freeculture.xml:14280 freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:7863 freeculture.xml:7892 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:9591 freeculture.xml:14298 freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3793 +#: freeculture.xml:3811 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5329,7 +5403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3786 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5344,18 +5418,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3811 +#: freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3821 +#: freeculture.xml:3839 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3813 +#: freeculture.xml:3831 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5367,7 +5441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3826 +#: freeculture.xml:3844 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5380,7 +5454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3836 +#: freeculture.xml:3854 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5392,12 +5466,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3846 +#: freeculture.xml:3864 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3848 +#: freeculture.xml:3866 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5406,7 +5480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3857 +#: freeculture.xml:3875 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5424,12 +5498,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3884 +#: freeculture.xml:3902 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3881 +#: freeculture.xml:3899 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5438,7 +5512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3853 +#: freeculture.xml:3871 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5459,7 +5533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3899 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5470,7 +5544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3907 +#: freeculture.xml:3925 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5488,7 +5562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3923 +#: freeculture.xml:3941 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5497,7 +5571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3935 +#: freeculture.xml:3953 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5508,7 +5582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3929 +#: freeculture.xml:3947 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5522,17 +5596,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3948 freeculture.xml:3956 freeculture.xml:3978 freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:4488 freeculture.xml:5817 freeculture.xml:5822 freeculture.xml:5874 freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:6750 freeculture.xml:7090 freeculture.xml:7152 freeculture.xml:7186 freeculture.xml:7395 freeculture.xml:13666 freeculture.xml:14392 freeculture.xml:14393 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3974 freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4018 freeculture.xml:4506 freeculture.xml:5835 freeculture.xml:5840 freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:6767 freeculture.xml:6768 freeculture.xml:7108 freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:7413 freeculture.xml:13684 freeculture.xml:14410 freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3948 freeculture.xml:3956 freeculture.xml:6750 freeculture.xml:14393 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3974 freeculture.xml:6768 freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3956 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -5546,7 +5620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3950 +#: freeculture.xml:3968 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5561,17 +5635,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3977 +#: freeculture.xml:3995 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3978 freeculture.xml:5817 freeculture.xml:5822 freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:5835 freeculture.xml:5840 freeculture.xml:6767 freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3980 +#: freeculture.xml:3998 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5587,7 +5661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3993 +#: freeculture.xml:4011 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5598,13 +5672,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:13666 +#: freeculture.xml:4018 freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4002 +#: freeculture.xml:4020 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5622,7 +5696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4020 +#: freeculture.xml:4038 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5631,7 +5705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4026 +#: freeculture.xml:4044 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -5641,7 +5715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4033 +#: freeculture.xml:4051 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -5657,7 +5731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4047 +#: freeculture.xml:4065 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -5665,7 +5739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4064 +#: freeculture.xml:4082 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5676,7 +5750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4051 +#: freeculture.xml:4069 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5689,7 +5763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4075 +#: freeculture.xml:4093 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5703,7 +5777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4086 +#: freeculture.xml:4104 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5715,7 +5789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4096 +#: freeculture.xml:4114 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -5729,7 +5803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4109 +#: freeculture.xml:4127 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5740,7 +5814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4119 +#: freeculture.xml:4137 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5758,12 +5832,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4135 +#: freeculture.xml:4153 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4138 +#: freeculture.xml:4156 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5780,7 +5854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4151 +#: freeculture.xml:4169 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5797,7 +5871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4173 +#: freeculture.xml:4191 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5807,13 +5881,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 +#: freeculture.xml:4203 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4190 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5821,14 +5895,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4201 +#: freeculture.xml:4219 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4166 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -5855,19 +5929,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4218 +#: freeculture.xml:4236 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4221 +#: freeculture.xml:4239 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4206 +#: freeculture.xml:4224 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5884,7 +5958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4224 +#: freeculture.xml:4242 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5893,14 +5967,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4243 +#: freeculture.xml:4261 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4233 +#: freeculture.xml:4251 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5911,7 +5985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4248 +#: freeculture.xml:4266 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5921,77 +5995,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4259 +#: freeculture.xml:4277 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4260 +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4279 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4280 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4267 +#: freeculture.xml:4285 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4268 +#: freeculture.xml:4286 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4269 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4287 +#: freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4299 freeculture.xml:4305 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4270 freeculture.xml:4282 +#: freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:4300 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4274 +#: freeculture.xml:4292 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4275 +#: freeculture.xml:4293 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4276 freeculture.xml:4288 +#: freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:4306 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4280 +#: freeculture.xml:4298 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4285 +#: freeculture.xml:4303 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4286 +#: freeculture.xml:4304 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4298 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -6008,7 +6082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4295 +#: freeculture.xml:4313 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6018,7 +6092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4316 +#: freeculture.xml:4334 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6032,7 +6106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4328 +#: freeculture.xml:4346 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6046,14 +6120,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4345 +#: freeculture.xml:4363 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4340 +#: freeculture.xml:4358 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6067,7 +6141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4356 +#: freeculture.xml:4374 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6084,7 +6158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#: freeculture.xml:4398 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6092,7 +6166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4372 +#: freeculture.xml:4390 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6104,7 +6178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4385 +#: freeculture.xml:4403 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6118,7 +6192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4397 +#: freeculture.xml:4415 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6126,13 +6200,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4406 +#: freeculture.xml:4424 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4411 +#: freeculture.xml:4429 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6142,7 +6216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4418 +#: freeculture.xml:4436 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6157,7 +6231,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4443 +#: freeculture.xml:4461 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6165,7 +6239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4430 +#: freeculture.xml:4448 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6181,7 +6255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4449 +#: freeculture.xml:4467 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6191,7 +6265,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4462 +#: freeculture.xml:4480 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6203,7 +6277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4457 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6213,7 +6287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 +#: freeculture.xml:4490 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6226,27 +6300,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4485 +#: freeculture.xml:4503 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4486 +#: freeculture.xml:4504 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4487 freeculture.xml:4632 +#: freeculture.xml:4505 freeculture.xml:4650 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4488 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4508 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6260,17 +6334,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4506 +#: freeculture.xml:4524 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4507 +#: freeculture.xml:4525 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4506 +#: freeculture.xml:4524 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6285,7 +6359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4519 +#: freeculture.xml:4537 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6294,7 +6368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4502 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6310,12 +6384,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4531 +#: freeculture.xml:4549 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#: freeculture.xml:4560 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6323,7 +6397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4533 +#: freeculture.xml:4551 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6338,12 +6412,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4549 +#: freeculture.xml:4567 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4551 +#: freeculture.xml:4569 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6356,7 +6430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4562 +#: freeculture.xml:4580 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6372,7 +6446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4574 +#: freeculture.xml:4592 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6384,7 +6458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4586 +#: freeculture.xml:4604 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6395,7 +6469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4595 +#: freeculture.xml:4613 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6404,7 +6478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4601 +#: freeculture.xml:4619 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -6418,7 +6492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4612 +#: freeculture.xml:4630 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -6428,7 +6502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4618 +#: freeculture.xml:4636 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -6444,7 +6518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4634 +#: freeculture.xml:4652 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -6457,17 +6531,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4643 +#: freeculture.xml:4661 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4644 +#: freeculture.xml:4662 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4646 +#: freeculture.xml:4664 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -6482,7 +6556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4659 +#: freeculture.xml:4677 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -6494,20 +6568,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4667 +#: freeculture.xml:4685 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4684 +#: freeculture.xml:4702 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4669 +#: freeculture.xml:4687 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6523,7 +6597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4689 +#: freeculture.xml:4707 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6533,7 +6607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:4715 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6547,7 +6621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4709 +#: freeculture.xml:4727 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6559,7 +6633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4718 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6567,7 +6641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4733 +#: freeculture.xml:4751 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6579,7 +6653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4723 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -6591,7 +6665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4744 +#: freeculture.xml:4762 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6608,12 +6682,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4758 freeculture.xml:4766 freeculture.xml:4813 +#: freeculture.xml:4776 freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:4831 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4766 +#: freeculture.xml:4784 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -6622,7 +6696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4760 +#: freeculture.xml:4778 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6635,14 +6709,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4780 +#: freeculture.xml:4798 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4776 +#: freeculture.xml:4794 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -6650,22 +6724,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4784 +#: freeculture.xml:4802 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4785 +#: freeculture.xml:4803 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4794 freeculture.xml:14816 +#: freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:14834 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4792 +#: freeculture.xml:4810 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -6673,12 +6747,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4803 +#: freeculture.xml:4821 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 +#: freeculture.xml:4805 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -6692,7 +6766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4813 +#: freeculture.xml:4831 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -6700,7 +6774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4807 +#: freeculture.xml:4825 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6712,7 +6786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 +#: freeculture.xml:4840 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -6721,18 +6795,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4826 +#: freeculture.xml:4844 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4827 +#: freeculture.xml:4845 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 +#: freeculture.xml:4854 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6740,7 +6814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4829 +#: freeculture.xml:4847 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -6752,7 +6826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4843 +#: freeculture.xml:4861 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6767,7 +6841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4854 +#: freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6782,25 +6856,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4869 +#: freeculture.xml:4887 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:4890 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4878 +#: freeculture.xml:4896 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4874 +#: freeculture.xml:4892 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6814,7 +6888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4888 +#: freeculture.xml:4906 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6827,7 +6901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4898 +#: freeculture.xml:4916 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -6838,7 +6912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4905 +#: freeculture.xml:4923 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6850,32 +6924,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4923 +#: freeculture.xml:4941 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4924 +#: freeculture.xml:4942 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4925 +#: freeculture.xml:4943 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:4944 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4927 +#: freeculture.xml:4945 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4915 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -6892,12 +6966,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4940 +#: freeculture.xml:4958 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4930 +#: freeculture.xml:4948 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6912,7 +6986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4944 +#: freeculture.xml:4962 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6920,7 +6994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4950 +#: freeculture.xml:4968 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -6934,7 +7008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4965 +#: freeculture.xml:4983 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -6957,7 +7031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4987 +#: freeculture.xml:5005 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6965,12 +7039,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4997 +#: freeculture.xml:5015 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4999 +#: freeculture.xml:5017 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -6980,19 +7054,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5006 +#: freeculture.xml:5024 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5035 freeculture.xml:5098 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5011 +#: freeculture.xml:5029 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7004,7 +7078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5020 +#: freeculture.xml:5038 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7015,7 +7089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5029 +#: freeculture.xml:5047 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7026,12 +7100,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5035 freeculture.xml:5043 +#: freeculture.xml:5053 freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5037 +#: freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7041,7 +7115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5045 +#: freeculture.xml:5063 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7051,7 +7125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5052 +#: freeculture.xml:5070 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7062,12 +7136,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5059 +#: freeculture.xml:5077 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5061 +#: freeculture.xml:5079 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7079,7 +7153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5069 +#: freeculture.xml:5087 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7091,12 +7165,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5081 +#: freeculture.xml:5099 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5083 +#: freeculture.xml:5101 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7107,7 +7181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5091 +#: freeculture.xml:5109 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7121,7 +7195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5102 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7134,7 +7208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5114 +#: freeculture.xml:5132 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7144,7 +7218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5111 +#: freeculture.xml:5129 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7156,14 +7230,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5126 +#: freeculture.xml:5144 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5130 +#: freeculture.xml:5148 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7175,7 +7249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5140 +#: freeculture.xml:5158 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7185,18 +7259,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5147 +#: freeculture.xml:5165 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5148 +#: freeculture.xml:5166 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5151 +#: freeculture.xml:5169 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7212,7 +7286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5163 +#: freeculture.xml:5181 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7223,14 +7297,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5173 +#: freeculture.xml:5191 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5180 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7241,7 +7315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5188 +#: freeculture.xml:5206 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7250,22 +7324,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5197 +#: freeculture.xml:5215 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5198 +#: freeculture.xml:5216 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:5259 freeculture.xml:5444 freeculture.xml:9887 freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:5217 freeculture.xml:5277 freeculture.xml:5462 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:14201 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5202 +#: freeculture.xml:5220 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -7275,17 +7349,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5209 +#: freeculture.xml:5227 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5210 +#: freeculture.xml:5228 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5212 +#: freeculture.xml:5230 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -7297,7 +7371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5222 +#: freeculture.xml:5240 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -7307,7 +7381,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5229 +#: freeculture.xml:5247 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -7317,7 +7391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5254 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -7328,19 +7402,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5244 +#: freeculture.xml:5262 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5258 +#: freeculture.xml:5276 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5254 +#: freeculture.xml:5272 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -7350,7 +7424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5248 +#: freeculture.xml:5266 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -7359,7 +7433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5263 +#: freeculture.xml:5281 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -7369,7 +7443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5270 +#: freeculture.xml:5288 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7377,7 +7451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5276 +#: freeculture.xml:5294 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -7389,7 +7463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5285 +#: freeculture.xml:5303 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -7402,12 +7476,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5296 +#: freeculture.xml:5314 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 +#: freeculture.xml:5316 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7420,14 +7494,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5309 +#: freeculture.xml:5327 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5313 +#: freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7435,7 +7509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5319 +#: freeculture.xml:5337 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -7448,20 +7522,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5331 +#: freeculture.xml:5349 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5360 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -7470,7 +7544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5336 +#: freeculture.xml:5354 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -7481,7 +7555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5350 +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -7491,7 +7565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5358 +#: freeculture.xml:5376 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -7500,7 +7574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5366 +#: freeculture.xml:5384 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -7513,7 +7587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5377 +#: freeculture.xml:5395 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -7534,7 +7608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5397 +#: freeculture.xml:5415 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7544,7 +7618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5406 +#: freeculture.xml:5424 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -7559,7 +7633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5437 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7570,7 +7644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5429 +#: freeculture.xml:5447 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -7579,12 +7653,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5434 +#: freeculture.xml:5452 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5436 +#: freeculture.xml:5454 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7595,12 +7669,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5443 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5446 +#: freeculture.xml:5464 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7617,7 +7691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5479 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -7627,13 +7701,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5467 +#: freeculture.xml:5485 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5469 +#: freeculture.xml:5487 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7646,7 +7720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5480 +#: freeculture.xml:5498 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -7656,7 +7730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5487 +#: freeculture.xml:5505 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7673,7 +7747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5502 +#: freeculture.xml:5520 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7683,7 +7757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5508 +#: freeculture.xml:5526 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -7697,7 +7771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5521 +#: freeculture.xml:5539 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -7709,7 +7783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5530 +#: freeculture.xml:5548 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7722,7 +7796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 +#: freeculture.xml:5558 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -7738,22 +7812,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5555 +#: freeculture.xml:5573 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5556 freeculture.xml:8685 freeculture.xml:10898 freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:5574 freeculture.xml:8703 freeculture.xml:10916 freeculture.xml:11161 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5557 freeculture.xml:7984 +#: freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:8002 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5559 +#: freeculture.xml:5577 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -7766,12 +7840,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5569 freeculture.xml:5600 freeculture.xml:5662 +#: freeculture.xml:5587 freeculture.xml:5618 freeculture.xml:5680 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5571 +#: freeculture.xml:5589 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7782,12 +7856,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5578 +#: freeculture.xml:5596 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5580 +#: freeculture.xml:5598 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7797,7 +7871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5588 +#: freeculture.xml:5606 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7805,7 +7879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5593 +#: freeculture.xml:5611 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7815,12 +7889,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5609 +#: freeculture.xml:5627 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5608 +#: freeculture.xml:5626 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " @@ -7831,7 +7905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5602 +#: freeculture.xml:5620 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7841,12 +7915,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5617 +#: freeculture.xml:5635 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5619 +#: freeculture.xml:5637 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -7859,7 +7933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5630 +#: freeculture.xml:5648 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7872,7 +7946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5639 +#: freeculture.xml:5657 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7884,7 +7958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5650 +#: freeculture.xml:5668 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7897,32 +7971,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5659 freeculture.xml:5713 +#: freeculture.xml:5677 freeculture.xml:5731 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5660 +#: freeculture.xml:5678 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5661 +#: freeculture.xml:5679 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5663 +#: freeculture.xml:5681 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5663 +#: freeculture.xml:5681 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5665 +#: freeculture.xml:5683 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -7942,18 +8016,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5700 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5683 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5685 +#: freeculture.xml:5703 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7965,17 +8039,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5696 +#: freeculture.xml:5714 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5696 +#: freeculture.xml:5714 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5698 +#: freeculture.xml:5716 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7986,7 +8060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5706 +#: freeculture.xml:5724 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7996,18 +8070,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5714 freeculture.xml:5757 +#: freeculture.xml:5732 freeculture.xml:5775 msgid "films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5714 freeculture.xml:5757 +#: freeculture.xml:5732 freeculture.xml:5775 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5725 +#: freeculture.xml:5743 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8017,7 +8091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5716 +#: freeculture.xml:5734 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8030,7 +8104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5733 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8044,13 +8118,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5743 +#: freeculture.xml:5761 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5745 +#: freeculture.xml:5763 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8062,37 +8136,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5755 +#: freeculture.xml:5773 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5756 +#: freeculture.xml:5774 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5756 freeculture.xml:5758 +#: freeculture.xml:5774 freeculture.xml:5776 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5759 +#: freeculture.xml:5777 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5760 +#: freeculture.xml:5778 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5761 +#: freeculture.xml:5779 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5763 +#: freeculture.xml:5781 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8112,7 +8186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5781 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8122,7 +8196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5789 +#: freeculture.xml:5807 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8133,7 +8207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5797 +#: freeculture.xml:5815 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8145,7 +8219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5809 +#: freeculture.xml:5827 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8156,7 +8230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5822 +#: freeculture.xml:5840 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8168,7 +8242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5819 +#: freeculture.xml:5837 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8180,7 +8254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5837 +#: freeculture.xml:5855 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8194,7 +8268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5848 +#: freeculture.xml:5866 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8207,7 +8281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5860 +#: freeculture.xml:5878 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8218,7 +8292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5868 +#: freeculture.xml:5886 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8227,12 +8301,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5874 +#: freeculture.xml:5892 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5876 +#: freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8249,7 +8323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5890 +#: freeculture.xml:5908 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8265,7 +8339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 +#: freeculture.xml:5923 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -8277,22 +8351,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5916 +#: freeculture.xml:5934 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5917 +#: freeculture.xml:5935 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5918 freeculture.xml:9643 +#: freeculture.xml:5936 freeculture.xml:9661 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5920 +#: freeculture.xml:5938 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -8304,42 +8378,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5947 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5930 +#: freeculture.xml:5948 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5931 +#: freeculture.xml:5949 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5932 +#: freeculture.xml:5950 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5933 +#: freeculture.xml:5951 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5934 +#: freeculture.xml:5952 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:7361 +#: freeculture.xml:5953 freeculture.xml:7379 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:5955 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -8354,7 +8428,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5950 +#: freeculture.xml:5968 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -8368,7 +8442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5962 +#: freeculture.xml:5980 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -8380,13 +8454,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5971 +#: freeculture.xml:5989 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5985 +#: freeculture.xml:6003 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -8396,7 +8470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5976 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -8410,7 +8484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5995 +#: freeculture.xml:6013 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -8422,7 +8496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6006 +#: freeculture.xml:6024 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -8438,7 +8512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6021 +#: freeculture.xml:6039 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -8451,7 +8525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6018 +#: freeculture.xml:6036 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -8464,7 +8538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6036 +#: freeculture.xml:6054 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -8475,7 +8549,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6044 +#: freeculture.xml:6062 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -8489,7 +8563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6059 +#: freeculture.xml:6077 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8501,7 +8575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6086 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -8509,7 +8583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6073 +#: freeculture.xml:6091 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -8524,7 +8598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6084 +#: freeculture.xml:6102 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -8541,7 +8615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6099 +#: freeculture.xml:6117 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8552,7 +8626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6126 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -8566,7 +8640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6120 +#: freeculture.xml:6138 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -8576,7 +8650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6146 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -8592,7 +8666,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6143 +#: freeculture.xml:6161 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -8604,19 +8678,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6152 +#: freeculture.xml:6170 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6153 freeculture.xml:6337 freeculture.xml:6644 +#: freeculture.xml:6171 freeculture.xml:6355 freeculture.xml:6662 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6156 +#: freeculture.xml:6174 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -8633,12 +8707,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6172 freeculture.xml:6231 freeculture.xml:6340 +#: freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6358 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6174 +#: freeculture.xml:6192 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -8651,12 +8725,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6184 freeculture.xml:6230 freeculture.xml:6320 freeculture.xml:6339 freeculture.xml:9268 freeculture.xml:9467 +#: freeculture.xml:6202 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6338 freeculture.xml:6357 freeculture.xml:9286 freeculture.xml:9485 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6186 +#: freeculture.xml:6204 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -8668,12 +8742,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6229 freeculture.xml:6278 freeculture.xml:6319 +#: freeculture.xml:6213 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:6296 freeculture.xml:6337 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6197 +#: freeculture.xml:6215 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -8692,7 +8766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6214 +#: freeculture.xml:6232 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -8700,7 +8774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6220 +#: freeculture.xml:6238 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -8712,12 +8786,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6228 +#: freeculture.xml:6246 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6233 +#: freeculture.xml:6251 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -8734,7 +8808,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6251 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -8748,7 +8822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6247 +#: freeculture.xml:6265 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -8765,27 +8839,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6275 +#: freeculture.xml:6293 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6276 +#: freeculture.xml:6294 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6317 +#: freeculture.xml:6335 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 +#: freeculture.xml:6336 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6288 +#: freeculture.xml:6306 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -8820,7 +8894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6280 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8831,12 +8905,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6324 +#: freeculture.xml:6342 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6326 +#: freeculture.xml:6344 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8845,18 +8919,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6332 +#: freeculture.xml:6350 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6336 freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:6354 freeculture.xml:6661 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6343 +#: freeculture.xml:6361 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8870,7 +8944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6355 +#: freeculture.xml:6373 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8882,7 +8956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6363 +#: freeculture.xml:6381 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8893,17 +8967,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6373 +#: freeculture.xml:6391 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6374 +#: freeculture.xml:6392 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6377 +#: freeculture.xml:6395 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -8917,13 +8991,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6388 +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6390 +#: freeculture.xml:6408 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8940,7 +9014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6407 +#: freeculture.xml:6425 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8951,13 +9025,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6414 +#: freeculture.xml:6432 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6426 +#: freeculture.xml:6444 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8969,7 +9043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6418 +#: freeculture.xml:6436 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8991,25 +9065,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:6465 freeculture.xml:14777 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:12995 +#: freeculture.xml:6466 freeculture.xml:13013 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6460 +#: freeculture.xml:6478 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6450 +#: freeculture.xml:6468 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9027,7 +9101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6471 +#: freeculture.xml:6489 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9039,7 +9113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:6499 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9056,7 +9130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6495 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9067,22 +9141,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6504 +#: freeculture.xml:6522 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6506 +#: freeculture.xml:6524 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6507 +#: freeculture.xml:6525 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6509 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9092,7 +9166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6516 +#: freeculture.xml:6534 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9100,17 +9174,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6520 +#: freeculture.xml:6538 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6521 +#: freeculture.xml:6539 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6523 +#: freeculture.xml:6541 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9119,7 +9193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6529 +#: freeculture.xml:6547 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9131,13 +9205,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6537 +#: freeculture.xml:6555 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6543 +#: freeculture.xml:6561 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9146,7 +9220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6539 +#: freeculture.xml:6557 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -9164,7 +9238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6560 +#: freeculture.xml:6578 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -9178,19 +9252,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6571 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6578 +#: freeculture.xml:6596 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6580 +#: freeculture.xml:6598 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -9199,7 +9273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6586 +#: freeculture.xml:6604 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -9208,7 +9282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6591 +#: freeculture.xml:6609 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -9222,7 +9296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6604 +#: freeculture.xml:6622 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -9235,7 +9309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6614 +#: freeculture.xml:6632 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -9252,7 +9326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6629 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -9263,7 +9337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6636 +#: freeculture.xml:6654 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -9271,38 +9345,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6647 +#: freeculture.xml:6665 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6650 +#: freeculture.xml:6668 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6651 +#: freeculture.xml:6669 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6654 +#: freeculture.xml:6672 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6659 +#: freeculture.xml:6677 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6675 +#: freeculture.xml:6693 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6669 +#: freeculture.xml:6687 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -9313,7 +9387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6661 +#: freeculture.xml:6679 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -9329,7 +9403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6685 +#: freeculture.xml:6703 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -9340,7 +9414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6693 +#: freeculture.xml:6711 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -9351,7 +9425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6708 +#: freeculture.xml:6726 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -9370,7 +9444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6700 +#: freeculture.xml:6718 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -9383,7 +9457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6724 +#: freeculture.xml:6742 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -9394,7 +9468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6739 +#: freeculture.xml:6757 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -9408,7 +9482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6733 +#: freeculture.xml:6751 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -9419,12 +9493,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6756 +#: freeculture.xml:6774 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6752 +#: freeculture.xml:6770 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -9437,7 +9511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6764 +#: freeculture.xml:6782 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -9448,7 +9522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6772 +#: freeculture.xml:6790 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -9462,7 +9536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6782 +#: freeculture.xml:6800 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -9474,7 +9548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6811 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -9486,7 +9560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6803 +#: freeculture.xml:6821 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -9498,7 +9572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6813 +#: freeculture.xml:6831 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -9510,7 +9584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6830 +#: freeculture.xml:6848 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -9519,7 +9593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6822 +#: freeculture.xml:6840 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -9531,12 +9605,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6839 +#: freeculture.xml:6857 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6841 +#: freeculture.xml:6859 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -9545,7 +9619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6847 +#: freeculture.xml:6865 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -9561,7 +9635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6860 +#: freeculture.xml:6878 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -9579,7 +9653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6875 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -9594,7 +9668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6889 +#: freeculture.xml:6907 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -9610,7 +9684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6903 +#: freeculture.xml:6921 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -9621,13 +9695,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6922 +#: freeculture.xml:6940 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -9637,7 +9711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6915 +#: freeculture.xml:6933 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -9651,7 +9725,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6934 +#: freeculture.xml:6952 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -9662,7 +9736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6943 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -9673,7 +9747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6952 +#: freeculture.xml:6970 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -9681,7 +9755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6957 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -9696,7 +9770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6971 +#: freeculture.xml:6989 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -9708,7 +9782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6993 +#: freeculture.xml:7011 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -9717,7 +9791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6983 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -9732,12 +9806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7015 +#: freeculture.xml:7033 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7008 +#: freeculture.xml:7026 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -9749,7 +9823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7003 +#: freeculture.xml:7021 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -9759,7 +9833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7020 +#: freeculture.xml:7038 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -9769,7 +9843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7028 +#: freeculture.xml:7046 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -9778,13 +9852,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7035 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7042 +#: freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -9798,7 +9872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7037 +#: freeculture.xml:7055 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -9809,7 +9883,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7054 +#: freeculture.xml:7072 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -9825,7 +9899,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7072 +#: freeculture.xml:7090 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -9834,7 +9908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7067 +#: freeculture.xml:7085 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -9846,30 +9920,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7083 +#: freeculture.xml:7101 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7087 +#: freeculture.xml:7105 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7088 +#: freeculture.xml:7106 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7090 +#: freeculture.xml:7108 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#: freeculture.xml:7111 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9884,17 +9958,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7106 +#: freeculture.xml:7124 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:7125 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7110 +#: freeculture.xml:7128 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9905,26 +9979,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7118 +#: freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7123 +#: freeculture.xml:7141 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7124 +#: freeculture.xml:7142 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7127 +#: freeculture.xml:7145 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9937,30 +10011,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7137 +#: freeculture.xml:7155 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7138 +#: freeculture.xml:7156 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7142 +#: freeculture.xml:7160 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7143 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7147 +#: freeculture.xml:7165 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9969,13 +10043,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7152 freeculture.xml:7186 freeculture.xml:7395 +#: freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:7413 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7157 +#: freeculture.xml:7175 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -9985,7 +10059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7154 +#: freeculture.xml:7172 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -10002,7 +10076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7175 +#: freeculture.xml:7193 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -10015,7 +10089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7188 +#: freeculture.xml:7206 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -10029,7 +10103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7200 +#: freeculture.xml:7218 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -10038,7 +10112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7206 +#: freeculture.xml:7224 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -10049,7 +10123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -10064,7 +10138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7226 +#: freeculture.xml:7244 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -10078,7 +10152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7258 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -10090,7 +10164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7251 +#: freeculture.xml:7269 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -10100,12 +10174,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:7317 freeculture.xml:13346 +#: freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:7335 freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7259 +#: freeculture.xml:7277 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -10118,7 +10192,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 +#: freeculture.xml:7286 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -10134,7 +10208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7283 +#: freeculture.xml:7301 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -10147,7 +10221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7311 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -10159,7 +10233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7303 +#: freeculture.xml:7321 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -10175,13 +10249,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7316 +#: freeculture.xml:7334 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7320 +#: freeculture.xml:7338 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -10198,7 +10272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7335 +#: freeculture.xml:7353 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -10209,12 +10283,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7344 +#: freeculture.xml:7362 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7346 +#: freeculture.xml:7364 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -10223,7 +10297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7352 +#: freeculture.xml:7370 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10233,18 +10307,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7359 +#: freeculture.xml:7377 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7360 freeculture.xml:7529 +#: freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7547 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7371 +#: freeculture.xml:7389 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -10252,7 +10326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7363 +#: freeculture.xml:7381 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -10263,14 +10337,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7398 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7376 +#: freeculture.xml:7394 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -10282,7 +10356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7390 +#: freeculture.xml:7408 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -10291,7 +10365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7397 +#: freeculture.xml:7415 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -10303,17 +10377,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7409 +#: freeculture.xml:7427 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7411 +#: freeculture.xml:7429 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7414 +#: freeculture.xml:7432 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -10322,13 +10396,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7421 +#: freeculture.xml:7439 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7425 +#: freeculture.xml:7443 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -10341,35 +10415,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7438 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7439 +#: freeculture.xml:7457 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7442 +#: freeculture.xml:7460 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7446 +#: freeculture.xml:7464 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7447 +#: freeculture.xml:7465 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7451 +#: freeculture.xml:7469 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -10380,74 +10454,74 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7458 +#: freeculture.xml:7476 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:7477 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7461 +#: freeculture.xml:7479 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7465 +#: freeculture.xml:7483 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7466 +#: freeculture.xml:7484 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7469 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7474 +#: freeculture.xml:7492 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7475 +#: freeculture.xml:7493 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7478 +#: freeculture.xml:7496 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7484 +#: freeculture.xml:7502 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:7503 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7488 +#: freeculture.xml:7506 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7498 +#: freeculture.xml:7516 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -10458,7 +10532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7491 +#: freeculture.xml:7509 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -10473,7 +10547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7513 +#: freeculture.xml:7531 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -10493,7 +10567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7532 +#: freeculture.xml:7550 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -10502,7 +10576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7538 +#: freeculture.xml:7556 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -10514,7 +10588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7547 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -10524,19 +10598,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7554 +#: freeculture.xml:7572 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7557 +#: freeculture.xml:7575 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7559 +#: freeculture.xml:7577 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -10546,17 +10620,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7567 +#: freeculture.xml:7585 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7569 +#: freeculture.xml:7587 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7573 +#: freeculture.xml:7591 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -10565,7 +10639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7578 +#: freeculture.xml:7596 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -10576,7 +10650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7586 +#: freeculture.xml:7604 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -10591,7 +10665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7599 +#: freeculture.xml:7617 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -10601,34 +10675,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7609 +#: freeculture.xml:7627 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7612 freeculture.xml:7756 freeculture.xml:7821 freeculture.xml:7929 +#: freeculture.xml:7630 freeculture.xml:7774 freeculture.xml:7839 freeculture.xml:7947 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:7930 +#: freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7840 freeculture.xml:7948 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:7931 +#: freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:7776 freeculture.xml:7841 freeculture.xml:7949 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:7931 +#: freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:7776 freeculture.xml:7841 freeculture.xml:7949 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7616 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -10637,7 +10711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7621 +#: freeculture.xml:7639 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -10648,7 +10722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7630 +#: freeculture.xml:7648 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -10659,12 +10733,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7637 +#: freeculture.xml:7655 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7639 +#: freeculture.xml:7657 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -10680,7 +10754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7653 +#: freeculture.xml:7671 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -10690,7 +10764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:7678 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -10701,7 +10775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7670 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -10716,12 +10790,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7685 +#: freeculture.xml:7703 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7687 +#: freeculture.xml:7705 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -10735,12 +10809,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 freeculture.xml:10199 +#: freeculture.xml:7728 freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7700 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -10759,7 +10833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7698 +#: freeculture.xml:7716 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -10769,7 +10843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:7736 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -10781,7 +10855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7728 +#: freeculture.xml:7746 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10791,7 +10865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7735 +#: freeculture.xml:7753 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10800,7 +10874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7741 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10811,7 +10885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7749 +#: freeculture.xml:7767 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10821,7 +10895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 +#: freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10829,7 +10903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7767 +#: freeculture.xml:7785 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10837,7 +10911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:7794 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10846,7 +10920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7782 +#: freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10855,7 +10929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7790 +#: freeculture.xml:7808 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10863,7 +10937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7795 +#: freeculture.xml:7813 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10876,7 +10950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7806 +#: freeculture.xml:7824 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10886,7 +10960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 +#: freeculture.xml:7831 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10898,7 +10972,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7825 +#: freeculture.xml:7843 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10912,7 +10986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7855 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10923,17 +10997,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7844 freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7862 freeculture.xml:7897 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7855 freeculture.xml:7892 freeculture.xml:7918 +#: freeculture.xml:7873 freeculture.xml:7910 freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7847 +#: freeculture.xml:7865 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10946,7 +11020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7874 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -10957,7 +11031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#: freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -10977,7 +11051,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7885 +#: freeculture.xml:7903 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10985,19 +11059,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7890 +#: freeculture.xml:7908 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:7913 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7916 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -11008,13 +11082,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7905 +#: freeculture.xml:7923 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7907 +#: freeculture.xml:7925 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -11023,17 +11097,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7915 +#: freeculture.xml:7933 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7916 +#: freeculture.xml:7934 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7920 +#: freeculture.xml:7938 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -11044,7 +11118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7933 +#: freeculture.xml:7951 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -11055,7 +11129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:7959 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -11069,7 +11143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7953 +#: freeculture.xml:7971 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -11084,7 +11158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7972 +#: freeculture.xml:7990 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -11093,7 +11167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7966 +#: freeculture.xml:7984 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -11103,7 +11177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7978 +#: freeculture.xml:7996 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -11113,7 +11187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7986 +#: freeculture.xml:8004 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -11126,7 +11200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7996 +#: freeculture.xml:8014 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -11137,13 +11211,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8023 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 +#: freeculture.xml:8025 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -11161,7 +11235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8025 +#: freeculture.xml:8043 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -11171,7 +11245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8032 +#: freeculture.xml:8050 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -11184,38 +11258,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8043 +#: freeculture.xml:8061 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8047 +#: freeculture.xml:8065 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 freeculture.xml:9392 +#: freeculture.xml:8066 freeculture.xml:9410 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8049 +#: freeculture.xml:8067 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8050 freeculture.xml:9393 +#: freeculture.xml:8068 freeculture.xml:9411 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8051 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8057 +#: freeculture.xml:8075 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -11224,7 +11298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8064 +#: freeculture.xml:8082 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -11232,14 +11306,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8070 +#: freeculture.xml:8088 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8053 +#: freeculture.xml:8071 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -11254,7 +11328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8075 +#: freeculture.xml:8093 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -11267,7 +11341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8087 +#: freeculture.xml:8105 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -11281,12 +11355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8101 freeculture.xml:8118 +#: freeculture.xml:8119 freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8116 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -11294,7 +11368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -11302,7 +11376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8105 +#: freeculture.xml:8123 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -11317,7 +11391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8123 +#: freeculture.xml:8141 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -11326,18 +11400,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8129 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8130 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8152 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -11345,7 +11419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8139 +#: freeculture.xml:8157 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -11354,24 +11428,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8145 +#: freeculture.xml:8163 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8148 +#: freeculture.xml:8166 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8150 freeculture.xml:8213 +#: freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8231 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8152 +#: freeculture.xml:8170 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -11382,7 +11456,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8164 +#: freeculture.xml:8182 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -11393,7 +11467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8159 +#: freeculture.xml:8177 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -11403,7 +11477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8175 +#: freeculture.xml:8193 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -11415,7 +11489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8194 +#: freeculture.xml:8212 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -11427,7 +11501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8184 +#: freeculture.xml:8202 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -11446,7 +11520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8215 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -11455,17 +11529,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8220 +#: freeculture.xml:8238 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8221 +#: freeculture.xml:8239 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8223 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -11474,7 +11548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8238 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -11482,7 +11556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8229 +#: freeculture.xml:8247 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -11493,7 +11567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8245 +#: freeculture.xml:8263 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -11507,13 +11581,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8256 +#: freeculture.xml:8274 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8265 +#: freeculture.xml:8283 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -11529,7 +11603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8258 +#: freeculture.xml:8276 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -11544,7 +11618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8282 +#: freeculture.xml:8300 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -11552,14 +11626,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8288 +#: freeculture.xml:8306 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8292 +#: freeculture.xml:8310 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -11568,7 +11642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8297 +#: freeculture.xml:8315 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -11586,7 +11660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8316 +#: freeculture.xml:8334 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -11594,7 +11668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 +#: freeculture.xml:8341 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -11609,14 +11683,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8335 +#: freeculture.xml:8353 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8339 +#: freeculture.xml:8357 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -11626,7 +11700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8345 +#: freeculture.xml:8363 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -11635,32 +11709,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8387 +#: freeculture.xml:8405 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8388 +#: freeculture.xml:8406 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8389 +#: freeculture.xml:8407 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8390 +#: freeculture.xml:8408 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8391 +#: freeculture.xml:8409 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8362 +#: freeculture.xml:8380 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -11694,7 +11768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8352 +#: freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -11708,7 +11782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8396 +#: freeculture.xml:8414 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -11721,12 +11795,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8409 +#: freeculture.xml:8427 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8411 +#: freeculture.xml:8429 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -11736,7 +11810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8435 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -11751,7 +11825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8433 +#: freeculture.xml:8451 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -11760,7 +11834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:8457 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -11774,7 +11848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8451 +#: freeculture.xml:8469 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -11789,7 +11863,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8463 +#: freeculture.xml:8481 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -11800,7 +11874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8487 +#: freeculture.xml:8505 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -11808,7 +11882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8472 +#: freeculture.xml:8490 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11826,14 +11900,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8493 +#: freeculture.xml:8511 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8497 +#: freeculture.xml:8515 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11843,38 +11917,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8509 freeculture.xml:8546 +#: freeculture.xml:8527 freeculture.xml:8564 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8510 freeculture.xml:8547 freeculture.xml:8585 freeculture.xml:8617 +#: freeculture.xml:8528 freeculture.xml:8565 freeculture.xml:8603 freeculture.xml:8635 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8515 freeculture.xml:8552 freeculture.xml:8590 freeculture.xml:8622 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 freeculture.xml:8570 freeculture.xml:8608 freeculture.xml:8640 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8516 freeculture.xml:8553 freeculture.xml:8554 freeculture.xml:8591 freeculture.xml:8592 freeculture.xml:8623 freeculture.xml:8624 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8629 +#: freeculture.xml:8534 freeculture.xml:8571 freeculture.xml:8572 freeculture.xml:8609 freeculture.xml:8610 freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:8642 freeculture.xml:8646 freeculture.xml:8647 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8517 freeculture.xml:8521 freeculture.xml:8522 freeculture.xml:8558 freeculture.xml:8559 freeculture.xml:8597 +#: freeculture.xml:8535 freeculture.xml:8539 freeculture.xml:8540 freeculture.xml:8576 freeculture.xml:8577 freeculture.xml:8615 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8520 freeculture.xml:8557 freeculture.xml:8595 freeculture.xml:8627 +#: freeculture.xml:8538 freeculture.xml:8575 freeculture.xml:8613 freeculture.xml:8645 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8529 +#: freeculture.xml:8547 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11884,12 +11958,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8538 +#: freeculture.xml:8556 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8566 +#: freeculture.xml:8584 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11898,7 +11972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8572 +#: freeculture.xml:8590 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11908,17 +11982,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8584 freeculture.xml:8616 +#: freeculture.xml:8602 freeculture.xml:8634 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8596 +#: freeculture.xml:8614 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8604 +#: freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11929,7 +12003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8636 +#: freeculture.xml:8654 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11938,7 +12012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8644 +#: freeculture.xml:8662 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11947,7 +12021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8650 +#: freeculture.xml:8668 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11961,12 +12035,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8674 +#: freeculture.xml:8692 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8668 +#: freeculture.xml:8686 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11977,7 +12051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8662 +#: freeculture.xml:8680 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -11995,7 +12069,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:8705 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -12014,7 +12088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8706 +#: freeculture.xml:8724 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -12029,33 +12103,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8723 +#: freeculture.xml:8741 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8727 +#: freeculture.xml:8745 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8728 +#: freeculture.xml:8746 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8729 +#: freeculture.xml:8747 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8730 +#: freeculture.xml:8748 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8738 +#: freeculture.xml:8756 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -12064,7 +12138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8733 +#: freeculture.xml:8751 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -12079,7 +12153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8750 +#: freeculture.xml:8768 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -12094,7 +12168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8762 +#: freeculture.xml:8780 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -12108,7 +12182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8773 +#: freeculture.xml:8791 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -12118,14 +12192,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8779 +#: freeculture.xml:8797 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8783 +#: freeculture.xml:8801 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -12133,7 +12207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8788 +#: freeculture.xml:8806 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -12142,7 +12216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8794 +#: freeculture.xml:8812 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -12152,7 +12226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8800 +#: freeculture.xml:8818 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -12164,7 +12238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8814 +#: freeculture.xml:8832 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -12175,7 +12249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8822 +#: freeculture.xml:8840 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -12192,7 +12266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8854 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -12205,7 +12279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8863 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -12217,7 +12291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:8874 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -12229,7 +12303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8866 +#: freeculture.xml:8884 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -12239,22 +12313,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8882 freeculture.xml:9164 freeculture.xml:10200 +#: freeculture.xml:8900 freeculture.xml:9182 freeculture.xml:10218 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8913 +#: freeculture.xml:8931 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8914 freeculture.xml:9635 +#: freeculture.xml:8932 freeculture.xml:9653 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8882 +#: freeculture.xml:8900 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -12290,7 +12364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8873 +#: freeculture.xml:8891 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -12303,7 +12377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8920 +#: freeculture.xml:8938 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -12313,7 +12387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8927 +#: freeculture.xml:8945 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -12327,7 +12401,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8939 +#: freeculture.xml:8957 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -12338,7 +12412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8947 +#: freeculture.xml:8965 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -12352,14 +12426,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8960 +#: freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8964 +#: freeculture.xml:8982 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -12370,7 +12444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:8999 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -12381,7 +12455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8971 +#: freeculture.xml:8989 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -12394,12 +12468,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8995 freeculture.xml:9353 +#: freeculture.xml:9013 freeculture.xml:9371 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8992 +#: freeculture.xml:9010 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -12407,7 +12481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8998 +#: freeculture.xml:9016 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -12415,12 +12489,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9006 +#: freeculture.xml:9024 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9008 +#: freeculture.xml:9026 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -12431,7 +12505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9016 +#: freeculture.xml:9034 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -12440,7 +12514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9022 +#: freeculture.xml:9040 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -12449,7 +12523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9030 +#: freeculture.xml:9048 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -12459,7 +12533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9038 +#: freeculture.xml:9056 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -12469,12 +12543,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9045 +#: freeculture.xml:9063 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9047 +#: freeculture.xml:9065 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -12491,7 +12565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9062 +#: freeculture.xml:9080 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -12506,7 +12580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9073 +#: freeculture.xml:9091 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -12516,7 +12590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9083 +#: freeculture.xml:9101 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -12530,12 +12604,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9093 freeculture.xml:9112 +#: freeculture.xml:9111 freeculture.xml:9130 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9107 +#: freeculture.xml:9125 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -12546,12 +12620,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 +#: freeculture.xml:9146 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9119 +#: freeculture.xml:9137 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -12565,7 +12639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:9113 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -12586,13 +12660,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9134 +#: freeculture.xml:9152 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9155 +#: freeculture.xml:9173 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12602,7 +12676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9136 +#: freeculture.xml:9154 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -12622,7 +12696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9166 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -12636,7 +12710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9179 +#: freeculture.xml:9197 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -12650,7 +12724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9190 +#: freeculture.xml:9208 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -12661,7 +12735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9201 +#: freeculture.xml:9219 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -12674,7 +12748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9211 +#: freeculture.xml:9229 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -12687,7 +12761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9222 +#: freeculture.xml:9240 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -12700,13 +12774,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9251 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9237 +#: freeculture.xml:9255 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -12719,12 +12793,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9250 +#: freeculture.xml:9268 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9252 +#: freeculture.xml:9270 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -12735,7 +12809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9260 +#: freeculture.xml:9278 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -12747,7 +12821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9270 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -12762,13 +12836,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9282 freeculture.xml:9390 +#: freeculture.xml:9300 freeculture.xml:9408 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9302 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -12783,7 +12857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9297 +#: freeculture.xml:9315 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -12791,12 +12865,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9301 +#: freeculture.xml:9319 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9303 +#: freeculture.xml:9321 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -12807,12 +12881,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9311 +#: freeculture.xml:9329 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9313 +#: freeculture.xml:9331 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -12822,7 +12896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9320 +#: freeculture.xml:9338 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12837,7 +12911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9332 +#: freeculture.xml:9350 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12847,7 +12921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9342 +#: freeculture.xml:9360 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12861,7 +12935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9355 +#: freeculture.xml:9373 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12873,12 +12947,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9365 +#: freeculture.xml:9383 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9368 +#: freeculture.xml:9386 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12891,7 +12965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9396 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12903,18 +12977,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9389 +#: freeculture.xml:9407 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9391 +#: freeculture.xml:9409 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9401 +#: freeculture.xml:9419 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -12927,7 +13001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9395 +#: freeculture.xml:9413 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -12947,22 +13021,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9423 +#: freeculture.xml:9441 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9424 +#: freeculture.xml:9442 msgid "cars, MP3 sound system in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9439 +#: freeculture.xml:9457 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9435 +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12972,7 +13046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9426 +#: freeculture.xml:9444 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12984,7 +13058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9444 +#: freeculture.xml:9462 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -12996,7 +13070,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9454 +#: freeculture.xml:9472 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -13012,7 +13086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9469 +#: freeculture.xml:9487 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -13027,7 +13101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9481 +#: freeculture.xml:9499 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -13046,7 +13120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9500 +#: freeculture.xml:9518 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -13056,7 +13130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9507 +#: freeculture.xml:9525 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -13070,7 +13144,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:9540 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -13080,12 +13154,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9535 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -13103,7 +13177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9539 +#: freeculture.xml:9557 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -13113,20 +13187,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9548 freeculture.xml:11386 +#: freeculture.xml:9566 freeculture.xml:11404 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9554 +#: freeculture.xml:9572 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9550 +#: freeculture.xml:9568 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -13136,7 +13210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9580 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -13144,7 +13218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9567 +#: freeculture.xml:9585 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -13153,14 +13227,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9581 +#: freeculture.xml:9599 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9575 +#: freeculture.xml:9593 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -13174,7 +13248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9610 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -13184,12 +13258,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9601 +#: freeculture.xml:9619 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9601 +#: freeculture.xml:9619 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -13208,17 +13282,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9620 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9636 +#: freeculture.xml:9654 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9620 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -13239,7 +13313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9599 +#: freeculture.xml:9617 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -13251,7 +13325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9647 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -13265,7 +13339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9658 +#: freeculture.xml:9676 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -13278,7 +13352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9669 +#: freeculture.xml:9687 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -13289,7 +13363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9678 +#: freeculture.xml:9696 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -13305,7 +13379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9694 +#: freeculture.xml:9712 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -13317,12 +13391,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9718 +#: freeculture.xml:9736 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9704 +#: freeculture.xml:9722 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -13340,12 +13414,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9728 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9723 +#: freeculture.xml:9741 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -13355,7 +13429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:9751 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -13366,7 +13440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9742 +#: freeculture.xml:9760 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -13381,12 +13455,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9781 +#: freeculture.xml:9799 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9764 +#: freeculture.xml:9782 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -13408,7 +13482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9757 +#: freeculture.xml:9775 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -13419,7 +13493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9789 +#: freeculture.xml:9807 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -13428,57 +13502,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9797 +#: freeculture.xml:9815 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9800 +#: freeculture.xml:9818 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:9821 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9806 +#: freeculture.xml:9824 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9809 +#: freeculture.xml:9827 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9812 +#: freeculture.xml:9830 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#: freeculture.xml:9833 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9821 +#: freeculture.xml:9839 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9824 +#: freeculture.xml:9842 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9827 +#: freeculture.xml:9845 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -13486,77 +13560,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9830 +#: freeculture.xml:9848 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9833 +#: freeculture.xml:9851 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9836 +#: freeculture.xml:9854 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9839 +#: freeculture.xml:9857 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9842 +#: freeculture.xml:9860 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9845 +#: freeculture.xml:9863 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9848 +#: freeculture.xml:9866 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9851 +#: freeculture.xml:9869 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9854 +#: freeculture.xml:9872 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9857 +#: freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9860 +#: freeculture.xml:9878 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9863 +#: freeculture.xml:9881 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9866 +#: freeculture.xml:9884 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9869 +#: freeculture.xml:9887 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9874 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -13567,7 +13641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9882 +#: freeculture.xml:9900 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -13575,12 +13649,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:14553 +#: freeculture.xml:9904 freeculture.xml:14571 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9889 +#: freeculture.xml:9907 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -13589,7 +13663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9895 +#: freeculture.xml:9913 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -13603,7 +13677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9911 +#: freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -13612,7 +13686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9920 +#: freeculture.xml:9938 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -13623,12 +13697,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9930 +#: freeculture.xml:9948 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9932 +#: freeculture.xml:9950 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -13636,7 +13710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9938 +#: freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -13645,7 +13719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9947 +#: freeculture.xml:9965 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -13656,7 +13730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9943 +#: freeculture.xml:9961 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -13674,7 +13748,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:9999 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -13682,7 +13756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9968 +#: freeculture.xml:9986 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -13704,13 +13778,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9992 +#: freeculture.xml:10010 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10004 +#: freeculture.xml:10022 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -13719,7 +13793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10012 +#: freeculture.xml:10030 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -13728,7 +13802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10022 +#: freeculture.xml:10040 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -13736,7 +13810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:10012 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -13759,12 +13833,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10030 +#: freeculture.xml:10048 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10032 +#: freeculture.xml:10050 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -13783,7 +13857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10049 +#: freeculture.xml:10067 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -13797,7 +13871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10062 +#: freeculture.xml:10080 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -13807,7 +13881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10069 +#: freeculture.xml:10087 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -13824,7 +13898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10083 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -13838,13 +13912,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10095 +#: freeculture.xml:10113 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10098 +#: freeculture.xml:10116 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -13855,7 +13929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10109 +#: freeculture.xml:10127 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13867,17 +13941,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10117 +#: freeculture.xml:10135 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10118 +#: freeculture.xml:10136 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10120 +#: freeculture.xml:10138 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -13891,7 +13965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10131 +#: freeculture.xml:10149 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13904,7 +13978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10141 +#: freeculture.xml:10159 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13918,7 +13992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10156 +#: freeculture.xml:10174 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13930,7 +14004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10165 +#: freeculture.xml:10183 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13943,7 +14017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10176 +#: freeculture.xml:10194 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13955,7 +14029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10185 +#: freeculture.xml:10203 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13965,7 +14039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:10209 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -13974,7 +14048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10202 +#: freeculture.xml:10220 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -13986,19 +14060,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10210 freeculture.xml:10310 +#: freeculture.xml:10228 freeculture.xml:10328 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10212 +#: freeculture.xml:10230 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:10235 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -14012,7 +14086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10229 +#: freeculture.xml:10247 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -14020,7 +14094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10234 +#: freeculture.xml:10252 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -14032,7 +14106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10252 +#: freeculture.xml:10270 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -14049,7 +14123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -14063,7 +14137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10270 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -14071,7 +14145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10266 +#: freeculture.xml:10284 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -14083,7 +14157,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10291 +#: freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -14106,7 +14180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10279 +#: freeculture.xml:10297 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -14124,7 +14198,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10312 +#: freeculture.xml:10330 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -14138,7 +14212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10327 +#: freeculture.xml:10345 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -14159,7 +14233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:10365 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -14170,12 +14244,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10360 +#: freeculture.xml:10378 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10365 +#: freeculture.xml:10383 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -14185,7 +14259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10372 +#: freeculture.xml:10390 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -14195,7 +14269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10380 +#: freeculture.xml:10398 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -14208,7 +14282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10390 +#: freeculture.xml:10408 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -14218,7 +14292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10398 +#: freeculture.xml:10416 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -14226,7 +14300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10403 +#: freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -14235,7 +14309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10409 +#: freeculture.xml:10427 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -14244,17 +14318,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:10437 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10420 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10422 +#: freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -14266,7 +14340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10431 +#: freeculture.xml:10449 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -14276,7 +14350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10438 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -14288,7 +14362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10449 +#: freeculture.xml:10467 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -14305,7 +14379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10473 +#: freeculture.xml:10491 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -14323,7 +14397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10462 +#: freeculture.xml:10480 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -14338,7 +14412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10490 +#: freeculture.xml:10508 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -14354,17 +14428,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10503 freeculture.xml:10513 +#: freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10504 freeculture.xml:10514 +#: freeculture.xml:10522 freeculture.xml:10532 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10513 +#: freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -14377,7 +14451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:10526 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -14386,7 +14460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10526 +#: freeculture.xml:10544 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -14397,7 +14471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10535 +#: freeculture.xml:10553 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -14407,7 +14481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10546 +#: freeculture.xml:10564 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -14415,7 +14489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10552 +#: freeculture.xml:10570 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -14429,13 +14503,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10561 freeculture.xml:12043 +#: freeculture.xml:10579 freeculture.xml:12061 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:10581 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -14448,7 +14522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10574 +#: freeculture.xml:10592 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -14461,7 +14535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10585 +#: freeculture.xml:10603 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -14473,7 +14547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10594 +#: freeculture.xml:10612 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -14485,7 +14559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10604 +#: freeculture.xml:10622 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -14495,7 +14569,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10611 +#: freeculture.xml:10629 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -14504,7 +14578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10619 +#: freeculture.xml:10637 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -14513,14 +14587,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10625 +#: freeculture.xml:10643 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10629 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -14528,7 +14602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10634 +#: freeculture.xml:10652 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -14537,7 +14611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10640 +#: freeculture.xml:10658 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -14546,14 +14620,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#: freeculture.xml:10664 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10650 +#: freeculture.xml:10668 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -14561,7 +14635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10656 +#: freeculture.xml:10674 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -14570,7 +14644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10662 +#: freeculture.xml:10680 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -14582,7 +14656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10673 +#: freeculture.xml:10691 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -14591,7 +14665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10685 +#: freeculture.xml:10703 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -14600,7 +14674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10692 +#: freeculture.xml:10710 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -14609,7 +14683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10700 +#: freeculture.xml:10718 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -14617,7 +14691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10678 +#: freeculture.xml:10696 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -14632,7 +14706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10707 +#: freeculture.xml:10725 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -14647,7 +14721,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10719 +#: freeculture.xml:10737 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -14659,7 +14733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10732 +#: freeculture.xml:10750 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -14669,7 +14743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10742 +#: freeculture.xml:10760 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -14679,12 +14753,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10748 freeculture.xml:11530 +#: freeculture.xml:10766 freeculture.xml:11548 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10750 +#: freeculture.xml:10768 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -14700,7 +14774,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10765 +#: freeculture.xml:10783 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -14708,14 +14782,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10772 +#: freeculture.xml:10790 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10763 +#: freeculture.xml:10781 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14728,7 +14802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10779 +#: freeculture.xml:10797 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -14743,7 +14817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10794 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14757,7 +14831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10800 +#: freeculture.xml:10818 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -14773,7 +14847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10813 +#: freeculture.xml:10831 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -14793,13 +14867,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10830 +#: freeculture.xml:10848 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -14808,7 +14882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -14820,7 +14894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10848 +#: freeculture.xml:10866 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -14832,7 +14906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10860 +#: freeculture.xml:10878 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -14847,7 +14921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10878 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -14857,7 +14931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10872 +#: freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -14869,7 +14943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10887 +#: freeculture.xml:10905 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -14880,7 +14954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10900 +#: freeculture.xml:10918 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -14891,14 +14965,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10926 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10912 +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -14906,7 +14980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10919 +#: freeculture.xml:10937 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14916,7 +14990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10928 +#: freeculture.xml:10946 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -14924,7 +14998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10933 +#: freeculture.xml:10951 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14936,7 +15010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10942 +#: freeculture.xml:10960 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14950,7 +15024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10957 +#: freeculture.xml:10975 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14964,7 +15038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10969 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14972,28 +15046,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:10992 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10975 freeculture.xml:11410 +#: freeculture.xml:10993 freeculture.xml:11428 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:10994 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10977 +#: freeculture.xml:10995 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10990 +#: freeculture.xml:11008 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -15003,7 +15077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10979 +#: freeculture.xml:10997 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -15018,7 +15092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10997 +#: freeculture.xml:11015 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -15028,7 +15102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11021 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -15040,7 +15114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11021 +#: freeculture.xml:11039 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -15052,7 +15126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11014 +#: freeculture.xml:11032 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -15063,7 +15137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11031 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -15073,7 +15147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11039 +#: freeculture.xml:11057 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -15084,7 +15158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11047 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -15099,7 +15173,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11058 +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -15109,7 +15183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11069 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -15118,7 +15192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11077 +#: freeculture.xml:11095 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -15129,7 +15203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11085 +#: freeculture.xml:11103 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -15140,7 +15214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11095 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -15154,7 +15228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11126 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -15162,7 +15236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11133 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -15175,7 +15249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11126 +#: freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -15186,7 +15260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11135 +#: freeculture.xml:11153 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -15195,12 +15269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11141 +#: freeculture.xml:11159 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11145 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -15215,7 +15289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11158 +#: freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -15228,7 +15302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11186 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -15242,7 +15316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11179 +#: freeculture.xml:11197 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -15251,7 +15325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:11203 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -15266,7 +15340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11209 +#: freeculture.xml:11227 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -15274,7 +15348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11197 +#: freeculture.xml:11215 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -15288,7 +15362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11216 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -15300,7 +15374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11225 +#: freeculture.xml:11243 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -15310,7 +15384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:11250 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -15324,7 +15398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11243 +#: freeculture.xml:11261 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -15333,13 +15407,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11248 +#: freeculture.xml:11266 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11250 +#: freeculture.xml:11268 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -15349,7 +15423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11259 +#: freeculture.xml:11277 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -15359,7 +15433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11266 +#: freeculture.xml:11284 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -15367,7 +15441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11272 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -15380,7 +15454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11283 +#: freeculture.xml:11301 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -15388,13 +15462,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11288 freeculture.xml:11302 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 freeculture.xml:11320 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11290 +#: freeculture.xml:11308 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -15406,17 +15480,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11300 freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:11675 freeculture.xml:11772 freeculture.xml:11992 freeculture.xml:12023 freeculture.xml:12121 +#: freeculture.xml:11318 freeculture.xml:11677 freeculture.xml:11693 freeculture.xml:11790 freeculture.xml:12010 freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11301 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11304 +#: freeculture.xml:11322 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -15429,7 +15503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11314 +#: freeculture.xml:11332 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -15451,7 +15525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11335 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -15462,7 +15536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11343 +#: freeculture.xml:11361 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -15481,17 +15555,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11361 freeculture.xml:11388 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 freeculture.xml:11406 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11362 +#: freeculture.xml:11380 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:11382 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -15508,7 +15582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11378 +#: freeculture.xml:11396 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -15519,7 +15593,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11390 +#: freeculture.xml:11408 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -15532,17 +15606,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11402 +#: freeculture.xml:11420 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11403 +#: freeculture.xml:11421 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11405 +#: freeculture.xml:11423 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -15551,7 +15625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11412 +#: freeculture.xml:11430 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -15560,32 +15634,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11418 +#: freeculture.xml:11436 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11419 +#: freeculture.xml:11437 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11420 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11421 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11422 +#: freeculture.xml:11440 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11424 +#: freeculture.xml:11442 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -15599,28 +15673,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11434 freeculture.xml:11452 freeculture.xml:11661 freeculture.xml:12024 +#: freeculture.xml:11452 freeculture.xml:11470 freeculture.xml:11679 freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11435 +#: freeculture.xml:11453 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11437 freeculture.xml:11660 freeculture.xml:12780 +#: freeculture.xml:11455 freeculture.xml:11678 freeculture.xml:12798 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11439 +#: freeculture.xml:11457 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -15634,7 +15708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11454 +#: freeculture.xml:11472 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -15648,7 +15722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11466 +#: freeculture.xml:11484 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -15658,7 +15732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:11491 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -15669,13 +15743,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11481 +#: freeculture.xml:11499 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11490 +#: freeculture.xml:11508 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -15683,7 +15757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11498 +#: freeculture.xml:11516 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -15692,7 +15766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11483 +#: freeculture.xml:11501 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -15709,7 +15783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11507 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -15724,7 +15798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11519 +#: freeculture.xml:11537 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -15734,7 +15808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11526 +#: freeculture.xml:11544 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -15742,12 +15816,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11531 freeculture.xml:11717 +#: freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:11735 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11533 +#: freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -15760,18 +15834,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11542 freeculture.xml:11567 freeculture.xml:11919 freeculture.xml:11931 +#: freeculture.xml:11560 freeculture.xml:11585 freeculture.xml:11937 freeculture.xml:11949 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11543 freeculture.xml:11883 +#: freeculture.xml:11561 freeculture.xml:11901 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11545 +#: freeculture.xml:11563 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -15784,7 +15858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11557 +#: freeculture.xml:11575 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -15797,7 +15871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11587 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -15807,7 +15881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11578 +#: freeculture.xml:11596 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -15818,7 +15892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11586 +#: freeculture.xml:11604 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -15831,7 +15905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -15846,7 +15920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11610 +#: freeculture.xml:11628 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -15856,7 +15930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11618 +#: freeculture.xml:11636 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -15865,7 +15939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11625 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -15880,7 +15954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11658 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -15890,7 +15964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11650 +#: freeculture.xml:11668 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -15901,7 +15975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11663 +#: freeculture.xml:11681 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -15910,7 +15984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11669 +#: freeculture.xml:11687 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -15920,7 +15994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11677 +#: freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -15934,7 +16008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11705 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -15944,7 +16018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11697 +#: freeculture.xml:11715 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15960,7 +16034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11712 +#: freeculture.xml:11730 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15969,14 +16043,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11737 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:11742 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15985,7 +16059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:11749 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -15994,7 +16068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -16002,14 +16076,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11751 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -16019,14 +16093,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11777 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11783 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -16036,7 +16110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11774 +#: freeculture.xml:11792 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -16046,7 +16120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11781 +#: freeculture.xml:11799 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -16055,21 +16129,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11786 +#: freeculture.xml:11804 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11793 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11797 +#: freeculture.xml:11815 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -16078,12 +16152,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11805 +#: freeculture.xml:11823 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11807 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -16091,7 +16165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11813 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -16100,7 +16174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11821 +#: freeculture.xml:11839 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -16116,7 +16190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11834 +#: freeculture.xml:11852 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -16125,7 +16199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11843 +#: freeculture.xml:11861 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -16142,7 +16216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11858 +#: freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -16153,7 +16227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11866 +#: freeculture.xml:11884 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -16161,7 +16235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11871 +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -16169,7 +16243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11877 +#: freeculture.xml:11895 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -16180,7 +16254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11887 +#: freeculture.xml:11905 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -16188,7 +16262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11892 +#: freeculture.xml:11910 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -16197,7 +16271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11898 +#: freeculture.xml:11916 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -16211,7 +16285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11927 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -16224,7 +16298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11921 +#: freeculture.xml:11939 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -16239,7 +16313,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11934 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -16253,7 +16327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11945 +#: freeculture.xml:11963 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -16264,7 +16338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11952 +#: freeculture.xml:11970 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -16272,12 +16346,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11957 +#: freeculture.xml:11975 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11959 +#: freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -16295,7 +16369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11972 +#: freeculture.xml:11990 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -16310,7 +16384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11987 +#: freeculture.xml:12005 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -16318,7 +16392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11994 +#: freeculture.xml:12012 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -16333,7 +16407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12005 +#: freeculture.xml:12023 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -16352,7 +16426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12026 +#: freeculture.xml:12044 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -16360,7 +16434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12031 +#: freeculture.xml:12049 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -16369,7 +16443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12037 +#: freeculture.xml:12055 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -16379,7 +16453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12045 +#: freeculture.xml:12063 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -16389,7 +16463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12052 +#: freeculture.xml:12070 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -16402,7 +16476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12061 +#: freeculture.xml:12079 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -16416,7 +16490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -16427,12 +16501,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12090 freeculture.xml:12095 +#: freeculture.xml:12108 freeculture.xml:12113 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -16443,19 +16517,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12093 +#: freeculture.xml:12111 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12094 +#: freeculture.xml:12112 