X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/e5909bf41ef0d1edd253e52f0c2eb9679c52c314..19134227e5ea3abf7d2180aa81e0b2d445a2e3f4:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 0886c7b..c54ffa9 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-27 20:12+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-07 11:37+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"freeculture\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:112 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:180 msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" @@ -63,13 +63,61 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Lessig" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:43 +msgid "Intellectual property—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:46 +msgid "Mass media—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:49 +msgid "Technological innovations—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:52 +msgid "Art—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:59 +#, no-wrap +msgid "New York" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:38 -msgid " 2004 Lawrence Lessig " +#: freeculture.xml:57 +msgid "" +" The Penguin Press 2004 " +"Lawrence Lessig " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:69 +msgid "" +" " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:76 +msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:68 +msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:45 +#: freeculture.xml:82 msgid "" "This version of Free Culture is licensed under a " "Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this " @@ -79,94 +127,125 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:54 +#: freeculture.xml:91 msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> -#: freeculture.xml:56 +#: freeculture.xml:93 msgid "" "LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " -"url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " +"url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " "law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law " "School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is " "chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink " -"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). " -"The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other " -"Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of " -"the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and " -"Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award " -"for the Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz " -"25,\" and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate " -"of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law " -"School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit " -"Court of Appeals." +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The " +"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " +"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " +"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " +"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " +"and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate of the " +"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, " +"Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " +"Appeals." +msgstr "" + +#. testing different ways to tag the cover page +# +#. <imageobject remap="s" role="front"> +# +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +# +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject> +#: freeculture.xml:114 +msgid "" +"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"images/cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:80 +#. LCCN from +#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page +#. +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: freeculture.xml:112 +msgid "" +" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid " +"class=\"isbn\">1-59420-006-8</biblioid> <biblioid " +"class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</biblioid>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:142 msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:83 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:145 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:84 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:146 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:85 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:147 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:92 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:156 msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:95 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:159 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:162 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:103 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:169 msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:108 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:176 msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:118 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:186 msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:123 +#: freeculture.xml:192 msgid "" "THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " "New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:127 +#: freeculture.xml:196 msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:130 +#: freeculture.xml:199 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright " @@ -174,149 +253,139 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:135 +#: freeculture.xml:204 msgid "" "Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " "Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:139 +#: freeculture.xml:208 msgid "" "Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC " "Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:143 +#: freeculture.xml:212 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:146 +#: freeculture.xml:215 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:151 +#: freeculture.xml:220 msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:154 +#: freeculture.xml:223 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:157 +#: freeculture.xml:226 msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:160 +#: freeculture.xml:230 msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:163 +#: freeculture.xml:233 msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:166 +#: freeculture.xml:236 msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:169 +#: freeculture.xml:239 msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:172 +#: freeculture.xml:242 msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:175 +#: freeculture.xml:245 msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:178 +#: freeculture.xml:248 msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:181 +#: freeculture.xml:251 msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:185 +#: freeculture.xml:255 msgid "&translationblock;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:189 +#: freeculture.xml:259 msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " "system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " "photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " -"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The " -"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via " -"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " +"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:267 +msgid "" +"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " +"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " "punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " "do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:206 +#: freeculture.xml:279 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:212 -msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:213 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:211 -msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:221 +#: freeculture.xml:287 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:283 +#: freeculture.xml:349 msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:285 +#: freeculture.xml:351 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:288 +#: freeculture.xml:354 msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws " "of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of " @@ -324,14 +393,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:298 +#: freeculture.xml:364 msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:294 +#: freeculture.xml:360 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -340,7 +409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:303 +#: freeculture.xml:369 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " @@ -350,9 +419,9 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 12 +#. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:312 +#: freeculture.xml:378 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -364,7 +433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:323 +#: freeculture.xml:389 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -373,14 +442,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:335 +#: freeculture.xml:401 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:330 +#: freeculture.xml:396 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " @@ -399,7 +468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:350 +#: freeculture.xml:416 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -410,17 +479,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12674 +#: freeculture.xml:424 freeculture.xml:12852 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12687 +#: freeculture.xml:435 freeculture.xml:445 freeculture.xml:12865 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:360 +#: freeculture.xml:426 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -434,14 +503,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:377 +#: freeculture.xml:443 msgid "" "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:373 +#: freeculture.xml:439 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -451,7 +520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:384 +#: freeculture.xml:450 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -469,9 +538,9 @@ msgid "" "\"merely\" derivative." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 14 +#. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:400 +#: freeculture.xml:466 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -489,7 +558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:418 +#: freeculture.xml:484 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -501,12 +570,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:433 +#: freeculture.xml:499 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:435 +#: freeculture.xml:501 msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " "hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " @@ -517,14 +586,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:447 +#: freeculture.xml:513 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:443 +#: freeculture.xml:509 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -537,7 +606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:456 +#: freeculture.xml:522 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -549,17 +618,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:927 freeculture.xml:944 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:8724 freeculture.xml:12077 freeculture.xml:12778 +#: freeculture.xml:530 freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:574 freeculture.xml:593 freeculture.xml:996 freeculture.xml:1013 freeculture.xml:1059 freeculture.xml:8852 freeculture.xml:12247 freeculture.xml:12956 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8725 freeculture.xml:12078 freeculture.xml:12779 +#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:575 freeculture.xml:594 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1060 freeculture.xml:8853 freeculture.xml:12248 freeculture.xml:12957 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:467 +#: freeculture.xml:533 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -573,7 +642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:480 +#: freeculture.xml:546 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -586,7 +655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:500 +#: freeculture.xml:566 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " @@ -600,7 +669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:491 +#: freeculture.xml:557 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -613,13 +682,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:514 +#: freeculture.xml:580 msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 18 +#. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:517 +#: freeculture.xml:583 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -632,7 +701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:530 +#: freeculture.xml:596 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -652,22 +721,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:559 +#: freeculture.xml:625 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:560 +#: freeculture.xml:626 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:561 +#: freeculture.xml:627 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:548 +#: freeculture.xml:614 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -683,7 +752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:564 +#: freeculture.xml:630 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -695,7 +764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:574 +#: freeculture.xml:640 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -708,32 +777,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:585 +#: freeculture.xml:651 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:596 +#: freeculture.xml:662 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:589 +#: freeculture.xml:655 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " -"like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " -"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " -"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " -"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " +"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " +"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa " +"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " +"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " "heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 20 +#. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:602 +#: freeculture.xml:668 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -744,12 +813,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:616 freeculture.xml:636 +#: freeculture.xml:682 freeculture.xml:702 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:611 +#: freeculture.xml:677 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -759,7 +828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:623 +#: freeculture.xml:689 msgid "" "See \"Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,\" First " "Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at " @@ -767,7 +836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:620 +#: freeculture.xml:686 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -776,7 +845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:632 +#: freeculture.xml:698 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -785,23 +854,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:645 +#: freeculture.xml:711 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:640 +#: freeculture.xml:706 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " "threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, " -"posed . . . a complete reordering of radio power . . . and the eventual " -"overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had grown to " -"power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the " +"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had " +"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:650 +#: freeculture.xml:716 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -817,12 +886,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:669 +#: freeculture.xml:735 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:665 +#: freeculture.xml:731 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -831,12 +900,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:673 +#: freeculture.xml:739 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:675 +#: freeculture.xml:741 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -848,7 +917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:685 +#: freeculture.xml:751 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -861,9 +930,9 @@ msgid "" "to his wife and then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 22 +#. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:697 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -879,7 +948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:719 +#: freeculture.xml:785 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " @@ -888,7 +957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:713 +#: freeculture.xml:779 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " "which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " @@ -899,7 +968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:728 +#: freeculture.xml:794 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -913,7 +982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:739 +#: freeculture.xml:805 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -923,9 +992,18 @@ msgid "" "don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 23 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:824 +msgid "Barlow, Joel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:825 +msgid "Webster, Noah" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:748 +#: freeculture.xml:814 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -934,11 +1012,12 @@ msgid "" "rest. When old men sat around parks or on street corners telling stories " "that kids and others consumed, that was noncommercial culture. When Noah " "Webster published his \"Reader,\" or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was " -"commercial culture." +"commercial culture. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:760 +#: freeculture.xml:828 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -951,13 +1030,13 @@ msgid "" "alone by the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1798 freeculture.xml:1809 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:853 freeculture.xml:1877 freeculture.xml:1888 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:777 +#: freeculture.xml:845 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -970,7 +1049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:771 +#: freeculture.xml:839 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -982,15 +1061,20 @@ msgid "" "a controlled part, balanced with the free." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:865 freeculture.xml:9394 +msgid "Litman, Jessica" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:795 +#: freeculture.xml:863 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " -"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13." +"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:793 +#: freeculture.xml:861 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1006,7 +1090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:811 +#: freeculture.xml:880 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1020,7 +1104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:824 +#: freeculture.xml:893 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1041,7 +1125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:843 +#: freeculture.xml:912 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1052,7 +1136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:860 +#: freeculture.xml:929 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York " @@ -1060,7 +1144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:852 +#: freeculture.xml:921 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1075,7 +1159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:869 +#: freeculture.xml:938 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1085,7 +1169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:877 +#: freeculture.xml:946 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1093,13 +1177,13 @@ msgid "" "values that have been integral to our tradition from the start." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:891 freeculture.xml:14031 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:14227 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:889 +#: freeculture.xml:958 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1107,7 +1191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:883 +#: freeculture.xml:952 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1121,7 +1205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:899 +#: freeculture.xml:968 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1134,7 +1218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:911 +#: freeculture.xml:980 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1144,7 +1228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:919 +#: freeculture.xml:988 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1156,7 +1240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:930 +#: freeculture.xml:999 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " @@ -1172,9 +1256,9 @@ msgid "" "that the law should intervene to stop this trespass." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 27 +#. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:947 +#: freeculture.xml:1016 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1184,7 +1268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:957 +#: freeculture.xml:1026 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1197,7 +1281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:967 +#: freeculture.xml:1036 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1206,14 +1290,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:973 +#: freeculture.xml:1042 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:977 +#: freeculture.xml:1046 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1223,7 +1307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:984 +#: freeculture.xml:1053 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1233,7 +1317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:993 +#: freeculture.xml:1062 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1245,7 +1329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1003 +#: freeculture.xml:1072 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " @@ -1253,7 +1337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1008 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1264,7 +1348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1016 +#: freeculture.xml:1085 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1277,7 +1361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1027 +#: freeculture.xml:1096 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1287,18 +1371,18 @@ msgid "" "us remain oblivious." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: freeculture.xml:1106 msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1041 freeculture.xml:4644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1110 freeculture.xml:4757 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1113 msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1308,15 +1392,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1125 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1121 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1324,8 +1408,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1062 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1131 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1335,8 +1419,8 @@ msgid "" "in a way unimagined a generation ago." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1140 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1345,8 +1429,8 @@ msgid "" "owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1079 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1148 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1355,8 +1439,8 @@ msgid "" "body piercing—our kids are becoming <emphasis>thieves</emphasis>!" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1087 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1156 msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1364,13 +1448,13 @@ msgid "" "its core is an extraordinary idea that is almost certainly wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1093 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1162 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1166 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1379,27 +1463,27 @@ msgid "" "wrong. It is a form of piracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1174 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1111 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1180 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 " "(1990): 397." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1124 freeculture.xml:6740 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1193 freeculture.xml:6857 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1188 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at " @@ -1409,8 +1493,8 @@ msgid "" "2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1107 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1176 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1423,14 +1507,14 @@ msgid "" "the Girl Scouts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1129 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1198 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1131 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1200 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1439,8 +1523,8 @@ msgid "" "has never taken hold within our law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1139 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1208 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1449,8 +1533,8 @@ msgid "" "of the value." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1215 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1459,8 +1543,8 @@ msgid "" "copyright law today regulates both." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1153 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1222 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1469,13 +1553,18 @@ msgid "" "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1229 freeculture.xml:1260 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:1261 +msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1252 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1483,11 +1572,12 @@ msgid "" "the legal conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I " "certainly agree with him about the importance and significance of this " "change, but I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are " -"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1232 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1508,21 +1598,21 @@ msgid "" "regulation of this creative class." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1194 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1267 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " "context the current battles about behavior labeled \"piracy.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:1275 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1277 msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane " @@ -1532,8 +1622,8 @@ msgid "" "would become Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1210 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1284 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1544,8 +1634,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1293 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1553,8 +1643,8 @@ msgid "" "going to see the picture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1226 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1300 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1563,15 +1653,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1313 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1307 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1580,13 +1670,13 @@ msgid "" "new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1322 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1319 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1594,8 +1684,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1325 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1606,8 +1696,8 @@ msgid "" "work of others." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1334 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1615,8 +1705,8 @@ msgid "" "Buster Keaton. The film was <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1340 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1627,8 +1717,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1354 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1640,8 +1730,8 @@ msgid "" "Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1274 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1348 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1655,16 +1745,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1375 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1297 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1371 msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -1678,8 +1768,8 @@ msgid "" "something new out of something just barely old." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1316 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1390 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1691,8 +1781,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1399 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1718,8 +1808,8 @@ msgid "" "the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1421 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1731,8 +1821,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1435 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -1744,8 +1834,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1355 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1429 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1758,8 +1848,8 @@ msgid "" "copyright owner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1452 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1770,8 +1860,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1461 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1783,16 +1873,16 @@ msgid "" "is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1474 msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " "within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1480 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -1803,8 +1893,8 @@ msgid "" "on Japan's extraordinary system of public transportation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1489 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1816,8 +1906,8 @@ msgid "" "ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different way." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1500 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1825,8 +1915,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1505 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -1842,8 +1932,8 @@ msgid "" "copycat comic that is merely a copy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1520 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " @@ -1856,8 +1946,8 @@ msgid "" "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1531 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -1872,34 +1962,34 @@ msgid "" "or a derivative work without the original copyright owner's permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1545 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1484 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1558 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1548 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " "days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " -"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " -"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " +"now. … American comics were born out of copying each other. … " +"That's how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and " +"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " "them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1489 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1563 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -1910,8 +2000,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1506 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1580 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " @@ -1923,8 +2013,8 @@ msgid "" "essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1572 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -1935,8 +2025,8 @@ msgid "" "does not ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1517 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1591 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -1948,8 +2038,8 @@ msgid "" "taking\" by the doujinshi culture?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1528 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1602 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -1959,8 +2049,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1535 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1609 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -1973,21 +2063,21 @@ msgid "" "for a moment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1622 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " "about something you hadn't thought through before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1565 freeculture.xml:2748 freeculture.xml:4351 freeculture.xml:4577 freeculture.xml:7127 freeculture.xml:8184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1639 freeculture.xml:2835 freeculture.xml:4467 freeculture.xml:4688 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:8316 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1558 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1632 msgid "" "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -1999,8 +2089,8 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1553 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1627 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2010,8 +2100,8 @@ msgid "" "modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1572 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1646 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -2027,8 +2117,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1661 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2036,8 +2126,8 @@ msgid "" "for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1670 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2047,8 +2137,8 @@ msgid "" "whether large or small." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1604 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1678 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -2056,8 +2146,8 @@ msgid "" "hard to say why." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1684 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2073,8 +2163,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1624 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1698 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2086,8 +2176,8 @@ msgid "" "unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1635 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1709 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2100,26 +2190,31 @@ msgid "" "affiliated with a studio or not?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1721 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " "culture. It is becoming much less so." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:1729 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1656 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1731 +msgid "photography" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1741 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1658 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1734 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2127,11 +2222,17 @@ msgid "" "and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " "wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " "helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " -"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" +"competition down so as to keep prices up.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1753 +msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1667 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1744 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2140,17 +2241,18 @@ msgid "" "the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry " "plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture " "from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still " -"not a process within reach of most amateurs." +"not a process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1756 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1759 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2163,41 +2265,46 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1776 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1693 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1778 +msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1771 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " "of its simplicity. \"You press the button and we do the rest.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in <citetitle>The Kodak " -"Primer</citetitle>:" +"Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1716 freeculture.xml:1739 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1795 freeculture.xml:1818 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1714 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1793 msgid "" "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1782 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " -"expert can do. . . . We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " +"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " "sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an " "instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the " "necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of " @@ -2206,19 +2313,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1732 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1811 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1736 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1815 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1800 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2228,19 +2335,19 @@ msgid "" "camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more " "than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial " "production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material " -"sales increased by percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eastman " -"Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual increase " -"of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual " +"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1833 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1822 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2248,14 +2355,14 @@ msgid "" "record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As " "author Brian Coe notes, \"For the first time the snapshot album provided the " "man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its " -"activities. . . . For the first time in history there exists an authentic " +"activities. … For the first time in history there exists an authentic " "visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made " "without [literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1837 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2270,8 +2377,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1859 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2280,8 +2387,8 @@ msgid "" "v. <citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1771 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1850 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2294,8 +2401,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1788 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1867 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2305,21 +2412,21 @@ msgid "" "these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1810 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1889 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1807 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1886 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1800 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1879 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2333,8 +2440,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1827 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1906 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " @@ -2344,8 +2451,8 @@ msgid "" "cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1817 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1896 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2358,8 +2465,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1835 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1914 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2376,8 +2483,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1931 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2403,8 +2510,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1884 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1964 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -2412,8 +2519,8 @@ msgid "" "#7</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1958 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2426,23 +2533,23 @@ msgid "" "something teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1981 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1976 msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " -"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " +"puts it, \"is the ability … to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " "media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the way media works, " "the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the way people access " "it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1904 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1984 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2450,16 +2557,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1994 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family " "and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May 1997, B6." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1990 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2470,8 +2577,8 @@ msgid "" "write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2005 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2483,8 +2590,8 @@ msgid "" "builds suspense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2015 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2494,23 +2601,23 @@ msgid "" "and then reflecting upon what one has created." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1942 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2022 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1956 freeculture.xml:2016 freeculture.xml:2023 freeculture.xml:2458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:2096 freeculture.xml:2103 freeculture.xml:2538 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1957 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2037 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1954 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2034 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2518,8 +2625,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1968 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2048 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -2527,14 +2634,14 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1944 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2024 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder " +"of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space " "where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar " "changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques " @@ -2545,13 +2652,13 @@ msgid "" "successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1975 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2055 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1977 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2057 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2560,8 +2667,8 @@ msgid "" "led through a film, the film has failed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1984 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2064 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2569,8 +2676,8 @@ msgid "" "Instead, as Daley explained," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1991 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2071 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2578,26 +2685,26 @@ msgid "" "language, and all the rest of us are reduced to being read-only." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2079 msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2095 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2020 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:7911 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2100 freeculture.xml:3837 freeculture.xml:4876 freeculture.xml:8040 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2084 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2610,8 +2717,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2105 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2624,8 +2731,8 @@ msgid "" "something the students know something about—gun violence." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2117 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2635,8 +2742,8 @@ msgid "" "about—learning how to express themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2125 msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2655,8 +2762,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2144 msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2667,8 +2774,8 @@ msgid "" "in the most moving part of our interview," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2155 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2682,14 +2789,14 @@ msgid "" "do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects " "that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me " "something that reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and " -". . . saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little " +"… saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little " "movie.\" But instead, really help you take these elements that you " "understand, that are your language, and construct meaning about the " -"topic. . . ." +"topic.…" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2174 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -2699,8 +2806,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2181 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2708,8 +2815,8 @@ msgid "" "to understand that they had a lot of power with this language.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2190 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2721,8 +2828,8 @@ msgid "" "assure that the whole world would be watching." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2201 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2732,18 +2839,18 @@ msgid "" "tragedy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:7849 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2208 freeculture.xml:7979 freeculture.xml:8215 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2129 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2209 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2131 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2211 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " @@ -2759,8 +2866,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2225 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2770,8 +2877,8 @@ msgid "" "text." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2235 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2782,8 +2889,8 @@ msgid "" "practically instantaneously." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2164 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2244 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2794,8 +2901,8 @@ msgid "" "Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2253 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2811,8 +2918,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2267 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2824,16 +2931,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2213 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2293 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " "2000), ch. 16." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2278 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -2851,15 +2958,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2302 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " "of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2298 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -2870,15 +2977,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2317 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2310 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -2890,8 +2997,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2243 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2323 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -2901,8 +3008,8 @@ msgid "" "needing to gather in a single public place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2254 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2334 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -2912,13 +3019,13 @@ msgid "" "political cover political issues when the occasion merits." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2346 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2342 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -2927,20 +3034,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2360 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2283 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2363 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2349 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -2955,8 +3062,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2366 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -2964,8 +3071,8 @@ msgid "" "readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2293 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2373 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -2975,14 +3082,14 @@ msgid "" "very democratic process of peer-generated rankings." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2302 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2382 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2305 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2385 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -2994,19 +3101,19 @@ msgid "" "the way.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2448 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2403 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2317 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2397 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3023,8 +3130,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2341 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2421 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci " @@ -3033,8 +3140,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2413 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -3048,8 +3155,8 @@ msgid "" "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2360 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2440 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all " @@ -3063,8 +3170,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2433 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " @@ -3079,8 +3186,8 @@ msgid "" "down.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2380 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2460 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " @@ -3096,21 +3203,21 @@ msgid "" "something extraordinary to report." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2476 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2479 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " -"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " -"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" +"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and … the creation " +"of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2404 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2484 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3119,8 +3226,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2491 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " @@ -3133,8 +3240,8 @@ msgid "" "it. Many get to add to or transform the tinkering of many others." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2504 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3143,45 +3250,45 @@ msgid "" "technology works can tinker with the code." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2511 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " -"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " +"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you … unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " "your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve " "it.\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " "apprenticeship platform.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2519 msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " "and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that you're doing in " -"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. . . . You are " +"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. … You are " "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2528 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " "processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than " -"text. \"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you " -"are visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you " -"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " +"text. \"The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if " +"you are visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot " +"you can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " "multiple forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3189,8 +3296,8 @@ msgid "" "recognition." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3202,8 +3309,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2564 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" " @@ -3211,38 +3318,39 @@ msgid "" "Machinery</citetitle> 43 (2000): 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2477 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2557 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " -"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " -"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or " -"more fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, " -"because of the law." +"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a " +"powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it applies to " +"computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " +"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " +"of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2572 msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " "want to learn.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2577 msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " -"tendencies of today's digital kids. . . . We're building an architecture " +"tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an architecture " "that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system that closes down " "that part of the brain.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2585 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3250,20 +3358,31 @@ msgid "" "that technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2591 msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " -"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to " +"me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:2598 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2599 +msgid "RPI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2599 freeculture.xml:2601 +msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2604 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3272,8 +3391,8 @@ msgid "" "available on the RPI network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2525 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2611 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3283,8 +3402,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build, a generation for the network age." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2533 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2619 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3294,8 +3413,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2540 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2626 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3307,8 +3426,8 @@ msgid "" "outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2638 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3318,8 +3437,8 @@ msgid "" "system to build an index of all the files available within the RPI network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2647 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3332,8 +3451,8 @@ msgid "" "file was still on-line." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2573 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2659 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3343,8 +3462,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2666 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3353,8 +3472,8 @@ msgid "" "made available in a public folder of their computer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2589 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2675 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3370,8 +3489,8 @@ msgid "" "supposed to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2604 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2690 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3381,24 +3500,24 @@ msgid "" "watched the news reports about them, he was increasingly astonished." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2699 msgid "" -"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " -". . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " -"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a <emphasis>search " -"engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows " -"filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of " -"the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not himself " -"created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do with " -"music." +"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything " +"wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine " +"that I ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it " +"in any way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified " +"the search engine in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a " +"<emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using " +"the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable " +"members of the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not " +"himself created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do " +"with music." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2626 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2712 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " @@ -3411,16 +3530,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2649 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2735 msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group " "LCC</citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2723 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3434,8 +3553,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2742 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3443,8 +3562,8 @@ msgid "" "other employment. They demanded $12,000 to dismiss the case." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2662 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2749 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3457,8 +3576,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2760 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3469,16 +3588,16 @@ msgid "" "bankrupt." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2683 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2770 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3486,15 +3605,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2790 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2687 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2774 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3507,40 +3626,40 @@ msgid "" "for running a search engine?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2795 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " "tinkered a computer into a $15 million lawsuit became an activist:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2802 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " -"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " +"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " "foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the " "RIAA has done." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2722 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2809 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " -"I. . . . He's not a tree hugger. . . . I think it's bizarre that they would " -"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " -"message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" +"I. … He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they " +"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the " +"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2731 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:2818 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2820 msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " @@ -3550,13 +3669,13 @@ msgid "" "generation's pirates join this generation's country club—until now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:2828 msgid "Film" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2745 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2832 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -3565,8 +3684,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2830 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3579,13 +3698,13 @@ msgid "" "demanded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2761 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2848 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2765 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2852 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3596,8 +3715,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2785 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2872 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -3611,18 +3730,23 @@ msgid "" "M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2796 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2883 +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2884 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2797 freeculture.xml:3042 freeculture.xml:4129 freeculture.xml:9448 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:3138 freeculture.xml:4242 freeculture.xml:9587 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2861 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3634,20 +3758,21 @@ msgid "" "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2807 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2895 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2889 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -3661,8 +3786,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2817 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2905 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3671,20 +3796,30 @@ msgid "" "had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative property." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:2916 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2830 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2918 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2922 +msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2924 +msgid "Russel, Phil" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2926 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3695,13 +3830,13 @@ msgid "" "score, and I would also have to pay for the right to perform it publicly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:2987 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2935 freeculture.xml:3083 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2937 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -3719,28 +3854,33 @@ msgid "" "pirate someone else's song without paying its composer anything." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 69 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2863 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:2977 +msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2956 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " -"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," +"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2971 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " "sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " "chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright " "Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South " -"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2870 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2964 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3751,31 +3891,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2992 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." msgstr "" #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2904 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2999 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2982 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -3787,8 +3927,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2917 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3796,16 +3936,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3023 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " "Graphophone Company Association)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2909 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3027 +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3004 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -3818,12 +3963,13 @@ msgid "" "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " "ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by " -"statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -3837,8 +3983,8 @@ msgid "" "they pay the original composer a fee set by the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -3848,13 +3994,13 @@ msgid "" "statute." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2964 freeculture.xml:13703 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3060 freeculture.xml:13896 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2957 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -3866,8 +4012,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2981 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3077 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -3877,8 +4023,8 @@ msgid "" "Reprints, 1976)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3063 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -3894,8 +4040,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2990 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3086 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3903,16 +4049,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3012 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " "1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2997 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3093 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3928,30 +4074,30 @@ msgid "" "choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3115 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:4094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:3120 freeculture.xml:4207 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3026 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3122 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3137 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3032 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" " @@ -3967,8 +4113,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -3977,14 +4123,14 @@ msgid "" "station thus owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3059 freeculture.xml:8547 freeculture.xml:9003 freeculture.xml:11893 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3049 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3145 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -3998,8 +4144,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3160 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4008,13 +4154,13 @@ msgid "" "must pay the composer something for the privilege of playing the song." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3072 freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:5931 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3168 freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:6046 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3075 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3171 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4022,8 +4168,8 @@ msgid "" "she has to get your permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3177 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4034,8 +4180,8 @@ msgid "" "without paying her anything." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4045,19 +4191,19 @@ msgid "" "nothing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3101 freeculture.xml:4100 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:3197 freeculture.xml:4213 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3104 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3200 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3107 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3203 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4068,36 +4214,41 @@ msgid "" "the content it enabled others to give away." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3117 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3213 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" -#. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:3226 +msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3221 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " "on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel " -"H. Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)." +"H. Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission). <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f14 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3135 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3233 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3217 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -4111,37 +4262,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3244 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3142 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3240 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " "for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3250 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3161 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3259 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " "Artists Television, Inc.)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3254 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4149,63 +4300,68 @@ msgid "" "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:3273 +msgid "Heston, Charlton" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3271 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " -"president of the Screen Actors Guild)." +"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3267 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3177 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3278 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3193 freeculture.xml:3195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3294 freeculture.xml:3296 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3292 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3182 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3283 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " -"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation " +"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to " "compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3300 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3304 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4219,8 +4375,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3321 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4230,26 +4386,26 @@ msgid "" "compensation—has grown with the Internet.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3316 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " "creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> " "industry affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a " -"certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is " +"certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. … The list is " "long and could well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from " "the last. Every generation—until now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:3338 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3340 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4259,8 +4415,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3247 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3348 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4271,14 +4427,14 @@ msgid "" "the past." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:3358 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3265 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3366 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4287,8 +4443,8 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3259 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3360 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4299,16 +4455,16 @@ msgid "" "loses $3 billion annually worldwide to piracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3275 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3376 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " "book, should draw into doubt this simple point: This piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3281 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3382 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4319,8 +4475,8 @@ msgid "" "treated as right." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3290 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3391 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4334,8 +4490,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3402 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4344,12 +4500,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3328 freeculture.xml:12172 freeculture.xml:12598 freeculture.xml:12605 +#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:12342 freeculture.xml:12776 freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3314 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3415 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4367,8 +4523,8 @@ msgid "" "framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3309 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3410 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4379,26 +4535,26 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:3604 freeculture.xml:14230 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3449 freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:14428 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3341 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3442 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " -"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy " -"on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will " -"be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual " -"engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating " -"were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances … the impact of " +"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the " +"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the " +"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if " +"pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3436 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4407,8 +4563,8 @@ msgid "" "otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3453 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4423,8 +4579,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3365 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3466 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4441,13 +4597,33 @@ msgid "" "owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3394 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3495 freeculture.xml:3523 freeculture.xml:11187 freeculture.xml:12657 freeculture.xml:13209 +msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3526 freeculture.xml:11189 freeculture.xml:12658 freeculture.xml:13210 +msgid "Linux operating system" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3498 +msgid "Microsoft" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3499 +msgid "Windows operating system of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3501 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3484 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4459,11 +4635,13 @@ msgid "" "the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the " "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not " "eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft would " -"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3397 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3504 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4473,8 +4651,18 @@ msgid "" "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3524 +msgid "Internet Explorer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3525 +msgid "Netscape" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3512 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4485,12 +4673,15 @@ msgid "" "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " -"access, then violating the law is still wrong." +"access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3419 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3530 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4501,8 +4692,8 @@ msgid "" "draw that law into doubt. This form of piracy is flat out wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3429 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3540 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4513,8 +4704,8 @@ msgid "" "that sense of the term." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3438 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3549 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4522,8 +4713,8 @@ msgid "" "to the gallows with the charge of piracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3555 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4531,29 +4722,29 @@ msgid "" "one is selling the content that is shared on p2p services." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3450 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3561 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:3567 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3572 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3569 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4562,13 +4753,13 @@ msgid "" "alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3483 freeculture.xml:7980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3595 freeculture.xml:8109 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3586 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do " @@ -4581,13 +4772,13 @@ msgid "" "89–92, 139. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3598 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3581 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4598,8 +4789,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3494 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3606 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " "<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; " @@ -4611,8 +4802,8 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Times</citetitle>, 26 July 2002, 18." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3489 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3601 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4627,8 +4818,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3628 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -4638,15 +4829,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3525 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3637 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3622 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4661,8 +4852,8 @@ msgid "" "music in a way that they hadn't before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3646 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4673,15 +4864,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3544 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3656 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3662 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4693,8 +4884,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3673 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4706,8 +4897,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3572 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3684 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4725,27 +4916,27 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3589 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3701 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3707 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3603 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3715 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3598 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3710 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4758,8 +4949,8 @@ msgid "" "rhetoric around the issue suggests." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3726 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4769,8 +4960,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3629 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3741 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " "Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " @@ -4785,8 +4976,8 @@ msgid "" "D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), 145–56." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3622 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3734 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4800,24 +4991,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3767 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3759 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " -"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " -"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' … was not the fault " +"of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but " +"had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " "major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3771 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4829,8 +5020,8 @@ msgid "" "other types of sharing are." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3669 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3781 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4841,8 +5032,8 @@ msgid "" "little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3680 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3792 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4850,8 +5041,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3801 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -4868,21 +5059,21 @@ msgid "" "on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3716 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3828 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3825 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3797 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4902,8 +5093,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3731 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3843 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4913,8 +5104,8 @@ msgid "" "percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3739 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3851 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4931,8 +5122,8 @@ msgid "" "CD.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3866 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4940,8 +5131,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3766 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3878 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4951,8 +5142,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3872 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -4966,8 +5157,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3786 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3898 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -4980,8 +5171,8 @@ msgid "" "#20</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3892 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -4995,13 +5186,13 @@ msgid "" "they don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3806 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3918 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3808 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3920 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5015,8 +5206,8 @@ msgid "" "available, through cooperative sharing, without competing with the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3821 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3933 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5027,8 +5218,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3829 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3941 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5044,8 +5235,8 @@ msgid "" "society are better off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3846 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3958 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5053,8 +5244,8 @@ msgid "" "important in order to protect type A content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3964 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -5062,13 +5253,14 @@ msgid "" "content that otherwise would be unavailable?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3859 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3971 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " -"like the piracy I described in chapter 4, much of this piracy is motivated " -"by a new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " +"like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a " +"new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " "distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, " "radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be " "asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while " @@ -5077,16 +5269,16 @@ msgid "" "balance will be found only with time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3985 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" msgstr "" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3889 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4002 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5096,8 +5288,8 @@ msgid "" "Napster</citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3876 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3989 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5109,8 +5301,8 @@ msgid "" "zero.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3900 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4013 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5123,8 +5315,8 @@ msgid "" "copyright infringements caused by p2p." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3911 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4024 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5135,8 +5327,8 @@ msgid "" "less." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3920 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4033 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5149,8 +5341,8 @@ msgid "" "their claim. An indirect benefit was enough." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4045 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5160,8 +5352,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3942 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4055 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5178,13 +5370,13 @@ msgid "" "control over the future (cable)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3957 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4070 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3959 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4072 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5199,8 +5391,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4085 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5216,8 +5408,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3994 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4107 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5226,29 +5418,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4006 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4119 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4124 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." msgstr "" #. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4022 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4135 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3987 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4100 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5273,15 +5465,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4039 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4152 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4155 +msgid "Kozinski, Alex" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4140 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5292,12 +5489,12 @@ msgid "" "Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry\" " "(worse yet, it was a <emphasis>Japanese</emphasis> Boston Strangler of the " "American film industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4158 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5305,15 +5502,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4063 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4177 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4167 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5323,8 +5520,8 @@ msgid "" "technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4182 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5333,83 +5530,78 @@ msgid "" "clear:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4076 -msgid "Table" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4080 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4193 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4194 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4082 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4195 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4083 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4196 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4088 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4201 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4089 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4202 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4090 freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4108 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4203 freeculture.xml:4215 freeculture.xml:4221 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4091 freeculture.xml:4103 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4204 freeculture.xml:4216 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4095 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4208 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4096 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4209 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:4109 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4210 freeculture.xml:4222 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4214 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4219 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4107 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4220 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4119 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4232 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5425,8 +5617,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4116 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4229 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5435,8 +5627,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5448,8 +5640,8 @@ msgid "" "from content made before. It balanced the interests at stake." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4148 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4261 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5462,15 +5654,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f25 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4165 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4273 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5483,8 +5675,8 @@ msgid "" "of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4289 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5500,16 +5692,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4200 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4313 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, " "C3." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4305 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5528,21 +5720,21 @@ msgid "" "good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4327 msgid "" "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " "should be protected just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: freeculture.xml:4335 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4226 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4340 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5550,8 +5742,8 @@ msgid "" "supply and demand that partially determine the price she can get." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4347 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5565,16 +5757,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4372 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " "A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4359 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5589,8 +5781,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4264 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4378 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5599,8 +5791,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4391 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5611,8 +5803,8 @@ msgid "" "Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4386 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5620,8 +5812,8 @@ msgid "" "proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4287 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4401 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5632,13 +5824,18 @@ msgid "" "from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:4414 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4415 +msgid "Henry V" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4417 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in " "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play " @@ -5651,8 +5848,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4316 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4432 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5665,8 +5862,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4443 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -5674,8 +5871,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4312 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4428 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " @@ -5690,16 +5887,16 @@ msgid "" "editions was eliminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4349 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4340 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4456 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5713,8 +5910,13 @@ msgid "" "about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4357 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4482 +msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4473 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5723,11 +5925,11 @@ msgid "" "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier " "for the Crown to control what was published. But after it expired, there " "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an " -"exclusive right to print books." +"exclusive right to print books. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4485 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -5742,8 +5944,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4497 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5754,8 +5956,8 @@ msgid "" "the Statute of Anne." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4392 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4509 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5765,8 +5967,8 @@ msgid "" "legislature is thought to have believed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4518 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5774,8 +5976,8 @@ msgid "" "all?</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4524 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -5788,8 +5990,8 @@ msgid "" "there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4418 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4535 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5797,8 +5999,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4424 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4541 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5813,8 +6015,8 @@ msgid "" "perform, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4556 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5826,8 +6028,13 @@ msgid "" "course, but also no more." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4451 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4565 +msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4567 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5841,8 +6048,8 @@ msgid "" "to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4467 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4580 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5854,15 +6061,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4493 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4604 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4589 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5877,8 +6084,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4609 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5887,8 +6094,8 @@ msgid "" "powerful commercial interests were interfering with that idea." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4506 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4617 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5901,8 +6108,8 @@ msgid "" "culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4629 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5913,16 +6120,16 @@ msgid "" "more time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4527 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4638 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4653 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5933,8 +6140,8 @@ msgid "" "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4532 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4643 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5945,8 +6152,8 @@ msgid "" "private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4553 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4664 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -5962,8 +6169,8 @@ msgid "" "way to protect authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4574 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4685 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -5971,55 +6178,64 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4568 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4679 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " "then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " -". . . had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for " +"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for " "cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't " "care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly " "profit that the author's work gave." msgstr "" #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4698 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4694 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4597 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4710 freeculture.xml:14519 +msgid "Rose, Mark" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " -"University Press, 1993), 92." +"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4719 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4609 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4721 +msgid "Boswell, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4592 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4703 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -6029,19 +6245,20 @@ msgid "" "Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young " "James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an " "anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4725 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6052,8 +6269,8 @@ msgid "" "the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4626 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4739 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -6062,16 +6279,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4751 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law " "Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4744 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -6081,8 +6298,8 @@ msgid "" "Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4760 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6095,8 +6312,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4658 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4771 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6110,26 +6327,26 @@ msgid "" "the free culture that we inherited." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4786 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4676 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4789 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4795 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4791 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6142,8 +6359,8 @@ msgid "" "years before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4692 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4805 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6155,8 +6372,8 @@ msgid "" "had been protected by the statute were no longer protected." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4815 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6165,8 +6382,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4822 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6177,33 +6394,33 @@ msgid "" "domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4840 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4841 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4729 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4842 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4730 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4843 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4731 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4844 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4719 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4832 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " @@ -6219,13 +6436,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4857 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4847 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6238,29 +6455,30 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4748 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4861 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " "Chronicle</citetitle> reported:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4867 msgid "" -"By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " -"purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " -"reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many of whom " -"sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner ruined, and " -"those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a competency " -"to provide for their families now find themselves without a shilling to " -"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " +"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " +"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many " +"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner " +"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a " +"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a " +"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4769 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4882 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6281,21 +6499,21 @@ msgid "" "get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4903 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " "Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less protected." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4798 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:4911 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4800 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4913 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6303,20 +6521,20 @@ msgid "" "met, by accident, two of his students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4807 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4920 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 freeculture.xml:4887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4931 freeculture.xml:5000 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4925 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6327,8 +6545,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4821 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4934 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6338,8 +6556,8 @@ msgid "" "the scene." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4830 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4943 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6348,13 +6566,13 @@ msgid "" "copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" or some other privilege applies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 freeculture.xml:4850 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:4963 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4837 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4950 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -6364,8 +6582,8 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4958 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6375,30 +6593,30 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4853 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4966 msgid "" -"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " -"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered … " +"that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that " +"someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " "\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this " -"four-point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited " +"four-point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited " "<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4974 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " -"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. . . . We're asking for your " +"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for your " "educational rate on this.\" That was the educational rate, Herrera told " "Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he had been told." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4869 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4982 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6409,13 +6627,13 @@ msgid "" "just want the money.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5001 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4994 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6426,8 +6644,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5004 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -6440,8 +6658,8 @@ msgid "" "use that the law says the owner gets to control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4902 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5015 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -6453,8 +6671,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5027 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6463,8 +6681,8 @@ msgid "" "Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4911 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5024 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6474,13 +6692,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5039 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5043 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -6491,8 +6709,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5053 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6501,13 +6719,13 @@ msgid "" "grind the application process to a halt." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4957 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5070 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4948 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6522,26 +6740,26 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4961 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5074 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " -". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " -"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless of " -"the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had the " -"bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." +"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " +"of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " +"the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" #. 4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5084 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4978 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5091 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6551,8 +6769,8 @@ msgid "" "right aim; practice has defeated the aim." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5099 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6560,23 +6778,23 @@ msgid "" "matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5109 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4997 freeculture.xml:5005 freeculture.xml:5016 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:5045 freeculture.xml:5097 freeculture.xml:5113 freeculture.xml:5136 freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:9551 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5110 freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5129 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5153 freeculture.xml:5158 freeculture.xml:5210 freeculture.xml:5226 freeculture.xml:5249 freeculture.xml:5312 freeculture.xml:9690 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5112 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6585,8 +6803,8 @@ msgid "" "anticipation of the power of networks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6597,8 +6815,8 @@ msgid "" "and interviews with figures important to his career." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5131 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6607,8 +6825,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5138 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6617,8 +6835,8 @@ msgid "" "permission for that content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6627,25 +6845,25 @@ msgid "" "the context of an artistic look at an actor's career.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5155 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5058 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5171 msgid "artists" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5059 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5172 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5166 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6653,8 +6871,8 @@ msgid "" "as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5047 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5160 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6662,8 +6880,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5177 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6672,16 +6890,16 @@ msgid "" "Starwave was to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5184 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " "recounted just what they did:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5190 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6692,8 +6910,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5199 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6705,8 +6923,8 @@ msgid "" "just started calling people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5099 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5212 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6718,49 +6936,49 @@ msgid "" "Clint Eastwood's career." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5223 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " "sure whether we were totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5228 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " "the purpose of releasing a retrospective." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5234 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " "there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.\" But we " "just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts and said, " -"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, . . . this many " +"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, … this many " "musicians,\" and we just went at it very systematically and cleared the " "rights." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5246 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5137 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5250 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5258 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -6768,8 +6986,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5139 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6779,27 +6997,27 @@ msgid "" "Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5153 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5266 msgid "" -"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " +"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few … have the time and resources, " +"and the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " "made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody " "really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would " "have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5161 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5274 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " -"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " -"used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I don't " -"think that that person . . . should be compensated for that." +"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " +"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I " +"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5282 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -6811,8 +7029,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5293 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6831,8 +7049,8 @@ msgid "" "then it becomes difficult to put one of these things together." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5314 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6851,8 +7069,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6862,8 +7080,8 @@ msgid "" "Fairbank, had produced." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5341 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -6871,13 +7089,13 @@ msgid "" "judges loved every minute of it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5346 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5235 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5348 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6887,13 +7105,13 @@ msgid "" "room?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5355 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5357 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6909,8 +7127,8 @@ msgid "" "couldn't easily do them legally." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5259 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5372 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6919,13 +7137,13 @@ msgid "" "your presentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5275 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5388 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5379 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6937,8 +7155,8 @@ msgid "" "and music. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5278 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5391 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6947,8 +7165,8 @@ msgid "" "rules, it doesn't get released." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5285 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5398 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -6964,8 +7182,8 @@ msgid "" "registers the work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5413 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -6974,8 +7192,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5419 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " @@ -6987,8 +7205,8 @@ msgid "" "thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5431 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -6998,8 +7216,8 @@ msgid "" "anyone can create a way to bring old films to new audiences, it is Mike.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5440 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7011,8 +7229,8 @@ msgid "" "famous—and presumably rich." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5450 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -7027,13 +7245,13 @@ msgid "" "few." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:5465 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5354 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5467 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -7044,8 +7262,8 @@ msgid "" "months, these bits of code took copies of the Internet and stored them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5363 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5476 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7055,8 +7273,8 @@ msgid "" "changed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5371 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7065,16 +7283,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5379 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5492 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " "printed on the date published on the paper." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5384 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5497 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7084,8 +7302,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5397 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5510 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -7094,8 +7312,8 @@ msgid "" "from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5504 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7104,8 +7322,8 @@ msgid "" "forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5518 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -7117,8 +7335,8 @@ msgid "" "something close to the truth." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5529 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7130,8 +7348,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5425 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5538 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7142,8 +7360,8 @@ msgid "" "the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5436 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5549 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7155,8 +7373,8 @@ msgid "" "was growing at about a billion pages a month." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5559 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -7174,21 +7392,26 @@ msgid "" "are just a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it," msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5576 +msgid "Quayle, Dan" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 122 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5464 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5578 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " "fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " "study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " "between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " -"after it . . . it would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are " -"almost unfindable. . . ." +"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials " +"are almost unfindable. …" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5476 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5590 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7198,8 +7421,8 @@ msgid "" "media on twentieth-century America?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5484 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5598 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7209,8 +7432,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5615 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 " @@ -7219,8 +7442,8 @@ msgid "" "N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5606 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7232,8 +7455,8 @@ msgid "" "company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5509 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5623 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7246,8 +7469,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5520 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5634 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7258,13 +7481,13 @@ msgid "" "from around the world covered the events of that day." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5661 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5645 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7284,8 +7507,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5664 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7294,8 +7517,8 @@ msgid "" "by anyone. Therefore, there is no simple way to find them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5558 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5672 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7305,8 +7528,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5566 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5680 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7317,8 +7540,8 @@ msgid "" "there would be, many argue, much less creativity." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5578 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5692 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7329,8 +7552,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5704 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago " @@ -7340,8 +7563,8 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7352,8 +7575,8 @@ msgid "" "extremely important to the spread and stability of culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5604 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5718 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7366,8 +7589,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5729 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7378,8 +7601,8 @@ msgid "" "ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5627 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5741 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7389,8 +7612,8 @@ msgid "" "moving images and sound." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5635 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5749 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7398,25 +7621,25 @@ msgid "" "describes," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5756 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " -". . . and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " -"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " -"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " -"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our " -"history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a " -"different life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the " +"… and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the " +"twentieth century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of " +"books. All of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and " +"be able to be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in " +"our history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a " +"different life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the " "things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of " "Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing " "press." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5656 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5770 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7431,8 +7654,8 @@ msgid "" "the dream of the Library of Alexandria real again." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5785 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7442,18 +7665,23 @@ msgid "" "others would exercise." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:5795 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5690 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5804 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5683 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5805 freeculture.xml:9462 +msgid "Kennedy, John F." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5797 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7461,46 +7689,47 @@ msgid "" "on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " "the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " "established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " -"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5818 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5819 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5705 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5820 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5706 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5821 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5822 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5823 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5824 freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5693 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5808 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7518,8 +7747,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5713 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5828 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7532,8 +7761,8 @@ msgid "" "the city in a quintessentially Washingtonian way." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5840 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7544,14 +7773,14 @@ msgid "" "property.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5849 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5748 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5863 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7560,8 +7789,8 @@ msgid "" "sess. (1982): 65 (testimony of Jack Valenti)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5739 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5854 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7574,8 +7803,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5873 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7586,8 +7815,8 @@ msgid "" "second-class property owners." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5769 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5884 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7602,8 +7831,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5899 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7614,8 +7843,8 @@ msgid "" "Yale University Press, 1977), 26–27." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5781 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5896 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7626,8 +7855,8 @@ msgid "" "radical, and radically undesirable, change in our tradition." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5799 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5914 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7637,8 +7866,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5807 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5922 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7651,8 +7880,8 @@ msgid "" "creativity having less than perfect control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5822 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7665,8 +7894,8 @@ msgid "" "Constitution itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5949 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7680,8 +7909,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5960 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7696,8 +7925,8 @@ msgid "" "compensation at all." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5975 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7707,8 +7936,8 @@ msgid "" "arguing for a change in our Constitution itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5869 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5984 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7721,8 +7950,8 @@ msgid "" "my argument is not simply that because Jefferson did it, we should, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5996 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -7731,8 +7960,8 @@ msgid "" "creative property there must be a public domain?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5889 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6004 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7747,8 +7976,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6019 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7759,20 +7988,20 @@ msgid "" "right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5913 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6028 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:6390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6029 freeculture.xml:6204 freeculture.xml:6507 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5917 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7788,8 +8017,8 @@ msgid "" "by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6049 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7801,8 +8030,8 @@ msgid "" "the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5945 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6060 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7813,8 +8042,8 @@ msgid "" "simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6070 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7831,16 +8060,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6087 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " "another. Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5978 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6093 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7851,13 +8080,13 @@ msgid "" "particular interact." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5987 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6102 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6105 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7873,8 +8102,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6008 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6123 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7887,8 +8116,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6119 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7904,23 +8133,23 @@ msgid "" "driving." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6147 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6148 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6072 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6187 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6159 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7952,8 +8181,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6151 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -7963,13 +8192,13 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6191 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6078 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6193 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -7977,19 +8206,19 @@ msgid "" "sense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6199 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6088 freeculture.xml:6389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6203 freeculture.xml:6506 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6093 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6208 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8002,8 +8231,8 @@ msgid "" "this form of infringement." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6220 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8014,8 +8243,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6113 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6228 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8025,18 +8254,18 @@ msgid "" "results." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6238 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6124 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6239 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -8050,8 +8279,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6139 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6254 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8067,8 +8296,8 @@ msgid "" "U.S. steel industry." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6271 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8078,9 +8307,14 @@ msgid "" "\"architecture of revenue.\"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6278 +msgid "railroad industry" +msgstr "" + #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6172 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6288 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8090,8 +8324,8 @@ msgid "" "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6164 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6280 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8113,20 +8347,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6320 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6213 freeculture.xml:12572 +#: freeculture.xml:6329 freeculture.xml:12750 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6194 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6310 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8144,8 +8378,8 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6216 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6332 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8156,8 +8390,8 @@ msgid "" "preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6226 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6342 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8166,15 +8400,15 @@ msgid "" "wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " "the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " "game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " -"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " +"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of " "speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would " "\"abridge\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— " "carefully—whether such regulation is justified." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -8184,23 +8418,23 @@ msgid "" "content industry wants." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6365 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6252 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6368 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6376 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6371 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8209,26 +8443,26 @@ msgid "" "increase farm production. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6379 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " "important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:6273 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6383 freeculture.xml:6389 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6274 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6390 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6385 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -8237,8 +8471,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6277 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6393 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8250,8 +8484,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6290 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " @@ -8259,8 +8493,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6402 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8277,8 +8511,8 @@ msgid "" "our actions' effects on the environment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6307 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6423 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8291,20 +8525,20 @@ msgid "" "for creativity." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6434 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6441 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6443 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8312,8 +8546,8 @@ msgid "" "to avoid overly powerful publishers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6449 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8321,8 +8555,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6338 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6454 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8335,20 +8569,21 @@ msgid "" "authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6351 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6467 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " -"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " -"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " +"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " +"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not " +"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " "reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to " "Authors\" only." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6360 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6477 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8364,8 +8599,8 @@ msgid "" "otherwise inevitable concentrations of power." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6492 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8375,47 +8610,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6382 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6499 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " "concentration of market power. In terms of our model, we started here:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6393 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6510 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6396 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6397 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6514 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6517 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6405 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6522 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6421 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6538 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6532 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -8425,8 +8660,8 @@ msgid "" "(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6524 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8441,8 +8676,8 @@ msgid "" "to reprint and distribute works." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6548 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8452,8 +8687,8 @@ msgid "" "expired as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6439 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6556 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8463,8 +8698,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6571 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -8482,8 +8717,8 @@ msgid "" "years. Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6563 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8495,8 +8730,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6587 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8506,8 +8741,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6602 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8520,8 +8755,8 @@ msgid "" "498–501, and accompanying figures." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6596 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8531,13 +8766,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6617 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6613 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8549,8 +8784,8 @@ msgid "" "publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6625 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8560,8 +8795,8 @@ msgid "" "setting a maximum term of 56 years." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6633 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8574,8 +8809,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6643 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8586,8 +8821,8 @@ msgid "" "copyright term." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6654 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8598,8 +8833,8 @@ msgid "" "be those that had some continuing commercial value." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6664 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8610,8 +8845,8 @@ msgid "" "available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6674 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8622,8 +8857,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6574 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6691 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8631,8 +8866,8 @@ msgid "" "\"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" loc. cit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6566 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6683 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8643,13 +8878,13 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6700 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6585 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6702 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8657,8 +8892,8 @@ msgid "" "to keep this debate in context." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6591 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6708 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8673,8 +8908,8 @@ msgid "" "published book)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6604 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6721 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8691,8 +8926,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6736 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8706,8 +8941,8 @@ msgid "" "government before a copyright could be secured." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6750 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8722,8 +8957,8 @@ msgid "" "author." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6764 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8733,14 +8968,14 @@ msgid "" "others to copy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6655 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6772 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6666 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6783 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " @@ -8748,8 +8983,8 @@ msgid "" "ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6776 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8762,8 +8997,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6795 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8773,8 +9008,8 @@ msgid "" "free, while the activities of publishers were restrained." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6687 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6804 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8784,16 +9019,16 @@ msgid "" "follows the creation, not the steps you take to protect it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6813 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " "republish it or to share an excerpt." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6701 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6818 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8807,8 +9042,8 @@ msgid "" "the writings inspired by them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6832 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8819,8 +9054,8 @@ msgid "" "the verbatim original work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6854 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -8828,8 +9063,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6844 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8843,20 +9078,24 @@ msgid "" "involved is fundamentally different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" -#. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6752 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6876 +msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6869 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " "First Amendment) between mere \"copies\" and derivative works. See Jed " "Rubenfeld, \"The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality,\" " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 (2002): 1–60 (see " -"especially pp. 53–59)." +"especially pp. 53–59). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8865,8 +9104,8 @@ msgid "" "my creative work are treated the same." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6881 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8875,8 +9114,8 @@ msgid "" "trade on the value that Disney originally created?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6772 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6889 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8884,14 +9123,14 @@ msgid "" "originally granted." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6896 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6903 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8903,8 +9142,8 @@ msgid "" "section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6782 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6898 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8914,8 +9153,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6799 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -8930,8 +9169,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6817 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6933 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8939,8 +9178,8 @@ msgid "" "arbitrary and automatic changes caused by technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6812 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6928 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8951,26 +9190,26 @@ msgid "" "law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6832 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6948 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6833 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6949 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6837 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -8984,18 +9223,18 @@ msgid "" "law, because those acts do not make a copy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6850 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6966 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6851 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6967 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6970 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9005,27 +9244,27 @@ msgid "" "diagram on next page)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6978 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6983 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6984 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6987 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9037,31 +9276,31 @@ msgid "" "reasons." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6882 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:6997 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:6998 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7002 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7003 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7007 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9069,8 +9308,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6900 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7015 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -9079,8 +9318,8 @@ msgid "" "remain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6897 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7012 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9096,8 +9335,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6921 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7033 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9109,8 +9348,8 @@ msgid "" "those uses produced a copy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6934 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7045 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9123,8 +9362,8 @@ msgid "" "the copyright owner's wish." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6946 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7057 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9132,8 +9371,8 @@ msgid "" "clear:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7063 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9143,8 +9382,8 @@ msgid "" "Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7071 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9158,8 +9397,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6972 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7083 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -9172,8 +9411,8 @@ msgid "" "was not regulated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6987 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9184,8 +9423,8 @@ msgid "" "fair use are not enough." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6997 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7107 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -9194,8 +9433,8 @@ msgid "" "trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7004 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7114 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9206,8 +9445,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7123 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9222,8 +9461,8 @@ msgid "" "fact their rights." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7138 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -9235,8 +9474,8 @@ msgid "" "Pipeline for $100 million." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7148 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9247,8 +9486,8 @@ msgid "" "Disney's permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7054 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7157 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9264,8 +9503,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7172 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9281,8 +9520,8 @@ msgid "" "are quite slight." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7084 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7187 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9292,13 +9531,13 @@ msgid "" "contexts it is a recipe for disaster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7095 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7198 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9306,8 +9545,8 @@ msgid "" "regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9316,21 +9555,26 @@ msgid "" "who said whether and how the law would restrict your freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7108 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7211 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7213 freeculture.xml:7392 +msgid "Marx Brothers" +msgstr "" + #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7117 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7227 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7219 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9340,16 +9584,16 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9359,8 +9603,8 @@ msgid "" "insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7246 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9368,8 +9612,8 @@ msgid "" "Warner Brothers) enjoyed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7140 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7252 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9380,13 +9624,18 @@ msgid "" "Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7151 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7265 +msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7268 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7271 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9394,14 +9643,14 @@ msgid "" "publisher delivers the content by using the technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7161 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7278 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7165 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7282 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9413,36 +9662,36 @@ msgid "" "cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7295 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7177 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7299 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7303 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7304 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7308 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9452,65 +9701,76 @@ msgid "" "computer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7197 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7318 +msgid "Aristotle" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7319 +msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7316 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7322 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7323 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7205 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7326 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7210 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7331 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7211 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7332 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7335 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7341 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7342 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7223 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7345 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9520,8 +9780,8 @@ msgid "" "necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7226 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7348 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9535,8 +9795,8 @@ msgid "" "control that the law would enable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7370 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9554,17 +9814,17 @@ msgid "" "read aloud." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 163 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7388 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " -"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." +"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7272 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7395 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9575,8 +9835,8 @@ msgid "" "technology have no similar built-in check." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7281 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7404 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9585,44 +9845,50 @@ msgid "" "as well?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7411 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7421 +msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7415 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " "Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in " "Wonderland</citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet " -"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" +"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7426 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7307 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7430 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " "indicated, not allowed to \"read aloud\"!" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7314 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7435 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9632,8 +9898,8 @@ msgid "" "absurd." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7322 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7443 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9647,8 +9913,8 @@ msgid "" "because the answer, however absurd it might seem, is no." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7335 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9657,20 +9923,20 @@ msgid "" "is understandable, yet what it creates is often crazy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7465 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7469 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7350 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7472 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9678,8 +9944,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7355 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7477 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9689,8 +9955,8 @@ msgid "" "the ones Sony had taught it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7486 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9700,8 +9966,8 @@ msgid "" "tricks (thus, aibohack.com)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7494 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -9716,8 +9982,8 @@ msgid "" "the computer to drive the printer you just bought." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7384 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7506 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9726,8 +9992,8 @@ msgid "" "ethically." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7513 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9737,8 +10003,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7521 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9752,8 +10018,8 @@ msgid "" "there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7537 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9766,13 +10032,13 @@ msgid "" "knew very well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:9864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7560 freeculture.xml:10005 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7550 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -9788,8 +10054,8 @@ msgid "" "#27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7548 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9798,8 +10064,8 @@ msgid "" "Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9810,8 +10076,8 @@ msgid "" "trust the system of the Internet much more." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7456 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7578 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9820,8 +10086,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7463 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7585 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9829,8 +10095,8 @@ msgid "" "worthwhile to point this out to those who study encryption." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7591 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9840,8 +10106,8 @@ msgid "" "systems or people or ideas criticized." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7477 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7599 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9850,24 +10116,24 @@ msgid "" "SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently constituted, succeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7607 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " "hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7614 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " "provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9875,8 +10141,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7626 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9884,16 +10150,16 @@ msgid "" "Digital Millennium Copyright Act (\"DMCA\")." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7512 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " "information an offense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7517 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7639 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9905,8 +10171,8 @@ msgid "" "for copyright owners." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7528 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7650 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -9915,8 +10181,8 @@ msgid "" "code of copyright</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7535 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7657 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9927,8 +10193,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7544 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7666 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9941,8 +10207,8 @@ msgid "" "system was circumvented." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7678 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9952,8 +10218,18 @@ msgid "" "others to infringe others' copyright." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7564 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7685 freeculture.xml:7718 +msgid "Rogers, Fred" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7695 freeculture.xml:7731 freeculture.xml:7763 +msgid "Conrad, Paul" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7687 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -9961,22 +10237,23 @@ msgid "" "consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " "doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " "\"<citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,\" for example, had testified in that " -"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." +"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7590 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " "never changed his view about the VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast " "Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> " -"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71." +"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7699 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -9994,26 +10271,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7599 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7724 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " "responsible." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7604 -msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7729 +msgid "" +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7608 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7734 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7611 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7737 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10024,8 +10303,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7745 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10033,29 +10312,30 @@ msgid "" "be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good and bad uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7753 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7754 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7757 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " "technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " "circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " "absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " -"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7639 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7766 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10065,8 +10345,8 @@ msgid "" "erasing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7774 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10079,8 +10359,8 @@ msgid "" "letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7786 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10094,16 +10374,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f24 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7805 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " "Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 (1997): 651." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7799 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10112,8 +10392,8 @@ msgid "" "continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10122,8 +10402,8 @@ msgid "" "wished without fear of legal control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7818 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10135,8 +10415,8 @@ msgid "" "is quick." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7701 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7828 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10146,14 +10426,14 @@ msgid "" "is, in effect, what is happening here." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7837 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7839 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10170,8 +10450,8 @@ msgid "" "to copyright's control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7730 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7857 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10180,8 +10460,8 @@ msgid "" "about all the other changes I have described." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7864 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10193,19 +10473,14 @@ msgid "" "three companies control more than percent of the media." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7748 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7875 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7751 -msgid "BMG" -msgstr "" - #. f25 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7883 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10213,28 +10488,48 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7764 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7890 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." msgstr "" #. f27 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7896 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7773 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7899 +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7900 freeculture.xml:9239 +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7901 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7753 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7902 freeculture.xml:9240 +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7903 +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7879 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10244,12 +10539,15 @@ msgid "" "84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent " "of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"7\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7906 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10261,8 +10559,8 @@ msgid "" "revenues." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7787 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10275,35 +10573,35 @@ msgid "" "market." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 freeculture.xml:7818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7931 freeculture.xml:7948 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7798 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " "article about Rupert Murdoch, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7946 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7805 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7935 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " -". . . Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell " -"the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " -"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " "distribution system through which the content reaches the " "customers. Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in " "Europe and Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that " @@ -10311,8 +10609,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7823 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7953 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10320,27 +10618,27 @@ msgid "" "thousand words could do:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7829 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:7959 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7830 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:7960 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7834 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7964 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " "content?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7969 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10348,25 +10646,25 @@ msgid "" "beginning to change my mind." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7845 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7975 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7978 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:7914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7980 freeculture.xml:8043 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7982 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10376,8 +10674,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f29 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7994 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10387,8 +10685,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:7989 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10397,8 +10695,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7876 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8005 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10409,8 +10707,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f30 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8024 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10421,8 +10719,8 @@ msgid "" "at FCC En Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8014 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10440,8 +10738,8 @@ msgid "" "decreased 63%.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7916 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10449,18 +10747,18 @@ msgid "" "increasingly owned by the network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8054 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7926 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8055 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8051 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10469,16 +10767,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7939 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8068 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7930 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8059 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10488,8 +10786,8 @@ msgid "" "you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7946 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8075 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10502,14 +10800,14 @@ msgid "" "the environment for a democracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7957 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8086 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7966 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8095 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10524,8 +10822,8 @@ msgid "" "2001)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7959 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8088 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10538,23 +10836,23 @@ msgid "" "too little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8112 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " "are important, and the effect on culture is hard to measure." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7989 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7993 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8122 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10562,8 +10860,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7998 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8127 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10580,16 +10878,16 @@ msgid "" "reduced drug consumption by Americans could possibly outweigh these costs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8017 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8146 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " "fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8023 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8152 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10603,15 +10901,15 @@ msgid "" "campaign." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8035 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8164 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8039 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8168 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10620,8 +10918,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8174 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10629,23 +10927,33 @@ msgid "" "heard then?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8086 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8216 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8087 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8217 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8088 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8218 +msgid "NBC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8219 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8062 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8220 +msgid "WRC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10672,11 +10980,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that " "the criticism was \"too controversial.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"5\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8181 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10689,8 +10999,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8092 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8224 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10702,13 +11012,13 @@ msgid "" "mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8104 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:8236 msgid "Together" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8238 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10717,8 +11027,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8112 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8244 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10732,8 +11042,8 @@ msgid "" "property should be redefined." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8260 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10741,8 +11051,8 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8266 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10755,8 +11065,8 @@ msgid "" "regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8278 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10770,8 +11080,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8158 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8290 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10781,16 +11091,16 @@ msgid "" "our culture than now</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8182 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8314 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8299 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10807,13 +11117,13 @@ msgid "" "known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8320 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8191 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10822,39 +11132,39 @@ msgid "" "undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8204 freeculture.xml:8242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8335 freeculture.xml:8372 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 freeculture.xml:8243 freeculture.xml:8282 freeculture.xml:8315 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8336 freeculture.xml:8373 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8443 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8210 freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:8287 freeculture.xml:8320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8416 freeculture.xml:8448 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8211 freeculture.xml:8249 freeculture.xml:8250 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8289 freeculture.xml:8321 freeculture.xml:8322 freeculture.xml:8326 freeculture.xml:8327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8380 freeculture.xml:8417 freeculture.xml:8418 freeculture.xml:8449 freeculture.xml:8450 freeculture.xml:8454 freeculture.xml:8455 msgid "©" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8212 freeculture.xml:8216 freeculture.xml:8217 freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8294 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8343 freeculture.xml:8347 freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8384 freeculture.xml:8385 freeculture.xml:8423 msgid "Free" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8383 freeculture.xml:8421 freeculture.xml:8453 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8224 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8355 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10863,13 +11173,13 @@ msgid "" "free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8392 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10877,8 +11187,8 @@ msgid "" "essentially free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8268 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8398 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10887,18 +11197,18 @@ msgid "" "look like this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8281 freeculture.xml:8314 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8410 freeculture.xml:8442 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8293 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8422 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8430 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10908,8 +11218,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8462 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10917,8 +11227,8 @@ msgid "" "commercial publishers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8342 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10926,32 +11236,38 @@ msgid "" "actually does any good." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " "regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " "transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " -"chapters 7 and 8, one might well wonder whether it does more harm than good " -"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " -"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" -#. f36 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8500 +msgid "legal realist movement" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8494 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " "and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of " "Property,\" in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland " "Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, " -"1980)." +"1980). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8488 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -10968,8 +11284,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8512 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -10987,8 +11303,8 @@ msgid "" "vision that dominates the debate today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8531 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11002,42 +11318,42 @@ msgid "" "with a lawyer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: freeculture.xml:8548 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8421 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:8552 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8554 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8557 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8429 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8560 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8568 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " "Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8564 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11050,8 +11366,8 @@ msgid "" "life as a king." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8580 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -11064,8 +11380,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8461 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8592 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11078,8 +11394,8 @@ msgid "" "mysteriously delighted.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8472 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8603 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -11087,22 +11403,23 @@ msgid "" "They take Nunez to the village doctor." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8478 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8609 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8613 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " -"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" +"the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to affect his " +"brain.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8487 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8618 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -11111,8 +11428,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8493 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8624 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -11123,11 +11440,11 @@ msgid "" "DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of " "the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But " "the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose " -"blood was at the scene. . . .\"" +"blood was at the scene. …\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8641 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11137,8 +11454,8 @@ msgid "" "this reality." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8649 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11154,8 +11471,8 @@ msgid "" "kid: sharing music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8532 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8663 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11166,8 +11483,8 @@ msgid "" "ten thousand best friends.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8672 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -11178,8 +11495,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8683 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11190,8 +11507,8 @@ msgid "" "I download a ten-song CD, I'm liable for $1,500,000 in damages.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8693 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11200,13 +11517,18 @@ msgid "" "rules should govern it?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8608 freeculture.xml:9308 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8739 +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8740 freeculture.xml:9444 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8578 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8709 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11236,11 +11558,11 @@ msgid "" "see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8700 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11252,8 +11574,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8614 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8746 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11262,8 +11584,8 @@ msgid "" "at all, by social norms but not by law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8753 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11276,8 +11598,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11287,8 +11609,8 @@ msgid "" "will be lost." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8641 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8773 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11301,15 +11623,15 @@ msgid "" "protection for copyrighted material," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8654 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8786 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8658 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8790 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11319,8 +11641,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8676 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8807 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11330,8 +11652,8 @@ msgid "" "in LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8666 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8797 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11343,34 +11665,34 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8690 freeculture.xml:9039 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8821 freeculture.xml:9172 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8818 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8693 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8824 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " "opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8701 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:8832 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8704 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8834 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11379,8 +11701,8 @@ msgid "" "will be suffered most by our own people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8712 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8841 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11388,8 +11710,8 @@ msgid "" "justified?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8719 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8847 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11397,8 +11719,8 @@ msgid "" "history." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8727 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8855 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11407,8 +11729,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8734 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8862 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11417,13 +11739,13 @@ msgid "" "today's monopolists of culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:8869 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8871 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11439,8 +11761,8 @@ msgid "" "in a collage and make it available on the Net." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8886 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11454,8 +11776,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8769 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8897 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11464,8 +11786,8 @@ msgid "" "across the globe." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8779 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8907 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11478,13 +11800,13 @@ msgid "" "presumptively illegal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8807 freeculture.xml:8828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8935 freeculture.xml:8956 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8802 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8930 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11494,13 +11816,13 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8823 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8951 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8942 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11513,8 +11835,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8918 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11535,8 +11857,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8850 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11545,8 +11867,8 @@ msgid "" "#41</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8831 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8959 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11565,21 +11887,22 @@ msgid "" "expression that is critical or reflective." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:8988 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " -"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " -"part has to do with the increasing ease with which infractions can be " -"tracked. As users of file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a " -"trivial matter for copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service " -"providers to reveal who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape " -"player transmitted a list of the songs that you played in the privacy of " -"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8871 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9000 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11592,18 +11915,19 @@ msgid "" "them is not similarly free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8882 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9011 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " -"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " -"I have been lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was " -"fair use, and hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9022 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11615,8 +11939,8 @@ msgid "" "on the rule of law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8901 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9032 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11628,8 +11952,8 @@ msgid "" "\"law\" with which judges comfort themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8912 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9043 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11641,32 +11965,32 @@ msgid "" "they live in a culture that is free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8923 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9054 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8927 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9058 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " "expressed. And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't " -"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get " -"it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from " -"a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it " -"on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they " -"control it." +"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to " +"get it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note " +"from a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to " +"get it on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which " +"they control it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:9071 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8942 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9073 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11676,8 +12000,8 @@ msgid "" "you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8950 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9081 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11688,8 +12012,8 @@ msgid "" "fundamental." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8959 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9090 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11703,17 +12027,18 @@ msgid "" "themselves against the competitors of tomorrow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8971 freeculture.xml:9077 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9102 freeculture.xml:9210 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8973 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9104 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " -"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " +"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of " "liability tied to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators " "who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " "sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " @@ -11723,16 +12048,21 @@ msgid "" "been learned." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8985 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9117 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " "that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8990 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9121 +msgid "Roberts, Michael" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9123 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11742,8 +12072,8 @@ msgid "" "the creators." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8998 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9131 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11752,8 +12082,8 @@ msgid "" "so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9006 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9139 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11767,8 +12097,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9018 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9151 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11777,8 +12107,8 @@ msgid "" "the users liked." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9027 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9160 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11791,8 +12121,8 @@ msgid "" "something they had already bought." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9042 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9175 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11803,13 +12133,13 @@ msgid "" "$54 million. Vivendi purchased MP3.com just about a year later." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9185 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9055 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9188 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11821,8 +12151,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9065 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9198 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11833,14 +12163,19 @@ msgid "" "cost you and your firm dearly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9209 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9211 +msgid "Hummer Winblad" +msgstr "" + #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9219 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -11851,8 +12186,8 @@ msgid "" "Times</citetitle>, 28 May 2001." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9079 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9213 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11868,21 +12203,22 @@ msgid "" "buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " -"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9243 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9258 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9117 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9254 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business " "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11891,20 +12227,20 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9108 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9245 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " "had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " "but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " "with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " -"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. . . . <placeholder " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9263 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11915,8 +12251,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9273 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11931,8 +12267,8 @@ msgid "" "and much less creativity." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9151 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9287 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11946,8 +12282,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9163 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9299 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -11969,8 +12305,8 @@ msgid "" "content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9321 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -11983,8 +12319,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9335 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -11993,13 +12329,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9195 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9331 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12016,8 +12352,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9220 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9352 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12027,33 +12363,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9366 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9372 freeculture.xml:11188 +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9362 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " "impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was " "obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, " -"any protection should not do more harm than good." +"any protection should not do more harm than good. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9375 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " "market crowd." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9380 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12061,29 +12403,29 @@ msgid "" "regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors." msgstr "" -#. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9392 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " -"Prometheus Books, 2001)." +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9254 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9386 msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " -"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not " -"bad. As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come along, Congress " -"has struck a balance to assure that the new is protected from the " -"old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have been one part of that " -"strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " +"and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her " +"book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 " +"details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a " +"balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or " +"statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the " +"case of the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9267 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9403 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12093,8 +12435,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9412 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12111,8 +12453,13 @@ msgid "" "distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement liability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9294 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9445 +msgid "Hollings, Fritz" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9430 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12127,11 +12474,11 @@ msgid "" "devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " "World,\" 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9274 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9410 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12141,21 +12488,22 @@ msgid "" "demise of Internet radio." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 204 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9316 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " -"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " -"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " +"artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he or she is " +"also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a version " +"of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before " +"President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " -"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." +"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9326 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9465 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12167,8 +12515,8 @@ msgid "" "compensation to the recording artists." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9337 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9476 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12178,8 +12526,8 @@ msgid "" "station much beyond the San Francisco metropolitan area." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9346 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9485 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12194,8 +12542,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9500 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12206,19 +12554,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9385 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9524 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9371 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9510 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " "longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " "limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " -"restrictions. . . . Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " "radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " "governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " "mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " @@ -12229,13 +12577,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f13. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9534 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9529 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12244,8 +12592,8 @@ msgid "" "technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9539 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12255,8 +12603,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12270,13 +12618,13 @@ msgid "" "than it burdens terrestrial radio." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9447 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9586 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9430 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9569 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12297,8 +12645,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9562 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12308,8 +12656,8 @@ msgid "" "broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9593 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12317,136 +12665,136 @@ msgid "" "transaction</emphasis>:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9462 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9601 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9607 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9471 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9610 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9613 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9477 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9480 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9619 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9483 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9622 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9486 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9625 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9489 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " "the track;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9634 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9637 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9501 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9640 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9504 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9643 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9646 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9510 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9649 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9513 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9652 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9655 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9519 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9658 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9661 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9525 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9664 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9528 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9667 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9531 -msgid "Unique User identifier;" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9670 +msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9534 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9673 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9539 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9678 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12456,16 +12804,21 @@ msgid "" "not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9686 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " "the motive to protect artists against piracy?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9691 freeculture.xml:14269 +msgid "Real Networks" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9693 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12473,22 +12826,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9559 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9699 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " "it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " "perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " -"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, . . . \"How do you come up with " -"a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because here " -"we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that should " -"establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're going to " -"drive the small webcasters out of business. . . .\"" +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … \"How do you come up " +"with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because " +"here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that " +"should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're " +"going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9575 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9714 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " @@ -12496,8 +12849,8 @@ msgid "" "stable, predictable market</emphasis>.\" (Emphasis added.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9722 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12507,21 +12860,21 @@ msgid "" "either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9593 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:9732 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9734 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " "for a democratic creativity that digital technology enables." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9740 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12529,8 +12882,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9610 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9749 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12540,8 +12893,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9606 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9745 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12558,15 +12911,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9644 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9783 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9770 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12588,8 +12941,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9666 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9805 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " @@ -12597,8 +12950,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f18. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9813 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12606,16 +12959,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f19. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9823 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " "of compliance literature)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9656 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9830 +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9795 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12634,11 +12992,16 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but " "an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And " "as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some " -"law." +"law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9693 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9848 +msgid "law schools" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9833 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12653,11 +13016,11 @@ msgid "" "over. Generations of Americans—more significantly in some parts of " "America than in others, but still, everywhere in America today—can't " "live their lives both normally and legally, since \"normally\" entails a " -"certain degree of illegality." +"certain degree of illegality. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9710 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9851 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12670,8 +13033,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9723 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9864 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12680,8 +13043,8 @@ msgid "" "society is right to ban murder always and everywhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9730 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9871 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12697,8 +13060,8 @@ msgid "" "\"felons.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9885 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12711,14 +13074,14 @@ msgid "" "without transforming America into a nation of felons?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9756 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9897 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9759 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9900 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12728,8 +13091,8 @@ msgid "" "free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9911 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12739,13 +13102,13 @@ msgid "" "Apple endorsed the \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" capacities of digital technologies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9921 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12758,8 +13121,8 @@ msgid "" "right." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9791 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9932 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12771,8 +13134,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9942 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12785,8 +13148,8 @@ msgid "" "part of a massively complex \"digital rights management\" system." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12797,8 +13160,8 @@ msgid "" "easily?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9824 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9965 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12810,8 +13173,8 @@ msgid "" "between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9835 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9976 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12822,8 +13185,8 @@ msgid "" "horse-drawn buggy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9985 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12831,8 +13194,8 @@ msgid "" "as criminals and their own survival." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9850 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9991 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12846,41 +13209,41 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:9978 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10010 freeculture.xml:10119 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10008 msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10014 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " -"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " "hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " "you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " -"continue to receive Internet access? . . . Our sensibilities change as soon " -"as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" Well, " -"what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" " +"Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " "percentage of the American Internet-using population into \"lawbreakers.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10026 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " "effectively erase much of the privacy most would presume." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10031 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12891,8 +13254,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f20. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9908 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10049 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " @@ -12907,8 +13270,8 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9899 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10040 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12921,16 +13284,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f21. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9926 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10067 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10063 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12941,8 +13304,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10088 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -12962,8 +13325,8 @@ msgid "" "September 2000, 3D." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10076 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12979,8 +13342,8 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9966 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12993,8 +13356,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10123 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13008,14 +13371,14 @@ msgid "" "closest analog, [but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded " "all of our civil liberties because it's treated so many Americans as " "criminals. Well, I think it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of " -"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty " -"million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery " -"slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of " -"them." +"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. … If forty to " +"sixty million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a " +"slippery slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty " +"million of them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10143 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -13025,13 +13388,13 @@ msgid "" "to change our law?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: freeculture.xml:10156 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10019 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10161 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13039,8 +13402,8 @@ msgid "" "with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10167 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13049,8 +13412,8 @@ msgid "" "ignite is about to ignite everything around." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10175 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13061,8 +13424,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10042 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10184 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13071,16 +13434,16 @@ msgid "" "is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10192 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " "onto this fire." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10055 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10197 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13088,8 +13451,8 @@ msgid "" "at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10061 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10203 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13097,13 +13460,18 @@ msgid "" "understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:10213 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10072 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10215 +msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10218 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13113,8 +13481,8 @@ msgid "" "nineteenth-century author's work come alive." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10081 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10227 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13123,8 +13491,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10088 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10234 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13135,8 +13503,8 @@ msgid "" "accessible—technically accessible—today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10245 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13152,8 +13520,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13170,8 +13538,8 @@ msgid "" "protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10111 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13184,25 +13552,25 @@ msgid "" "culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10139 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10286 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " "public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " -"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in " -"1998, for the eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of " -"existing copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be " -"free to add any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. " -"Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that " -"year (and not even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, " -"in the same period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public " -"domain." +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10159 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10307 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13213,8 +13581,8 @@ msgid "" "Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10302 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13222,8 +13590,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10170 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10318 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13233,8 +13601,8 @@ msgid "" "dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10327 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13243,34 +13611,34 @@ msgid "" "different. As you know, the Constitution says," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10190 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10338 msgid "" -"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " -". . . Writings. . . ." +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10344 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " "to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " "example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare " "War.\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " -"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " -"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited " -"Times.\"" +"\"promote … Progress\"—through means that are also " +"specific— by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) " +"\"for limited Times.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 freeculture.xml:11657 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:11820 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10354 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13282,8 +13650,8 @@ msgid "" "Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10366 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13295,8 +13663,8 @@ msgid "" "Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10377 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13307,8 +13675,8 @@ msgid "" "things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10386 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13319,8 +13687,8 @@ msgid "" "Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10396 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13329,16 +13697,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10255 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10403 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " "the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers of those works." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10411 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13346,31 +13714,31 @@ msgid "" "us. So we should hope this bill passes.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10273 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " "the bill.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10278 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10426 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " "this extension were passed?\" you ask the adviser. \"How much is it worth?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13378,23 +13746,23 @@ msgid "" "this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10290 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10294 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10442 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " "assure that the bill was passed?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10300 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10448 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13402,8 +13770,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10306 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10454 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13414,8 +13782,8 @@ msgid "" "extended." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10317 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10465 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13423,8 +13791,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10329 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10477 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " @@ -13432,24 +13800,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10336 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10484 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." msgstr "" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10344 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10322 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10470 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13463,8 +13831,8 @@ msgid "" "campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10351 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10499 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13477,8 +13845,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10364 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10512 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -13489,8 +13857,8 @@ msgid "" "strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10377 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10525 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13499,8 +13867,8 @@ msgid "" "regulate any activity that merely affected interstate commerce." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10535 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13509,8 +13877,13 @@ msgid "" "limit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10394 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10541 freeculture.xml:11317 +msgid "Rehnquist, William H." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10543 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -13525,23 +13898,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10558 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10556 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13553,8 +13926,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10572 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13567,8 +13940,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13581,8 +13954,8 @@ msgid "" "extend the term of existing copyrights." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10444 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10593 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -13597,8 +13970,8 @@ msgid "" "Justices were going to be petty politicians." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10606 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -13617,8 +13990,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10480 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10629 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -13626,8 +13999,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10637 +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10623 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13635,11 +14013,11 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in our " "constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " "Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " -"pirate's charter." +"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10490 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10640 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13650,8 +14028,8 @@ msgid "" "as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10502 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10652 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13664,8 +14042,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10523 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10673 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13674,8 +14052,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10517 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10667 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13686,8 +14064,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10532 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10682 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13697,8 +14075,8 @@ msgid "" "have to do?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10544 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10694 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13708,23 +14086,23 @@ msgid "" "under copyright." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10702 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10556 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10706 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " "thousands of government monopolies without there being at least a list?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10563 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13733,15 +14111,15 @@ msgid "" "the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10572 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -13752,8 +14130,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10586 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10736 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13766,8 +14144,8 @@ msgid "" "proves the rule: that we ordinarily know quite well who owns what property." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10751 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13780,22 +14158,32 @@ msgid "" "to be used." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " "creative works is much more dire." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10768 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10769 freeculture.xml:11200 +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10770 +msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" +msgstr "" + #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10631 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10783 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -13804,13 +14192,13 @@ msgid "" "Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10789 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10620 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10772 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13824,8 +14212,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10792 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13834,8 +14222,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10798 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13846,8 +14234,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10816 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -13858,8 +14246,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10657 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13869,8 +14257,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10674 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10826 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13879,8 +14267,8 @@ msgid "" "locate the copyright owner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10682 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10834 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -13890,8 +14278,8 @@ msgid "" "exceptionally high." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10842 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13905,8 +14293,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10701 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10853 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13915,8 +14303,8 @@ msgid "" "expires." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13924,8 +14312,8 @@ msgid "" "they are now stored will be filled with nothing more than dust." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10719 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10871 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13934,8 +14322,8 @@ msgid "" "tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an \"engine of free expression.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10880 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13945,8 +14333,8 @@ msgid "" "commercial life ends." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10738 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13959,16 +14347,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10903 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " "context do no good." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10910 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13980,8 +14368,8 @@ msgid "" "commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10769 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10921 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13991,8 +14379,8 @@ msgid "" "of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10778 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14000,13 +14388,13 @@ msgid "" "interfered with anything." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10936 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10787 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10939 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14020,8 +14408,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10800 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10952 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14033,8 +14421,8 @@ msgid "" "radically different context." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10810 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10962 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14047,16 +14435,16 @@ msgid "" "expression. Copyright is a brake." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10821 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10973 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " "Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading culture widely?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10827 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10979 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14069,16 +14457,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f13. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11002 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10990 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14091,8 +14479,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10857 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11009 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14102,8 +14490,8 @@ msgid "" "by another twenty years violated the First Amendment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10865 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11017 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14112,8 +14500,8 @@ msgid "" "court. That dissent gave our claims life." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14125,8 +14513,8 @@ msgid "" "argued, would be to deny Congress the power to extend existing terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10883 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11035 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14135,8 +14523,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10889 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14145,8 +14533,8 @@ msgid "" "bounds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10898 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11050 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14155,16 +14543,16 @@ msgid "" "court has yet reviewed the statute." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10905 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11057 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " "2002. The summer would be spent writing briefs and preparing for argument." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10911 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14176,22 +14564,22 @@ msgid "" "from my client, Eric Eldred." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10921 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11073 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " "story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10926 freeculture.xml:10940 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11078 freeculture.xml:11092 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14202,18 +14590,18 @@ msgid "" "the case, they gave it everything they could." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10938 freeculture.xml:11278 freeculture.xml:11293 freeculture.xml:11386 freeculture.xml:11600 freeculture.xml:11631 freeculture.xml:11719 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11090 freeculture.xml:11440 freeculture.xml:11456 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:11763 freeculture.xml:11794 freeculture.xml:11887 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10939 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10942 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11094 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14225,8 +14613,8 @@ msgid "" "world.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10952 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11104 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14246,8 +14634,8 @@ msgid "" "put in the Constitution." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10973 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11125 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14257,8 +14645,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10981 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11133 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14276,18 +14664,18 @@ msgid "" "was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11012 freeculture.xml:11035 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11013 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11165 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14304,8 +14692,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11168 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14314,8 +14702,8 @@ msgid "" "conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11024 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14325,20 +14713,33 @@ msgid "" "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11197 +msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11038 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11198 +msgid "National Writers Union" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " "the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " -"National Writers Union." +"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11044 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14346,33 +14747,33 @@ msgid "" "made the economic argument absolutely clear." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11208 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11051 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11209 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11052 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11210 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11053 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11211 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11054 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11212 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11214 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14385,13 +14786,28 @@ msgid "" "wild." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11092 freeculture.xml:11284 freeculture.xml:11636 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11237 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11447 freeculture.xml:11799 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11067 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11238 +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11239 +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11240 freeculture.xml:11441 freeculture.xml:12531 +msgid "Reagan, Ronald" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14402,11 +14818,13 @@ msgid "" "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " "Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11082 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11243 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14420,8 +14838,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11095 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11256 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14429,8 +14847,8 @@ msgid "" "exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright holders." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14441,28 +14859,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11279 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." msgstr "" #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11287 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11133 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11294 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11111 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14478,8 +14896,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11297 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14493,8 +14911,8 @@ msgid "" "meant to block." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11148 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11309 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14505,8 +14923,8 @@ msgid "" "case. Early on, as I said, I set the strategy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14518,14 +14936,14 @@ msgid "" "limits." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11529 freeculture.xml:11541 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11328 freeculture.xml:11352 freeculture.xml:11692 freeculture.xml:11704 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11330 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14537,8 +14955,8 @@ msgid "" "were also the votes that we were least likely to get." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11342 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14550,8 +14968,8 @@ msgid "" "wished, even if what Congress wished made little sense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11192 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14560,8 +14978,8 @@ msgid "" "very important free speech argument against these retrospective extensions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11362 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14571,8 +14989,8 @@ msgid "" "confident he would recognize limits here." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11208 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11370 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14584,8 +15002,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11380 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14599,8 +15017,8 @@ msgid "" "limited." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11394 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14609,8 +15027,8 @@ msgid "" "practice is unconstitutional." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11401 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14619,8 +15037,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11408 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14637,8 +15055,8 @@ msgid "" "justices fire questions at wannabe winners." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11431 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14648,8 +15066,8 @@ msgid "" "found ways to take every question back to this central idea." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11280 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11443 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14658,8 +15076,8 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11287 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11450 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14669,8 +15087,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14687,8 +15105,8 @@ msgid "" "would be assured a seat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11312 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11475 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14703,8 +15121,8 @@ msgid "" "in the special section ordinarily reserved for family of the Justices." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11490 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14712,15 +15130,15 @@ msgid "" "powers had any limit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11338 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11501 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14728,8 +15146,8 @@ msgid "" "act." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11508 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14737,23 +15155,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11351 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11514 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " "effect to what they had in mind, and the answer is yes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11522 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11528 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14762,15 +15180,15 @@ msgid "" "evidence for that." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11536 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11379 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11542 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14779,8 +15197,8 @@ msgid "" "under the copyright laws." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11388 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14789,8 +15207,8 @@ msgid "" "was a swing and a miss." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -14798,22 +15216,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11563 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11570 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11411 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11574 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14821,16 +15239,16 @@ msgid "" "proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11583 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " "General Olson," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11589 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14838,8 +15256,8 @@ msgid "" "extendable is the functional equivalent of an unlimited time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11597 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14854,16 +15272,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11447 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11610 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " "differently. But one way of thinking about this case left me optimistic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11455 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11618 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14879,8 +15297,8 @@ msgid "" "rule of law that it had established elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11470 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11633 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14889,24 +15307,24 @@ msgid "" "justices had voted in the majority. There were two dissents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11477 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " "had been wrong in my reasoning." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11482 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11645 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " "naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11488 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11651 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -14916,16 +15334,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11497 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " "Congress's power not limited here." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11502 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -14933,8 +15351,8 @@ msgid "" "explained, the doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11671 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14947,8 +15365,8 @@ msgid "" "context it would not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11519 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11682 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14960,8 +15378,8 @@ msgid "" "will respect, that is the system we have." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11531 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11694 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14975,8 +15393,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11544 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14988,8 +15406,8 @@ msgid "" "long as to be effectively unlimited, then it was unconstitutional." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11718 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -14999,16 +15417,16 @@ msgid "" "Prince." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " "depression. This anger was of two sorts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11567 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11730 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15024,8 +15442,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11743 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15039,16 +15457,16 @@ msgid "" "consistent with their own principles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11758 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " "it is." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11602 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11765 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15062,8 +15480,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11776 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15081,16 +15499,16 @@ msgid "" "on which a court should decide the issue." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11796 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " "Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11639 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11802 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15098,8 +15516,8 @@ msgid "" "we do that, we will be able to show that Court." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11645 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11808 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15108,8 +15526,8 @@ msgid "" "persuaded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11652 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11815 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15120,8 +15538,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11660 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11823 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15140,8 +15558,8 @@ msgid "" "law. <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15151,23 +15569,36 @@ msgid "" "creative ferment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11858 freeculture.xml:11863 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11690 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11853 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " -"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " -"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref " +"linkend=\"fig-18\"/>). The \"powerful and wealthy\" line is a bit " +"unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:11861 +msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:11862 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11866 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15178,13 +15609,13 @@ msgid "" "lawyer would have made them see differently." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:11877 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11879 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15195,8 +15626,8 @@ msgid "" "of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15209,8 +15640,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11899 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15219,16 +15650,16 @@ msgid "" "copyright. If he did not, the work passed into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11739 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11907 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " "early on, it won't get passed unless it has another name." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11744 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11912 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15238,13 +15669,13 @@ msgid "" "worth is at least $1. But for everything else, let the content go." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11752 freeculture.xml:11951 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11920 freeculture.xml:12120 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11922 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15257,8 +15688,8 @@ msgid "" "issue. Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11766 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15270,19 +15701,19 @@ msgid "" "at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11944 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11777 freeculture.xml:11816 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11945 freeculture.xml:11985 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11953 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15303,22 +15734,23 @@ msgid "" "Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11948 msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " -"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the " -"Anglo-American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if " -"their rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " -"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " -"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " +"when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement " +"before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" Natural rights " +"don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-American tradition " +"that required copyright owners to follow form if their rights were to be " +"protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly respect the dignity of " +"the author. My right as a creator turns on my creativity, not upon the " +"special favor of the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11979 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15327,8 +15759,8 @@ msgid "" "protected and what's not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11987 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15340,8 +15772,8 @@ msgid "" "loss of widows' only income." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:11997 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15351,8 +15783,8 @@ msgid "" "of registration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11836 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12005 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15362,8 +15794,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12013 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15374,8 +15806,8 @@ msgid "" "government of his ownership of the table." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15385,8 +15817,8 @@ msgid "" "that it can be efficiently and fairly spread." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11865 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12034 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15403,8 +15835,8 @@ msgid "" "burdens produce a much better system of protection for property generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15418,8 +15850,8 @@ msgid "" "take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11896 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12065 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15430,8 +15862,8 @@ msgid "" "controlled. After fourteen years, it would be presumptively uncontrolled." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12075 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15442,8 +15874,8 @@ msgid "" "formalities</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11915 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12084 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15452,8 +15884,8 @@ msgid "" "extended copyright term." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11922 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15462,8 +15894,8 @@ msgid "" "on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11929 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12098 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15471,8 +15903,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15489,8 +15921,8 @@ msgid "" "years. What do you think?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11953 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15498,13 +15930,13 @@ msgid "" "that they might be willing to take the first step." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11966 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12135 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11959 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12128 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15515,8 +15947,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11969 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15527,8 +15959,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11977 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12146 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15549,8 +15981,8 @@ msgid "" "use." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11998 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12167 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15560,8 +15992,8 @@ msgid "" "likely to." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15572,8 +16004,8 @@ msgid "" "protect themselves against this new competitive threat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12185 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15582,8 +16014,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15596,8 +16028,13 @@ msgid "" "resistance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12213 +msgid "Kelly, Kevin" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15606,16 +16043,16 @@ msgid "" "to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate " "what Kevin Kelly calls the \"Dark Content\" that fills archives around the " "world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should ask one " -"simple question:" +"simple question: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12046 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12049 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12219 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15627,8 +16064,8 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12060 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12230 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15638,8 +16075,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12068 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15649,8 +16086,8 @@ msgid "" "creation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12080 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12250 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15659,8 +16096,8 @@ msgid "" "others." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12087 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12257 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15672,12 +16109,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12269 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12101 +#: freeculture.xml:12271 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15687,7 +16124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12108 +#: freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15698,7 +16135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12123 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15709,7 +16146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15722,7 +16159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12134 +#: freeculture.xml:12304 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15733,7 +16170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12142 +#: freeculture.xml:12312 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15746,7 +16183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12153 +#: freeculture.xml:12323 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15756,21 +16193,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12171 freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12341 freeculture.xml:12777 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12339 msgid "" -"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " -"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " -"Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " +"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12160 +#: freeculture.xml:12330 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15783,7 +16220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12182 +#: freeculture.xml:12352 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15798,7 +16235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12209 +#: freeculture.xml:12379 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15807,12 +16244,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12346 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " -"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " +"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … not " +"to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " "Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the " "law—and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed " @@ -15830,7 +16267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12215 +#: freeculture.xml:12385 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15842,7 +16279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12225 +#: freeculture.xml:12395 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15853,7 +16290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12233 +#: freeculture.xml:12403 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15867,7 +16304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12248 +#: freeculture.xml:12418 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -15885,7 +16322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12242 +#: freeculture.xml:12412 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15897,7 +16334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12269 +#: freeculture.xml:12439 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15910,7 +16347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12279 +#: freeculture.xml:12449 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15921,7 +16358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12287 +#: freeculture.xml:12457 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15933,7 +16370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12295 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15949,7 +16386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12310 +#: freeculture.xml:12480 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15957,7 +16394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12316 +#: freeculture.xml:12486 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15972,7 +16409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12328 +#: freeculture.xml:12498 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15992,7 +16429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12348 +#: freeculture.xml:12518 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16010,7 +16447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:12536 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16023,13 +16460,23 @@ msgid "" "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12393 freeculture.xml:13115 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12564 freeculture.xml:13237 +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12565 freeculture.xml:12655 freeculture.xml:13163 +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12566 freeculture.xml:13301 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12362 +#: freeculture.xml:12533 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16049,11 +16496,13 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12396 +#: freeculture.xml:12569 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16064,14 +16513,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12404 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12403 +#: freeculture.xml:12576 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16083,7 +16532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12414 +#: freeculture.xml:12587 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16107,7 +16556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12438 +#: freeculture.xml:12611 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16116,7 +16565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12444 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16131,7 +16580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12466 +#: freeculture.xml:12639 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16150,8 +16599,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12656 +msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12455 +#: freeculture.xml:12628 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16162,12 +16616,14 @@ msgid "" "entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose " "commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software " "development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12484 +#: freeculture.xml:12661 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16186,14 +16642,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12687 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12691 +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12502 +#: freeculture.xml:12679 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16202,11 +16663,11 @@ msgid "" "to Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " "lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " "meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " -"the meeting was canceled." +"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12516 +#: freeculture.xml:12694 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16216,7 +16677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12702 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16228,12 +16689,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12534 +#: freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16246,7 +16707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12548 +#: freeculture.xml:12726 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16261,7 +16722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:12739 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16278,7 +16739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12575 +#: freeculture.xml:12753 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16291,7 +16752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12765 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16305,14 +16766,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12604 +#: freeculture.xml:12782 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:12779 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16323,7 +16784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12613 +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16333,7 +16794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12620 +#: freeculture.xml:12798 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16346,7 +16807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12632 +#: freeculture.xml:12810 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16359,7 +16820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16370,7 +16831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12650 +#: freeculture.xml:12828 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16378,7 +16839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12656 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16392,7 +16853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12667 +#: freeculture.xml:12845 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16402,12 +16863,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12686 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12676 +#: freeculture.xml:12854 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16422,7 +16883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12690 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16432,7 +16893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:12876 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16442,7 +16903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:12883 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16454,7 +16915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12715 +#: freeculture.xml:12893 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16464,7 +16925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12722 +#: freeculture.xml:12900 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16475,20 +16936,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12730 +#: freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12733 +#: freeculture.xml:12911 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12738 +#: freeculture.xml:12916 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16507,17 +16968,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12756 +#: freeculture.xml:12934 msgid "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink " +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17 September 2003, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12941 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16525,7 +16986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12735 +#: freeculture.xml:12913 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16543,19 +17004,19 @@ msgid "" "for kids who use a computer to share content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:13131 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12958 freeculture.xml:13318 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12781 +#: freeculture.xml:12959 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12786 +#: freeculture.xml:12964 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16564,7 +17025,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12795 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16572,7 +17033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12961 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16591,20 +17052,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12817 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12821 +#: freeculture.xml:12999 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16612,7 +17073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12826 +#: freeculture.xml:13004 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16621,7 +17082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12832 +#: freeculture.xml:13010 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16630,7 +17091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12839 +#: freeculture.xml:13017 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16639,13 +17100,13 @@ msgid "" "Congress could make to better secure a free culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13026 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12850 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13028 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16653,8 +17114,8 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13034 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16667,8 +17128,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12866 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13044 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16678,8 +17139,8 @@ msgid "" "\"taken\" regardless of the rights. Any rights were effectively unprotected." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12878 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13056 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16694,8 +17155,8 @@ msgid "" "paste\" world that is a creator's nightmare." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12892 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13070 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16704,13 +17165,13 @@ msgid "" "set of freedoms that we could just take for granted before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12901 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13079 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13081 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16721,35 +17182,41 @@ msgid "" "of your browsing habits was assured." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12913 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13091 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13095 msgid "" -"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " -"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " -"data and hence a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather " -"that data. If you were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, " -"no doubt your privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA " -"would (we hope) find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to " -"track you. But for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The " -"highly inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly " -"robust amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not " -"by law (there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in " -"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " -"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in many " +"places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the " +"costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12931 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13110 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13120 +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13112 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16758,11 +17225,11 @@ msgid "" "pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function of " "cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The friction " "has disappeared, and hence any \"privacy\" protected by the friction " -"disappears, too." +"disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12943 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13123 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16774,8 +17241,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12959 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13139 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -16788,8 +17255,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12953 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13133 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16801,24 +17268,25 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12977 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13157 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " "commercially, the software—both the source code and the " "binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data " "General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much " -"about controlling their software." +"about controlling their software. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12984 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13165 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12986 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13167 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16827,8 +17295,8 @@ msgid "" "the freedom to add to or modify other people's work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12994 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13175 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16841,8 +17309,8 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13006 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13187 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16854,8 +17322,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13015 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16864,17 +17332,18 @@ msgid "" "share software would be fundamentally weakened." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13024 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13205 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " "the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" kernel " -"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system." +"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13030 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16886,8 +17355,8 @@ msgid "" "innovative creative code was a byproduct." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13041 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13224 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16897,8 +17366,8 @@ msgid "" "passively guaranteed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13049 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13232 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16906,8 +17375,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13054 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13240 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16923,8 +17392,8 @@ msgid "" "opinion through their respective services." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13070 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13256 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16935,16 +17404,16 @@ msgid "" "the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13265 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " "data except by paying for a subscription?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13084 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16958,8 +17427,8 @@ msgid "" "paper journal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16968,8 +17437,8 @@ msgid "" "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13104 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13290 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16983,8 +17452,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13304 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16994,20 +17463,20 @@ msgid "" "it helps spread knowledge and science." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13129 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13316 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13134 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13321 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13138 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13325 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17020,8 +17489,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13149 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13336 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17038,8 +17507,8 @@ msgid "" "does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain freedoms are given." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13167 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13354 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17051,8 +17520,8 @@ msgid "" "long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any educational use." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13365 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17064,13 +17533,13 @@ msgid "" "that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13189 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13376 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17083,8 +17552,8 @@ msgid "" "creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13202 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17097,8 +17566,8 @@ msgid "" "gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13214 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17107,8 +17576,8 @@ msgid "" "Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13221 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13408 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17121,17 +17590,26 @@ msgid "" "will probably <emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13233 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " "expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13239 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13435 +msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13436 +msgid "Wayner, Peter" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13426 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17139,12 +17617,24 @@ msgid "" "All</citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " "Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " "used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " -"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well." +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13438 +msgid "Public Enemy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13439 +msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13266 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13456 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17152,8 +17642,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13250 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13463 +msgid "Leaphart, Walter" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13441 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17169,11 +17664,11 @@ msgid "" "Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative " "environment content that others can build upon, so that their form of " -"creativity might grow." +"creativity might grow. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13466 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17187,8 +17682,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13287 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13478 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17198,8 +17693,8 @@ msgid "" "build content based upon content set free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13297 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13488 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17209,8 +17704,8 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13305 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17220,13 +17715,13 @@ msgid "" "difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13319 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13512 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17235,8 +17730,8 @@ msgid "" "we need." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13519 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17244,13 +17739,13 @@ msgid "" "end." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13526 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13528 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17259,15 +17754,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13535 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13349 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13540 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17275,23 +17770,24 @@ msgid "" "and \"formalities\" are banished." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13355 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13546 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13549 msgid "" -"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " -"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " -"burden on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when " -"the law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to " +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " +"one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden " +"on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the " +"law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to " "protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17305,16 +17801,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13572 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " "by other countries as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13378 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13570 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17323,8 +17819,8 @@ msgid "" "these formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17334,13 +17830,13 @@ msgid "" "approving standards developed by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13400 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13402 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13594 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17354,8 +17850,8 @@ msgid "" "deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13415 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17366,8 +17862,8 @@ msgid "" "that the government sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13424 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13616 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17379,8 +17875,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13434 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13626 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17393,13 +17889,13 @@ msgid "" "would facilitate the licensing of content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13451 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13643 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17410,16 +17906,16 @@ msgid "" "be enforced uniformly across all media." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13653 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " "to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13467 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13659 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17432,8 +17928,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13676 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17441,8 +17937,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13477 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13669 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17457,8 +17953,8 @@ msgid "" "their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13689 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17467,8 +17963,8 @@ msgid "" "elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13504 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17481,8 +17977,8 @@ msgid "" "its other important functions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13516 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13708 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17492,16 +17988,16 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13524 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " "unclear." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17511,13 +18007,13 @@ msgid "" "the appropriate time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13541 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13543 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17525,16 +18021,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13748 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13740 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17546,8 +18042,8 @@ msgid "" "Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13563 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17555,8 +18051,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13571 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13763 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17568,8 +18064,8 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13580 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13772 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17582,21 +18078,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13601 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13793 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13801 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13593 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17610,8 +18106,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17627,16 +18123,16 @@ msgid "" "not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13629 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " "average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13635 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17644,13 +18140,13 @@ msgid "" "generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13837 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13647 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13839 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17660,8 +18156,8 @@ msgid "" "technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13847 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17672,32 +18168,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13668 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13664 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13866 +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " "courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever " "since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest " -"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan." +"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13874 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13677 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13870 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17705,8 +18206,8 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13686 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17715,8 +18216,8 @@ msgid "" "each limitation in turn." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13693 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13886 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -17727,8 +18228,8 @@ msgid "" "after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13706 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -17742,8 +18243,8 @@ msgid "" "to the creative process. Smothers it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13719 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17752,21 +18253,21 @@ msgid "" "unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13735 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13928 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13733 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13926 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " "187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13727 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17775,8 +18276,8 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13741 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13934 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17786,8 +18287,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13941 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17796,13 +18297,13 @@ msgid "" "would earn artists more income." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13758 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13951 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13953 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17811,8 +18312,8 @@ msgid "" "music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13767 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17822,8 +18323,8 @@ msgid "" "regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13776 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17832,26 +18333,27 @@ msgid "" "performing artist to control copies of her performance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " -"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter 5, they enable " -"four different kinds of sharing:" +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four " +"different kinds of sharing:" msgstr "" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13791 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13985 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." msgstr "" #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13990 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17859,8 +18361,8 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13802 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13996 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17868,16 +18370,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14002 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " "endorses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13814 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14008 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17887,25 +18389,26 @@ msgid "" "weakened." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "" -"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " "assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than " "type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13829 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14024 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " "respond." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17919,8 +18422,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13846 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14041 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17936,16 +18439,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13879 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13861 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17966,8 +18469,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14081 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17982,8 +18485,8 @@ msgid "" "twenty-first-century technologies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13902 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14097 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17995,8 +18498,8 @@ msgid "" "ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14108 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18006,8 +18509,8 @@ msgid "" "to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the artist." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13922 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14117 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18018,8 +18521,8 @@ msgid "" "of his content without his being compensated is less than ideal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13932 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18031,8 +18534,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13943 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18043,8 +18546,8 @@ msgid "" "artists would benefit from this trade." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13953 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18056,8 +18559,8 @@ msgid "" "publisher." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14158 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18067,15 +18570,15 @@ msgid "" "content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14166 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13975 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14170 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18088,8 +18591,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14181 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18099,13 +18602,18 @@ msgid "" "compensate those who are harmed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14032 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13998 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14228 freeculture.xml:14254 +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14193 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18140,11 +18648,12 @@ msgid "" "popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal predates the current " "debate by about a decade. See <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13994 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14189 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18158,8 +18667,8 @@ msgid "" "compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14045 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18172,12 +18681,13 @@ msgid "" "years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " "supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " "of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " -"old system of controlling access." +"old system of controlling access. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14060 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18189,8 +18699,8 @@ msgid "" "the content itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14073 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14271 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18206,8 +18716,8 @@ msgid "" "sell music on-line." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14088 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18221,8 +18731,8 @@ msgid "" "\"free.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14100 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18232,14 +18742,14 @@ msgid "" "barbarically severe punishments of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14109 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14307 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14114 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14312 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18247,35 +18757,35 @@ msgid "" "encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14121 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14319 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14127 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" msgstr "" #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14335 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14142 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14340 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18283,8 +18793,8 @@ msgid "" "something then?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14148 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14346 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18300,8 +18810,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14162 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18310,13 +18820,13 @@ msgid "" "and creativity that the Internet is." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14173 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14175 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14373 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18324,8 +18834,8 @@ msgid "" "the end that I would love to live." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14181 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14379 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18335,16 +18845,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14396 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " "1069–70." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14189 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18356,16 +18866,16 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14204 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " "to actually reckon the costs of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14214 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14412 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18384,8 +18894,8 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14209 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18396,8 +18906,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14238 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18406,8 +18916,8 @@ msgid "" "astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14246 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14444 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18419,8 +18929,8 @@ msgid "" "and costly cases." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14256 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14454 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18430,16 +18940,16 @@ msgid "" "and hence radically more just." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14264 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " "law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14468 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18451,8 +18961,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14279 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18461,8 +18971,8 @@ msgid "" "the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14288 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14486 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18470,12 +18980,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14297 +#: freeculture.xml:14495 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18489,12 +18999,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14314 +#: freeculture.xml:14512 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14316 +#: freeculture.xml:14514 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18503,7 +19013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14322 +#: freeculture.xml:14521 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18517,9 +19027,9 @@ msgid "" "her own critical eye on much of this." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 337 +#. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14335 +#: freeculture.xml:14534 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18532,7 +19042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14545 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18553,7 +19063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:14565 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18564,7 +19074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14375 +#: freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "