X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/db647654b0797f51450827c88e73625b7b8e049b..b6563ccb3d05246560774c7c58da42b172555c0a:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index c86f34d..68040a5 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-08 22:57+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-10-25 08:15+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13818 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13853 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14876 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13721 freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13755 freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13137 freeculture.xml:13922 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13138 freeculture.xml:13923 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13172 freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14264 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1045,12 +1045,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10214 freeculture.xml:13453 freeculture.xml:14013 freeculture.xml:14014 freeculture.xml:14088 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10214 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047 freeculture.xml:14048 freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13453 freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14087 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11201 freeculture.xml:11492 freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1353,8 +1353,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10188 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11186 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15241 +#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15275 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13369 freeculture.xml:13452 freeculture.xml:13622 +#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1626,8 +1626,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11189 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11461 +#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:11495 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15307 +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15341 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2116,7 +2116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11080 +#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11083 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2173,17 +2173,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11459 freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11493 freeculture.xml:11494 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11494 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:14247 freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11074 freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14281 freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -3091,7 +3091,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15305 +#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15339 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4123,7 +4123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13556 freeculture.xml:13625 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:13659 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4383,12 +4383,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15206 freeculture.xml:15271 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15206 freeculture.xml:15271 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4768,7 +4768,7 @@ msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:12103 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:11139 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -4870,7 +4870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14902 +#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14936 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -5003,7 +5003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:12951 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:12985 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -5076,7 +5076,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15304 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15338 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5320,12 +5320,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15306 +#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15340 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:10760 freeculture.xml:14697 freeculture.xml:15288 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:10760 freeculture.xml:14731 freeculture.xml:15322 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5407,7 +5407,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13243 freeculture.xml:13734 freeculture.xml:13741 +#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13277 freeculture.xml:13768 freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5444,7 +5444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15454 +#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15488 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5507,22 +5507,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15307 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15341 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13554 freeculture.xml:14140 +#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12035 freeculture.xml:13569 freeculture.xml:14196 +#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12069 freeculture.xml:13603 freeculture.xml:14230 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12037 freeculture.xml:13570 freeculture.xml:14197 +#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13604 freeculture.xml:14231 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5563,12 +5563,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14228 +#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14262 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14228 +#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14262 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5899,12 +5899,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:15014 +#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:15048 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15014 freeculture.xml:15015 +#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15048 freeculture.xml:15049 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6119,12 +6119,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14400 freeculture.xml:15126 freeculture.xml:15127 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14434 freeculture.xml:15160 freeculture.xml:15161 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15127 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15161 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6163,7 +6163,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15126 +#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15160 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6195,7 +6195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14400 +#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14434 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6783,7 +6783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14421 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -6878,7 +6878,7 @@ msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13928 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" @@ -7274,7 +7274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11164 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" @@ -7397,7 +7397,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15550 +#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15584 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -8078,7 +8078,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:14917 +#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:14951 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8561,7 +8561,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11548 freeculture.xml:11793 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11582 freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" @@ -8730,7 +8730,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:14099 freeculture.xml:14229 freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11073 freeculture.xml:14133 freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -9879,12 +9879,12 @@ msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15493 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15527 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13727 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10113,17 +10113,17 @@ msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11458 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11492 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11201 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11459 +#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11493 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" @@ -10132,8 +10132,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7029 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10429,13 +10429,13 @@ msgid "" "publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11139 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11141 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" @@ -10451,12 +10451,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:15411 +#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:15445 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7252 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11145 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" @@ -10474,12 +10474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13679 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "patents" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7263 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" @@ -10514,7 +10514,7 @@ msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13352 +#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" @@ -11208,7 +11208,7 @@ msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15308 +#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15342 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" @@ -11228,7 +11228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14054 +#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14088 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -11582,7 +11582,7 @@ msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9888 freeculture.xml:13508 +#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9888 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:13542 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" @@ -14165,7 +14165,7 @@ msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " "(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " -"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry). The claim here, as well, was that the VC should " "have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the " "industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a " @@ -14331,7 +14331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:12070 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" @@ -14819,7 +14819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10516 freeculture.xml:15287 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 freeculture.xml:15321 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -15494,11 +15494,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:11062 +msgid "Eldred, Eric" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15509,8 +15514,18 @@ msgid "" "alive." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:11073 +msgid "of public-domain literature" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11074 +msgid "library of works derived from" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15520,7 +15535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11082 +#: freeculture.xml:11085 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15531,8 +15546,13 @@ msgid "" "accessible—technically accessible—today." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11095 +msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11093 +#: freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed " @@ -15548,12 +15568,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:12135 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "" " There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15572,7 +15592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11107 +#: freeculture.xml:11111 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15586,8 +15606,18 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11142 +msgid "Frost, Robert" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11143 +msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11136 +#: freeculture.xml:11147 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the " @@ -15603,17 +15633,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11149 freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:11162 freeculture.xml:11174 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11150 freeculture.xml:11160 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 freeculture.xml:11175 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:11174 msgid "" " The full text is: Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15626,7 +15656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11154 +#: freeculture.xml:11169 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15634,8 +15664,28 @@ msgid "" "forever." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11186 +msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11187 +msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11188 +msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11189 +msgid "felony punishments for" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11172 +#: freeculture.xml:11191 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15645,8 +15695,18 @@ msgid "" "dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137 +msgid "constitutional powers of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249 +msgid "Eldred case involvement of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11181 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15656,7 +15716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11192 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15664,7 +15724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11198 +#: freeculture.xml:11223 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15678,13 +15738,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11207 freeculture.xml:12697 +#: freeculture.xml:11235 freeculture.xml:12731 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11209 +#: freeculture.xml:11237 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15697,7 +15757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11251 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15710,7 +15770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11262 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. Corruption not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15722,7 +15782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11240 +#: freeculture.xml:11271 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15734,7 +15794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11250 +#: freeculture.xml:11281 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15744,7 +15804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11257 +#: freeculture.xml:11288 msgid "" "Next year, the adviser announces, our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15753,7 +15813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11265 +#: freeculture.xml:11296 msgid "" "There's a proposal in Congress, however, she continues, " "that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15762,14 +15822,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11271 +#: freeculture.xml:11302 msgid "" "Hope? a fellow board member says. Can't we be doing " "something about it?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "Well, obviously, yes, the adviser responds. We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15777,7 +15837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11280 +#: freeculture.xml:11311 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. How much would we get " @@ -15786,7 +15846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11286 +#: freeculture.xml:11317 msgid "" "Well, the adviser says, if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15795,14 +15855,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11292 +#: freeculture.xml:11323 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11296 +#: freeculture.xml:11327 msgid "" "So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15810,7 +15870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11302 +#: freeculture.xml:11333 msgid "" "Absolutely, the adviser responds. It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15819,7 +15879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11308 +#: freeculture.xml:11339 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15831,7 +15891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11319 +#: freeculture.xml:11350 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15840,7 +15900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11331 +#: freeculture.xml:11362 msgid "" "Associated Press, Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years, " @@ -15849,7 +15909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11338 +#: freeculture.xml:11369 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age, available at link " @@ -15858,7 +15918,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11346 +#: freeculture.xml:11377 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars, " "Congressional Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15866,7 +15926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11324 +#: freeculture.xml:11355 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this theory about incentives was proved " @@ -15881,7 +15941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11384 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15896,7 +15956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#: freeculture.xml:11399 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15908,7 +15968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11378 +#: freeculture.xml:11412 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15918,7 +15978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11388 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15928,12 +15988,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11394 freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:11428 freeculture.xml:12218 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11396 +#: freeculture.xml:11430 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The " @@ -15949,7 +16009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11411 +#: freeculture.xml:11445 msgid "" "United States v. Lopez, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15957,14 +16017,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11418 +#: freeculture.xml:11452 msgid "" "United States v. Morrison, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11409 +#: freeculture.xml:11443 msgid "" "We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments, the Chief Justice wrote. -#: freeculture.xml:11425 +#: freeculture.xml:11459 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15992,7 +16052,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11422 +#: freeculture.xml:11456 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause. -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11480 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in " "Lopez stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -16022,7 +16082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11463 +#: freeculture.xml:11497 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in Eldred was not " @@ -16042,13 +16102,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11480 +#: freeculture.xml:11514 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11488 +#: freeculture.xml:11522 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " @@ -16057,7 +16117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11482 +#: freeculture.xml:11516 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16069,7 +16129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11498 +#: freeculture.xml:11532 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16081,7 +16141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11544 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and Rhapsody in " @@ -16096,7 +16156,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11528 +#: freeculture.xml:11562 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16106,7 +16166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16118,7 +16178,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11537 +#: freeculture.xml:11571 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16129,7 +16189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:11584 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16140,14 +16200,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11558 +#: freeculture.xml:11592 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11562 +#: freeculture.xml:11596 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16155,7 +16215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11603 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16165,7 +16225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11578 +#: freeculture.xml:11612 msgid "" "But there isn't a list of who owns property generally, the " "apologists for the system respond. Why should there be a list of " @@ -16173,7 +16233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11583 +#: freeculture.xml:11617 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16185,7 +16245,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11592 +#: freeculture.xml:11626 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16199,7 +16259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11607 +#: freeculture.xml:11641 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16213,7 +16273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11619 +#: freeculture.xml:11653 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16221,28 +16281,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11624 +#: freeculture.xml:11658 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11625 freeculture.xml:12060 +#: freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11626 +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11627 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11674 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law, Los Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16252,7 +16312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11663 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16267,7 +16327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11681 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16277,7 +16337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:11687 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16289,7 +16349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11671 +#: freeculture.xml:11705 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred " @@ -16301,18 +16361,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11664 +#: freeculture.xml:11698 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " "technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " "$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " -"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#: freeculture.xml:11715 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16322,7 +16382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11689 +#: freeculture.xml:11723 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16333,7 +16393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11697 +#: freeculture.xml:11731 msgid "" "But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up? Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16348,7 +16408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11708 +#: freeculture.xml:11742 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16358,7 +16418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11753 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16367,7 +16427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11727 +#: freeculture.xml:11761 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16378,7 +16438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11735 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16389,7 +16449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:11779 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16403,7 +16463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11758 +#: freeculture.xml:11792 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16411,7 +16471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11799 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16424,7 +16484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#: freeculture.xml:11810 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16435,7 +16495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11785 +#: freeculture.xml:11819 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16444,12 +16504,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11791 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11795 +#: freeculture.xml:11829 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16464,7 +16524,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11808 +#: freeculture.xml:11842 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16477,7 +16537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11818 +#: freeculture.xml:11852 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16491,7 +16551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:11863 msgid "" "You may well ask, But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16500,7 +16560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11835 +#: freeculture.xml:11869 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16515,7 +16575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11859 +#: freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory, " "20 December 2002, available at -#: freeculture.xml:11847 +#: freeculture.xml:11881 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " "message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not " "doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the " "gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " -"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially " +"films, books, and music produced between 1923 and 1946 is not commercially " "available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " "value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11866 +#: freeculture.xml:11900 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16549,7 +16609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11875 +#: freeculture.xml:11909 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16559,7 +16619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11882 +#: freeculture.xml:11916 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for limited Times only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16573,7 +16633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11893 +#: freeculture.xml:11927 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16582,13 +16642,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11898 +#: freeculture.xml:11932 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11900 +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16598,7 +16658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11943 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16608,7 +16668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11916 +#: freeculture.xml:11950 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16616,7 +16676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11922 +#: freeculture.xml:11956 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16629,7 +16689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11933 +#: freeculture.xml:11967 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16637,13 +16697,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11938 freeculture.xml:11952 +#: freeculture.xml:11972 freeculture.xml:11986 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11940 +#: freeculture.xml:11974 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16655,17 +16715,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11950 freeculture.xml:12313 freeculture.xml:12329 freeculture.xml:12426 freeculture.xml:12646 freeculture.xml:12677 freeculture.xml:12775 +#: freeculture.xml:11984 freeculture.xml:12347 freeculture.xml:12363 freeculture.xml:12460 freeculture.xml:12680 freeculture.xml:12711 freeculture.xml:12809 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11951 +#: freeculture.xml:11985 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11954 +#: freeculture.xml:11988 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16678,7 +16738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11964 +#: freeculture.xml:11998 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16700,7 +16760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11985 +#: freeculture.xml:12019 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16711,7 +16771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:12027 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16730,17 +16790,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12011 freeculture.xml:12038 +#: freeculture.xml:12045 freeculture.xml:12072 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12012 +#: freeculture.xml:12046 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12014 +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16757,7 +16817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12028 +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16768,7 +16828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12040 +#: freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16781,17 +16841,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12052 +#: freeculture.xml:12086 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12053 +#: freeculture.xml:12087 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16800,7 +16860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12062 +#: freeculture.xml:12096 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16809,32 +16869,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12068 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12070 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12071 +#: freeculture.xml:12105 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12072 +#: freeculture.xml:12106 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12074 +#: freeculture.xml:12108 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16848,28 +16908,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12084 freeculture.xml:12102 freeculture.xml:12315 freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12118 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12119 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12086 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12087 freeculture.xml:12314 freeculture.xml:13463 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 freeculture.xml:12348 freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12089 +#: freeculture.xml:12123 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16883,17 +16943,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12103 -msgid "constitutional powers of" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12106 +#: freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16907,7 +16962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12118 +#: freeculture.xml:12152 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these friends included " @@ -16917,7 +16972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12125 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16928,18 +16983,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:12167 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12134 +#: freeculture.xml:12168 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12144 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred " "v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16947,7 +17002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12152 +#: freeculture.xml:12186 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray, New York Times, 28 March " @@ -16956,7 +17011,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:12171 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16973,7 +17028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12161 +#: freeculture.xml:12195 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16988,7 +17043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12173 +#: freeculture.xml:12207 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16998,7 +17053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12180 +#: freeculture.xml:12214 msgid "" "Between February and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -17006,12 +17061,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12185 freeculture.xml:12371 +#: freeculture.xml:12219 freeculture.xml:12405 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12221 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "the Conservatives. The other we called the " @@ -17024,18 +17079,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12196 freeculture.xml:12221 freeculture.xml:12573 freeculture.xml:12585 +#: freeculture.xml:12230 freeculture.xml:12255 freeculture.xml:12607 freeculture.xml:12619 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12197 freeculture.xml:12537 +#: freeculture.xml:12231 freeculture.xml:12571 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12199 +#: freeculture.xml:12233 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17048,7 +17103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12211 +#: freeculture.xml:12245 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17061,7 +17116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12223 +#: freeculture.xml:12257 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17071,7 +17126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12232 +#: freeculture.xml:12266 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17082,7 +17137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12240 +#: freeculture.xml:12274 msgid "" "This analysis of the Rest showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17095,7 +17150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12284 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17110,7 +17165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12264 +#: freeculture.xml:12298 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17120,7 +17175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12272 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17129,7 +17184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12279 +#: freeculture.xml:12313 msgid "" "But this consistency should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17144,7 +17199,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12294 +#: freeculture.xml:12328 msgid "" "Oral argument was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17154,7 +17209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12304 +#: freeculture.xml:12338 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17165,7 +17220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12317 +#: freeculture.xml:12351 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17174,7 +17229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12323 +#: freeculture.xml:12357 msgid "" "I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17184,7 +17239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12331 +#: freeculture.xml:12365 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17198,7 +17253,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12341 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "The night before the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17208,7 +17263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12351 +#: freeculture.xml:12385 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17224,7 +17279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12366 +#: freeculture.xml:12400 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17233,14 +17288,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12373 +#: freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12378 +#: freeculture.xml:12412 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17249,7 +17304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12385 +#: freeculture.xml:12419 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind. But my response again and again was " @@ -17258,7 +17313,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12391 +#: freeculture.xml:12425 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17266,14 +17321,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12399 +#: freeculture.xml:12433 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12439 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17283,14 +17338,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12413 +#: freeculture.xml:12447 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12419 +#: freeculture.xml:12453 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17300,7 +17355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12428 +#: freeculture.xml:12462 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17310,7 +17365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12435 +#: freeculture.xml:12469 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez " @@ -17319,21 +17374,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12440 +#: freeculture.xml:12474 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12447 +#: freeculture.xml:12481 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12451 +#: freeculture.xml:12485 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17342,12 +17397,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12459 +#: freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12461 +#: freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17355,7 +17410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12467 +#: freeculture.xml:12501 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17364,7 +17419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12475 +#: freeculture.xml:12509 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17380,7 +17435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:12522 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17389,7 +17444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12497 +#: freeculture.xml:12531 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17406,7 +17461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12512 +#: freeculture.xml:12546 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17417,7 +17472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12520 +#: freeculture.xml:12554 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17425,7 +17480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12525 +#: freeculture.xml:12559 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against reasoning. And here was the last " @@ -17433,7 +17488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12531 +#: freeculture.xml:12565 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17444,7 +17499,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12541 +#: freeculture.xml:12575 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17452,7 +17507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12546 +#: freeculture.xml:12580 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too " @@ -17461,7 +17516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12552 +#: freeculture.xml:12586 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17475,7 +17530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12563 +#: freeculture.xml:12597 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17488,7 +17543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12575 +#: freeculture.xml:12609 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17503,7 +17558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12588 +#: freeculture.xml:12622 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17517,7 +17572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12633 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was " @@ -17528,7 +17583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12606 +#: freeculture.xml:12640 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17536,12 +17591,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12611 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12613 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five Conservatives. It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17559,7 +17614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12626 +#: freeculture.xml:12660 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17574,7 +17629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12641 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17582,7 +17637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12648 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17597,7 +17652,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12659 +#: freeculture.xml:12693 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17616,7 +17671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12680 +#: freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17624,7 +17679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12685 +#: freeculture.xml:12719 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17633,7 +17688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:12725 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17643,7 +17698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12699 +#: freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17653,7 +17708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12706 +#: freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17666,7 +17721,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12715 +#: freeculture.xml:12749 msgid "" "While the reaction to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17680,7 +17735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12730 +#: freeculture.xml:12764 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17691,12 +17746,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12744 freeculture.xml:12749 +#: freeculture.xml:12778 freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12739 +#: freeculture.xml:12773 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17707,19 +17762,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12747 +#: freeculture.xml:12781 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12748 +#: freeculture.xml:12782 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12752 +#: freeculture.xml:12786 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17732,12 +17787,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12765 +#: freeculture.xml:12799 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17750,7 +17805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17764,7 +17819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12787 +#: freeculture.xml:12821 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17774,7 +17829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12795 +#: freeculture.xml:12829 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17782,7 +17837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12800 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17794,12 +17849,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12808 freeculture.xml:13009 +#: freeculture.xml:12842 freeculture.xml:13043 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12810 +#: freeculture.xml:12844 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17813,7 +17868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12822 +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17826,22 +17881,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12832 +#: freeculture.xml:12866 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12833 freeculture.xml:12874 +#: freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17864,7 +17919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12870 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17879,7 +17934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12902 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17889,7 +17944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12876 +#: freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17902,7 +17957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12886 +#: freeculture.xml:12920 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17913,7 +17968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12894 +#: freeculture.xml:12928 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17924,7 +17979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:12936 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17936,7 +17991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12914 +#: freeculture.xml:12948 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17947,7 +18002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 +#: freeculture.xml:12957 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17965,7 +18020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12939 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17980,7 +18035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12954 +#: freeculture.xml:12988 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17993,7 +18048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12964 +#: freeculture.xml:12998 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18005,7 +18060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:13007 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -18015,7 +18070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12980 +#: freeculture.xml:13014 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18025,7 +18080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:13021 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18034,7 +18089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12993 +#: freeculture.xml:13027 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18052,7 +18107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13045 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18062,12 +18117,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13017 +#: freeculture.xml:13051 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13019 +#: freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18078,7 +18133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13028 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18090,7 +18145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13036 +#: freeculture.xml:13070 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18112,7 +18167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13057 +#: freeculture.xml:13091 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18123,7 +18178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13065 +#: freeculture.xml:13099 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18136,7 +18191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13075 +#: freeculture.xml:13109 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18146,7 +18201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13084 +#: freeculture.xml:13118 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18160,12 +18215,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13094 +#: freeculture.xml:13128 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18178,12 +18233,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13106 +#: freeculture.xml:13140 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13109 +#: freeculture.xml:13143 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18196,7 +18251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18207,7 +18262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13128 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18218,7 +18273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13140 +#: freeculture.xml:13174 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18228,7 +18283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:13181 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18240,47 +18295,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13159 +#: freeculture.xml:13193 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13160 +#: freeculture.xml:13194 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13162 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13163 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 freeculture.xml:13677 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 freeculture.xml:13677 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13165 +#: freeculture.xml:13199 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13167 +#: freeculture.xml:13201 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18290,7 +18345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13174 +#: freeculture.xml:13208 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18301,7 +18356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13189 +#: freeculture.xml:13223 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18312,7 +18367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13182 +#: freeculture.xml:13216 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18324,18 +18379,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13679 +#: freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#: freeculture.xml:13233 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13202 +#: freeculture.xml:13236 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18346,7 +18401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13210 +#: freeculture.xml:13244 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18359,7 +18414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13221 +#: freeculture.xml:13255 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18369,27 +18424,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13227 +#: freeculture.xml:13261 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13228 +#: freeculture.xml:13262 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13229 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13242 freeculture.xml:13735 +#: freeculture.xml:13276 freeculture.xml:13769 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13240 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18398,7 +18453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13231 +#: freeculture.xml:13265 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18410,13 +18465,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13246 +#: freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13254 +#: freeculture.xml:13288 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18431,7 +18486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13281 +#: freeculture.xml:13315 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18440,7 +18495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13248 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18463,7 +18518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13288 +#: freeculture.xml:13322 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18475,7 +18530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 +#: freeculture.xml:13332 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18486,7 +18541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13306 +#: freeculture.xml:13340 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18500,7 +18555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18518,7 +18573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13315 +#: freeculture.xml:13349 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18530,7 +18585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13343 +#: freeculture.xml:13377 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18543,12 +18598,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13352 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13354 +#: freeculture.xml:13388 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18559,7 +18614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13396 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18570,13 +18625,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13369 +#: freeculture.xml:13403 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13371 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18593,7 +18648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13393 +#: freeculture.xml:13427 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18601,7 +18656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13399 +#: freeculture.xml:13433 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18615,7 +18670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:13448 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18627,7 +18682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13423 +#: freeculture.xml:13457 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18642,7 +18697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13437 +#: freeculture.xml:13471 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18659,68 +18714,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13450 freeculture.xml:14220 +#: freeculture.xml:13484 freeculture.xml:14254 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13451 freeculture.xml:13464 +#: freeculture.xml:13485 freeculture.xml:13498 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13452 freeculture.xml:13622 +#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13454 freeculture.xml:13571 freeculture.xml:14139 +#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13455 freeculture.xml:14286 +#: freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13456 freeculture.xml:14287 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13457 +#: freeculture.xml:13491 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13458 +#: freeculture.xml:13492 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13459 +#: freeculture.xml:13493 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:13623 +#: freeculture.xml:13494 freeculture.xml:13657 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#: freeculture.xml:13495 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13462 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13469 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18736,7 +18791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13466 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18761,7 +18816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13502 +#: freeculture.xml:13536 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18771,20 +18826,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13508 +#: freeculture.xml:13542 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13545 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13510 +#: freeculture.xml:13544 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18795,13 +18850,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13520 freeculture.xml:13676 +#: freeculture.xml:13554 freeculture.xml:13710 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13522 +#: freeculture.xml:13556 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18825,7 +18880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13546 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18834,17 +18889,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13555 freeculture.xml:15285 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:15319 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13558 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18858,13 +18913,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13568 +#: freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 +#: freeculture.xml:13618 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18885,7 +18940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13573 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18900,18 +18955,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 +#: freeculture.xml:13636 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13605 +#: freeculture.xml:13639 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18929,25 +18984,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13624 +#: freeculture.xml:13658 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13625 +#: freeculture.xml:13659 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:13669 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13627 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18960,7 +19015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13641 +#: freeculture.xml:13675 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18970,12 +19025,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13649 freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13741 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13651 +#: freeculture.xml:13685 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18987,12 +19042,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13662 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13667 +#: freeculture.xml:13701 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -19005,12 +19060,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13678 +#: freeculture.xml:13712 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:13715 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -19026,7 +19081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -19042,7 +19097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:13743 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19056,17 +19111,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13720 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13721 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19080,14 +19135,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13740 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13737 +#: freeculture.xml:13771 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19098,7 +19153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13751 +#: freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19108,7 +19163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#: freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19121,7 +19176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13772 +#: freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19134,7 +19189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 +#: freeculture.xml:13817 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19146,7 +19201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13791 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19154,7 +19209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13797 +#: freeculture.xml:13831 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19169,7 +19224,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:13842 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19179,17 +19234,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13816 +#: freeculture.xml:13850 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19203,7 +19258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13833 +#: freeculture.xml:13867 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19213,7 +19268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13841 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19223,7 +19278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13848 +#: freeculture.xml:13882 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19235,7 +19290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13858 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19245,7 +19300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19256,20 +19311,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:13907 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13876 +#: freeculture.xml:13910 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13916 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19288,7 +19343,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13900 +#: freeculture.xml:13934 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19298,7 +19353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13941 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19306,7 +19361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13878 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19326,33 +19381,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13924 +#: freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13926 freeculture.xml:14317 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 freeculture.xml:14351 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13927 +#: freeculture.xml:13961 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13928 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13933 +#: freeculture.xml:13967 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19361,7 +19416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19370,7 +19425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13930 +#: freeculture.xml:13964 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19389,20 +19444,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13990 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13964 +#: freeculture.xml:13998 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13968 +#: freeculture.xml:14002 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19410,7 +19465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:14007 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19419,7 +19474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:14013 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19428,7 +19483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19438,12 +19493,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13997 +#: freeculture.xml:14031 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19453,7 +19508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14004 +#: freeculture.xml:14038 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19466,13 +19521,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14014 +#: freeculture.xml:14048 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:14050 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19484,7 +19539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14028 +#: freeculture.xml:14062 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19501,7 +19556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14044 +#: freeculture.xml:14078 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19512,22 +19567,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:14086 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:14087 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14089 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19539,12 +19594,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14101 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14071 +#: freeculture.xml:14105 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19562,22 +19617,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14086 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14121 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14088 +#: freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14090 +#: freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19590,12 +19645,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14099 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 +#: freeculture.xml:14135 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19608,7 +19663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19623,7 +19678,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14113 +#: freeculture.xml:14147 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19637,12 +19692,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14138 +#: freeculture.xml:14172 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14142 +#: freeculture.xml:14176 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19653,12 +19708,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14183 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14151 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19668,7 +19723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14159 +#: freeculture.xml:14193 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19682,12 +19737,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14170 +#: freeculture.xml:14204 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19700,7 +19755,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14181 +#: freeculture.xml:14215 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19710,12 +19765,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14190 +#: freeculture.xml:14224 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19726,7 +19781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19739,7 +19794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14211 +#: freeculture.xml:14245 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19750,12 +19805,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14255 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14223 +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19763,23 +19818,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14227 +#: freeculture.xml:14261 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:14264 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14232 +#: freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19796,17 +19851,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14247 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14250 +#: freeculture.xml:14284 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19818,7 +19873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14261 +#: freeculture.xml:14295 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19826,7 +19881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14267 +#: freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19841,7 +19896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:14313 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19852,7 +19907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14289 +#: freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19866,7 +19921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:14337 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19877,24 +19932,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14316 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14353 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14322 +#: freeculture.xml:14356 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14324 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19908,7 +19963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14335 +#: freeculture.xml:14369 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19927,7 +19982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14353 +#: freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19941,7 +19996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14364 +#: freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19954,13 +20009,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14374 +#: freeculture.xml:14408 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14376 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19974,7 +20029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14389 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19989,7 +20044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14402 +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19999,7 +20054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14409 +#: freeculture.xml:14443 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -20013,7 +20068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20021,18 +20076,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:14460 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:14461 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14429 +#: freeculture.xml:14463 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20044,23 +20099,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:14474 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14441 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:14476 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14493 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20069,7 +20124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14444 +#: freeculture.xml:14478 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20089,7 +20144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14468 +#: freeculture.xml:14502 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20104,7 +20159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14480 +#: freeculture.xml:14514 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20115,7 +20170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14490 +#: freeculture.xml:14524 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20126,7 +20181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14498 +#: freeculture.xml:14532 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20137,12 +20192,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14512 +#: freeculture.xml:14546 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14514 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20152,7 +20207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14521 +#: freeculture.xml:14555 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20161,12 +20216,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14528 +#: freeculture.xml:14562 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14530 +#: freeculture.xml:14564 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20176,14 +20231,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14537 +#: freeculture.xml:14571 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14542 +#: freeculture.xml:14576 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20192,12 +20247,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:14582 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14551 +#: freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20208,7 +20263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:14594 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20223,7 +20278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20231,7 +20286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14572 +#: freeculture.xml:14606 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20241,7 +20296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14582 +#: freeculture.xml:14616 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20252,12 +20307,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14594 +#: freeculture.xml:14628 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14596 +#: freeculture.xml:14630 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20272,7 +20327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14609 +#: freeculture.xml:14643 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20284,7 +20339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14618 +#: freeculture.xml:14652 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20297,7 +20352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14662 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20311,12 +20366,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14643 +#: freeculture.xml:14677 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14645 +#: freeculture.xml:14679 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20328,7 +20383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14655 +#: freeculture.xml:14689 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20336,7 +20391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14661 +#: freeculture.xml:14695 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20350,7 +20405,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14678 +#: freeculture.xml:14712 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20359,7 +20414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:14705 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20375,7 +20430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14691 +#: freeculture.xml:14725 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20385,12 +20440,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14697 +#: freeculture.xml:14731 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14699 +#: freeculture.xml:14733 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20404,7 +20459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14711 +#: freeculture.xml:14745 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20415,7 +20470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14719 +#: freeculture.xml:14753 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20423,7 +20478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14724 +#: freeculture.xml:14758 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20434,12 +20489,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14736 +#: freeculture.xml:14770 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14738 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20448,7 +20503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14751 +#: freeculture.xml:14785 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20456,7 +20511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14743 +#: freeculture.xml:14777 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20469,7 +20524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:14792 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20478,7 +20533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14766 +#: freeculture.xml:14800 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20491,7 +20546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14775 +#: freeculture.xml:14809 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20505,13 +20560,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14787 +#: freeculture.xml:14821 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14798 +#: freeculture.xml:14832 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20519,7 +20574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14790 +#: freeculture.xml:14824 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20534,7 +20589,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14843 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20551,7 +20606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14825 +#: freeculture.xml:14859 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20559,7 +20614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14831 +#: freeculture.xml:14865 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20569,12 +20624,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14845 +#: freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20585,7 +20640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14853 +#: freeculture.xml:14887 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20597,20 +20652,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14861 +#: freeculture.xml:14895 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14867 +#: freeculture.xml:14901 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14863 +#: freeculture.xml:14897 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20622,12 +20677,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14880 +#: freeculture.xml:14914 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14876 +#: freeculture.xml:14910 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20636,7 +20691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14885 +#: freeculture.xml:14919 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20646,7 +20701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14892 +#: freeculture.xml:14926 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20658,7 +20713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14905 +#: freeculture.xml:14939 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20673,7 +20728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14919 +#: freeculture.xml:14953 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20683,12 +20738,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14935 +#: freeculture.xml:14969 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14933 +#: freeculture.xml:14967 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20696,7 +20751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14927 +#: freeculture.xml:14961 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20706,7 +20761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14941 +#: freeculture.xml:14975 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20717,7 +20772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14948 +#: freeculture.xml:14982 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20727,12 +20782,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14958 +#: freeculture.xml:14992 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14960 +#: freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20742,7 +20797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14967 +#: freeculture.xml:15001 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20753,7 +20808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14976 +#: freeculture.xml:15010 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20763,7 +20818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14983 +#: freeculture.xml:15017 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20774,7 +20829,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14992 +#: freeculture.xml:15026 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20782,7 +20837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14997 +#: freeculture.xml:15031 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20791,7 +20846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15003 +#: freeculture.xml:15037 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20800,7 +20855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15009 +#: freeculture.xml:15043 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20808,7 +20863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15017 +#: freeculture.xml:15051 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20819,7 +20874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15025 +#: freeculture.xml:15059 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20829,7 +20884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15033 +#: freeculture.xml:15067 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20837,7 +20892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15038 +#: freeculture.xml:15072 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20852,7 +20907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15050 +#: freeculture.xml:15084 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20868,13 +20923,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15064 +#: freeculture.xml:15098 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15084 +#: freeculture.xml:15118 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20882,7 +20937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15066 +#: freeculture.xml:15100 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20904,7 +20959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15091 +#: freeculture.xml:15125 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20920,7 +20975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15107 +#: freeculture.xml:15141 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20934,7 +20989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15118 +#: freeculture.xml:15152 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20946,7 +21001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15129 +#: freeculture.xml:15163 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20959,7 +21014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15139 +#: freeculture.xml:15173 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20972,7 +21027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15150 +#: freeculture.xml:15184 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20984,7 +21039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15160 +#: freeculture.xml:15194 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20997,7 +21052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15170 +#: freeculture.xml:15204 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21008,14 +21063,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15178 +#: freeculture.xml:15212 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15182 +#: freeculture.xml:15216 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21029,7 +21084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15193 +#: freeculture.xml:15227 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21040,17 +21095,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15200 freeculture.xml:15242 +#: freeculture.xml:15234 freeculture.xml:15276 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15240 +#: freeculture.xml:15274 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15206 +#: freeculture.xml:15240 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21092,7 +21147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15202 +#: freeculture.xml:15236 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21107,7 +21162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15256 +#: freeculture.xml:15290 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21125,7 +21180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15273 +#: freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21138,17 +21193,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15286 +#: freeculture.xml:15320 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15288 +#: freeculture.xml:15322 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15290 +#: freeculture.xml:15324 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21166,17 +21221,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15305 +#: freeculture.xml:15339 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15308 +#: freeculture.xml:15342 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15310 +#: freeculture.xml:15344 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21192,7 +21247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15322 +#: freeculture.xml:15356 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21203,13 +21258,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15331 +#: freeculture.xml:15365 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15336 +#: freeculture.xml:15370 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21218,19 +21273,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15343 +#: freeculture.xml:15377 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15349 +#: freeculture.xml:15383 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15353 +#: freeculture.xml:15387 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21238,14 +21293,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15359 +#: freeculture.xml:15393 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15364 +#: freeculture.xml:15398 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21254,7 +21309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15370 +#: freeculture.xml:15404 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21271,7 +21326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15384 +#: freeculture.xml:15418 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21281,12 +21336,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15395 +#: freeculture.xml:15429 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15397 +#: freeculture.xml:15431 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21295,7 +21350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15403 +#: freeculture.xml:15437 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21305,18 +21360,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15410 +#: freeculture.xml:15444 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15411 +#: freeculture.xml:15445 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15422 +#: freeculture.xml:15456 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21324,7 +21379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15413 +#: freeculture.xml:15447 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21337,7 +21392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15428 +#: freeculture.xml:15462 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21345,7 +21400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15438 +#: freeculture.xml:15472 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21365,7 +21420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15433 +#: freeculture.xml:15467 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21377,7 +21432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15462 +#: freeculture.xml:15496 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21387,7 +21442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15470 +#: freeculture.xml:15504 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21400,7 +21455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15480 +#: freeculture.xml:15514 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21411,7 +21466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15488 +#: freeculture.xml:15522 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21419,7 +21474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15495 +#: freeculture.xml:15529 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21432,7 +21487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15504 +#: freeculture.xml:15538 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21442,7 +21497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15513 +#: freeculture.xml:15547 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21450,12 +21505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15522 +#: freeculture.xml:15556 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15524 +#: freeculture.xml:15558 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21469,12 +21524,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15543 +#: freeculture.xml:15577 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15545 +#: freeculture.xml:15579 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21483,7 +21538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15552 +#: freeculture.xml:15586 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21499,7 +21554,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15565 +#: freeculture.xml:15599 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21512,7 +21567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15576 +#: freeculture.xml:15610 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21534,7 +21589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15596 +#: freeculture.xml:15630 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21545,7 +21600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15605 +#: freeculture.xml:15639 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "