From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 13 Sep 2015 08:19:45 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Generated. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~102 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/0d94ea7914151e21f09a8449f0dbdf2f952b9be1?ds=sidebyside Generated. --- diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 41b7955..fb2e1db 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-12 17:00+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-13 08:26+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15814 +#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15842 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " @@ -339,17 +339,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:989 +#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:990 msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13835 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:13863 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13836 +#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:13864 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:417 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:978 +#: freeculture.xml:417 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:979 msgid "Wright brothers" msgstr "" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14864 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14892 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4655 freeculture.xml:13737 freeculture.xml:14865 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:4669 freeculture.xml:13765 freeculture.xml:14893 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14865 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14893 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:13152 freeculture.xml:13939 +#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9603 freeculture.xml:13180 freeculture.xml:13967 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9583 freeculture.xml:13153 freeculture.xml:13940 +#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9604 freeculture.xml:13181 freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4544 freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:8895 freeculture.xml:14251 +#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:4558 freeculture.xml:5160 freeculture.xml:8916 freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:10288 +#: freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:9611 freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -657,12 +657,12 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:3355 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:8611 freeculture.xml:10192 freeculture.xml:10240 +#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:3365 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:6847 freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10213 freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6827 +#: freeculture.xml:547 freeculture.xml:6847 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" @@ -732,17 +732,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6830 freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:6850 freeculture.xml:14031 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2475 freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2527 freeculture.xml:2529 +#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2533 msgid "media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2529 +#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:2533 msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "" @@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6826 +#: freeculture.xml:631 freeculture.xml:6846 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2358 freeculture.xml:2442 freeculture.xml:2476 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:6710 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7635 freeculture.xml:10191 freeculture.xml:13468 freeculture.xml:14034 freeculture.xml:14035 freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2362 freeculture.xml:2446 freeculture.xml:2480 freeculture.xml:2506 freeculture.xml:2757 freeculture.xml:4173 freeculture.xml:6730 freeculture.xml:7588 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:10212 freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:14062 freeculture.xml:14063 freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13468 freeculture.xml:14034 +#: freeculture.xml:724 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:14062 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -974,23 +974,28 @@ msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:762 +#: freeculture.xml:762 freeculture.xml:763 msgid "culture" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:762 freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:1702 freeculture.xml:5267 freeculture.xml:6501 freeculture.xml:14102 +msgid "free culture" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:762 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:763 +#: freeculture.xml:764 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:765 +#: freeculture.xml:766 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1004,7 +1009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:777 +#: freeculture.xml:778 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1018,22 +1023,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:2849 freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:2877 freeculture.xml:2878 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:788 freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:2882 freeculture.xml:2883 freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:9670 freeculture.xml:9671 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:9947 freeculture.xml:9948 freeculture.xml:9991 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:787 +#: freeculture.xml:788 msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:803 freeculture.xml:1939 freeculture.xml:1952 +#: freeculture.xml:804 freeculture.xml:1943 freeculture.xml:1956 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:795 +#: freeculture.xml:796 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1046,7 +1051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:789 +#: freeculture.xml:790 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1058,40 +1063,35 @@ msgid "" "a controlled part, balanced with the free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:5253 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:14074 -msgid "free culture" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:810 +#: freeculture.xml:811 msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:811 +#: freeculture.xml:812 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:811 +#: freeculture.xml:812 msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10175 +#: freeculture.xml:818 freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:815 +#: freeculture.xml:816 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:814 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased. The Internet has set the " @@ -1107,12 +1107,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:833 +#: freeculture.xml:834 msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:835 +#: freeculture.xml:836 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1126,7 +1126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:849 +#: freeculture.xml:850 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:868 +#: freeculture.xml:869 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1158,17 +1158,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7522 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:6274 freeculture.xml:6304 freeculture.xml:7543 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7522 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7543 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:887 +#: freeculture.xml:888 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club, New " @@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:879 +#: freeculture.xml:880 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:896 +#: freeculture.xml:897 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:904 +#: freeculture.xml:905 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1212,37 +1212,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8893 freeculture.xml:11181 freeculture.xml:11472 freeculture.xml:12118 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6882 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:6996 freeculture.xml:6997 freeculture.xml:7042 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:8914 freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:11493 freeculture.xml:12145 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8893 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6882 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:8914 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709 freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6929 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7325 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7604 freeculture.xml:7704 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7777 freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:7876 freeculture.xml:9811 freeculture.xml:10164 freeculture.xml:11121 freeculture.xml:11166 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713 freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4295 freeculture.xml:4296 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:4710 freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:6503 freeculture.xml:6949 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7214 freeculture.xml:7314 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7411 freeculture.xml:7525 freeculture.xml:7526 freeculture.xml:7587 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:7725 freeculture.xml:7739 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:7897 freeculture.xml:9832 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11187 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7009 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:7029 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8894 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:6883 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:8915 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15263 +#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:15291 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:920 +#: freeculture.xml:921 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society, " "Yale Law Journal 106 (1996): 283. -#: freeculture.xml:914 +#: freeculture.xml:915 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:930 +#: freeculture.xml:931 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:942 +#: freeculture.xml:943 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the " "centrality of technology to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:950 +#: freeculture.xml:951 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1299,12 +1299,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:13384 freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:13637 +#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:13412 freeculture.xml:13495 freeculture.xml:13665 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:962 +#: freeculture.xml:963 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, " "in part, about property. The property of this war is not as " @@ -1323,7 +1323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:980 +#: freeculture.xml:981 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:991 +#: freeculture.xml:992 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1001 +#: freeculture.xml:1002 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1355,14 +1355,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1007 +#: freeculture.xml:1008 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1011 +#: freeculture.xml:1012 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1018 +#: freeculture.xml:1019 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1382,7 +1382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1027 +#: freeculture.xml:1028 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1038 +#: freeculture.xml:1039 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now " "centers on two ideas: piracy and property. My " @@ -1402,7 +1402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1043 +#: freeculture.xml:1044 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1413,7 +1413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1051 +#: freeculture.xml:1052 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1062 +#: freeculture.xml:1063 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1438,32 +1438,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1072 +#: freeculture.xml:1073 msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4696 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:4710 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5106 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1077 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3197 +#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3207 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1080 +#: freeculture.xml:1081 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " "regulating creative property, there has been a war against " @@ -1475,14 +1475,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1092 +#: freeculture.xml:1093 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1088 +#: freeculture.xml:1089 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1490,23 +1490,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1097 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:11169 +#: freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:6731 freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1098 +#: freeculture.xml:1099 msgid "efficiency of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1517,7 +1517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1109 +#: freeculture.xml:1110 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1527,7 +1527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1118 +#: freeculture.xml:1119 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1126 +#: freeculture.xml:1127 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1548,12 +1548,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1132 +#: freeculture.xml:1133 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1136 +#: freeculture.xml:1137 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1563,38 +1563,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1144 +#: freeculture.xml:1145 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1145 +#: freeculture.xml:1146 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1146 +#: freeculture.xml:1147 msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:7000 freeculture.xml:7100 freeculture.xml:7544 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 +#: freeculture.xml:1149 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:3005 +#: freeculture.xml:1150 freeculture.xml:3010 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1154 +#: freeculture.xml:1156 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1602,12 +1602,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1167 freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:1169 freeculture.xml:7480 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1162 +#: freeculture.xml:1164 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1619,7 +1619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1150 +#: freeculture.xml:1152 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1174 +#: freeculture.xml:1176 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1644,22 +1644,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1182 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7704 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:7314 freeculture.xml:7411 freeculture.xml:7725 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1365 freeculture.xml:1522 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso> +#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:1526 freeculture.xml:3817 msgid "creativity" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:3817 freeculture.xml:3818 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:9833 +msgid "innovation" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1183 +#: freeculture.xml:1186 msgid "legal restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1185 +#: freeculture.xml:1188 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1669,7 +1674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1192 +#: freeculture.xml:1195 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1679,7 +1684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1200 +#: freeculture.xml:1203 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1689,22 +1694,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1207 +#: freeculture.xml:1210 msgid "creativity impeded by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1208 freeculture.xml:1239 +#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1242 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1240 +#: freeculture.xml:1212 freeculture.xml:1243 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1231 +#: freeculture.xml:1234 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1717,7 +1722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1211 +#: freeculture.xml:1214 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1739,7 +1744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1247 +#: freeculture.xml:1250 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1747,42 +1752,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1255 +#: freeculture.xml:1258 msgid "Chapter One: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1256 +#: freeculture.xml:1259 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1257 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1258 freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094 +#: freeculture.xml:1261 freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6110 msgid "films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1258 +#: freeculture.xml:1261 msgid "animated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1259 +#: freeculture.xml:1262 msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:7484 +#: freeculture.xml:1263 freeculture.xml:7505 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1262 +#: freeculture.xml:1265 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " "born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " @@ -1793,12 +1798,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1268 freeculture.xml:1485 freeculture.xml:1539 freeculture.xml:1680 freeculture.xml:1926 freeculture.xml:4531 freeculture.xml:6226 freeculture.xml:7483 freeculture.xml:11062 freeculture.xml:11475 +#: freeculture.xml:1271 freeculture.xml:1489 freeculture.xml:1543 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:1930 freeculture.xml:4545 freeculture.xml:6242 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:11083 freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1270 +#: freeculture.xml:1273 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1810,7 +1815,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1279 +#: freeculture.xml:1282 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1819,7 +1824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1286 +#: freeculture.xml:1289 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1829,14 +1834,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1299 +#: freeculture.xml:1302 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1293 +#: freeculture.xml:1296 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1846,12 +1851,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1304 +#: freeculture.xml:1307 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1306 +#: freeculture.xml:1309 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1859,7 +1864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1311 +#: freeculture.xml:1314 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1871,17 +1876,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1320 freeculture.xml:1682 +#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:1686 msgid "Keaton, Buster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1940 +#: freeculture.xml:1324 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:1944 msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1323 +#: freeculture.xml:1326 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1890,7 +1895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1329 +#: freeculture.xml:1332 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1901,28 +1906,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7673 freeculture.xml:7719 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7315 freeculture.xml:7412 freeculture.xml:7590 freeculture.xml:7694 freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1336 freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7412 freeculture.xml:7590 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:3004 freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:15329 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:3009 freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:7413 freeculture.xml:7591 freeculture.xml:15357 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:7413 freeculture.xml:7591 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1345 +#: freeculture.xml:1348 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1936,7 +1941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1339 +#: freeculture.xml:1342 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1950,18 +1955,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1365 freeculture.xml:1522 +#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:1526 msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:1369 freeculture.xml:6285 freeculture.xml:7797 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1372 +#: freeculture.xml:1375 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1969,7 +1974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1368 +#: freeculture.xml:1371 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1984,12 +1989,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1386 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:11063 +#: freeculture.xml:1389 freeculture.xml:1685 freeculture.xml:11084 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1388 +#: freeculture.xml:1391 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2002,7 +2007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1397 +#: freeculture.xml:1400 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2029,7 +2034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1420 +#: freeculture.xml:1423 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2041,33 +2046,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7116 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7626 freeculture.xml:7797 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11473 freeculture.xml:11474 freeculture.xml:13982 freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:4829 freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:5104 freeculture.xml:5198 freeculture.xml:6698 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7002 freeculture.xml:7071 freeculture.xml:7097 freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:7260 freeculture.xml:7307 freeculture.xml:7344 freeculture.xml:7647 freeculture.xml:7818 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:11494 freeculture.xml:11495 freeculture.xml:14010 freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1431 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7002 freeculture.xml:7097 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11495 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:8089 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:13472 freeculture.xml:14268 freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:1437 freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:7101 freeculture.xml:7225 freeculture.xml:8110 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:13500 freeculture.xml:14296 freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1432 +#: freeculture.xml:1436 msgid "defined" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1433 +#: freeculture.xml:1437 msgid "traditional term for conversion to" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1440 +#: freeculture.xml:1444 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -2081,7 +2086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1434 +#: freeculture.xml:1438 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -2095,7 +2100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1457 +#: freeculture.xml:1461 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -2108,7 +2113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1468 +#: freeculture.xml:1472 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -2121,7 +2126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1487 +#: freeculture.xml:1491 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " "on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " @@ -2130,22 +2135,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710 +#: freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:1600 freeculture.xml:1714 msgid "comics, Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:1712 +#: freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:1716 msgid "Japanese comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1713 +#: freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:1717 msgid "manga" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1498 +#: freeculture.xml:1502 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -2157,7 +2162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1507 +#: freeculture.xml:1511 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2171,7 +2176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1518 +#: freeculture.xml:1522 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -2179,13 +2184,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1523 freeculture.xml:1711 +#: freeculture.xml:1527 freeculture.xml:1715 msgid "doujinshi comics" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1525 +#: freeculture.xml:1529 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2202,7 +2207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1541 +#: freeculture.xml:1545 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2216,12 +2221,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1551 freeculture.xml:1595 freeculture.xml:1709 +#: freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713 msgid "Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1554 +#: freeculture.xml:1558 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2238,20 +2243,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1568 +#: freeculture.xml:1572 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1580 +#: freeculture.xml:1584 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1570 +#: freeculture.xml:1574 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2264,12 +2269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1585 +#: freeculture.xml:1589 msgid "Superman comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1587 +#: freeculture.xml:1591 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2280,13 +2285,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1597 +#: freeculture.xml:1601 msgid "Mehra, Salil" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1607 +#: freeculture.xml:1611 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2300,7 +2305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1599 +#: freeculture.xml:1603 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2312,7 +2317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1621 +#: freeculture.xml:1625 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2325,7 +2330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1634 +#: freeculture.xml:1638 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2336,7 +2341,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1641 +#: freeculture.xml:1645 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2349,12 +2354,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1654 +#: freeculture.xml:1658 msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1657 +#: freeculture.xml:1661 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2362,12 +2367,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1667 freeculture.xml:3022 freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:7907 freeculture.xml:9038 +#: freeculture.xml:1671 freeculture.xml:3030 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:5034 freeculture.xml:7928 freeculture.xml:9059 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1667 +#: freeculture.xml:1671 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " "property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -2380,7 +2385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1662 +#: freeculture.xml:1666 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2392,7 +2397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1684 +#: freeculture.xml:1688 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2409,13 +2414,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1698 +#: freeculture.xml:1702 msgid "derivative works based on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1700 +#: freeculture.xml:1704 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2424,7 +2429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1715 +#: freeculture.xml:1719 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2435,7 +2440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1724 +#: freeculture.xml:1728 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2444,12 +2449,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1735 freeculture.xml:4701 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:4870 freeculture.xml:5200 +#: freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4847 freeculture.xml:4884 freeculture.xml:5214 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1737 +#: freeculture.xml:1741 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2466,7 +2471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1751 +#: freeculture.xml:1755 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2479,7 +2484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1763 +#: freeculture.xml:1767 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2493,7 +2498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1775 +#: freeculture.xml:1779 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2501,27 +2506,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1784 +#: freeculture.xml:1788 msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1785 +#: freeculture.xml:1789 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1996 freeculture.xml:6789 +#: freeculture.xml:1790 freeculture.xml:1945 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:6809 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1787 +#: freeculture.xml:1791 msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1789 +#: freeculture.xml:1793 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " "first practical technology for producing what we would call " @@ -2534,12 +2539,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1798 +#: freeculture.xml:1802 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1800 +#: freeculture.xml:1804 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2552,13 +2557,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1810 +#: freeculture.xml:1814 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1812 +#: freeculture.xml:1816 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2571,25 +2576,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1823 freeculture.xml:1978 freeculture.xml:6791 +#: freeculture.xml:1827 freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:6811 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1824 +#: freeculture.xml:1828 msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1831 +#: freeculture.xml:1835 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1826 +#: freeculture.xml:1830 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2599,19 +2604,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1847 freeculture.xml:1873 +#: freeculture.xml:1851 freeculture.xml:1877 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1847 +#: freeculture.xml:1851 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " "of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1836 +#: freeculture.xml:1840 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2625,18 +2630,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1866 +#: freeculture.xml:1870 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1870 +#: freeculture.xml:1874 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1855 +#: freeculture.xml:1859 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2653,12 +2658,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1888 +#: freeculture.xml:1892 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1877 +#: freeculture.xml:1881 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2673,27 +2678,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1891 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:2373 freeculture.xml:2391 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2377 freeculture.xml:2395 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1891 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:2373 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2377 msgid "in technologies of expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2038 freeculture.xml:2375 +#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:2379 msgid "expression, technologies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2375 +#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2379 msgid "democratic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 +#: freeculture.xml:1898 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2708,18 +2713,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1907 +#: freeculture.xml:1911 msgid "permissions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1907 +#: freeculture.xml:1911 msgid "photography exempted from" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1918 +#: freeculture.xml:1922 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2729,7 +2734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1909 +#: freeculture.xml:1913 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2742,13 +2747,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:9737 +#: freeculture.xml:1931 freeculture.xml:9758 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1929 +#: freeculture.xml:1933 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2760,12 +2765,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1953 +#: freeculture.xml:1957 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1950 +#: freeculture.xml:1954 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2773,7 +2778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1943 +#: freeculture.xml:1947 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2788,7 +2793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1971 +#: freeculture.xml:1975 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2799,7 +2804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1961 +#: freeculture.xml:1965 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2813,12 +2818,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:5780 freeculture.xml:9978 +#: freeculture.xml:1983 freeculture.xml:3819 freeculture.xml:3841 freeculture.xml:3842 freeculture.xml:5794 freeculture.xml:9999 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1981 +#: freeculture.xml:1985 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2836,7 +2841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2002 +#: freeculture.xml:2006 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2851,17 +2856,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:6810 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2019 +#: freeculture.xml:2023 msgid "Just Think!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2021 +#: freeculture.xml:2025 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " "Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " @@ -2879,28 +2884,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:2832 +#: freeculture.xml:2040 freeculture.xml:2837 msgid "education" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2036 +#: freeculture.xml:2040 msgid "in media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2037 +#: freeculture.xml:2041 msgid "media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2038 +#: freeculture.xml:2042 msgid "media literacy and" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2046 +#: freeculture.xml:2050 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2909,7 +2914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2040 +#: freeculture.xml:2044 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2924,13 +2929,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2056 +#: freeculture.xml:2060 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2059 +#: freeculture.xml:2063 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " @@ -2940,7 +2945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2067 +#: freeculture.xml:2071 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2949,28 +2954,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2072 freeculture.xml:2622 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:8860 freeculture.xml:8914 +#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:2626 freeculture.xml:6806 freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:8881 freeculture.xml:8935 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8861 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6808 freeculture.xml:8882 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8862 freeculture.xml:8896 freeculture.xml:15327 +#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6807 freeculture.xml:8883 freeculture.xml:8917 freeculture.xml:15355 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8862 +#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6807 freeculture.xml:8883 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2080 +#: freeculture.xml:2084 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2979,7 +2984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2076 +#: freeculture.xml:2080 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2992,7 +2997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2091 +#: freeculture.xml:2095 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -3005,7 +3010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2102 +#: freeculture.xml:2106 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -3016,22 +3021,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2109 freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2231 +#: freeculture.xml:2113 freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:2235 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2110 +#: freeculture.xml:2114 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2124 freeculture.xml:2184 freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:2264 freeculture.xml:2685 +#: freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:2195 freeculture.xml:2268 freeculture.xml:2689 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2122 +#: freeculture.xml:2126 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -3040,7 +3045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2136 +#: freeculture.xml:2140 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -3050,7 +3055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2112 +#: freeculture.xml:2116 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -3069,12 +3074,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2143 +#: freeculture.xml:2147 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2145 +#: freeculture.xml:2149 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -3084,7 +3089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2152 +#: freeculture.xml:2156 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -3093,7 +3098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2159 +#: freeculture.xml:2163 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -3102,7 +3107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2167 +#: freeculture.xml:2171 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -3110,18 +3115,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2183 +#: freeculture.xml:2187 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:4075 freeculture.xml:5248 freeculture.xml:8749 +#: freeculture.xml:2192 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:5262 freeculture.xml:8770 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2172 +#: freeculture.xml:2176 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -3135,7 +3140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2193 +#: freeculture.xml:2197 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -3149,7 +3154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2206 +#: freeculture.xml:2210 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -3160,7 +3165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2214 +#: freeculture.xml:2218 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -3181,7 +3186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2235 +#: freeculture.xml:2239 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -3193,7 +3198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2246 +#: freeculture.xml:2250 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -3214,7 +3219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2266 +#: freeculture.xml:2270 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -3225,7 +3230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2273 +#: freeculture.xml:2277 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -3234,22 +3239,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2285 freeculture.xml:2344 freeculture.xml:6079 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:6095 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2286 +#: freeculture.xml:2290 msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:5999 +#: freeculture.xml:2291 freeculture.xml:6015 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2289 +#: freeculture.xml:2293 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " "Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " @@ -3263,7 +3268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2301 +#: freeculture.xml:2305 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -3274,17 +3279,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2308 freeculture.xml:8688 freeculture.xml:8908 +#: freeculture.xml:2312 freeculture.xml:8709 freeculture.xml:8929 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2309 +#: freeculture.xml:2313 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2311 +#: freeculture.xml:2315 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3301,7 +3306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2326 +#: freeculture.xml:2330 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3312,7 +3317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2336 +#: freeculture.xml:2340 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3324,22 +3329,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2345 freeculture.xml:2440 freeculture.xml:2579 +#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2444 freeculture.xml:2583 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2346 freeculture.xml:2442 +#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446 msgid "blogs on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2347 freeculture.xml:2443 +#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447 msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2349 +#: freeculture.xml:2353 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3351,17 +3356,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2357 freeculture.xml:2426 +#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2430 msgid "political discourse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2358 +#: freeculture.xml:2362 msgid "public discourse conducted on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2360 +#: freeculture.xml:2364 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3377,13 +3382,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2374 +#: freeculture.xml:2378 msgid "elections" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2377 +#: freeculture.xml:2381 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3395,23 +3400,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2390 +#: freeculture.xml:2394 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2391 +#: freeculture.xml:2395 msgid "public discourse in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2392 +#: freeculture.xml:2396 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2409 +#: freeculture.xml:2413 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3419,7 +3424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2394 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3439,14 +3444,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2419 +#: freeculture.xml:2423 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2415 +#: freeculture.xml:2419 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3458,14 +3463,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2435 +#: freeculture.xml:2439 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2428 +#: freeculture.xml:2432 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3477,13 +3482,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2441 +#: freeculture.xml:2445 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2448 +#: freeculture.xml:2452 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3494,7 +3499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2459 +#: freeculture.xml:2463 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3505,12 +3510,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2466 +#: freeculture.xml:2470 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2468 +#: freeculture.xml:2472 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3519,35 +3524,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2473 +#: freeculture.xml:2477 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2474 +#: freeculture.xml:2478 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2475 +#: freeculture.xml:2479 msgid "blog pressure on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2476 +#: freeculture.xml:2480 msgid "news events on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2489 +#: freeculture.xml:2493 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2478 +#: freeculture.xml:2482 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3562,12 +3567,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2527 +#: freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 msgid "commercial imperatives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2495 +#: freeculture.xml:2499 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3576,12 +3581,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2502 +#: freeculture.xml:2506 msgid "peer-generated rankings on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2504 +#: freeculture.xml:2508 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3592,18 +3597,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2513 +#: freeculture.xml:2517 msgid "journalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2514 +#: freeculture.xml:2518 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2516 +#: freeculture.xml:2520 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3616,23 +3621,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2526 freeculture.xml:2576 +#: freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2580 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2528 freeculture.xml:2577 freeculture.xml:5943 +#: freeculture.xml:2532 freeculture.xml:2581 freeculture.xml:5957 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2537 +#: freeculture.xml:2541 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2531 +#: freeculture.xml:2535 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3650,7 +3655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2557 +#: freeculture.xml:2561 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3660,7 +3665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2549 +#: freeculture.xml:2553 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3676,12 +3681,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2578 +#: freeculture.xml:2582 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2576 +#: freeculture.xml:2580 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -3698,7 +3703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2569 +#: freeculture.xml:2573 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3715,7 +3720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2600 +#: freeculture.xml:2604 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3732,12 +3737,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2621 freeculture.xml:6777 +#: freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6797 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2624 +#: freeculture.xml:2628 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3746,7 +3751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2630 +#: freeculture.xml:2634 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3756,7 +3761,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2637 +#: freeculture.xml:2641 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3771,7 +3776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2650 +#: freeculture.xml:2654 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3781,7 +3786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2657 +#: freeculture.xml:2661 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3793,7 +3798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2665 +#: freeculture.xml:2669 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3805,7 +3810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2674 +#: freeculture.xml:2678 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3820,7 +3825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2687 +#: freeculture.xml:2691 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3829,7 +3834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2695 +#: freeculture.xml:2699 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3842,7 +3847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2711 +#: freeculture.xml:2715 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3851,7 +3856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2704 +#: freeculture.xml:2708 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3864,7 +3869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2719 +#: freeculture.xml:2723 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3872,7 +3877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2724 +#: freeculture.xml:2728 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3882,7 +3887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2732 +#: freeculture.xml:2735 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3890,8 +3895,13 @@ msgid "" "that technology." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2740 freeculture.xml:5958 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:11571 freeculture.xml:11829 +msgid "Kahle, Brewster" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2738 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3899,47 +3909,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2745 +#: freeculture.xml:2750 msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2746 freeculture.xml:2789 freeculture.xml:9652 +#: freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2794 freeculture.xml:9673 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2747 +#: freeculture.xml:2752 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2747 freeculture.xml:2748 freeculture.xml:2749 +#: freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:2753 freeculture.xml:2754 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2749 +#: freeculture.xml:2754 msgid "computer network search engine of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2750 +#: freeculture.xml:2755 msgid "search engines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2751 +#: freeculture.xml:2756 msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2752 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "search engines used on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2759 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3950,7 +3960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2762 +#: freeculture.xml:2767 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3961,7 +3971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2770 +#: freeculture.xml:2775 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3971,13 +3981,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2776 freeculture.xml:2831 +#: freeculture.xml:2781 freeculture.xml:2836 msgid "Google" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2778 +#: freeculture.xml:2783 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3991,17 +4001,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2790 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:8218 freeculture.xml:13571 freeculture.xml:13640 +#: freeculture.xml:2795 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:5546 freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:13599 freeculture.xml:13668 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2790 +#: freeculture.xml:2795 msgid "network file system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2792 +#: freeculture.xml:2797 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -4012,7 +4022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2802 +#: freeculture.xml:2807 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -4026,7 +4036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2815 +#: freeculture.xml:2820 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -4037,7 +4047,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2823 +#: freeculture.xml:2828 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -4047,12 +4057,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2832 +#: freeculture.xml:2837 msgid "tinkering as means of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2834 +#: freeculture.xml:2839 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -4069,37 +4079,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2848 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:9671 freeculture.xml:9948 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2849 +#: freeculture.xml:2854 msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:10342 freeculture.xml:10343 freeculture.xml:10344 freeculture.xml:10500 +#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:3211 freeculture.xml:3340 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:4299 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10521 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2850 freeculture.xml:9928 +#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:9949 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:9929 freeculture.xml:10345 freeculture.xml:10346 freeculture.xml:10498 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2954 freeculture.xml:9950 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10519 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9929 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9950 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2854 +#: freeculture.xml:2859 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -4110,7 +4120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2863 +#: freeculture.xml:2868 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -4125,33 +4135,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2876 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:9670 freeculture.xml:9947 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2877 +#: freeculture.xml:2882 msgid "statutory damages of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2878 +#: freeculture.xml:2883 msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2879 +#: freeculture.xml:2884 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2880 +#: freeculture.xml:2885 msgid "intimidation tactics of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2882 +#: freeculture.xml:2887 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -4164,18 +4174,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2892 +#: freeculture.xml:2897 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2893 +#: freeculture.xml:2898 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2907 +#: freeculture.xml:2912 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -4183,7 +4193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2895 +#: freeculture.xml:2900 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -4198,7 +4208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2914 +#: freeculture.xml:2919 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -4207,12 +4217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2920 +#: freeculture.xml:2925 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2922 +#: freeculture.xml:2927 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -4226,13 +4236,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2932 +#: freeculture.xml:2937 msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2934 +#: freeculture.xml:2939 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -4244,35 +4254,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2944 +#: freeculture.xml:2949 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:5590 freeculture.xml:10237 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10499 freeculture.xml:10522 freeculture.xml:15228 freeculture.xml:15293 +#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3341 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:5555 freeculture.xml:5604 freeculture.xml:10258 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10520 freeculture.xml:10543 freeculture.xml:15256 freeculture.xml:15321 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10237 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10499 freeculture.xml:10522 freeculture.xml:15228 freeculture.xml:15293 +#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3341 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:10258 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10520 freeculture.xml:10543 freeculture.xml:15256 freeculture.xml:15321 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10342 freeculture.xml:10500 +#: freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10521 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2949 freeculture.xml:10346 +#: freeculture.xml:2954 freeculture.xml:10367 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2959 +#: freeculture.xml:2964 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -4281,7 +4291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2967 +#: freeculture.xml:2972 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -4289,7 +4299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2951 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4303,7 +4313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2974 +#: freeculture.xml:2979 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4311,7 +4321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2981 +#: freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4320,7 +4330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2988 +#: freeculture.xml:2993 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4330,17 +4340,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3003 +#: freeculture.xml:3008 msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3004 +#: freeculture.xml:3009 msgid "in development of content industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3007 +#: freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -4352,12 +4362,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3018 +#: freeculture.xml:3023 msgid "Film" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:3025 +msgid "Hollywood film industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:15358 +msgid "film industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3026 freeculture.xml:7236 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13723 +msgid "patents" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3026 +msgid "on film technology" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3022 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -4367,7 +4397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3020 +#: freeculture.xml:3028 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4381,12 +4411,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3038 +#: freeculture.xml:3046 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3042 +#: freeculture.xml:3050 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4397,27 +4427,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3050 +#: freeculture.xml:3058 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3051 +#: freeculture.xml:3059 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3052 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10388 +#: freeculture.xml:3060 freeculture.xml:3359 freeculture.xml:4527 freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:10105 freeculture.xml:10218 +#: freeculture.xml:3084 freeculture.xml:4526 freeculture.xml:10126 freeculture.xml:10239 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3065 +#: freeculture.xml:3073 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4433,7 +4463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3054 +#: freeculture.xml:3062 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4449,7 +4479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3087 +#: freeculture.xml:3095 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4457,7 +4487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3081 +#: freeculture.xml:3089 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4472,7 +4502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3097 +#: freeculture.xml:3106 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4483,34 +4513,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3108 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3109 freeculture.xml:4283 +#: freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:4295 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3111 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3114 +#: freeculture.xml:3124 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3115 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3117 +#: freeculture.xml:3127 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4523,12 +4553,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3126 freeculture.xml:3264 +#: freeculture.xml:3136 freeculture.xml:3274 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3138 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4548,12 +4578,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3151 freeculture.xml:3168 +#: freeculture.xml:3161 freeculture.xml:3178 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3147 +#: freeculture.xml:3157 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4561,7 +4591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3162 +#: freeculture.xml:3172 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4573,7 +4603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3155 +#: freeculture.xml:3165 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4584,13 +4614,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3182 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3178 +#: freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4598,7 +4628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3184 +#: freeculture.xml:3194 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4606,14 +4636,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3191 +#: freeculture.xml:3201 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3174 +#: freeculture.xml:3184 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4626,43 +4656,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3195 +#: freeculture.xml:3205 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3196 +#: freeculture.xml:3206 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:6989 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10340 freeculture.xml:10341 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11180 freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:3208 freeculture.xml:3209 freeculture.xml:4293 freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:4378 freeculture.xml:4379 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7098 freeculture.xml:7212 freeculture.xml:7213 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11201 freeculture.xml:12144 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3198 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:10339 +#: freeculture.xml:3208 freeculture.xml:4293 freeculture.xml:4378 freeculture.xml:7098 freeculture.xml:7212 freeculture.xml:10360 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3199 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:3209 freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:10362 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3200 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:10164 +#: freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4296 freeculture.xml:10185 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3211 msgid "statutory license system in" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3211 +#: freeculture.xml:3221 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4671,7 +4701,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3222 +#: freeculture.xml:3232 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4679,7 +4709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3203 +#: freeculture.xml:3213 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4696,13 +4726,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3227 +#: freeculture.xml:3237 msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3229 +#: freeculture.xml:3239 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4717,17 +4747,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3243 +#: freeculture.xml:3253 msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3244 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10163 +#: freeculture.xml:3254 freeculture.xml:4301 freeculture.xml:10184 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3246 +#: freeculture.xml:3256 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4738,12 +4768,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:14924 +#: freeculture.xml:3263 freeculture.xml:14952 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3255 +#: freeculture.xml:3265 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4755,7 +4785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3280 +#: freeculture.xml:3290 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4766,7 +4796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3266 +#: freeculture.xml:3276 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4782,7 +4812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3291 +#: freeculture.xml:3301 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4791,7 +4821,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3313 +#: freeculture.xml:3323 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4799,7 +4829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3298 +#: freeculture.xml:3308 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4816,34 +4846,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3324 +#: freeculture.xml:3334 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4477 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 freeculture.xml:4491 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:10343 +#: freeculture.xml:3340 freeculture.xml:4300 freeculture.xml:10364 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3333 +#: freeculture.xml:3343 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3348 +#: freeculture.xml:3358 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3339 +#: freeculture.xml:3349 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4860,7 +4890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3336 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4871,18 +4901,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3355 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10240 +#: freeculture.xml:3365 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:9406 freeculture.xml:9881 freeculture.xml:12966 +#: freeculture.xml:3377 freeculture.xml:9427 freeculture.xml:9902 freeculture.xml:12994 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3357 +#: freeculture.xml:3367 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4897,7 +4927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3372 +#: freeculture.xml:3382 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4907,12 +4937,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3379 freeculture.xml:3893 freeculture.xml:6500 freeculture.xml:6516 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:3904 freeculture.xml:6520 freeculture.xml:6536 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3381 +#: freeculture.xml:3391 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4921,7 +4951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3387 +#: freeculture.xml:3397 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4933,7 +4963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3400 +#: freeculture.xml:3410 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4944,23 +4974,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3410 freeculture.xml:4483 +#: freeculture.xml:3420 freeculture.xml:4497 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3411 freeculture.xml:4303 freeculture.xml:8583 freeculture.xml:8623 freeculture.xml:15326 +#: freeculture.xml:3421 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:8604 freeculture.xml:8644 freeculture.xml:15354 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3413 +#: freeculture.xml:3423 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3416 +#: freeculture.xml:3426 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4972,22 +5002,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3426 +#: freeculture.xml:3436 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3427 +#: freeculture.xml:3437 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:3439 +#: freeculture.xml:3438 freeculture.xml:3449 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3434 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4998,14 +5028,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3446 +#: freeculture.xml:3456 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3430 +#: freeculture.xml:3440 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -5020,14 +5050,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3457 +#: freeculture.xml:3467 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3453 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -5035,13 +5065,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3463 +#: freeculture.xml:3473 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3472 +#: freeculture.xml:3482 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -5049,7 +5079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3467 +#: freeculture.xml:3477 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -5058,12 +5088,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3478 freeculture.xml:3486 +#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3496 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3484 +#: freeculture.xml:3494 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5071,7 +5101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3490 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -5079,19 +5109,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3491 +#: freeculture.xml:3501 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3507 freeculture.xml:3509 +#: freeculture.xml:3517 freeculture.xml:3519 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3505 +#: freeculture.xml:3515 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5099,7 +5129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3496 +#: freeculture.xml:3506 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5111,14 +5141,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3513 +#: freeculture.xml:3523 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3517 +#: freeculture.xml:3527 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5134,7 +5164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3546 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5145,7 +5175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3531 +#: freeculture.xml:3541 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5159,12 +5189,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3553 +#: freeculture.xml:3563 msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3555 +#: freeculture.xml:3565 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5176,7 +5206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3563 +#: freeculture.xml:3573 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5188,28 +5218,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3573 +#: freeculture.xml:3583 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3574 freeculture.xml:3654 freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:15328 +#: freeculture.xml:3584 freeculture.xml:3664 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:15356 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:4028 freeculture.xml:9882 freeculture.xml:10740 freeculture.xml:14719 freeculture.xml:15310 +#: freeculture.xml:3585 freeculture.xml:4039 freeculture.xml:9903 freeculture.xml:10761 freeculture.xml:14747 freeculture.xml:15338 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3585 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3583 +#: freeculture.xml:3593 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5219,7 +5249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3577 +#: freeculture.xml:3587 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5231,7 +5261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3593 +#: freeculture.xml:3603 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5239,7 +5269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3599 +#: freeculture.xml:3609 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5251,7 +5281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3608 +#: freeculture.xml:3618 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5266,7 +5296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3619 +#: freeculture.xml:3629 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5275,17 +5305,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3647 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3648 freeculture.xml:13258 freeculture.xml:13750 freeculture.xml:13757 +#: freeculture.xml:3658 freeculture.xml:13286 freeculture.xml:13778 freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3632 +#: freeculture.xml:3642 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5305,7 +5335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3627 +#: freeculture.xml:3637 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5317,12 +5347,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:3949 freeculture.xml:15476 +#: freeculture.xml:3679 freeculture.xml:3960 freeculture.xml:15504 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3662 +#: freeculture.xml:3672 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5335,7 +5365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3656 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5345,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3673 +#: freeculture.xml:3683 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5361,7 +5391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3687 +#: freeculture.xml:3697 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5380,52 +5410,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:15329 +#: freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:15357 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3706 +#: freeculture.xml:3716 msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:13569 freeculture.xml:14161 +#: freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:3717 freeculture.xml:13597 freeculture.xml:14189 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:3738 freeculture.xml:12049 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14217 +#: freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3748 freeculture.xml:12075 freeculture.xml:13612 freeculture.xml:14245 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12051 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:14218 +#: freeculture.xml:3719 freeculture.xml:3749 freeculture.xml:12077 freeculture.xml:13613 freeculture.xml:14246 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3710 +#: freeculture.xml:3720 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3711 +#: freeculture.xml:3721 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3712 +#: freeculture.xml:3722 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3713 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3715 +#: freeculture.xml:3725 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5441,17 +5471,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:5008 freeculture.xml:6504 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6715 freeculture.xml:7127 freeculture.xml:14277 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14277 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3739 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5462,17 +5492,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3736 +#: freeculture.xml:3746 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3737 +#: freeculture.xml:3747 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3741 +#: freeculture.xml:3751 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5488,7 +5518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3765 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5500,7 +5530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3765 +#: freeculture.xml:3775 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5513,7 +5543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3774 +#: freeculture.xml:3784 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5522,7 +5552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3780 +#: freeculture.xml:3790 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5531,20 +5561,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3786 +#: freeculture.xml:3796 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3792 +#: freeculture.xml:3802 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3797 +#: freeculture.xml:3807 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5552,7 +5582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3794 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5562,22 +5592,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3806 +#: freeculture.xml:3816 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3807 freeculture.xml:3814 freeculture.xml:9812 -msgid "innovation" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:8818 +#: freeculture.xml:3835 freeculture.xml:8839 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3814 +#: freeculture.xml:3825 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5592,35 +5617,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3806 +#: freeculture.xml:3816 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing " -"was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the Napster technology had " -"not made any major technological innovations. Like every great advance in " -"innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as " -"well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had " -"simply put together components that had been developed independently." +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by " +"Napster. But the inventors of the Napster technology had not made any major " +"technological innovations. Like every great advance in innovation on the " +"Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as well<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"4\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had simply put " +"together components that had been developed independently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3829 +#: freeculture.xml:3840 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3830 +#: freeculture.xml:3841 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3831 +#: freeculture.xml:3842 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3837 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5634,7 +5660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3829 +#: freeculture.xml:3840 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5652,7 +5678,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3860 +#: freeculture.xml:3871 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5663,14 +5689,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3869 +#: freeculture.xml:3880 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3854 +#: freeculture.xml:3865 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5686,7 +5712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3878 +#: freeculture.xml:3889 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5698,7 +5724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3888 +#: freeculture.xml:3899 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5706,7 +5732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3896 +#: freeculture.xml:3907 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5719,7 +5745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3906 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5732,7 +5758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:3928 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5751,26 +5777,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3934 +#: freeculture.xml:3945 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3940 +#: freeculture.xml:3951 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3948 +#: freeculture.xml:3959 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3943 +#: freeculture.xml:3954 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5784,7 +5810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3959 +#: freeculture.xml:3970 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5795,17 +5821,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8407 freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:15036 +#: freeculture.xml:3977 freeculture.xml:3986 freeculture.xml:4347 freeculture.xml:8399 freeculture.xml:8428 freeculture.xml:10182 freeculture.xml:15064 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8407 freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:10162 freeculture.xml:15036 freeculture.xml:15037 +#: freeculture.xml:3977 freeculture.xml:4347 freeculture.xml:8399 freeculture.xml:8428 freeculture.xml:10182 freeculture.xml:10183 freeculture.xml:15064 freeculture.xml:15065 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3975 +#: freeculture.xml:3986 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5822,7 +5848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3968 +#: freeculture.xml:3979 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5837,18 +5863,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3993 +#: freeculture.xml:4004 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4003 +#: freeculture.xml:4014 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3995 +#: freeculture.xml:4006 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5860,7 +5886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4008 +#: freeculture.xml:4019 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5873,7 +5899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4018 +#: freeculture.xml:4029 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5885,12 +5911,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4028 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4030 +#: freeculture.xml:4041 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5899,7 +5925,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4039 +#: freeculture.xml:4050 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5917,12 +5943,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4066 +#: freeculture.xml:4077 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4063 +#: freeculture.xml:4074 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5931,7 +5957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4035 +#: freeculture.xml:4046 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5952,7 +5978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4081 +#: freeculture.xml:4092 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5963,7 +5989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4089 +#: freeculture.xml:4100 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5981,7 +6007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4105 +#: freeculture.xml:4116 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5990,7 +6016,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4117 +#: freeculture.xml:4128 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6001,7 +6027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4111 +#: freeculture.xml:4122 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6015,17 +6041,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:6211 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7922 freeculture.xml:14421 freeculture.xml:15148 freeculture.xml:15149 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:4150 freeculture.xml:4171 freeculture.xml:4195 freeculture.xml:4708 freeculture.xml:6170 freeculture.xml:6175 freeculture.xml:6227 freeculture.xml:7198 freeculture.xml:7199 freeculture.xml:7586 freeculture.xml:7655 freeculture.xml:7943 freeculture.xml:14449 freeculture.xml:15176 freeculture.xml:15177 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:15149 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:4150 freeculture.xml:7198 freeculture.xml:15177 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4142 +msgid "used record sales" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4138 +#: freeculture.xml:4150 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6039,7 +6070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4132 +#: freeculture.xml:4144 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6054,22 +6085,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15148 +#: freeculture.xml:4171 freeculture.xml:6170 freeculture.xml:6175 freeculture.xml:7199 freeculture.xml:15176 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 +#: freeculture.xml:4172 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7635 +#: freeculture.xml:4173 freeculture.xml:7656 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4163 +#: freeculture.xml:4175 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6085,7 +6116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4176 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6096,23 +6127,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:4195 freeculture.xml:14449 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 +#: freeculture.xml:4196 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 +#: freeculture.xml:4197 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4187 +#: freeculture.xml:4199 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6130,7 +6161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4205 +#: freeculture.xml:4217 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6139,7 +6170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4211 +#: freeculture.xml:4223 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6149,7 +6180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4219 +#: freeculture.xml:4231 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6165,7 +6196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4233 +#: freeculture.xml:4245 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -6173,7 +6204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4249 +#: freeculture.xml:4261 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6184,7 +6215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4237 +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6197,7 +6228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4260 +#: freeculture.xml:4272 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6211,7 +6242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4271 +#: freeculture.xml:4283 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6223,22 +6254,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4280 +#: freeculture.xml:4292 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4287 +#: freeculture.xml:4299 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4290 +#: freeculture.xml:4302 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4292 +#: freeculture.xml:4304 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6252,7 +6283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4305 +#: freeculture.xml:4317 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6263,7 +6294,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4316 +#: freeculture.xml:4328 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6281,12 +6312,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4334 +#: freeculture.xml:4346 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4348 freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8377 freeculture.xml:8489 +msgid "Sony" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4348 +msgid "Betamax technology developed by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4337 +#: freeculture.xml:4350 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6303,7 +6344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4351 +#: freeculture.xml:4364 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6319,13 +6360,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4366 +#: freeculture.xml:4379 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4375 +#: freeculture.xml:4388 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6335,13 +6376,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4387 +#: freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4392 +#: freeculture.xml:4405 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6349,14 +6390,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4403 +#: freeculture.xml:4416 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#: freeculture.xml:4381 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6383,19 +6424,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4421 +#: freeculture.xml:4435 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4424 +#: freeculture.xml:4438 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4409 +#: freeculture.xml:4423 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6412,7 +6453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4427 +#: freeculture.xml:4441 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6421,14 +6462,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4446 +#: freeculture.xml:4460 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4436 +#: freeculture.xml:4450 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6439,7 +6480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4452 +#: freeculture.xml:4466 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6449,77 +6490,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4477 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4464 +#: freeculture.xml:4478 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4465 +#: freeculture.xml:4479 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4466 +#: freeculture.xml:4480 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4471 +#: freeculture.xml:4485 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 +#: freeculture.xml:4486 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4473 freeculture.xml:4485 freeculture.xml:4491 +#: freeculture.xml:4487 freeculture.xml:4499 freeculture.xml:4505 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486 +#: freeculture.xml:4488 freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4492 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4479 +#: freeculture.xml:4493 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:4492 +#: freeculture.xml:4494 freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4484 +#: freeculture.xml:4498 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4489 +#: freeculture.xml:4503 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4504 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4502 +#: freeculture.xml:4516 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -6536,7 +6577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4499 +#: freeculture.xml:4513 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6546,7 +6587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4520 +#: freeculture.xml:4534 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6560,7 +6601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4533 +#: freeculture.xml:4547 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6573,20 +6614,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4544 +#: freeculture.xml:4558 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4551 +#: freeculture.xml:4565 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4546 +#: freeculture.xml:4560 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6600,7 +6641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4562 +#: freeculture.xml:4576 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6617,7 +6658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4586 +#: freeculture.xml:4600 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6625,7 +6666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4578 +#: freeculture.xml:4592 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6637,7 +6678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4591 +#: freeculture.xml:4605 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6651,7 +6692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4603 +#: freeculture.xml:4617 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6659,13 +6700,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4612 +#: freeculture.xml:4626 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4617 +#: freeculture.xml:4631 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6675,7 +6716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4624 +#: freeculture.xml:4638 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6689,13 +6730,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4635 freeculture.xml:6445 freeculture.xml:14408 +#: freeculture.xml:4649 freeculture.xml:6465 freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4650 +#: freeculture.xml:4664 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6703,7 +6744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4637 +#: freeculture.xml:4651 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6719,12 +6760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4655 +#: freeculture.xml:4669 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4657 +#: freeculture.xml:4671 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6734,7 +6775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4670 +#: freeculture.xml:4684 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6746,7 +6787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4665 +#: freeculture.xml:4679 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6756,7 +6797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4680 +#: freeculture.xml:4694 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6769,47 +6810,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4693 +#: freeculture.xml:4707 msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:4711 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:13945 +#: freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4698 +#: freeculture.xml:4712 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4869 +#: freeculture.xml:4713 freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 +#: freeculture.xml:4714 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834 +#: freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4848 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4704 +#: freeculture.xml:4718 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6823,27 +6864,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5041 +#: freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:4813 freeculture.xml:4922 freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4716 +#: freeculture.xml:4730 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4722 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4723 +#: freeculture.xml:4737 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4722 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6858,7 +6899,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:4749 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6867,7 +6908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4718 +#: freeculture.xml:4732 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6883,22 +6924,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4940 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5277 +#: freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:4814 freeculture.xml:4954 freeculture.xml:5135 freeculture.xml:5291 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:7116 +#: freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4846 freeculture.xml:4953 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:7106 +#: freeculture.xml:4764 freeculture.xml:4816 freeculture.xml:4860 freeculture.xml:4967 freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:7126 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4761 +#: freeculture.xml:4775 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6906,7 +6947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4752 +#: freeculture.xml:4766 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6921,22 +6962,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 +#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:5008 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:5009 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4772 +#: freeculture.xml:4786 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4774 +#: freeculture.xml:4788 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6949,12 +6990,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5164 +#: freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:5007 freeculture.xml:5078 freeculture.xml:5178 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 +#: freeculture.xml:4801 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6969,13 +7010,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5138 freeculture.xml:5216 +#: freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:5044 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:5230 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4804 +#: freeculture.xml:4818 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6987,12 +7028,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4815 +#: freeculture.xml:4829 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4817 +#: freeculture.xml:4831 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -7003,7 +7044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4827 +#: freeculture.xml:4841 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7012,7 +7053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 +#: freeculture.xml:4850 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7026,7 +7067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4848 +#: freeculture.xml:4862 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7035,13 +7076,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:7626 freeculture.xml:7797 +#: freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:7647 freeculture.xml:7818 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4855 +#: freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7057,7 +7098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:4886 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7070,22 +7111,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4881 +#: freeculture.xml:4895 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:4896 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4883 +#: freeculture.xml:4897 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4885 +#: freeculture.xml:4899 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7100,7 +7141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4898 +#: freeculture.xml:4912 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7112,25 +7153,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:5199 +#: freeculture.xml:4920 freeculture.xml:5213 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4907 +#: freeculture.xml:4921 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:4940 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4911 +#: freeculture.xml:4925 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7146,17 +7187,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4930 +#: freeculture.xml:4944 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4931 +#: freeculture.xml:4945 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4933 +#: freeculture.xml:4947 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7166,7 +7207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4942 +#: freeculture.xml:4956 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7180,12 +7221,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:11144 +#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:5104 freeculture.xml:5198 freeculture.xml:11165 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4957 +#: freeculture.xml:4971 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7197,7 +7238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4966 +#: freeculture.xml:4980 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7205,7 +7246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 +#: freeculture.xml:4995 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7217,7 +7258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4971 +#: freeculture.xml:4985 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7229,7 +7270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4997 +#: freeculture.xml:5011 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7246,12 +7287,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5072 +#: freeculture.xml:5033 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5086 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5019 +#: freeculture.xml:5033 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7260,7 +7301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5013 +#: freeculture.xml:5027 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7272,20 +7313,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5137 +#: freeculture.xml:5042 freeculture.xml:5151 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5036 +#: freeculture.xml:5050 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5032 +#: freeculture.xml:5046 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7293,22 +7334,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 +#: freeculture.xml:5056 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5043 +#: freeculture.xml:5057 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:15573 +#: freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:15601 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5050 +#: freeculture.xml:5064 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7316,12 +7357,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5061 +#: freeculture.xml:5075 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5045 +#: freeculture.xml:5059 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7335,7 +7376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5072 +#: freeculture.xml:5086 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7343,7 +7384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5066 +#: freeculture.xml:5080 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7355,12 +7396,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5081 +#: freeculture.xml:5095 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5083 +#: freeculture.xml:5097 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7369,23 +7410,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5143 +#: freeculture.xml:5103 freeculture.xml:5157 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5091 +#: freeculture.xml:5105 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5092 +#: freeculture.xml:5106 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5115 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7393,7 +7434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5094 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7405,7 +7446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5108 +#: freeculture.xml:5122 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7420,7 +7461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5123 +#: freeculture.xml:5137 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7435,35 +7476,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5140 +#: freeculture.xml:5154 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5144 +#: freeculture.xml:5158 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 freeculture.xml:5252 +#: freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5266 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5146 +#: freeculture.xml:5160 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5152 +#: freeculture.xml:5166 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5148 +#: freeculture.xml:5162 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7477,12 +7518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5163 +#: freeculture.xml:5177 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5166 +#: freeculture.xml:5180 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7495,7 +7536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5177 +#: freeculture.xml:5191 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7505,13 +7546,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:5253 +#: freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:5267 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5187 +#: freeculture.xml:5201 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7523,22 +7564,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5196 +#: freeculture.xml:5210 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5197 +#: freeculture.xml:5211 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5198 +#: freeculture.xml:5212 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5202 +#: freeculture.xml:5216 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7552,12 +7593,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5228 +#: freeculture.xml:5242 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5218 +#: freeculture.xml:5232 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7572,7 +7613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5233 +#: freeculture.xml:5247 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7580,7 +7621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5239 +#: freeculture.xml:5253 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7594,7 +7635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5256 +#: freeculture.xml:5270 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7617,7 +7658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5279 +#: freeculture.xml:5293 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7625,42 +7666,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5296 +#: freeculture.xml:5310 msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:7604 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7777 +#: freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:7739 freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 +#: freeculture.xml:5312 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5299 +#: freeculture.xml:5313 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:7636 freeculture.xml:7717 freeculture.xml:7779 +#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5461 freeculture.xml:7624 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7738 freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5314 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5301 +#: freeculture.xml:5315 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5303 +#: freeculture.xml:5317 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7670,24 +7711,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5310 +#: freeculture.xml:5324 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5380 +#: freeculture.xml:5328 freeculture.xml:5394 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5329 freeculture.xml:5408 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5317 +#: freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7697,13 +7738,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5324 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5326 +#: freeculture.xml:5340 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7714,12 +7755,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5335 +#: freeculture.xml:5349 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5337 +#: freeculture.xml:5351 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7730,17 +7771,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5343 +#: freeculture.xml:5357 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5344 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469 +#: freeculture.xml:5358 freeculture.xml:5419 freeculture.xml:5483 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5346 +#: freeculture.xml:5360 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7750,12 +7791,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5404 freeculture.xml:5468 +#: freeculture.xml:5366 freeculture.xml:5418 freeculture.xml:5482 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5354 +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7765,7 +7806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5362 +#: freeculture.xml:5376 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7776,12 +7817,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5371 +#: freeculture.xml:5385 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5373 +#: freeculture.xml:5387 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7793,7 +7834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5382 +#: freeculture.xml:5396 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7805,12 +7846,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5395 +#: freeculture.xml:5409 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5397 +#: freeculture.xml:5411 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7821,7 +7862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5407 +#: freeculture.xml:5421 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7835,7 +7876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5418 +#: freeculture.xml:5432 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7848,7 +7889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5430 +#: freeculture.xml:5444 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7858,7 +7899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5427 +#: freeculture.xml:5441 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7870,19 +7911,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5444 +#: freeculture.xml:5458 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7779 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5449 +#: freeculture.xml:5463 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7893,13 +7934,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5458 +#: freeculture.xml:5472 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5475 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7909,18 +7950,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5470 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5471 +#: freeculture.xml:5485 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5474 +#: freeculture.xml:5488 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7936,7 +7977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5486 +#: freeculture.xml:5500 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7947,14 +7988,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5498 +#: freeculture.xml:5512 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5506 +#: freeculture.xml:5520 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7965,7 +8006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5514 +#: freeculture.xml:5528 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7974,22 +8015,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5529 +#: freeculture.xml:5543 msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5530 +#: freeculture.xml:5544 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5531 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:5776 freeculture.xml:10497 freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:5545 freeculture.xml:5605 freeculture.xml:5790 freeculture.xml:10518 freeculture.xml:14967 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5534 +#: freeculture.xml:5548 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -7999,17 +8040,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5541 +#: freeculture.xml:5555 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5542 +#: freeculture.xml:5556 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5544 +#: freeculture.xml:5558 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8021,7 +8062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5554 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8031,7 +8072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5561 +#: freeculture.xml:5575 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8041,7 +8082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5568 +#: freeculture.xml:5582 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8052,19 +8093,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5576 +#: freeculture.xml:5590 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5590 +#: freeculture.xml:5604 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5586 +#: freeculture.xml:5600 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8074,7 +8115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5580 +#: freeculture.xml:5594 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8083,7 +8124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5595 +#: freeculture.xml:5609 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8093,7 +8134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5602 +#: freeculture.xml:5616 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8101,7 +8142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5608 +#: freeculture.xml:5622 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8113,7 +8154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5617 +#: freeculture.xml:5631 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8126,12 +8167,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5628 +#: freeculture.xml:5642 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5630 +#: freeculture.xml:5644 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8144,14 +8185,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5641 +#: freeculture.xml:5655 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5645 +#: freeculture.xml:5659 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8159,7 +8200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5651 +#: freeculture.xml:5665 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8172,20 +8213,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5663 +#: freeculture.xml:5677 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5666 +#: freeculture.xml:5680 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5674 +#: freeculture.xml:5688 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8194,7 +8235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5668 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8205,7 +8246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5696 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8215,7 +8256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5690 +#: freeculture.xml:5704 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8224,7 +8265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5698 +#: freeculture.xml:5712 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8237,7 +8278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5709 +#: freeculture.xml:5723 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8258,7 +8299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5729 +#: freeculture.xml:5743 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8268,7 +8309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5738 +#: freeculture.xml:5752 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8283,7 +8324,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5751 +#: freeculture.xml:5765 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8294,7 +8335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5761 +#: freeculture.xml:5775 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8303,12 +8344,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5766 +#: freeculture.xml:5780 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5768 +#: freeculture.xml:5782 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8319,27 +8360,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5777 +#: freeculture.xml:5791 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5778 +#: freeculture.xml:5792 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5778 +#: freeculture.xml:5792 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5779 +#: freeculture.xml:5793 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5776 +#: freeculture.xml:5790 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8359,7 +8400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5796 +#: freeculture.xml:5810 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8369,13 +8410,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5802 +#: freeculture.xml:5816 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5804 +#: freeculture.xml:5818 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8388,7 +8429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5815 +#: freeculture.xml:5829 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8398,7 +8439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5822 +#: freeculture.xml:5836 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8415,7 +8456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5837 +#: freeculture.xml:5851 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8425,7 +8466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5843 +#: freeculture.xml:5857 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8439,7 +8480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5856 +#: freeculture.xml:5870 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8451,7 +8492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5865 +#: freeculture.xml:5879 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8464,7 +8505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5875 +#: freeculture.xml:5889 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8480,22 +8521,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5890 +#: freeculture.xml:5904 msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:9236 freeculture.xml:11562 freeculture.xml:11807 +#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:9257 freeculture.xml:11584 freeculture.xml:11830 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:8521 +#: freeculture.xml:5906 freeculture.xml:8542 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5894 +#: freeculture.xml:5908 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8508,12 +8549,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:5997 +#: freeculture.xml:5918 freeculture.xml:5949 freeculture.xml:6013 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5906 +#: freeculture.xml:5920 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8524,12 +8565,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5913 +#: freeculture.xml:5927 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5915 +#: freeculture.xml:5929 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8539,7 +8580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5923 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8547,7 +8588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8557,23 +8598,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5944 +#: freeculture.xml:5959 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5943 +#: freeculture.xml:5957 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " -"White House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, " -"press release stated, <quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> " -"That was later changed, without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in " -"Iraq Have Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003." +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations " +"remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House changes its own " +"press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release stated, " +"<quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> That was later changed, " +"without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have " +"Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:5951 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8583,12 +8625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5952 +#: freeculture.xml:5967 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5954 +#: freeculture.xml:5969 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8601,7 +8643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5965 +#: freeculture.xml:5980 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8614,7 +8656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5974 +#: freeculture.xml:5989 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8626,7 +8668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5985 +#: freeculture.xml:6001 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8639,32 +8681,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:6010 freeculture.xml:6065 freeculture.xml:10503 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5995 +#: freeculture.xml:6011 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5996 +#: freeculture.xml:6012 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5998 freeculture.xml:11053 freeculture.xml:14120 freeculture.xml:14250 freeculture.xml:14286 +#: freeculture.xml:6014 freeculture.xml:11074 freeculture.xml:14148 freeculture.xml:14278 freeculture.xml:14314 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5998 +#: freeculture.xml:6014 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6001 +#: freeculture.xml:6017 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8684,18 +8726,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6018 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6019 +#: freeculture.xml:6035 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6021 +#: freeculture.xml:6037 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8707,17 +8749,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6048 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6048 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6050 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8728,7 +8770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6042 +#: freeculture.xml:6058 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8738,13 +8780,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094 +#: freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6110 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6061 +#: freeculture.xml:6077 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8754,7 +8796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6052 +#: freeculture.xml:6068 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8767,7 +8809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6069 +#: freeculture.xml:6085 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8782,7 +8824,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6081 +#: freeculture.xml:6097 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8794,37 +8836,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6091 +#: freeculture.xml:6107 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6092 +#: freeculture.xml:6108 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6095 +#: freeculture.xml:6108 freeculture.xml:6111 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6096 +#: freeculture.xml:6112 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6113 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6098 +#: freeculture.xml:6114 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6100 +#: freeculture.xml:6116 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8844,7 +8886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6118 +#: freeculture.xml:6134 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8854,7 +8896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6126 +#: freeculture.xml:6142 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8865,7 +8907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6150 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8877,7 +8919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6146 +#: freeculture.xml:6162 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8888,7 +8930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6159 +#: freeculture.xml:6175 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8900,7 +8942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6156 +#: freeculture.xml:6172 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8912,7 +8954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6174 +#: freeculture.xml:6190 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8926,7 +8968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6185 +#: freeculture.xml:6201 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8939,7 +8981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6197 +#: freeculture.xml:6213 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8950,7 +8992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6205 +#: freeculture.xml:6221 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8959,12 +9001,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6211 +#: freeculture.xml:6227 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6213 +#: freeculture.xml:6229 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8981,7 +9023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6228 +#: freeculture.xml:6244 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8997,7 +9039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6243 +#: freeculture.xml:6259 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9009,22 +9051,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6254 +#: freeculture.xml:6271 msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6255 +#: freeculture.xml:6272 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6256 freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:10259 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6274 freeculture.xml:6304 +msgid "background of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6258 +#: freeculture.xml:6276 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9036,37 +9083,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6268 +#: freeculture.xml:6286 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 +#: freeculture.xml:6287 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6270 +#: freeculture.xml:6288 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6289 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6272 +#: freeculture.xml:6290 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:7888 freeculture.xml:8060 +#: freeculture.xml:6291 freeculture.xml:7909 freeculture.xml:8081 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6275 +#: freeculture.xml:6293 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9081,7 +9128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6288 +#: freeculture.xml:6307 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9095,7 +9142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6300 +#: freeculture.xml:6319 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9107,13 +9154,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6309 +#: freeculture.xml:6328 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6323 +#: freeculture.xml:6342 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9123,7 +9170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6333 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9137,7 +9184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6333 +#: freeculture.xml:6352 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9149,7 +9196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6344 +#: freeculture.xml:6363 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9165,7 +9212,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6379 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9178,7 +9225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6356 +#: freeculture.xml:6376 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9191,7 +9238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6374 +#: freeculture.xml:6394 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9202,7 +9249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6382 +#: freeculture.xml:6402 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9216,7 +9263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6397 +#: freeculture.xml:6417 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9228,7 +9275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6406 +#: freeculture.xml:6426 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9236,7 +9283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6411 +#: freeculture.xml:6431 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9251,7 +9298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6422 +#: freeculture.xml:6442 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9268,7 +9315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6437 +#: freeculture.xml:6457 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9279,7 +9326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 +#: freeculture.xml:6467 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9293,7 +9340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6459 +#: freeculture.xml:6479 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9303,7 +9350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6469 +#: freeculture.xml:6489 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9318,33 +9365,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:6501 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9813 freeculture.xml:9930 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9834 freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6482 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6483 +#: freeculture.xml:6503 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 +#: freeculture.xml:6504 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6715 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6488 +#: freeculture.xml:6508 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9356,14 +9403,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6498 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061 +#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:7081 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6502 +#: freeculture.xml:6522 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9380,12 +9427,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6696 +#: freeculture.xml:6538 freeculture.xml:6600 freeculture.xml:6716 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6520 +#: freeculture.xml:6540 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9398,12 +9445,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:9822 freeculture.xml:10056 +#: freeculture.xml:6550 freeculture.xml:6599 freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:6732 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:10077 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6532 +#: freeculture.xml:6552 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9415,12 +9462,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6541 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6671 freeculture.xml:6694 +#: freeculture.xml:6561 freeculture.xml:6598 freeculture.xml:6650 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:6714 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6543 +#: freeculture.xml:6563 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9439,7 +9486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6564 +#: freeculture.xml:6584 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9447,7 +9494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6570 +#: freeculture.xml:6590 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9459,17 +9506,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6581 +#: freeculture.xml:6601 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6582 +#: freeculture.xml:6602 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6584 +#: freeculture.xml:6604 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9486,7 +9533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6602 +#: freeculture.xml:6622 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9500,7 +9547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6598 +#: freeculture.xml:6618 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9517,24 +9564,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6669 +#: freeculture.xml:6689 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6670 +#: freeculture.xml:6690 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6640 +#: freeculture.xml:6660 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9569,7 +9616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6632 +#: freeculture.xml:6652 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9580,17 +9627,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6677 +#: freeculture.xml:6697 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:7051 +#: freeculture.xml:6698 freeculture.xml:7071 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6680 +#: freeculture.xml:6700 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9599,13 +9646,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6686 +#: freeculture.xml:6706 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6699 +#: freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9619,22 +9666,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6710 +#: freeculture.xml:6730 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6711 +#: freeculture.xml:6731 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6713 +#: freeculture.xml:6733 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6715 +#: freeculture.xml:6735 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9645,18 +9692,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6724 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7877 +#: freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7589 freeculture.xml:7898 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6724 +#: freeculture.xml:6744 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6726 +#: freeculture.xml:6746 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9667,24 +9714,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6737 +#: freeculture.xml:6757 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6740 +#: freeculture.xml:6760 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9813 +#: freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9834 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6743 +#: freeculture.xml:6763 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9698,18 +9745,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6756 freeculture.xml:6896 +#: freeculture.xml:6776 freeculture.xml:6916 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6757 +#: freeculture.xml:6777 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6759 +#: freeculture.xml:6779 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9726,7 +9773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6779 +#: freeculture.xml:6799 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9737,18 +9784,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6792 +#: freeculture.xml:6812 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6813 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6803 +#: freeculture.xml:6823 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9760,7 +9807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6795 +#: freeculture.xml:6815 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9782,35 +9829,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6824 +#: freeculture.xml:6844 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:15515 +#: freeculture.xml:6845 freeculture.xml:15543 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:6848 freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:7842 +#: freeculture.xml:6849 freeculture.xml:7863 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6842 +#: freeculture.xml:6862 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6832 +#: freeculture.xml:6852 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9828,7 +9875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6853 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9840,17 +9887,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6864 +#: freeculture.xml:6884 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6864 +#: freeculture.xml:6884 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6866 +#: freeculture.xml:6886 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9867,7 +9914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6882 +#: freeculture.xml:6902 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9878,27 +9925,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6891 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6893 +#: freeculture.xml:6913 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6894 +#: freeculture.xml:6914 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6895 +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6898 +#: freeculture.xml:6918 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9908,7 +9955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6905 +#: freeculture.xml:6925 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9916,22 +9963,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6909 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6910 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6931 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:6933 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9940,7 +9987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6919 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9952,18 +9999,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6928 +#: freeculture.xml:6948 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6929 +#: freeculture.xml:6949 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6935 +#: freeculture.xml:6955 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9972,7 +10019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6931 +#: freeculture.xml:6951 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -9990,7 +10037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6953 +#: freeculture.xml:6973 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -10004,49 +10051,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6965 +#: freeculture.xml:6985 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6974 +#: freeculture.xml:6994 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6975 +#: freeculture.xml:6995 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:6996 freeculture.xml:11493 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11181 +#: freeculture.xml:6997 freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:11494 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6980 +#: freeculture.xml:7000 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:11182 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 freeculture.xml:11203 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6984 +#: freeculture.xml:7004 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10055,12 +10102,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6989 +#: freeculture.xml:7009 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6991 +#: freeculture.xml:7011 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10069,7 +10116,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6996 +#: freeculture.xml:7016 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10083,12 +10130,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7010 +#: freeculture.xml:7030 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7012 +#: freeculture.xml:7032 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10101,22 +10148,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7021 +#: freeculture.xml:7041 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7022 +#: freeculture.xml:7042 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7023 +#: freeculture.xml:7043 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#: freeculture.xml:7045 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10133,7 +10180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7042 +#: freeculture.xml:7062 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10144,7 +10191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7053 +#: freeculture.xml:7073 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10152,12 +10199,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7064 +#: freeculture.xml:7084 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7068 +#: freeculture.xml:7088 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -10165,37 +10212,37 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7071 +#: freeculture.xml:7091 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7076 +#: freeculture.xml:7096 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7371 +#: freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7392 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7080 +#: freeculture.xml:7100 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7101 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7097 +#: freeculture.xml:7117 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7091 +#: freeculture.xml:7111 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -10206,7 +10253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7083 +#: freeculture.xml:7103 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10222,12 +10269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:7127 msgid "federal vs. state" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7109 +#: freeculture.xml:7129 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10238,7 +10285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7118 +#: freeculture.xml:7138 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10249,7 +10296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7134 +#: freeculture.xml:7154 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10268,7 +10315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7126 +#: freeculture.xml:7146 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10281,7 +10328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7152 +#: freeculture.xml:7172 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10292,7 +10339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7167 +#: freeculture.xml:7187 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10306,7 +10353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7161 +#: freeculture.xml:7181 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10317,12 +10364,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7185 +#: freeculture.xml:7205 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7181 +#: freeculture.xml:7201 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10335,17 +10382,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:7213 freeculture.xml:11140 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:7214 freeculture.xml:11142 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7196 +#: freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10355,18 +10402,23 @@ msgid "" "setting a maximum term of 56 years." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7223 +msgid "CTEA" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:15433 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 freeculture.xml:7224 freeculture.xml:7259 freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:15461 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:11125 +#: freeculture.xml:7225 freeculture.xml:11146 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7206 +#: freeculture.xml:7227 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10378,19 +10430,14 @@ msgid "" "of existing and future copyrights by twenty years." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13213 freeculture.xml:13695 -msgid "patents" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11124 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 freeculture.xml:11145 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7238 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10402,7 +10449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7229 +#: freeculture.xml:7250 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10414,22 +10461,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7260 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:13367 +#: freeculture.xml:7261 freeculture.xml:13395 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7261 msgid "copyright terms for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10441,7 +10488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7252 +#: freeculture.xml:7273 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10453,7 +10500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7271 +#: freeculture.xml:7292 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10462,7 +10509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7263 +#: freeculture.xml:7284 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10474,17 +10521,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7285 +#: freeculture.xml:7306 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7505 +#: freeculture.xml:7307 freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "scope of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7288 +#: freeculture.xml:7309 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10493,12 +10540,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7294 +#: freeculture.xml:7315 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7296 +#: freeculture.xml:7317 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10514,7 +10561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7309 +#: freeculture.xml:7330 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10531,23 +10578,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7323 +#: freeculture.xml:7344 msgid "marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7345 msgid "formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7325 +#: freeculture.xml:7346 msgid "registration requirement of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7327 +#: freeculture.xml:7348 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10562,7 +10609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7342 +#: freeculture.xml:7363 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10578,12 +10625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7355 +#: freeculture.xml:7376 msgid "European" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7357 +#: freeculture.xml:7378 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10594,13 +10641,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7368 +#: freeculture.xml:7389 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10610,7 +10657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7373 +#: freeculture.xml:7394 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10624,7 +10671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7395 +#: freeculture.xml:7416 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10635,7 +10682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7405 +#: freeculture.xml:7426 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10646,7 +10693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7414 +#: freeculture.xml:7435 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10654,7 +10701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7419 +#: freeculture.xml:7440 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10669,7 +10716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7434 +#: freeculture.xml:7455 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10681,7 +10728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7456 +#: freeculture.xml:7477 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10690,7 +10737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7446 +#: freeculture.xml:7467 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10705,12 +10752,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7478 +#: freeculture.xml:7499 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7471 +#: freeculture.xml:7492 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10722,7 +10769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7466 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10732,7 +10779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7486 +#: freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10742,7 +10789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7494 +#: freeculture.xml:7515 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10751,18 +10798,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7503 +#: freeculture.xml:7524 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:7525 freeculture.xml:7587 freeculture.xml:7799 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7512 +#: freeculture.xml:7533 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10776,7 +10823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7507 +#: freeculture.xml:7528 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10786,13 +10833,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:7544 msgid "other property rights vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7526 +#: freeculture.xml:7547 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10808,7 +10855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7545 +#: freeculture.xml:7566 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10817,7 +10864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7540 +#: freeculture.xml:7561 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10829,37 +10876,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7558 +#: freeculture.xml:7579 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7563 +#: freeculture.xml:7584 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7565 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7567 +#: freeculture.xml:7588 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:7589 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7573 +#: freeculture.xml:7594 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10874,14 +10921,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7587 +#: freeculture.xml:7608 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7590 +#: freeculture.xml:7611 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10892,21 +10939,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7601 +#: freeculture.xml:7622 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7606 +#: freeculture.xml:7627 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7613 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10919,7 +10966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:7645 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" @@ -10927,7 +10974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7629 +#: freeculture.xml:7650 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -10936,18 +10983,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7922 freeculture.xml:10192 +#: freeculture.xml:7655 freeculture.xml:7943 freeculture.xml:10213 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7636 freeculture.xml:7717 +#: freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7738 msgid "Internet burdens on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7641 +#: freeculture.xml:7662 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -10957,7 +11004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7638 +#: freeculture.xml:7659 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -10974,7 +11021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7682 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -10987,17 +11034,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7693 msgid "e-books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7673 +#: freeculture.xml:7694 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7675 +#: freeculture.xml:7696 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -11011,14 +11058,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7688 +#: freeculture.xml:7709 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 +#: freeculture.xml:7712 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -11027,7 +11074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7697 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -11038,7 +11085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7706 +#: freeculture.xml:7727 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -11052,13 +11099,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7719 +#: freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "fair use vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7721 +#: freeculture.xml:7742 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -11072,7 +11119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7740 +#: freeculture.xml:7761 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -11084,22 +11131,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7756 +#: freeculture.xml:7777 msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:15330 -msgid "film industry" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7758 +#: freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "trailer advertisements of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 +#: freeculture.xml:7781 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -11109,12 +11151,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7766 freeculture.xml:7841 freeculture.xml:14075 +#: freeculture.xml:7787 freeculture.xml:7862 freeculture.xml:14103 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7768 +#: freeculture.xml:7789 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -11127,7 +11169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7802 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -11143,17 +11185,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7798 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 msgid "willful infringement findings in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:7820 msgid "willful infringement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:7822 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -11166,7 +11208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7811 +#: freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -11178,12 +11220,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7819 +#: freeculture.xml:7840 msgid "first-sale doctrine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7842 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -11199,13 +11241,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7840 +#: freeculture.xml:7861 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7845 +#: freeculture.xml:7866 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -11222,7 +11264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7860 +#: freeculture.xml:7881 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -11233,12 +11275,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7869 +#: freeculture.xml:7890 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7871 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -11247,17 +11289,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7876 +#: freeculture.xml:7897 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7877 +#: freeculture.xml:7898 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7900 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -11267,18 +11309,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7886 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7887 freeculture.xml:8059 +#: freeculture.xml:7908 freeculture.xml:8080 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7919 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -11286,7 +11328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7890 +#: freeculture.xml:7911 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -11297,14 +11339,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7907 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7903 +#: freeculture.xml:7924 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -11316,7 +11358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7917 +#: freeculture.xml:7938 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -11325,7 +11367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7924 +#: freeculture.xml:7945 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11337,17 +11379,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7936 +#: freeculture.xml:7957 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7938 +#: freeculture.xml:7959 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:7962 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11356,14 +11398,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7949 +#: freeculture.xml:7970 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7952 +#: freeculture.xml:7973 msgid "" "In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version " @@ -11372,7 +11414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7957 +#: freeculture.xml:7978 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11385,14 +11427,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7970 +#: freeculture.xml:7991 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7975 +#: freeculture.xml:7996 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -11400,7 +11442,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7979 +#: freeculture.xml:8000 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11411,75 +11453,75 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7986 +#: freeculture.xml:8007 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7987 +#: freeculture.xml:8008 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7989 +#: freeculture.xml:8010 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7997 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8003 +#: freeculture.xml:8024 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 freeculture.xml:9863 +#: freeculture.xml:8026 freeculture.xml:9884 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9864 freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11229 freeculture.xml:13523 +#: freeculture.xml:8027 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:11204 freeculture.xml:11250 freeculture.xml:13551 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8008 +#: freeculture.xml:8029 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8015 +#: freeculture.xml:8036 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8018 +#: freeculture.xml:8039 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8028 +#: freeculture.xml:8049 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11490,7 +11532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8021 +#: freeculture.xml:8042 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11505,7 +11547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8043 +#: freeculture.xml:8064 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11525,7 +11567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8063 +#: freeculture.xml:8084 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11534,7 +11576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8069 +#: freeculture.xml:8090 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11546,7 +11588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8078 +#: freeculture.xml:8099 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11556,24 +11598,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8085 +#: freeculture.xml:8106 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8088 +#: freeculture.xml:8109 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8110 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8091 +#: freeculture.xml:8112 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11583,14 +11625,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8100 +#: freeculture.xml:8121 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8104 +#: freeculture.xml:8125 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11599,7 +11641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8109 +#: freeculture.xml:8130 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11610,7 +11652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8117 +#: freeculture.xml:8138 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11625,7 +11667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8132 +#: freeculture.xml:8153 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11635,34 +11677,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8142 +#: freeculture.xml:8163 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:8289 freeculture.xml:8354 freeculture.xml:8466 +#: freeculture.xml:8166 freeculture.xml:8310 freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8487 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8467 +#: freeculture.xml:8167 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8376 freeculture.xml:8488 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8468 -msgid "Sony" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8377 freeculture.xml:8489 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 +#: freeculture.xml:8170 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11671,7 +11708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8154 +#: freeculture.xml:8175 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11682,7 +11719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8163 +#: freeculture.xml:8184 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11693,12 +11730,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8170 +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 +#: freeculture.xml:8193 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11714,7 +11751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8186 +#: freeculture.xml:8207 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11724,7 +11761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8193 +#: freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11735,7 +11772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8203 +#: freeculture.xml:8224 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11750,12 +11787,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8218 +#: freeculture.xml:8239 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8220 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11769,12 +11806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8243 freeculture.xml:10821 +#: freeculture.xml:8264 freeculture.xml:10842 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 +#: freeculture.xml:8254 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11793,7 +11830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8231 +#: freeculture.xml:8252 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11803,7 +11840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8251 +#: freeculture.xml:8272 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11815,7 +11852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8261 +#: freeculture.xml:8282 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11825,7 +11862,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8268 +#: freeculture.xml:8289 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11834,7 +11871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8274 +#: freeculture.xml:8295 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11845,7 +11882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8282 +#: freeculture.xml:8303 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11855,7 +11892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8293 +#: freeculture.xml:8314 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11863,7 +11900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8300 +#: freeculture.xml:8321 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11871,7 +11908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8309 +#: freeculture.xml:8330 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11880,7 +11917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8315 +#: freeculture.xml:8336 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11889,7 +11926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 +#: freeculture.xml:8344 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11897,7 +11934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8328 +#: freeculture.xml:8349 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -11910,7 +11947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8339 +#: freeculture.xml:8360 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -11920,7 +11957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8346 +#: freeculture.xml:8367 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -11932,7 +11969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8358 +#: freeculture.xml:8379 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -11946,7 +11983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8370 +#: freeculture.xml:8391 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -11957,17 +11994,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8377 freeculture.xml:8412 +#: freeculture.xml:8398 freeculture.xml:8433 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8388 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:8448 freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8380 +#: freeculture.xml:8401 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -11980,7 +12017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8407 +#: freeculture.xml:8428 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -11991,7 +12028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8392 +#: freeculture.xml:8413 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -12011,7 +12048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8418 +#: freeculture.xml:8439 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -12019,7 +12056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8423 +#: freeculture.xml:8444 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref " "xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, " @@ -12027,26 +12064,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8430 +#: freeculture.xml:8451 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8433 +#: freeculture.xml:8454 msgid "" "— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers " "be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8436 +#: freeculture.xml:8457 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"65%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:8460 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -12057,13 +12094,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8446 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8448 +#: freeculture.xml:8469 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -12072,7 +12109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8457 +#: freeculture.xml:8478 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -12083,7 +12120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8470 +#: freeculture.xml:8491 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -12094,7 +12131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8478 +#: freeculture.xml:8499 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -12108,7 +12145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8490 +#: freeculture.xml:8511 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -12123,7 +12160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8509 +#: freeculture.xml:8530 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -12132,7 +12169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8503 +#: freeculture.xml:8524 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -12142,7 +12179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8515 +#: freeculture.xml:8536 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -12152,7 +12189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8523 +#: freeculture.xml:8544 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -12165,7 +12202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8533 +#: freeculture.xml:8554 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -12176,13 +12213,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8542 +#: freeculture.xml:8563 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8544 +#: freeculture.xml:8565 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -12200,7 +12237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8562 +#: freeculture.xml:8583 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -12210,7 +12247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8569 +#: freeculture.xml:8590 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -12223,38 +12260,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8580 +#: freeculture.xml:8601 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8584 +#: freeculture.xml:8605 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8585 freeculture.xml:9973 +#: freeculture.xml:8606 freeculture.xml:9994 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8586 +#: freeculture.xml:8607 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 freeculture.xml:9980 +#: freeculture.xml:8608 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8588 +#: freeculture.xml:8609 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8594 +#: freeculture.xml:8615 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -12263,7 +12300,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8601 +#: freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -12271,14 +12308,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8607 +#: freeculture.xml:8628 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8590 +#: freeculture.xml:8611 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -12292,13 +12329,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:8632 msgid "ownership consolidation in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8613 +#: freeculture.xml:8634 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -12311,7 +12348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8625 +#: freeculture.xml:8646 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -12325,12 +12362,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8635 freeculture.xml:8656 +#: freeculture.xml:8656 freeculture.xml:8677 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8637 +#: freeculture.xml:8658 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -12338,7 +12375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8654 +#: freeculture.xml:8675 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -12346,7 +12383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8643 +#: freeculture.xml:8664 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -12361,7 +12398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8662 +#: freeculture.xml:8683 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -12370,7 +12407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8669 +#: freeculture.xml:8690 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" " "align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>" @@ -12378,7 +12415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8673 +#: freeculture.xml:8694 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -12386,7 +12423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8678 +#: freeculture.xml:8699 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -12395,24 +12432,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8684 +#: freeculture.xml:8705 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:8708 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8689 freeculture.xml:8752 +#: freeculture.xml:8710 freeculture.xml:8773 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8691 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -12423,7 +12460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8703 +#: freeculture.xml:8724 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -12434,7 +12471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8698 +#: freeculture.xml:8719 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -12444,7 +12481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8714 +#: freeculture.xml:8735 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -12456,7 +12493,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8733 +#: freeculture.xml:8754 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -12468,7 +12505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8723 +#: freeculture.xml:8744 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -12487,7 +12524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8754 +#: freeculture.xml:8775 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -12496,17 +12533,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8759 +#: freeculture.xml:8780 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8760 +#: freeculture.xml:8781 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8762 +#: freeculture.xml:8783 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -12515,7 +12552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8777 +#: freeculture.xml:8798 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -12523,7 +12560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8768 +#: freeculture.xml:8789 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -12534,7 +12571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8784 +#: freeculture.xml:8805 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -12548,13 +12585,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8795 +#: freeculture.xml:8816 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8804 +#: freeculture.xml:8825 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -12570,7 +12607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8797 +#: freeculture.xml:8818 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -12585,7 +12622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8821 +#: freeculture.xml:8842 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12593,14 +12630,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8827 +#: freeculture.xml:8848 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8831 +#: freeculture.xml:8852 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -12609,7 +12646,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8857 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -12627,7 +12664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8855 +#: freeculture.xml:8876 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12635,12 +12672,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8863 +#: freeculture.xml:8884 msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8865 +#: freeculture.xml:8886 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -12655,14 +12692,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8877 +#: freeculture.xml:8898 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8881 +#: freeculture.xml:8902 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -12672,7 +12709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8887 +#: freeculture.xml:8908 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -12681,42 +12718,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8895 +#: freeculture.xml:8916 msgid "on television advertising bans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8896 +#: freeculture.xml:8917 msgid "controversy avoided by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8909 +#: freeculture.xml:8930 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8910 +#: freeculture.xml:8931 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8911 +#: freeculture.xml:8932 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8912 +#: freeculture.xml:8933 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8913 +#: freeculture.xml:8934 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8908 +#: freeculture.xml:8929 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -12750,7 +12787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8898 +#: freeculture.xml:8919 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -12764,7 +12801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8947 +#: freeculture.xml:8968 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -12777,12 +12814,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8960 +#: freeculture.xml:8981 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8962 +#: freeculture.xml:8983 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -12792,7 +12829,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8968 +#: freeculture.xml:8989 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -12807,7 +12844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8984 +#: freeculture.xml:9005 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12816,7 +12853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8990 +#: freeculture.xml:9011 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12830,7 +12867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9002 +#: freeculture.xml:9023 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -12845,7 +12882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9014 +#: freeculture.xml:9035 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12856,7 +12893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9038 +#: freeculture.xml:9059 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -12864,7 +12901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9023 +#: freeculture.xml:9044 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -12882,14 +12919,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9044 +#: freeculture.xml:9065 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9048 +#: freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -12899,38 +12936,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9060 freeculture.xml:9097 +#: freeculture.xml:9081 freeculture.xml:9118 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9168 +#: freeculture.xml:9082 freeculture.xml:9119 freeculture.xml:9157 freeculture.xml:9189 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9066 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9173 +#: freeculture.xml:9087 freeculture.xml:9124 freeculture.xml:9162 freeculture.xml:9194 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9067 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9105 freeculture.xml:9142 freeculture.xml:9143 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9175 freeculture.xml:9179 freeculture.xml:9180 +#: freeculture.xml:9088 freeculture.xml:9125 freeculture.xml:9126 freeculture.xml:9163 freeculture.xml:9164 freeculture.xml:9195 freeculture.xml:9196 freeculture.xml:9200 freeculture.xml:9201 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9068 freeculture.xml:9072 freeculture.xml:9073 freeculture.xml:9109 freeculture.xml:9110 freeculture.xml:9148 +#: freeculture.xml:9089 freeculture.xml:9093 freeculture.xml:9094 freeculture.xml:9130 freeculture.xml:9131 freeculture.xml:9169 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9071 freeculture.xml:9108 freeculture.xml:9146 freeculture.xml:9178 +#: freeculture.xml:9092 freeculture.xml:9129 freeculture.xml:9167 freeculture.xml:9199 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9080 +#: freeculture.xml:9101 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -12940,12 +12977,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9089 +#: freeculture.xml:9110 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9117 +#: freeculture.xml:9138 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -12954,7 +12991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9123 +#: freeculture.xml:9144 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -12964,17 +13001,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9167 +#: freeculture.xml:9156 freeculture.xml:9188 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9147 +#: freeculture.xml:9168 msgid "© / Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9155 +#: freeculture.xml:9176 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -12985,7 +13022,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9187 +#: freeculture.xml:9208 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -12994,7 +13031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9195 +#: freeculture.xml:9216 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -13003,7 +13040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9201 +#: freeculture.xml:9222 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -13017,12 +13054,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9219 +#: freeculture.xml:9240 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9219 +#: freeculture.xml:9240 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important " "contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property " @@ -13033,7 +13070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9213 +#: freeculture.xml:9234 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -13051,7 +13088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9259 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -13075,7 +13112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9261 +#: freeculture.xml:9282 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -13090,33 +13127,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9278 +#: freeculture.xml:9299 msgid "Puzzles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9282 +#: freeculture.xml:9303 msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9283 +#: freeculture.xml:9304 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9305 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9285 +#: freeculture.xml:9306 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9293 +#: freeculture.xml:9314 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -13125,7 +13162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9288 +#: freeculture.xml:9309 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -13140,7 +13177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9305 +#: freeculture.xml:9326 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -13155,7 +13192,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9317 +#: freeculture.xml:9338 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -13169,7 +13206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9328 +#: freeculture.xml:9349 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -13179,14 +13216,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9334 +#: freeculture.xml:9355 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9338 +#: freeculture.xml:9359 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -13194,7 +13231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9343 +#: freeculture.xml:9364 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -13203,7 +13240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9349 +#: freeculture.xml:9370 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -13213,7 +13250,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9355 +#: freeculture.xml:9376 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -13225,7 +13262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9369 +#: freeculture.xml:9390 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -13236,7 +13273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9377 +#: freeculture.xml:9398 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -13253,7 +13290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9391 +#: freeculture.xml:9412 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -13266,7 +13303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9400 +#: freeculture.xml:9421 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -13278,7 +13315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9411 +#: freeculture.xml:9432 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -13290,7 +13327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9421 +#: freeculture.xml:9442 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -13300,22 +13337,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9437 freeculture.xml:9724 freeculture.xml:10822 +#: freeculture.xml:9458 freeculture.xml:9745 freeculture.xml:10843 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9468 +#: freeculture.xml:9489 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9469 freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:9490 freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9437 +#: freeculture.xml:9458 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -13351,7 +13388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9428 +#: freeculture.xml:9449 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -13364,7 +13401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9475 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13374,7 +13411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9482 +#: freeculture.xml:9503 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13388,7 +13425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9494 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13399,7 +13436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9502 +#: freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -13413,14 +13450,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9515 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9519 +#: freeculture.xml:9540 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13431,7 +13468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9536 +#: freeculture.xml:9557 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13442,7 +13479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9526 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -13455,12 +13492,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9550 freeculture.xml:9924 +#: freeculture.xml:9571 freeculture.xml:9945 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9547 +#: freeculture.xml:9568 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -13468,7 +13505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9553 +#: freeculture.xml:9574 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13476,12 +13513,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9561 +#: freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:9584 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -13492,7 +13529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9571 +#: freeculture.xml:9592 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -13501,7 +13538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9577 +#: freeculture.xml:9598 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13510,7 +13547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9585 +#: freeculture.xml:9606 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -13520,7 +13557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9593 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13530,12 +13567,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9600 +#: freeculture.xml:9621 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9602 +#: freeculture.xml:9623 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -13552,7 +13589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9617 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -13567,7 +13604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9628 +#: freeculture.xml:9649 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13577,7 +13614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9638 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13591,17 +13628,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9648 freeculture.xml:9672 +#: freeculture.xml:9669 freeculture.xml:9693 msgid "WorldCom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9651 +#: freeculture.xml:9672 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9667 +#: freeculture.xml:9688 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13612,12 +13649,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9688 +#: freeculture.xml:9709 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9700 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13631,7 +13668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9675 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -13653,13 +13690,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9694 +#: freeculture.xml:9715 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9715 +#: freeculture.xml:9736 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13669,7 +13706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9696 +#: freeculture.xml:9717 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13689,7 +13726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9726 +#: freeculture.xml:9747 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13703,7 +13740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9739 +#: freeculture.xml:9760 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13717,7 +13754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:9771 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13728,7 +13765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9761 +#: freeculture.xml:9782 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13741,7 +13778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9771 +#: freeculture.xml:9792 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13754,7 +13791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9803 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13767,13 +13804,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9793 +#: freeculture.xml:9814 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9797 +#: freeculture.xml:9818 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13786,22 +13823,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9810 +#: freeculture.xml:9831 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:9832 msgid "innovation hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9812 +#: freeculture.xml:9833 msgid "industry establishment opposed to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13812,7 +13849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9824 +#: freeculture.xml:9845 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13825,7 +13862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9835 +#: freeculture.xml:9856 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13840,18 +13877,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:9969 freeculture.xml:9975 +#: freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9849 freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9851 +#: freeculture.xml:9872 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13866,7 +13903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9866 +#: freeculture.xml:9887 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13874,22 +13911,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9870 +#: freeculture.xml:9891 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9871 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9872 +#: freeculture.xml:9893 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9874 +#: freeculture.xml:9895 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13900,12 +13937,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9882 +#: freeculture.xml:9903 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9884 +#: freeculture.xml:9905 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13915,7 +13952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9891 +#: freeculture.xml:9912 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -13930,7 +13967,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9903 +#: freeculture.xml:9924 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13940,7 +13977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9913 +#: freeculture.xml:9934 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13954,17 +13991,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:9991 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9930 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9932 +#: freeculture.xml:9953 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -13976,12 +14013,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9942 +#: freeculture.xml:9963 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9945 +#: freeculture.xml:9966 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -13994,7 +14031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9956 +#: freeculture.xml:9977 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -14006,43 +14043,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9971 +#: freeculture.xml:9992 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9972 +#: freeculture.xml:9993 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:9995 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9976 +#: freeculture.xml:9997 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9977 +#: freeculture.xml:9998 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9978 +#: freeculture.xml:9999 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9979 freeculture.xml:10025 +#: freeculture.xml:10000 freeculture.xml:10046 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9989 +#: freeculture.xml:10010 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -14055,7 +14092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9983 +#: freeculture.xml:10004 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -14075,7 +14112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10021 +#: freeculture.xml:10042 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -14085,7 +14122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10012 +#: freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -14097,7 +14134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:10054 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -14109,7 +14146,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10043 +#: freeculture.xml:10064 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -14125,7 +14162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10058 +#: freeculture.xml:10079 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14140,7 +14177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10070 +#: freeculture.xml:10091 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14159,7 +14196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10110 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14169,7 +14206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10096 +#: freeculture.xml:10117 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14183,7 +14220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10111 +#: freeculture.xml:10132 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14193,12 +14230,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10124 +#: freeculture.xml:10145 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10128 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14216,7 +14253,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10128 +#: freeculture.xml:10149 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14226,20 +14263,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10137 freeculture.xml:12050 +#: freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:12076 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10143 +#: freeculture.xml:10164 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10139 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14249,7 +14286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10151 +#: freeculture.xml:10172 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14257,7 +14294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10156 +#: freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14266,12 +14303,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10174 +#: freeculture.xml:10195 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:10193 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -14279,7 +14316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10166 +#: freeculture.xml:10187 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14294,7 +14331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10185 +#: freeculture.xml:10206 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14304,17 +14341,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:10212 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#: freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#: freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14333,17 +14370,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10236 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:10238 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10236 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -14363,7 +14400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10194 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14374,13 +14411,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:10260 msgid "Monroe, Marilyn" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10244 +#: freeculture.xml:10265 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14394,7 +14431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10255 +#: freeculture.xml:10276 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14407,7 +14444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10267 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14418,7 +14455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10276 +#: freeculture.xml:10297 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14434,7 +14471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10292 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14446,12 +14483,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10316 +#: freeculture.xml:10337 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10302 +#: freeculture.xml:10323 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14469,12 +14506,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10326 +#: freeculture.xml:10347 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10321 +#: freeculture.xml:10342 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14484,7 +14521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14494,23 +14531,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10340 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10344 +#: freeculture.xml:10365 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10345 freeculture.xml:10498 +#: freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10519 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10348 +#: freeculture.xml:10369 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14525,12 +14562,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10387 +#: freeculture.xml:10408 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 +#: freeculture.xml:10391 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14552,7 +14589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10363 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14563,7 +14600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10399 +#: freeculture.xml:10420 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14572,57 +14609,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10428 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10410 +#: freeculture.xml:10431 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10434 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10416 +#: freeculture.xml:10437 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10422 +#: freeculture.xml:10443 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10425 +#: freeculture.xml:10446 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10428 +#: freeculture.xml:10449 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10431 +#: freeculture.xml:10452 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10434 +#: freeculture.xml:10455 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10437 +#: freeculture.xml:10458 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14630,77 +14667,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10440 +#: freeculture.xml:10461 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10443 +#: freeculture.xml:10464 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10446 +#: freeculture.xml:10467 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10449 +#: freeculture.xml:10470 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10452 +#: freeculture.xml:10473 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10455 +#: freeculture.xml:10476 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10458 +#: freeculture.xml:10479 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10461 +#: freeculture.xml:10482 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10464 +#: freeculture.xml:10485 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10467 +#: freeculture.xml:10488 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10470 +#: freeculture.xml:10491 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10473 +#: freeculture.xml:10494 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10497 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10479 +#: freeculture.xml:10500 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10484 +#: freeculture.xml:10505 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14711,7 +14748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10492 +#: freeculture.xml:10513 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14719,12 +14756,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10496 freeculture.xml:15309 +#: freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:15337 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10502 +#: freeculture.xml:10523 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14733,7 +14770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:10529 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14747,7 +14784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10524 +#: freeculture.xml:10545 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14756,7 +14793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10557 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14767,12 +14804,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10552 +#: freeculture.xml:10573 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10554 +#: freeculture.xml:10575 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14780,7 +14817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10560 +#: freeculture.xml:10581 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14789,7 +14826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10569 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14800,7 +14837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10565 +#: freeculture.xml:10586 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14818,7 +14855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10603 +#: freeculture.xml:10624 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14826,7 +14863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10590 +#: freeculture.xml:10611 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14848,13 +14885,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10614 +#: freeculture.xml:10635 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10626 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14863,7 +14900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10634 +#: freeculture.xml:10655 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14872,7 +14909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10644 +#: freeculture.xml:10665 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14880,7 +14917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10616 +#: freeculture.xml:10637 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -14903,12 +14940,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10652 +#: freeculture.xml:10673 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10654 +#: freeculture.xml:10675 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14927,7 +14964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10671 +#: freeculture.xml:10692 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14941,7 +14978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10684 +#: freeculture.xml:10705 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14951,7 +14988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10691 +#: freeculture.xml:10712 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -14968,7 +15005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10705 +#: freeculture.xml:10726 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -14982,13 +15019,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10717 +#: freeculture.xml:10738 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10720 +#: freeculture.xml:10741 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -14999,7 +15036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10731 +#: freeculture.xml:10752 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -15011,17 +15048,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10739 +#: freeculture.xml:10760 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10740 +#: freeculture.xml:10761 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10742 +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15035,7 +15072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10753 +#: freeculture.xml:10774 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15048,7 +15085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10763 +#: freeculture.xml:10784 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15062,7 +15099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10778 +#: freeculture.xml:10799 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15074,7 +15111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10787 +#: freeculture.xml:10808 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15087,7 +15124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10798 +#: freeculture.xml:10819 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15099,7 +15136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10807 +#: freeculture.xml:10828 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15109,7 +15146,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10813 +#: freeculture.xml:10834 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15118,7 +15155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10824 +#: freeculture.xml:10845 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15130,19 +15167,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 freeculture.xml:10932 +#: freeculture.xml:10853 freeculture.xml:10953 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10834 +#: freeculture.xml:10855 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10839 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15156,7 +15193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10851 +#: freeculture.xml:10872 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15164,7 +15201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10856 +#: freeculture.xml:10877 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15176,7 +15213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10874 +#: freeculture.xml:10895 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15193,7 +15230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10865 +#: freeculture.xml:10886 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15207,7 +15244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10892 +#: freeculture.xml:10913 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15215,7 +15252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10888 +#: freeculture.xml:10909 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15227,7 +15264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10913 +#: freeculture.xml:10934 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15250,7 +15287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10901 +#: freeculture.xml:10922 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15268,7 +15305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10934 +#: freeculture.xml:10955 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15282,7 +15319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10949 +#: freeculture.xml:10970 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15303,7 +15340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10969 +#: freeculture.xml:10990 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15314,12 +15351,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10982 +#: freeculture.xml:11003 msgid "Balances" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10987 +#: freeculture.xml:11008 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15329,7 +15366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10994 +#: freeculture.xml:11015 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15339,7 +15376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:11023 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15352,7 +15389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11012 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15362,7 +15399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11020 +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15370,7 +15407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11025 +#: freeculture.xml:11046 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15379,7 +15416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11031 +#: freeculture.xml:11052 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15388,22 +15425,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11041 +#: freeculture.xml:11062 msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11042 +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11043 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11066 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15415,17 +15452,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11053 +#: freeculture.xml:11074 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11054 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15435,7 +15472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11065 +#: freeculture.xml:11086 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15447,12 +15484,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 +#: freeculture.xml:11096 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11077 +#: freeculture.xml:11098 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15468,12 +15505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 freeculture.xml:12149 +#: freeculture.xml:11123 freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11123 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15492,7 +15529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11112 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15507,17 +15544,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11143 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11123 +#: freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11148 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15533,17 +15570,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11154 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 freeculture.xml:11175 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11155 +#: freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11154 +#: freeculture.xml:11175 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15556,7 +15593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11149 +#: freeculture.xml:11170 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15565,27 +15602,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11166 +#: freeculture.xml:11187 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11167 +#: freeculture.xml:11188 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11189 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11169 +#: freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11171 +#: freeculture.xml:11192 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15596,17 +15633,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11180 freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:11201 freeculture.xml:12144 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11229 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 freeculture.xml:11250 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:11206 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15616,7 +15653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11196 +#: freeculture.xml:11217 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15624,7 +15661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11203 +#: freeculture.xml:11224 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15638,13 +15675,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:12711 +#: freeculture.xml:11236 freeculture.xml:12739 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11217 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15657,7 +15694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15670,7 +15707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15682,7 +15719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11251 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15694,7 +15731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11261 +#: freeculture.xml:11282 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15704,7 +15741,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11268 +#: freeculture.xml:11289 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15713,7 +15750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11276 +#: freeculture.xml:11297 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15722,14 +15759,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11282 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11286 +#: freeculture.xml:11307 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15737,7 +15774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11291 +#: freeculture.xml:11312 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15746,7 +15783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11297 +#: freeculture.xml:11318 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15755,14 +15792,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11303 +#: freeculture.xml:11324 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11307 +#: freeculture.xml:11328 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15770,7 +15807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11313 +#: freeculture.xml:11334 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15779,7 +15816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11319 +#: freeculture.xml:11340 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15791,7 +15828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11330 +#: freeculture.xml:11351 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15800,7 +15837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11342 +#: freeculture.xml:11363 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15809,7 +15846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11349 +#: freeculture.xml:11370 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15818,7 +15855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11357 +#: freeculture.xml:11378 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15826,7 +15863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11335 +#: freeculture.xml:11356 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15841,7 +15878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15856,7 +15893,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11379 +#: freeculture.xml:11400 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15868,7 +15905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11392 +#: freeculture.xml:11413 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15878,7 +15915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11402 +#: freeculture.xml:11423 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15888,12 +15925,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11408 freeculture.xml:12198 +#: freeculture.xml:11429 freeculture.xml:12225 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11410 +#: freeculture.xml:11431 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -15909,7 +15946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11425 +#: freeculture.xml:11446 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15917,14 +15954,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11432 +#: freeculture.xml:11453 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11423 +#: freeculture.xml:11444 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15937,7 +15974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11439 +#: freeculture.xml:11460 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15952,7 +15989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 +#: freeculture.xml:11457 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15966,7 +16003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:11481 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -15982,7 +16019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11477 +#: freeculture.xml:11498 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -16002,13 +16039,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11494 +#: freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11502 +#: freeculture.xml:11523 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -16017,7 +16054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11496 +#: freeculture.xml:11517 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16029,7 +16066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11512 +#: freeculture.xml:11533 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16041,7 +16078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11524 +#: freeculture.xml:11545 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16056,7 +16093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11542 +#: freeculture.xml:11563 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16066,7 +16103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11536 +#: freeculture.xml:11557 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16078,7 +16115,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:11573 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16089,7 +16126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11564 +#: freeculture.xml:11586 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16100,14 +16137,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11572 +#: freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11576 +#: freeculture.xml:11598 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16115,7 +16152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11583 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16125,7 +16162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11592 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16133,7 +16170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11597 +#: freeculture.xml:11619 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16145,7 +16182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11606 +#: freeculture.xml:11628 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16159,7 +16196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11621 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16173,7 +16210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11633 +#: freeculture.xml:11655 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16181,28 +16218,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11638 +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11639 freeculture.xml:12074 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 freeculture.xml:12100 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11641 +#: freeculture.xml:11663 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11654 +#: freeculture.xml:11676 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16212,7 +16249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11643 +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16227,7 +16264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11661 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16237,7 +16274,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11667 +#: freeculture.xml:11689 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16249,7 +16286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11685 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16261,7 +16298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11700 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16272,7 +16309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11695 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16282,7 +16319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11703 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16293,7 +16330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11711 +#: freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16308,7 +16345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11722 +#: freeculture.xml:11744 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16318,7 +16355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11733 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16327,7 +16364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11741 +#: freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16338,7 +16375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11749 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16349,7 +16386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16363,7 +16400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11772 +#: freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16371,7 +16408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11779 +#: freeculture.xml:11801 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16384,7 +16421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11790 +#: freeculture.xml:11812 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16395,7 +16432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11799 +#: freeculture.xml:11821 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16404,12 +16441,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11805 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11809 +#: freeculture.xml:11832 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16424,7 +16461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11822 +#: freeculture.xml:11845 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16437,7 +16474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11832 +#: freeculture.xml:11855 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16451,7 +16488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11843 +#: freeculture.xml:11866 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16460,7 +16497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11849 +#: freeculture.xml:11873 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16475,7 +16512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11873 +#: freeculture.xml:11897 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16483,7 +16520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11861 +#: freeculture.xml:11885 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16497,7 +16534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11880 +#: freeculture.xml:11904 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16509,7 +16546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:11913 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16519,7 +16556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11896 +#: freeculture.xml:11920 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16533,7 +16570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11907 +#: freeculture.xml:11931 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16542,13 +16579,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11912 +#: freeculture.xml:11936 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11914 +#: freeculture.xml:11938 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16558,7 +16595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11923 +#: freeculture.xml:11947 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16568,7 +16605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11930 +#: freeculture.xml:11954 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16576,7 +16613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11936 +#: freeculture.xml:11960 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16589,7 +16626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11947 +#: freeculture.xml:11971 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16597,13 +16634,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11952 freeculture.xml:11966 +#: freeculture.xml:11976 freeculture.xml:11991 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11977 freeculture.xml:12128 freeculture.xml:12357 +msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11954 +#: freeculture.xml:11979 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16615,17 +16657,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11964 freeculture.xml:12327 freeculture.xml:12343 freeculture.xml:12440 freeculture.xml:12660 freeculture.xml:12691 freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:11989 freeculture.xml:12354 freeculture.xml:12371 freeculture.xml:12468 freeculture.xml:12688 freeculture.xml:12719 freeculture.xml:12818 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:11990 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11968 +#: freeculture.xml:11993 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16638,7 +16680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11978 +#: freeculture.xml:12004 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16660,7 +16702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11999 +#: freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16671,7 +16713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12007 +#: freeculture.xml:12033 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16690,17 +16732,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 freeculture.xml:12052 +#: freeculture.xml:12051 freeculture.xml:12078 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12026 +#: freeculture.xml:12052 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12028 +#: freeculture.xml:12054 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16717,7 +16759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 +#: freeculture.xml:12068 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16728,7 +16770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12054 +#: freeculture.xml:12080 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16741,17 +16783,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12066 +#: freeculture.xml:12092 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12067 +#: freeculture.xml:12093 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12095 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16760,7 +16802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16769,32 +16811,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12082 +#: freeculture.xml:12108 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12083 +#: freeculture.xml:12109 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12111 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12086 +#: freeculture.xml:12112 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12088 +#: freeculture.xml:12114 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16808,28 +16850,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 freeculture.xml:12116 freeculture.xml:12329 freeculture.xml:12692 +#: freeculture.xml:12124 freeculture.xml:12143 freeculture.xml:12356 freeculture.xml:12720 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12125 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12100 +#: freeculture.xml:12126 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12101 freeculture.xml:12328 freeculture.xml:13478 +#: freeculture.xml:12127 freeculture.xml:12355 freeculture.xml:13506 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12103 +#: freeculture.xml:12130 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16843,12 +16885,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12118 +#: freeculture.xml:12145 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12120 +#: freeculture.xml:12147 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16862,7 +16904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12132 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16872,7 +16914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12139 +#: freeculture.xml:12166 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16883,18 +16925,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12147 +#: freeculture.xml:12174 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12158 +#: freeculture.xml:12185 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16902,7 +16944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12166 +#: freeculture.xml:12193 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -16911,7 +16953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12151 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16928,7 +16970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12175 +#: freeculture.xml:12202 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16943,7 +16985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12214 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16953,7 +16995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12221 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -16961,12 +17003,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12199 freeculture.xml:12385 +#: freeculture.xml:12226 freeculture.xml:12413 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12201 +#: freeculture.xml:12228 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -16979,18 +17021,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12235 freeculture.xml:12587 freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12237 freeculture.xml:12262 freeculture.xml:12615 freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12211 freeculture.xml:12551 +#: freeculture.xml:12238 freeculture.xml:12579 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12213 +#: freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17003,7 +17045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12225 +#: freeculture.xml:12252 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17016,7 +17058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12237 +#: freeculture.xml:12264 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17026,7 +17068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12246 +#: freeculture.xml:12273 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17037,7 +17079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12254 +#: freeculture.xml:12281 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17050,7 +17092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12264 +#: freeculture.xml:12291 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17065,7 +17107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12278 +#: freeculture.xml:12305 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17075,7 +17117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:12313 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17084,7 +17126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:12320 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17099,7 +17141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12308 +#: freeculture.xml:12335 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17109,7 +17151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12318 +#: freeculture.xml:12345 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17120,7 +17162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12331 +#: freeculture.xml:12359 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17129,7 +17171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12365 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17139,7 +17181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12345 +#: freeculture.xml:12373 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17153,7 +17195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12355 +#: freeculture.xml:12383 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17163,7 +17205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:12393 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17179,7 +17221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12380 +#: freeculture.xml:12408 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17188,14 +17230,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12387 +#: freeculture.xml:12415 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12392 +#: freeculture.xml:12420 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17204,7 +17246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12399 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17213,7 +17255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12433 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17221,14 +17263,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12413 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12419 +#: freeculture.xml:12447 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17238,14 +17280,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12427 +#: freeculture.xml:12455 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12433 +#: freeculture.xml:12461 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17255,7 +17297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12442 +#: freeculture.xml:12470 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17265,7 +17307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12449 +#: freeculture.xml:12477 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17274,21 +17316,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12454 +#: freeculture.xml:12482 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12461 +#: freeculture.xml:12489 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12465 +#: freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17297,12 +17339,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12473 +#: freeculture.xml:12501 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12475 +#: freeculture.xml:12503 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17310,7 +17352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12481 +#: freeculture.xml:12509 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17319,7 +17361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12489 +#: freeculture.xml:12517 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17335,7 +17377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12502 +#: freeculture.xml:12530 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17344,7 +17386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12511 +#: freeculture.xml:12539 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17361,7 +17403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 +#: freeculture.xml:12554 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17372,7 +17414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12534 +#: freeculture.xml:12562 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17380,7 +17422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12539 +#: freeculture.xml:12567 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17388,7 +17430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12545 +#: freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17399,7 +17441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12555 +#: freeculture.xml:12583 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17407,7 +17449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17416,7 +17458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#: freeculture.xml:12594 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17430,7 +17472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12577 +#: freeculture.xml:12605 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17443,7 +17485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12589 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17458,7 +17500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12602 +#: freeculture.xml:12630 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17472,7 +17514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12613 +#: freeculture.xml:12641 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17483,7 +17525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12620 +#: freeculture.xml:12648 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17491,12 +17533,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12625 +#: freeculture.xml:12653 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12627 +#: freeculture.xml:12655 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17514,7 +17556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12640 +#: freeculture.xml:12668 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17529,7 +17571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12655 +#: freeculture.xml:12683 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17537,7 +17579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12662 +#: freeculture.xml:12690 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17552,7 +17594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12673 +#: freeculture.xml:12701 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17571,7 +17613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12694 +#: freeculture.xml:12722 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17579,7 +17621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12699 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17588,7 +17630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17598,7 +17640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12713 +#: freeculture.xml:12741 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17608,7 +17650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12720 +#: freeculture.xml:12748 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17621,7 +17663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12757 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17635,7 +17677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12744 +#: freeculture.xml:12772 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17646,12 +17688,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12759 freeculture.xml:12764 +#: freeculture.xml:12787 freeculture.xml:12792 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:12781 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17662,14 +17704,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12767 +#: freeculture.xml:12795 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17682,12 +17724,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12778 +#: freeculture.xml:12806 msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12780 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17700,7 +17742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17714,7 +17756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12802 +#: freeculture.xml:12830 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17724,7 +17766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12810 +#: freeculture.xml:12838 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17732,7 +17774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12815 +#: freeculture.xml:12843 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17744,12 +17786,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12823 freeculture.xml:13024 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 freeculture.xml:13052 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12825 +#: freeculture.xml:12853 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17763,7 +17805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12837 +#: freeculture.xml:12865 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17776,22 +17818,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12847 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 freeculture.xml:12889 +#: freeculture.xml:12876 freeculture.xml:12917 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:12884 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:12884 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17814,7 +17856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12851 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17829,7 +17871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12883 +#: freeculture.xml:12911 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17839,7 +17881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12891 +#: freeculture.xml:12919 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17852,7 +17894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12901 +#: freeculture.xml:12929 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17863,7 +17905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12909 +#: freeculture.xml:12937 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17874,7 +17916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#: freeculture.xml:12945 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17886,7 +17928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12929 +#: freeculture.xml:12957 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17897,7 +17939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12938 +#: freeculture.xml:12966 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17915,7 +17957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12954 +#: freeculture.xml:12982 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17930,7 +17972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12969 +#: freeculture.xml:12997 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17943,7 +17985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12979 +#: freeculture.xml:13007 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -17955,7 +17997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:13016 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -17965,7 +18007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12995 +#: freeculture.xml:13023 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -17975,7 +18017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13002 +#: freeculture.xml:13030 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -17984,7 +18026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13008 +#: freeculture.xml:13036 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18002,7 +18044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13026 +#: freeculture.xml:13054 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18012,12 +18054,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13032 +#: freeculture.xml:13060 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13034 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18028,7 +18070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13043 +#: freeculture.xml:13071 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18040,7 +18082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13051 +#: freeculture.xml:13079 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18062,7 +18104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13072 +#: freeculture.xml:13100 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18073,7 +18115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13080 +#: freeculture.xml:13108 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18086,7 +18128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13090 +#: freeculture.xml:13118 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18096,7 +18138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13099 +#: freeculture.xml:13127 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18110,12 +18152,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13109 +#: freeculture.xml:13137 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13111 +#: freeculture.xml:13139 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18128,12 +18170,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13121 +#: freeculture.xml:13149 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13124 +#: freeculture.xml:13152 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18146,7 +18188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13135 +#: freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18157,7 +18199,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 +#: freeculture.xml:13171 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18168,7 +18210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13155 +#: freeculture.xml:13183 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18178,7 +18220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13162 +#: freeculture.xml:13190 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18190,47 +18232,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13174 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13176 +#: freeculture.xml:13204 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13177 +#: freeculture.xml:13205 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 +#: freeculture.xml:13206 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13207 freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13207 freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13180 +#: freeculture.xml:13208 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13182 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18240,7 +18282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13189 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18251,7 +18293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13204 +#: freeculture.xml:13232 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18262,7 +18304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13197 +#: freeculture.xml:13225 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18274,18 +18316,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13213 freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13723 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13214 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13217 +#: freeculture.xml:13245 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18296,7 +18338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13225 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18309,7 +18351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13236 +#: freeculture.xml:13264 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18319,27 +18361,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13242 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13243 +#: freeculture.xml:13271 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:13272 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13751 +#: freeculture.xml:13285 freeculture.xml:13779 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13255 +#: freeculture.xml:13283 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18348,7 +18390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13246 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18360,13 +18402,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13261 +#: freeculture.xml:13289 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18381,7 +18423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13296 +#: freeculture.xml:13324 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18390,7 +18432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13263 +#: freeculture.xml:13291 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18413,7 +18455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13303 +#: freeculture.xml:13331 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18425,7 +18467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13313 +#: freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18436,7 +18478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:13349 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18450,7 +18492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18468,7 +18510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13330 +#: freeculture.xml:13358 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18480,7 +18522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18493,12 +18535,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13367 +#: freeculture.xml:13395 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13369 +#: freeculture.xml:13397 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18509,7 +18551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13377 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18520,13 +18562,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13384 +#: freeculture.xml:13412 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13386 +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18543,7 +18585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13408 +#: freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18551,7 +18593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:13442 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18565,7 +18607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13429 +#: freeculture.xml:13457 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18577,7 +18619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13438 +#: freeculture.xml:13466 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18592,7 +18634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13452 +#: freeculture.xml:13480 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18609,68 +18651,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13465 freeculture.xml:14241 +#: freeculture.xml:13493 freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13466 freeculture.xml:13479 +#: freeculture.xml:13494 freeculture.xml:13507 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13467 freeculture.xml:13637 +#: freeculture.xml:13495 freeculture.xml:13665 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13469 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14160 +#: freeculture.xml:13497 freeculture.xml:13614 freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13470 freeculture.xml:14307 +#: freeculture.xml:13498 freeculture.xml:14335 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 freeculture.xml:14308 +#: freeculture.xml:13499 freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13473 +#: freeculture.xml:13501 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13474 +#: freeculture.xml:13502 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13475 freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:13666 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13476 +#: freeculture.xml:13504 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13477 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 +#: freeculture.xml:13512 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18686,7 +18728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#: freeculture.xml:13509 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18711,7 +18753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13517 +#: freeculture.xml:13545 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18721,20 +18763,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13523 +#: freeculture.xml:13551 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13526 +#: freeculture.xml:13554 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13525 +#: freeculture.xml:13553 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18745,13 +18787,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13535 freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13720 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13537 +#: freeculture.xml:13565 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18775,7 +18817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13561 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18784,17 +18826,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13570 freeculture.xml:15307 +#: freeculture.xml:13598 freeculture.xml:15335 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13571 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13573 +#: freeculture.xml:13601 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18808,13 +18850,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13583 +#: freeculture.xml:13611 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13599 +#: freeculture.xml:13627 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18835,7 +18877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 +#: freeculture.xml:13616 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18850,18 +18892,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13617 +#: freeculture.xml:13645 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13618 +#: freeculture.xml:13646 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13620 +#: freeculture.xml:13648 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18879,25 +18921,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:13667 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13640 +#: freeculture.xml:13668 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13678 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13670 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18910,7 +18952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18920,17 +18962,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13664 freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13692 freeculture.xml:13751 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13665 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13667 +#: freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18942,12 +18984,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13678 +#: freeculture.xml:13706 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13683 +#: freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18960,12 +19002,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13694 +#: freeculture.xml:13722 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13697 +#: freeculture.xml:13725 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18981,7 +19023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13711 +#: freeculture.xml:13739 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18997,7 +19039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13725 +#: freeculture.xml:13753 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19011,17 +19053,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13736 +#: freeculture.xml:13764 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13737 +#: freeculture.xml:13765 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13767 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19035,14 +19077,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13784 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:13781 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19053,7 +19095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13767 +#: freeculture.xml:13795 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19063,7 +19105,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13776 +#: freeculture.xml:13804 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19076,7 +19118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13816 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19089,7 +19131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13799 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19101,7 +19143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:13835 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19109,7 +19151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:13841 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19124,7 +19166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13824 +#: freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19134,17 +19176,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13833 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:13865 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13867 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19158,7 +19200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19168,7 +19210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13858 +#: freeculture.xml:13886 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19178,7 +19220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13893 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19190,7 +19232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13903 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19200,7 +19242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13910 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19211,20 +19253,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13890 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13893 +#: freeculture.xml:13921 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:13927 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19243,7 +19285,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13917 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19253,7 +19295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13924 +#: freeculture.xml:13952 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19261,7 +19303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13895 +#: freeculture.xml:13923 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19281,33 +19323,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13941 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:13970 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13943 freeculture.xml:14338 +#: freeculture.xml:13971 freeculture.xml:14366 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13972 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13945 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:13978 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19316,7 +19358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13987 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19325,7 +19367,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13947 +#: freeculture.xml:13975 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19344,25 +19386,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:14001 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13981 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "Afterword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13982 freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:14010 freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#: freeculture.xml:14014 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19370,7 +19412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13991 +#: freeculture.xml:14019 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19379,7 +19421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13997 +#: freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19388,7 +19430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14006 +#: freeculture.xml:14034 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19398,12 +19440,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14015 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "Us, now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14018 +#: freeculture.xml:14046 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19413,7 +19455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14025 +#: freeculture.xml:14053 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19426,13 +19468,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14037 +#: freeculture.xml:14065 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19444,7 +19486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14049 +#: freeculture.xml:14077 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19461,7 +19503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14065 +#: freeculture.xml:14093 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19472,22 +19514,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14073 +#: freeculture.xml:14101 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14074 +#: freeculture.xml:14102 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14076 +#: freeculture.xml:14104 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14078 +#: freeculture.xml:14106 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19499,12 +19541,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14088 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14092 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19522,22 +19564,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14107 +#: freeculture.xml:14135 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14108 +#: freeculture.xml:14136 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14111 +#: freeculture.xml:14139 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19550,12 +19592,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14120 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14122 +#: freeculture.xml:14150 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19568,7 +19610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14140 +#: freeculture.xml:14168 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19583,7 +19625,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14162 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19597,12 +19639,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14159 +#: freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14163 +#: freeculture.xml:14191 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19613,12 +19655,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14170 +#: freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14200 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19628,7 +19670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19642,12 +19684,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14219 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19660,7 +19702,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14202 +#: freeculture.xml:14230 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19670,12 +19712,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14211 +#: freeculture.xml:14239 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19686,7 +19728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19699,7 +19741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14232 +#: freeculture.xml:14260 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19710,12 +19752,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14242 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14244 +#: freeculture.xml:14272 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19723,23 +19765,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14276 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14250 freeculture.xml:14286 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 freeculture.xml:14314 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14251 +#: freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19756,17 +19798,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:14296 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14271 +#: freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19778,7 +19820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14282 +#: freeculture.xml:14310 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19786,7 +19828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14288 +#: freeculture.xml:14316 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19801,7 +19843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14300 +#: freeculture.xml:14328 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19812,7 +19854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14310 +#: freeculture.xml:14338 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19826,7 +19868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14324 +#: freeculture.xml:14352 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19837,24 +19879,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14343 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14373 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19868,7 +19910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14356 +#: freeculture.xml:14384 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19887,7 +19929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14374 +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19901,7 +19943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14385 +#: freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19914,13 +19956,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14397 +#: freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19934,7 +19976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14410 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19949,7 +19991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14423 +#: freeculture.xml:14451 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19959,7 +20001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14430 +#: freeculture.xml:14458 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19973,7 +20015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:14470 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19981,18 +20023,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14448 +#: freeculture.xml:14476 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14450 +#: freeculture.xml:14478 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20004,23 +20046,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14461 +#: freeculture.xml:14489 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:14490 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14464 +#: freeculture.xml:14492 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14481 +#: freeculture.xml:14509 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20029,7 +20071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14466 +#: freeculture.xml:14494 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20049,7 +20091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14490 +#: freeculture.xml:14518 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20064,7 +20106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14502 +#: freeculture.xml:14530 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20075,7 +20117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14512 +#: freeculture.xml:14540 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20086,7 +20128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14520 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20097,12 +20139,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14534 +#: freeculture.xml:14562 msgid "Them, soon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14536 +#: freeculture.xml:14564 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20112,7 +20154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14543 +#: freeculture.xml:14571 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20121,12 +20163,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14550 +#: freeculture.xml:14578 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14552 +#: freeculture.xml:14580 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20136,14 +20178,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14559 +#: freeculture.xml:14587 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14592 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20152,12 +20194,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14570 +#: freeculture.xml:14598 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14573 +#: freeculture.xml:14601 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20168,7 +20210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14582 +#: freeculture.xml:14610 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20183,7 +20225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14596 +#: freeculture.xml:14624 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20191,7 +20233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14594 +#: freeculture.xml:14622 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20201,7 +20243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14604 +#: freeculture.xml:14632 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20212,12 +20254,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14616 +#: freeculture.xml:14644 msgid "Registration and renewal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14618 +#: freeculture.xml:14646 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20232,7 +20274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14631 +#: freeculture.xml:14659 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20244,7 +20286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14640 +#: freeculture.xml:14668 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20257,7 +20299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14650 +#: freeculture.xml:14678 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20271,12 +20313,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14665 +#: freeculture.xml:14693 msgid "Marking" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14667 +#: freeculture.xml:14695 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20288,7 +20330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14705 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20296,7 +20338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14683 +#: freeculture.xml:14711 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20310,7 +20352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14700 +#: freeculture.xml:14728 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20319,7 +20361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14693 +#: freeculture.xml:14721 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20335,7 +20377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14713 +#: freeculture.xml:14741 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20345,12 +20387,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14719 +#: freeculture.xml:14747 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14721 +#: freeculture.xml:14749 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20364,7 +20406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14733 +#: freeculture.xml:14761 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20375,7 +20417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14741 +#: freeculture.xml:14769 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20383,7 +20425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14746 +#: freeculture.xml:14774 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20394,12 +20436,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:14786 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14760 +#: freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20408,7 +20450,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14773 +#: freeculture.xml:14801 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20416,7 +20458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14765 +#: freeculture.xml:14793 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20429,7 +20471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14780 +#: freeculture.xml:14808 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20438,7 +20480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14788 +#: freeculture.xml:14816 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20451,7 +20493,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14797 +#: freeculture.xml:14825 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20465,13 +20507,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14837 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14820 +#: freeculture.xml:14848 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20479,7 +20521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14812 +#: freeculture.xml:14840 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20494,7 +20536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14831 +#: freeculture.xml:14859 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20511,7 +20553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14847 +#: freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20519,7 +20561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14853 +#: freeculture.xml:14881 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20529,12 +20571,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14863 +#: freeculture.xml:14891 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14867 +#: freeculture.xml:14895 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20545,7 +20587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14875 +#: freeculture.xml:14903 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20557,20 +20599,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14883 +#: freeculture.xml:14911 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14889 +#: freeculture.xml:14917 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14885 +#: freeculture.xml:14913 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20582,12 +20624,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14902 +#: freeculture.xml:14930 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14898 +#: freeculture.xml:14926 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20596,7 +20638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14907 +#: freeculture.xml:14935 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20606,7 +20648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14914 +#: freeculture.xml:14942 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20618,7 +20660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14927 +#: freeculture.xml:14955 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20633,7 +20675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14941 +#: freeculture.xml:14969 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20643,12 +20685,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14957 +#: freeculture.xml:14985 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14955 +#: freeculture.xml:14983 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20656,7 +20698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14949 +#: freeculture.xml:14977 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20666,7 +20708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14963 +#: freeculture.xml:14991 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20677,7 +20719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14970 +#: freeculture.xml:14998 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20687,12 +20729,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14980 +#: freeculture.xml:15008 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14982 +#: freeculture.xml:15010 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20702,7 +20744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14989 +#: freeculture.xml:15017 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20713,7 +20755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14998 +#: freeculture.xml:15026 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20723,7 +20765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15005 +#: freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20734,7 +20776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15014 +#: freeculture.xml:15042 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20742,7 +20784,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15019 +#: freeculture.xml:15047 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20751,7 +20793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15025 +#: freeculture.xml:15053 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20760,7 +20802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15031 +#: freeculture.xml:15059 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20768,7 +20810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15039 +#: freeculture.xml:15067 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20779,7 +20821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15047 +#: freeculture.xml:15075 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20789,7 +20831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15055 +#: freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20797,7 +20839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15060 +#: freeculture.xml:15088 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20812,7 +20854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15072 +#: freeculture.xml:15100 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20828,13 +20870,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15086 +#: freeculture.xml:15114 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15106 +#: freeculture.xml:15134 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20842,7 +20884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15088 +#: freeculture.xml:15116 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20864,7 +20906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15113 +#: freeculture.xml:15141 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20880,7 +20922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15129 +#: freeculture.xml:15157 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20894,7 +20936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15140 +#: freeculture.xml:15168 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20906,7 +20948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15151 +#: freeculture.xml:15179 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20919,7 +20961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:15189 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20932,7 +20974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15172 +#: freeculture.xml:15200 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20944,7 +20986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15182 +#: freeculture.xml:15210 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20957,7 +20999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15192 +#: freeculture.xml:15220 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20968,14 +21010,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15200 +#: freeculture.xml:15228 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15204 +#: freeculture.xml:15232 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20989,7 +21031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15215 +#: freeculture.xml:15243 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21000,17 +21042,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15222 freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:15250 freeculture.xml:15292 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15262 +#: freeculture.xml:15290 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15228 +#: freeculture.xml:15256 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21052,7 +21094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15224 +#: freeculture.xml:15252 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21067,7 +21109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15278 +#: freeculture.xml:15306 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21085,7 +21127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15295 +#: freeculture.xml:15323 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21098,17 +21140,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15308 +#: freeculture.xml:15336 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15310 +#: freeculture.xml:15338 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15312 +#: freeculture.xml:15340 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21126,17 +21168,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15327 +#: freeculture.xml:15355 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15330 +#: freeculture.xml:15358 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15332 +#: freeculture.xml:15360 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21152,7 +21194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15344 +#: freeculture.xml:15372 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21163,13 +21205,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15353 +#: freeculture.xml:15381 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15358 +#: freeculture.xml:15386 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21178,19 +21220,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15365 +#: freeculture.xml:15393 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15371 +#: freeculture.xml:15399 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15375 +#: freeculture.xml:15403 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21198,14 +21240,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15381 +#: freeculture.xml:15409 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15386 +#: freeculture.xml:15414 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21214,7 +21256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15392 +#: freeculture.xml:15420 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21231,7 +21273,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15406 +#: freeculture.xml:15434 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21241,12 +21283,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15417 +#: freeculture.xml:15445 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15419 +#: freeculture.xml:15447 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21255,7 +21297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15425 +#: freeculture.xml:15453 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21265,18 +21307,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15432 +#: freeculture.xml:15460 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15433 +#: freeculture.xml:15461 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15444 +#: freeculture.xml:15472 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21284,7 +21326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15435 +#: freeculture.xml:15463 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21297,7 +21339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15450 +#: freeculture.xml:15478 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21305,7 +21347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15460 +#: freeculture.xml:15488 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21325,7 +21367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15455 +#: freeculture.xml:15483 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21337,7 +21379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15484 +#: freeculture.xml:15512 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21347,7 +21389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15492 +#: freeculture.xml:15520 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21360,7 +21402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15502 +#: freeculture.xml:15530 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21371,7 +21413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15510 +#: freeculture.xml:15538 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21379,7 +21421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15517 +#: freeculture.xml:15545 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21392,7 +21434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15526 +#: freeculture.xml:15554 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21402,7 +21444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15535 +#: freeculture.xml:15563 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21410,12 +21452,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15544 +#: freeculture.xml:15572 msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15546 +#: freeculture.xml:15574 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21429,12 +21471,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15566 +#: freeculture.xml:15594 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15568 +#: freeculture.xml:15596 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21443,7 +21485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15575 +#: freeculture.xml:15603 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21459,7 +21501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15588 +#: freeculture.xml:15616 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21472,7 +21514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15599 +#: freeculture.xml:15627 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21494,7 +21536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15619 +#: freeculture.xml:15647 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21505,7 +21547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15628 +#: freeculture.xml:15656 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21514,12 +21556,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15638 +#: freeculture.xml:15666 msgid "About this edition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15640 +#: freeculture.xml:15668 msgid "" "This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three " "years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten " @@ -21532,7 +21574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15652 +#: freeculture.xml:15680 msgid "" "Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience " "translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this " @@ -21546,7 +21588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15664 +#: freeculture.xml:15692 msgid "" "Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, " "Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. " @@ -21565,7 +21607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15683 +#: freeculture.xml:15711 msgid "" "At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to " "publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to " @@ -21573,36 +21615,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15690 +#: freeculture.xml:15718 msgid "" "In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my " "family for their patience with me in this project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15695 +#: freeculture.xml:15723 msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15705 +#: freeculture.xml:15733 msgid "" "Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " "and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15709 +#: freeculture.xml:15737 msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15713 +#: freeculture.xml:15741 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15717 +#: freeculture.xml:15745 msgid "" "Published in English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with " "help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson " @@ -21610,12 +21652,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15723 +#: freeculture.xml:15751 msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15727 +#: freeculture.xml:15755 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21624,7 +21666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15733 +#: freeculture.xml:15761 msgid "" "Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright " @@ -21633,7 +21675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15739 +#: freeculture.xml:15767 msgid "" "Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office " @@ -21641,19 +21683,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15745 +#: freeculture.xml:15773 msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15749 +#: freeculture.xml:15777 msgid "" "The quotes on the cover came from <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15754 +#: freeculture.xml:15782 msgid "" "Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " @@ -21662,49 +21704,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15761 +#: freeculture.xml:15789 msgid "Classifications:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15765 +#: freeculture.xml:15793 msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15774 +#: freeculture.xml:15802 msgid "(UDK) 347.78" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15778 +#: freeculture.xml:15806 msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15782 +#: freeculture.xml:15810 msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15786 +#: freeculture.xml:15814 msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15790 +#: freeculture.xml:15818 msgid "" "Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink " "url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15795 +#: freeculture.xml:15823 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15802 +#: freeculture.xml:15830 msgid "" "The Docbook source is available from <ulink " "url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please " @@ -21712,64 +21754,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> -#: freeculture.xml:15809 +#: freeculture.xml:15837 msgid "images/cc.svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15821 +#: freeculture.xml:15849 msgid "" "This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to " "get the latest version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15830 +#: freeculture.xml:15858 msgid "Format / MIME-type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15831 +#: freeculture.xml:15859 msgid "ISBN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15836 +#: freeculture.xml:15864 msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15837 +#: freeculture.xml:15865 msgid "978-82-8067-010-6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15840 +#: freeculture.xml:15868 msgid "application/pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15841 +#: freeculture.xml:15869 msgid "978-82-8067-011-3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15844 +#: freeculture.xml:15872 msgid "application/epub+zip" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15845 +#: freeculture.xml:15873 msgid "978-82-8067-012-0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15848 +#: freeculture.xml:15876 msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15849 +#: freeculture.xml:15877 msgid "978-82-8067-013-7" msgstr ""