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12116 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -16468,12 +16542,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12109 +#: freeculture.xml:12127 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12111 +#: freeculture.xml:12129 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -16486,7 +16560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12123 +#: freeculture.xml:12141 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -16500,7 +16574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:12151 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -16510,7 +16584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12141 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -16518,7 +16592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12146 +#: freeculture.xml:12164 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -16530,12 +16604,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12154 freeculture.xml:12355 +#: freeculture.xml:12172 freeculture.xml:12373 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12156 +#: freeculture.xml:12174 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -16549,7 +16623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12168 +#: freeculture.xml:12186 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -16562,22 +16636,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12178 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12179 freeculture.xml:12220 +#: freeculture.xml:12197 freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -16600,7 +16674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12182 +#: freeculture.xml:12200 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -16615,7 +16689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12214 +#: freeculture.xml:12232 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -16625,7 +16699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12222 +#: freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -16638,7 +16712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12232 +#: freeculture.xml:12250 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -16649,7 +16723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12240 +#: freeculture.xml:12258 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -16660,7 +16734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12248 +#: freeculture.xml:12266 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -16672,7 +16746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12260 +#: freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -16683,7 +16757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12269 +#: freeculture.xml:12287 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -16701,7 +16775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12285 +#: freeculture.xml:12303 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -16716,7 +16790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12300 +#: freeculture.xml:12318 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -16729,7 +16803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12310 +#: freeculture.xml:12328 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -16741,7 +16815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12319 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -16751,7 +16825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12326 +#: freeculture.xml:12344 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -16761,7 +16835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12333 +#: freeculture.xml:12351 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -16770,7 +16844,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12339 +#: freeculture.xml:12357 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -16788,7 +16862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12357 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -16798,12 +16872,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:12381 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:12383 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -16814,7 +16888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12374 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -16826,7 +16900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12382 +#: freeculture.xml:12400 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -16848,7 +16922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12403 +#: freeculture.xml:12421 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -16859,7 +16933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12411 +#: freeculture.xml:12429 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -16872,7 +16946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12421 +#: freeculture.xml:12439 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -16882,7 +16956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12430 +#: freeculture.xml:12448 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -16896,12 +16970,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12440 +#: freeculture.xml:12458 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12442 +#: freeculture.xml:12460 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -16914,12 +16988,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12452 +#: freeculture.xml:12470 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12455 +#: freeculture.xml:12473 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -16932,7 +17006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12466 +#: freeculture.xml:12484 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -16943,7 +17017,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12492 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -16954,7 +17028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12486 +#: freeculture.xml:12504 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -16964,7 +17038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -16976,27 +17050,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12505 +#: freeculture.xml:12523 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12506 +#: freeculture.xml:12524 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:12525 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12508 +#: freeculture.xml:12526 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12528 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -17006,7 +17080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12517 +#: freeculture.xml:12535 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -17017,7 +17091,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12532 +#: freeculture.xml:12550 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -17028,7 +17102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12525 +#: freeculture.xml:12543 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -17041,7 +17115,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12543 +#: freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -17052,7 +17126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12551 +#: freeculture.xml:12569 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -17065,7 +17139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12562 +#: freeculture.xml:12580 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -17075,12 +17149,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12580 freeculture.xml:13035 +#: freeculture.xml:12598 freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12578 +#: freeculture.xml:12596 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -17089,7 +17163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12569 +#: freeculture.xml:12587 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -17102,7 +17176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12591 +#: freeculture.xml:12609 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17117,7 +17191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12618 +#: freeculture.xml:12636 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17126,7 +17200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12585 +#: freeculture.xml:12603 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -17149,7 +17223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12624 +#: freeculture.xml:12642 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -17161,7 +17235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12634 +#: freeculture.xml:12652 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -17172,7 +17246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12660 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -17186,7 +17260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -17204,7 +17278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12651 +#: freeculture.xml:12669 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -17216,7 +17290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12696 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17229,7 +17303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12688 +#: freeculture.xml:12706 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17240,7 +17314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12696 +#: freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17252,7 +17326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12704 +#: freeculture.xml:12722 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17269,7 +17343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12719 +#: freeculture.xml:12737 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17277,7 +17351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12725 +#: freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17291,7 +17365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17303,7 +17377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12748 +#: freeculture.xml:12766 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17318,7 +17392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12762 +#: freeculture.xml:12780 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -17335,43 +17409,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12775 +#: freeculture.xml:12793 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12775 +#: freeculture.xml:12793 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12776 +#: freeculture.xml:12794 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12795 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12778 +#: freeculture.xml:12796 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12779 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12781 +#: freeculture.xml:12799 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12786 +#: freeculture.xml:12804 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -17386,22 +17460,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12814 freeculture.xml:13505 +#: freeculture.xml:12832 freeculture.xml:13523 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12815 freeculture.xml:12882 freeculture.xml:13431 +#: freeculture.xml:12833 freeculture.xml:12900 freeculture.xml:13449 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12816 freeculture.xml:13568 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 freeculture.xml:13586 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12801 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -17427,7 +17501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12820 +#: freeculture.xml:12838 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -17438,14 +17512,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12828 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12827 +#: freeculture.xml:12845 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -17457,7 +17531,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12838 +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17481,7 +17555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12862 +#: freeculture.xml:12880 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17490,12 +17564,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:14551 +#: freeculture.xml:12885 freeculture.xml:14569 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12869 +#: freeculture.xml:12887 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -17509,13 +17583,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12879 +#: freeculture.xml:12897 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12895 +#: freeculture.xml:12913 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -17536,7 +17610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12884 +#: freeculture.xml:12902 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -17551,18 +17625,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12912 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12913 +#: freeculture.xml:12931 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12915 +#: freeculture.xml:12933 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -17580,25 +17654,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12932 +#: freeculture.xml:12950 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 +#: freeculture.xml:12951 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12943 +#: freeculture.xml:12961 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12935 +#: freeculture.xml:12953 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -17611,7 +17685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:12967 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -17621,12 +17695,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 freeculture.xml:13009 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 freeculture.xml:13027 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12958 +#: freeculture.xml:12976 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -17638,12 +17712,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12986 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12972 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -17656,12 +17730,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12981 +#: freeculture.xml:12999 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12983 +#: freeculture.xml:13001 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -17677,7 +17751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12997 +#: freeculture.xml:13015 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -17693,7 +17767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13029 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -17707,7 +17781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13023 +#: freeculture.xml:13041 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -17721,14 +17795,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13040 +#: freeculture.xml:13058 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13037 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17739,7 +17813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13049 +#: freeculture.xml:13067 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -17749,7 +17823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13056 +#: freeculture.xml:13074 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -17762,7 +17836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13068 +#: freeculture.xml:13086 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -17775,7 +17849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13097 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -17787,7 +17861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13087 +#: freeculture.xml:13105 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -17795,7 +17869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13093 +#: freeculture.xml:13111 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -17810,7 +17884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13104 +#: freeculture.xml:13122 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -17820,17 +17894,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13112 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13116 +#: freeculture.xml:13134 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13136 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -17844,7 +17918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13129 +#: freeculture.xml:13147 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -17854,7 +17928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13137 +#: freeculture.xml:13155 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -17864,7 +17938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -17876,7 +17950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13172 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -17886,7 +17960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13179 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -17897,20 +17971,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13169 +#: freeculture.xml:13187 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13172 +#: freeculture.xml:13190 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17929,7 +18003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13196 +#: freeculture.xml:13214 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17939,7 +18013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13203 +#: freeculture.xml:13221 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17947,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13174 +#: freeculture.xml:13192 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -17967,38 +18041,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13220 +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13221 +#: freeculture.xml:13239 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13222 freeculture.xml:13584 +#: freeculture.xml:13240 freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13223 +#: freeculture.xml:13241 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13224 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13224 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13229 +#: freeculture.xml:13247 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18007,7 +18081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13238 +#: freeculture.xml:13256 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18016,7 +18090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13226 +#: freeculture.xml:13244 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -18035,20 +18109,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13252 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13260 +#: freeculture.xml:13278 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13264 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -18056,7 +18130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:13287 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -18065,7 +18139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#: freeculture.xml:13293 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -18074,7 +18148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13282 +#: freeculture.xml:13300 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -18084,12 +18158,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13291 +#: freeculture.xml:13309 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13293 +#: freeculture.xml:13311 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -18099,7 +18173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13300 +#: freeculture.xml:13318 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -18113,7 +18187,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13310 +#: freeculture.xml:13328 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18125,7 +18199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13322 +#: freeculture.xml:13340 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -18142,7 +18216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13354 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -18153,12 +18227,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:13363 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13348 +#: freeculture.xml:13366 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -18170,12 +18244,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13376 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13380 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -18193,17 +18267,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13377 +#: freeculture.xml:13395 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13378 +#: freeculture.xml:13396 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#: freeculture.xml:13398 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -18216,7 +18290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#: freeculture.xml:13408 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -18229,7 +18303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13407 +#: freeculture.xml:13425 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18244,7 +18318,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13401 +#: freeculture.xml:13419 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18258,7 +18332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13425 +#: freeculture.xml:13443 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -18270,12 +18344,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13433 +#: freeculture.xml:13451 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13435 +#: freeculture.xml:13453 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18285,7 +18359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13443 +#: freeculture.xml:13461 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18299,7 +18373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13455 +#: freeculture.xml:13473 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18312,7 +18386,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13464 +#: freeculture.xml:13482 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18322,12 +18396,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13474 +#: freeculture.xml:13492 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18338,7 +18412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13482 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18351,7 +18425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13493 +#: freeculture.xml:13511 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18362,7 +18436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13501 +#: freeculture.xml:13519 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -18371,7 +18445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13507 +#: freeculture.xml:13525 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18388,7 +18462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13523 +#: freeculture.xml:13541 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18400,7 +18474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:13550 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18408,7 +18482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13537 +#: freeculture.xml:13555 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18423,7 +18497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13549 +#: freeculture.xml:13567 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18433,7 +18507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13557 +#: freeculture.xml:13575 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18448,7 +18522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13571 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18459,24 +18533,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13583 +#: freeculture.xml:13601 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13604 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:13609 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -18490,7 +18564,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -18509,7 +18583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13620 +#: freeculture.xml:13638 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -18523,7 +18597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13631 +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -18536,13 +18610,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13641 +#: freeculture.xml:13659 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13643 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -18556,7 +18630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13673 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -18571,7 +18645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13668 +#: freeculture.xml:13686 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -18581,7 +18655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13675 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -18595,7 +18669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13687 +#: freeculture.xml:13705 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -18603,18 +18677,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13710 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -18626,23 +18700,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13706 +#: freeculture.xml:13724 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13725 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13726 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13725 +#: freeculture.xml:13743 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -18651,7 +18725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13710 +#: freeculture.xml:13728 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -18671,7 +18745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13734 +#: freeculture.xml:13752 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -18686,7 +18760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13746 +#: freeculture.xml:13764 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -18697,7 +18771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -18708,7 +18782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13764 +#: freeculture.xml:13782 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -18719,12 +18793,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13798 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -18734,7 +18808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13787 +#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -18743,12 +18817,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13794 +#: freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -18758,14 +18832,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13803 +#: freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:13826 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -18774,12 +18848,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13814 +#: freeculture.xml:13832 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13817 +#: freeculture.xml:13835 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -18790,7 +18864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13826 +#: freeculture.xml:13844 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -18805,7 +18879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13840 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -18813,7 +18887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13838 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -18823,7 +18897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13848 +#: freeculture.xml:13866 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -18834,12 +18908,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13860 +#: freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13862 +#: freeculture.xml:13880 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -18854,7 +18928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13893 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -18866,7 +18940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13884 +#: freeculture.xml:13902 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -18879,7 +18953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -18893,12 +18967,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13909 +#: freeculture.xml:13927 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13911 +#: freeculture.xml:13929 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -18910,7 +18984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13921 +#: freeculture.xml:13939 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -18918,7 +18992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13927 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -18932,7 +19006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -18941,7 +19015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -18957,7 +19031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13957 +#: freeculture.xml:13975 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -18967,12 +19041,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13965 +#: freeculture.xml:13983 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -18986,7 +19060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13995 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -18997,7 +19071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13985 +#: freeculture.xml:14003 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19005,7 +19079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:14008 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19016,12 +19090,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14002 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14004 +#: freeculture.xml:14022 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19030,7 +19104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14017 +#: freeculture.xml:14035 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19038,7 +19112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14009 +#: freeculture.xml:14027 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19051,7 +19125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14024 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19060,7 +19134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14032 +#: freeculture.xml:14050 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19073,7 +19147,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14041 +#: freeculture.xml:14059 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19087,13 +19161,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:14071 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14064 +#: freeculture.xml:14082 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19101,7 +19175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14056 +#: freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19116,7 +19190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14075 +#: freeculture.xml:14093 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19133,7 +19207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19141,7 +19215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14097 +#: freeculture.xml:14115 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19151,12 +19225,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14107 +#: freeculture.xml:14125 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14111 +#: freeculture.xml:14129 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19167,7 +19241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19179,20 +19253,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14127 +#: freeculture.xml:14145 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14133 +#: freeculture.xml:14151 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14129 +#: freeculture.xml:14147 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -19204,12 +19278,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14146 +#: freeculture.xml:14164 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14142 +#: freeculture.xml:14160 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19218,7 +19292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14151 +#: freeculture.xml:14169 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19228,7 +19302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14158 +#: freeculture.xml:14176 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19240,7 +19314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14171 +#: freeculture.xml:14189 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19255,7 +19329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14185 +#: freeculture.xml:14203 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19265,12 +19339,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14201 +#: freeculture.xml:14219 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14199 +#: freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19278,7 +19352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:14211 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19288,7 +19362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#: freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19299,7 +19373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14214 +#: freeculture.xml:14232 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19309,12 +19383,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14224 +#: freeculture.xml:14242 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14244 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19324,7 +19398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14233 +#: freeculture.xml:14251 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19335,7 +19409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14242 +#: freeculture.xml:14260 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19345,7 +19419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:14267 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19356,7 +19430,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14258 +#: freeculture.xml:14276 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19364,7 +19438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14263 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19373,7 +19447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:14287 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19382,7 +19456,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14275 +#: freeculture.xml:14293 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19390,7 +19464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19401,7 +19475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14291 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19411,7 +19485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:14317 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19419,7 +19493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14304 +#: freeculture.xml:14322 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19434,7 +19508,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14316 +#: freeculture.xml:14334 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19450,13 +19524,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:14348 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19464,7 +19538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -19486,7 +19560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14357 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -19502,7 +19576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14373 +#: freeculture.xml:14391 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -19516,7 +19590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14384 +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -19528,7 +19602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -19541,7 +19615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -19554,7 +19628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14416 +#: freeculture.xml:14434 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -19566,7 +19640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:14444 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -19579,7 +19653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14454 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -19590,14 +19664,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14444 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14448 +#: freeculture.xml:14466 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -19611,7 +19685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -19622,17 +19696,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14466 freeculture.xml:14508 +#: freeculture.xml:14484 freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14506 +#: freeculture.xml:14524 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14472 +#: freeculture.xml:14490 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -19674,7 +19748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14468 +#: freeculture.xml:14486 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19689,7 +19763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14522 +#: freeculture.xml:14540 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -19707,7 +19781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14539 +#: freeculture.xml:14557 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -19720,17 +19794,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14552 +#: freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14554 +#: freeculture.xml:14572 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14556 +#: freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -19748,27 +19822,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14571 +#: freeculture.xml:14589 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14571 +#: freeculture.xml:14589 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:14592 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:14592 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14576 +#: freeculture.xml:14594 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -19784,7 +19858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14588 +#: freeculture.xml:14606 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -19795,13 +19869,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14597 +#: freeculture.xml:14615 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14602 +#: freeculture.xml:14620 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -19810,19 +19884,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14609 +#: freeculture.xml:14627 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14615 +#: freeculture.xml:14633 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14619 +#: freeculture.xml:14637 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -19830,14 +19904,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14625 +#: freeculture.xml:14643 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14630 +#: freeculture.xml:14648 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -19846,7 +19920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14636 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -19863,7 +19937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14650 +#: freeculture.xml:14668 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -19873,12 +19947,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14661 +#: freeculture.xml:14679 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14663 +#: freeculture.xml:14681 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -19887,7 +19961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14669 +#: freeculture.xml:14687 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -19897,23 +19971,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14676 +#: freeculture.xml:14694 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14695 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14695 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14688 +#: freeculture.xml:14706 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -19921,7 +19995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14679 +#: freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -19934,7 +20008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14694 +#: freeculture.xml:14712 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -19942,7 +20016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14704 +#: freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -19962,7 +20036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14699 +#: freeculture.xml:14717 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -19974,7 +20048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14728 +#: freeculture.xml:14746 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -19984,7 +20058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14736 +#: freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -19997,7 +20071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14746 +#: freeculture.xml:14764 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20008,7 +20082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14754 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20016,7 +20090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14761 +#: freeculture.xml:14779 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20029,7 +20103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14770 +#: freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20039,7 +20113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14779 +#: freeculture.xml:14797 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20047,12 +20121,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14788 +#: freeculture.xml:14806 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14790 +#: freeculture.xml:14808 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20066,12 +20140,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14827 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14811 +#: freeculture.xml:14829 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20080,7 +20154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14818 +#: freeculture.xml:14836 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20096,7 +20170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14831 +#: freeculture.xml:14849 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20109,7 +20183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:14860 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20131,7 +20205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:14880 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20142,7 +20216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14871 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 8cc5b1a..fa1a4e0 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ c INDEX <preface id="preface"> <title>PREFACE -Pogue, David +Pogue, David At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace, David @@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ off. It is an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have fundamentally affected people who aren't online. There is no switch that will insulate us from the Internet's effect. - + But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the @@ -527,6 +527,8 @@ property, and the Causbys wanted it to stop. Causby, Thomas Lee Causby, Tinie +Douglas, William O. +Supreme Court, U.S.on airspace vs. land rights The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the @@ -564,6 +566,7 @@ Goldstein, Real Property (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press Common sense revolts at the idea. + This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to @@ -596,13 +599,15 @@ end, the force of what seems obvious to everyone else—the p common sense—would prevail. Their private interest would not be allowed to defeat an obvious public gain. - - + + + Armstrong, Edwin Howard Bell, Alexander Graham Edison, Thomas Faraday, Michael +radioFM spectrum of Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American @@ -654,6 +659,8 @@ Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong
+RCA +mediaownership concentration in As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong @@ -684,14 +691,15 @@ www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at
-Lessing, Lawrence +FM radio +Sarnoff, David Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described, -Sarnoff, David +Lessing, Lawrence
The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight @@ -703,6 +711,7 @@ on which RCA had grown to power.Lessing, 226.
+FCCon FM radio RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew @@ -727,7 +736,7 @@ Lessing, 256.
- + AT&T To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, @@ -739,6 +748,8 @@ FM relaying stations would mean radio stations would have to buy wired links from AT&T.) The spread of FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily. + + Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's patents. After incorporating FM technology into the @@ -751,6 +762,7 @@ would not even cover Armstrong's lawyers' fees. Defeated, broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death. + This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and @@ -768,6 +780,9 @@ another, are sustained through this subtle corruption of our political process. RCA had what the Causbys did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change. + + +Internetdevelopment of There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet @@ -803,7 +818,9 @@ old as the Republic itself. Most, if they recognized this change, would reject it. Yet most don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced. + Barlow, Joel +culturecommercial vs. noncommercial Webster, Noah We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between @@ -912,6 +929,7 @@ more efficient, more vibrant technology for building culture. They are succeeding in their plan to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them. + Valenti, Jack on creative property rights It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the @@ -1105,7 +1123,7 @@ to which most of us remain oblivious. Copyright lawEnglish -Mansfield, William Murray, Lord +Mansfield, William Murray, Lord music publishing sheet music @@ -1275,7 +1293,7 @@ context the current battles about behavior labeled piracy. CHAPTER ONE: Creators -animated cartoons +animated cartoons cartoon films In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse @@ -1547,7 +1565,7 @@ the permission of the original copyright owner is illegal. It is an infringement of the original copyright to make a copy or a derivative work without the original copyright owner's permission. -Winick, Judd +Winick, Judd Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga @@ -1735,7 +1753,7 @@ free culture. It is becoming much less so. CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote> camera technology -photography +photography Daguerre, Louis In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented @@ -1759,7 +1777,7 @@ taking of a picture from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a process within reach of most amateurs. -Eastman, George +Eastman, George The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George @@ -2401,7 +2419,7 @@ rises in the ranks of stories. People read what is popular; what is popular has been selected by a very democratic process of peer-generated rankings. -Winer, Dave +Winer, Dave There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle @@ -2498,7 +2516,7 @@ extraordinary to report. -Brown, John Seely +Brown, John Seely advertising John Seely Brown is the chief @@ -2624,7 +2642,7 @@ quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence. CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs RPIRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) -Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) +Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer