X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/c9d835b845b4cfd05e64d056c29e3f771f37e7b4..9ab63c18f5f6c6dfc226a3e1c5ae2c817b8183cf:/freeculture.nb.po diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 396e132..bd2127e 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 10:14+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 15:50+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ msgstr "Om forfatteren" #. type: Content of: msgid "" -"LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig." -"org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The " -"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " -"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig.org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The author of " +"The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " "Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " "Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " "Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " @@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ msgid "" "Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " "Appeals." msgstr "" -"Lawrense Lessig (http://www.lessig." +"Lawrense Lessig (http://www.lessig." "org), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " "Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for " "Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). Forfatteren har " +"creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org). Forfatteren har " "gitt ut The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws of " "Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library of " "Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han har " @@ -433,11 +433,11 @@ msgstr "" "endringene jeg beskriver påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske " "kultur anser som grunnleggende." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "Safire, William" @@ -634,11 +634,11 @@ msgstr "" "inngå en eksklusiv avtale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gjennomføre en auksjon " "for å finne ut hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "Causby, Tinie" @@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ msgstr "" "internettets \"pirater\" også fjerne verdier fra vår kultur som har vært " "integrert til vår tradisjon helt fra starten." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" @@ -2353,15 +2353,14 @@ msgid "" "ways required the permission of the copyright owner." msgstr "" "I 1928 var kulturen som Disney fritt kunne trekke veksler pÃ¥ relativt " -"fersk. Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke veldig gammelt og var dermed " -"ganske levende. Gjennomsnittelig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare " -"rundt tredve Ã¥r—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk " -"var opphavsrettsbeskyttet. " -"Det betyr at i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller " -"kreative verkers opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til " -"a kontrollere bestemte typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse " -"opphavsvernsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde " -"tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren." +"fersk. Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke veldig gammelt og var dermed ganske " +"levende. Gjennomsnittelig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare rundt tredve " +"Ã¥r—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet. Det betyr at " +"i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verkers " +"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til a kontrollere bestemte " +"typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse opphavsvernsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ " +"de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2621,14 +2620,13 @@ msgid "" "Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not " "ban doujinshi." msgstr "" -"Normen i Japan reduserer denne juridiske utfordringen. Noen sier at " -"det nettopp er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske mangamarkedet " -"som forklarer denne reduksjonen. Jussprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple " -"University hypotiserer for eksempel med at manga-markedet aksepterer " -"disse teoretiske bruddene fordi de fÃ¥r mangamarkedet til Ã¥ bli rikere " -"og mer produktivt. Alle ville fÃ¥ det værre hvis doujinshi ble " -"bannlyst, sÃ¥ loven bannlyser ikke doujinshi." +"Normen i Japan reduserer denne juridiske utfordringen. Noen sier at det " +"nettopp er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske mangamarkedet som " +"forklarer denne reduksjonen. Jussprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple " +"University hypotiserer for eksempel med at manga-markedet aksepterer disse " +"teoretiske bruddene fordi de fÃ¥r mangamarkedet til Ã¥ bli rikere og mer " +"produktivt. Alle ville fÃ¥ det værre hvis doujinshi ble bannlyst, sÃ¥ loven " +"bannlyser ikke doujinshi." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2731,6 +2729,12 @@ msgid "" "diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, diverse, and " "modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property." msgstr "" +"Vi lever i en verden som feirer \"eiendom\". Jeg er en av de som feierer. " +"Jeg tror pÃ¥ verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ verdien av den " +"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller \"immaterielle eierrettigheter" +"\". Et stort og variert samfunn kan " +"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderte samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten " +"immaterielle eierrettigheter." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2762,7 +2766,6 @@ msgstr "" "bra." #. type: Content of: -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2771,11 +2774,12 @@ msgid "" "stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, " "whether large or small." msgstr "" -"det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en " -"publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk— " -"eller selv en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, ville vi har ingen nøle i sier " -"kunstneren var galt. i tillegg til Ã¥ ha begÃ¥tt, ville han har stjÃ¥let noe av " -"verdi. lov forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller smÃ¥." +"Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brøt " +"seg inn pÃ¥ kontoret til en forlegger, og stakk av med tusen kopier av hans " +"siste verk—elller bare en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, sÃ¥ ville vi uten Ã¥ " +"nøle si at kunstneren har gjort noe galt. I tillegg til Ã¥ Ã¥ trengt seg inn " +"pÃ¥ andres eiendom, ville han ha stjÃ¥let noe av verdi. Loven forbyr stjeling " +"i enhver form, uansett hvor stort eller lite som blir tatt." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4280,12 +4284,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " -"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " -"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general. But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " -"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " -"of the law." +"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter ) has developed a " +"powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it applies to " +"computer science and to knowledge in general. But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more fundamental. " +"It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because of the law." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -4329,7 +4333,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " -"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." +", quipped to " +"me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" "\"ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøre en kultur\" som brewster kahle, hvem vil vi møtes i " "kapittel 9, quipped til meg i en sjelden øyeblikk av despondence." @@ -5110,7 +5115,7 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "Grisham, John" @@ -5705,7 +5710,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi " "tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til å ha en lignende barndom." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "Drahos, Peter" @@ -5751,7 +5756,7 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" @@ -5839,7 +5844,7 @@ msgstr "" "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt å ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren " "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -6229,16 +6234,12 @@ msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "Hvordan balanserer disse ulike delingstypene?" #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. " msgid "" "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy, " "148–49. " msgstr "" -"Se Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. " +"Se Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy, " +"148–49. " #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -6638,14 +6639,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " -"like the piracy I described in chapter 4, much of this piracy is motivated " -"by a new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " -"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, " -"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be " -"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while " -"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The " -"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that " -"balance will be found only with time." +"like the piracy I described in chapter , much of this piracy is motivated by a new way of " +"spreading content caused by changes in the technology of distribution. Thus, " +"consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, radio, the recording " +"industry, and cable TV, the question we should be asking about file sharing " +"is how best to preserve its benefits while minimizing (to the extent " +"possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The question is one of " +"balance. The law should seek that balance, and that balance will be found " +"only with time." msgstr "" "for i motsetning til piratkopiering jeg beskrevet i den første delen av " "dette kapitlet, er mye av \"piratkopiering\" det arkiv deler aktiverer " @@ -7464,16 +7466,6 @@ msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " -#| "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute " -#| "of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last " -#| "law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in " -#| "1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to " -#| "make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it " -#| "expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or " -#| "\"Stationers,\" had an exclusive right to print books." msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -7484,14 +7476,14 @@ msgid "" "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an " "exclusive right to print books. " msgstr "" -"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva " +"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennÃ¥ ikke hadde bestemt hva " "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " "engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om " "opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " "av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " "noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " "etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde " -"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker." +"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker. " #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -10845,7 +10837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "Gates, Bill" @@ -11010,17 +11002,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -#| "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 " "(1997): 87." msgstr "" -"Se, for eksempel, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." +"Se for eksempel James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 " +"(1997): 87." #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of:
@@ -11127,8 +11116,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " -"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " -"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " +"chapter , the " +"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not " +"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " "reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors" @@ -11786,19 +11776,14 @@ msgstr "" "endringer, så vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August " -#| "2003, available at link #26. " msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, available at link #26. " msgstr "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra link #26. " +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra link #26. " #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -12469,16 +12454,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -#| "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and " "Contemporary Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" -"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." +"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and " +"Contemporary Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -12551,6 +12532,10 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke få humor av the marx brothers. Konsekvensen av dette er overhodet " "ikke morsomt." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "La oss se på livet til min Adobe eBook Reader." @@ -13782,16 +13767,12 @@ msgstr "" "artikkel om rupert murdoch," #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " -#| "89. " msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89. " msgstr "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (september 2003): " -"89. " +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89. " #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -13987,19 +13968,15 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 " -#| "April 2002, available at link #76." msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill " "Moyers, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " "at link #31." msgstr "" -"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " -"2002, tilgjengelig fra link " -"#76." +"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill " +"Moyers, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift " +"tilgjengelig fra link #31." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -14568,9 +14545,11 @@ msgid "" "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " "regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " "transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " -"chapters 7 and 8, one might well wonder whether it does more harm than good " -"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " -"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +"chapters and " +", one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" "Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " "men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når regulerer (som " @@ -15363,22 +15342,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 " -#| "November 2000, available at link #8; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at link #9." msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, available at link #40. For an overview of the exhibition, see link #41." msgstr "" -"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november " -"2000, tilgjengelig fra link #8; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra link #9." +"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #40. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se link #41." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -15403,13 +15376,14 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " -"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " -"part has to do with the increasing ease with which infractions can be " -"tracked. As users of file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a " -"trivial matter for copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service " -"providers to reveal who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape " -"player transmitted a list of the songs that you played in the privacy of " -"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter . But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." msgstr "" "en del av Ã¥rsaken til denne frykten for illegality har Ã¥ gjøre med endring " "loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda " @@ -15447,9 +15421,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " -"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " -"I have been lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was " -"fair use, and hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +"in chapter , " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." msgstr "" "advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg " "beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar pÃ¥ historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon " @@ -15619,14 +15594,15 @@ msgstr "Barry, Hank" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " -"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " -"liability tied to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators " -"who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " -"sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " -"taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach " -"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank " -"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has " -"been learned." +"that I described in chapter . The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied " +"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to " +"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off " +"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught " +"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture " +"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry " +"calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has been " +"learned." msgstr "" "Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " @@ -15838,19 +15814,13 @@ msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" #. type: Content of:
-#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June " -#| "2003, available at link #43. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. " -#| "" msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, available at link #43. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this " "example. " msgstr "" -"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " "tilgjengelig via link #43. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. " "" @@ -16090,14 +16060,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " -"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book Digital Copyright, overall this history of copyright is not bad. " -"As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has " -"struck a balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. " -"Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free " -"use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another." +"As I described in chapter , despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and " +"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book " +"Digital Copyright, overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, " +"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to " +"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, " +"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of " +"the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
@@ -16177,11 +16148,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " -"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " -"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " +"As I described in chapter , when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist " +"doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he or she is also the " +"composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a version of " +"\"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before " +"President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " "Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" @@ -17543,14 +17515,14 @@ msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the " "public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " -"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in " -"1998, for the eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of " -"existing copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be " -"free to add any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. " -"Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that " -"year (and not even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, " -"in the same period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public " -"domain." +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter , in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " @@ -20554,15 +20526,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " -"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted. The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" -"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " -"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " -"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " -"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +"As I described in chapter , formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when " +"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before " +"a copyright is granted. The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" Natural rights " +"don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-American tradition " +"that required copyright owners to follow form if their rights were to be " +"protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly respect the dignity of " +"the author. My right as a creator turns on my creativity, not upon the " +"special favor of the government." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -21106,11 +21079,11 @@ msgstr "" "eieren og fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli " "kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hÃ¥nden av fortiden." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "Konklusjon" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-" "five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have " @@ -21123,7 +21096,7 @@ msgstr "" "proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er " "17 millioner afrikanere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -21139,7 +21112,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -21155,7 +21128,7 @@ msgstr "" "juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i " "utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -21174,7 +21147,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 265 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " @@ -21190,7 +21163,7 @@ msgstr "" "hente ut sÃ¥ mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de " "prisene høye." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -21211,7 +21184,7 @@ msgstr "" "som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten " "andre endringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -21225,11 +21198,11 @@ msgstr "" "se etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under " "markedspris." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "Braithwaite, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -21241,7 +21214,7 @@ msgstr "" "37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -21260,7 +21233,7 @@ msgstr "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -21274,7 +21247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -21286,7 +21259,7 @@ msgstr "" "rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</" "citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -21324,7 +21297,7 @@ msgstr "" "effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -21342,7 +21315,7 @@ msgstr "" "prisen. SÃ¥ uansett, massiv eller marginal, sÃ¥ var det en effekt av vÃ¥re " "myndigheters intervensjon for Ã¥ stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -21358,7 +21331,7 @@ msgstr "" "i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til " "30 millioner liv." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -21378,7 +21351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" @@ -21394,7 +21367,7 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -21412,7 +21385,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til Ã¥ " "intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -21432,7 +21405,7 @@ msgstr "" "mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at sÃ¥ mange dør " "for slik en abstraksjon?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -21448,7 +21421,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger pÃ¥ grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vÃ¥rt politiske system— en " "korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -21465,7 +21438,7 @@ msgstr "" "overvunnet." #. PAGE BREAK 268 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -21492,7 +21465,7 @@ msgstr "" "rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—" "helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -21502,7 +21475,7 @@ msgstr "" "sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, " "hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " @@ -21526,7 +21499,7 @@ msgstr "" "patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert." #. PAGE BREAK 269 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -21560,7 +21533,7 @@ msgstr "" "som vil gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "denne sunne fornuften til Ã¥ Ã¥pne sine øyne." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -21588,17 +21561,7 @@ msgstr "" "for fri kultur." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, " -#| "August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' " -#| "Meeting Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" -#| "ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO," -#| "\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at " -#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -21610,20 +21573,20 @@ msgid "" "Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, august " +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, august " "2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting " -"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, " +"Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, " "tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" "ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" " -"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " +"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." @@ -21665,7 +21628,7 @@ msgstr "" "frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " "programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -21680,13 +21643,13 @@ msgstr "" "begrensninger pÃ¥ hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt." #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " @@ -21703,7 +21666,7 @@ msgstr "" "drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmÃ¥l." #. PAGE BREAK 271 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -21745,7 +21708,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve ideen " "om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -21757,7 +21720,7 @@ msgstr "" "møtet om \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder\" virker " "Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -21780,23 +21743,7 @@ msgstr "" "programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " -#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " -#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's " -#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft" -#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the " -#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of " -#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward " -#| "Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for " -#| "Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " -#| "Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -#| "notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice " -#| "president, The Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York " -#| "University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=" -#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -21820,27 +21767,15 @@ msgstr "" "lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " "som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " "Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " -"Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: " +"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: " "AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise " "Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, " -"Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial Software Model, diskusjon " +"Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon " "ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig " "fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make " -#| "clear that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " -#| "software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally " -#| "upon open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is " -#| "increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the " -#| "most famous bit of \"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a " -#| "commercial entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is " -#| "not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of " -#| "software development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=" -#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. " @@ -21862,10 +21797,10 @@ msgstr "" "aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " "kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " "programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 272 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" "\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not " @@ -21897,7 +21832,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." @@ -21905,7 +21840,7 @@ msgstr "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -21925,7 +21860,7 @@ msgstr "" "slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA " "ble møtet avlyst." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -21939,7 +21874,7 @@ msgstr "" "lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste " "programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -21957,11 +21892,11 @@ msgstr "" "holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " "rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -21981,7 +21916,7 @@ msgstr "" "jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer " "utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -22006,7 +21941,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " "hadde vært patentert?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -22033,7 +21968,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 274 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -22052,7 +21987,7 @@ msgstr "" "interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " "ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -22073,19 +22008,15 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet " "som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " -#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -22100,7 +22031,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er " "mot det føydale." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -22113,7 +22044,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev," #. PAGE BREAK 275 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -22131,7 +22062,7 @@ msgstr "" "slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe galt. " "En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -22151,7 +22082,7 @@ msgstr "" "republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er " "hvorvidt vÃ¥re myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -22167,7 +22098,7 @@ msgstr "" "avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en " "akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -22178,7 +22109,7 @@ msgstr "" "urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i " "vÃ¥rt eget lands historie)." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -22199,7 +22130,7 @@ msgstr "" "blitt?" #. PAGE BREAK 276 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " "It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " @@ -22213,11 +22144,11 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for " "mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie—fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "Turner, Ted" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -22241,7 +22172,7 @@ msgstr "" "krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -22255,7 +22186,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " "vedvarende støtte for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -22269,7 +22200,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktører. Den dÃ¥rlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr " "ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en god hamburger andre steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -22287,7 +22218,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen " "ille." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -22301,7 +22232,7 @@ msgstr "" "historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være " "motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -22317,7 +22248,7 @@ msgstr "" "tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " "godt trent i denne tradisjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." @@ -22325,26 +22256,12 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ ville dette være vÃ¥r hæl. Dette ville være stedet " "for vÃ¥re tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "Dylan, Bob" #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" -#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " -#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " -#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New " -#| "York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits " -#| "Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. " -#| "Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -#| "\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, " -#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" -#| "ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" @@ -22364,16 +22281,16 @@ msgstr "" "#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " "8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " -"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" <citetitle>New York " +"Daily News<citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " "Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10. september 2003, " +"Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " +"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, " "tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" "ulink>." #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -22385,7 +22302,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -22395,7 +22312,7 @@ msgstr "" "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" @@ -22428,16 +22345,16 @@ msgstr "" "Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " "dele innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "Creative Commons" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -22448,7 +22365,7 @@ msgstr "" "\">link #70</ulink>." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -22458,7 +22375,7 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>." #. PAGE BREAK 278 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -22487,7 +22404,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." #. PAGE BREAK 279 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." @@ -22495,12 +22412,12 @@ msgstr "" "Sunn fornuft mÃ¥ gjøre opprør. Den mÃ¥ handle for Ã¥ frigjøre kulturen. Og " "snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "Etterord" #. PAGE BREAK 280 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -22510,7 +22427,7 @@ msgstr "" "noe mÃ¥ gjøres for Ã¥ endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " "kartlegger hva som kan gjøres." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " @@ -22523,7 +22440,7 @@ msgstr "" "remaking sunn fornuft, er det at det krever remaking hvor mange mennesker " "tenker om det samme problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " @@ -22536,7 +22453,7 @@ msgstr "" "musikere, filmskapere, forskere—alle for Ã¥ fortelle historien med egne " "ord og Ã¥ fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er sÃ¥ viktig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " @@ -22551,11 +22468,11 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ledes, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen " "kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -22563,7 +22480,7 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " @@ -22585,7 +22502,7 @@ msgstr "" "du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -22602,7 +22519,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -22629,7 +22546,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " @@ -22644,11 +22561,11 @@ msgstr "" "gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -22667,25 +22584,26 @@ msgstr "" "Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" " "var trygg pÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " -"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " -"data and hence a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather " -"that data. If you were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, " -"no doubt your privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA " -"would (we hope) find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to " -"track you. But for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The " -"highly inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly " -"robust amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not " -"by law (there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in " -"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " -"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in many " +"places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the " +"costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." msgstr "" "Vel, hvis vi tror nÃ¥r det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, " "personvernet var forsikret pÃ¥ grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for Ã¥ samle " @@ -22701,11 +22619,11 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Amazon" msgstr "Amazon" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -22725,7 +22643,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -22745,7 +22663,7 @@ msgstr "" "friksjon i gÃ¥r." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -22758,7 +22676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -22770,7 +22688,7 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " @@ -22786,11 +22704,11 @@ msgstr "" "maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om " "hvordan du styrer deres programvare." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "Stallman, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -22804,7 +22722,7 @@ msgstr "" "smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman Ã¥ basere " "seg frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre pÃ¥ andre personers arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " @@ -22826,7 +22744,7 @@ msgstr "" "være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " "ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " @@ -22846,7 +22764,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " @@ -22861,7 +22779,7 @@ msgstr "" "og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " "dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -22869,8 +22787,13 @@ msgid "" "was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann pÃ¥ et prosjekt for Ã¥ bygge et fritt " +"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle " +"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen " +"til Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere " +"GNU/Linux-operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " @@ -22891,7 +22814,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. hans grunnleggende mÃ¥let var frihet; nyskapende, kreative " "koden var en byproduct." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " @@ -22908,7 +22831,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt " "beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " @@ -22920,7 +22843,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler er produsert." #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " @@ -22948,7 +22871,7 @@ msgstr "" "den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " @@ -22966,7 +22889,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting galt med Ã¥ selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet " "med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " @@ -22977,7 +22900,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til Ã¥ bla " "gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " @@ -23002,7 +22925,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen til en papir-journal." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " @@ -23017,7 +22940,7 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " @@ -23042,7 +22965,7 @@ msgstr "" "utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " "forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " @@ -23059,11 +22982,11 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen i vÃ¥r tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt nÃ¥r det " "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" -msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " @@ -23072,7 +22995,7 @@ msgstr "" "samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ økende kontrollen " "berørt gjennom lov og teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " @@ -23093,7 +23016,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " @@ -23123,7 +23046,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-" "merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -23145,7 +23068,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruk, sÃ¥ lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk " "bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " @@ -23166,11 +23089,11 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "Garlick, Mia" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -23192,7 +23115,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -23215,7 +23138,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " "begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " @@ -23230,7 +23153,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " "pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " @@ -23253,7 +23176,7 @@ msgstr "" "(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " "trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " @@ -23265,7 +23188,7 @@ msgstr "" "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." #. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " @@ -23285,7 +23208,7 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -23293,7 +23216,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -23312,7 +23235,7 @@ msgid "" "creativity might grow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " @@ -23336,7 +23259,7 @@ msgstr "" "det til andre." #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " @@ -23353,7 +23276,7 @@ msgstr "" "med creative commons-friheter. sÃ¥ er neste trinn Ã¥ se pÃ¥ og feire skaperne " "som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " @@ -23368,7 +23291,7 @@ msgstr "" "commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ dette Ã¥ gjenoppbygge. de " "vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " @@ -23385,11 +23308,11 @@ msgstr "" "forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " "at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "Dem, snart" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " @@ -23403,7 +23326,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " @@ -23416,11 +23339,11 @@ msgstr "" "skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei " "til vÃ¥r side." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " @@ -23434,7 +23357,7 @@ msgstr "" "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " @@ -23443,7 +23366,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -23456,19 +23379,20 @@ msgstr "" "registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang Ã¥ merke innholdet. standard er " "kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why?" msgstr "hvorfor?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " -"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " -"burden on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when " -"the law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to " -"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In " +"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on " +"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law " +"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect " +"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." msgstr "" "som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til Ã¥ avskaffe formaliteter en " "god en. i verden før digital teknologi pÃ¥lagt formaliteter en byrde pÃ¥ " @@ -23476,7 +23400,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren mÃ¥ bære Ã¥ " "beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " @@ -23500,7 +23424,7 @@ msgstr "" "styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " @@ -23511,7 +23435,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " "land ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " @@ -23520,7 +23444,7 @@ msgid "" "formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " @@ -23536,11 +23460,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra " "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "Registrering og fornying" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " @@ -23565,7 +23489,7 @@ msgstr "" "første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " "til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " @@ -23584,7 +23508,7 @@ msgstr "" "private selskaper Ã¥ tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen " "angir." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " @@ -23605,7 +23529,7 @@ msgstr "" "opp." #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " @@ -23628,11 +23552,11 @@ msgstr "" "lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer " "som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "MARKING" msgstr "Merking" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " @@ -23651,7 +23575,7 @@ msgstr "" "og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves jevnt pÃ¥ " "tvers av alle medier." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " @@ -23663,7 +23587,7 @@ msgstr "" "mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " "tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " @@ -23685,7 +23609,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " @@ -23697,7 +23621,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -23711,7 +23635,7 @@ msgid "" "would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " @@ -23726,7 +23650,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " "steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " @@ -23748,7 +23672,7 @@ msgstr "" "skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole pÃ¥ regjeringen for Ã¥ holde produktet av " "innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " @@ -23764,7 +23688,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " "unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " @@ -23775,7 +23699,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting for Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for Ã¥ gjøre ting " "som er uklart." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " @@ -23792,11 +23716,11 @@ msgstr "" "type innhold; det ville være enkelt Ã¥ hevde de rettighetene og Ã¥ fornye at " "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -23807,7 +23731,7 @@ msgstr "" "for individuelle forfattere." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -23817,7 +23741,7 @@ msgstr "" "januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #74</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" "year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " @@ -23829,7 +23753,7 @@ msgid "" "patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " @@ -23841,7 +23765,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " @@ -23860,7 +23784,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -23882,7 +23806,7 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " @@ -23892,11 +23816,11 @@ msgstr "" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -23910,7 +23834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " @@ -23938,7 +23862,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " "er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -23949,7 +23873,7 @@ msgstr "" "Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være " "det samme." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -23961,11 +23885,11 @@ msgstr "" "lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " "be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " @@ -23982,7 +23906,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" @@ -24000,7 +23924,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." @@ -24008,7 +23932,7 @@ msgstr "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -24019,12 +23943,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "ibid., 56." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -24032,7 +23956,7 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " @@ -24047,7 +23971,7 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " @@ -24066,7 +23990,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " @@ -24091,7 +24015,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " "Smothers det." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " @@ -24106,11 +24030,11 @@ msgstr "" "poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " "her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -24120,7 +24044,7 @@ msgstr "" "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " "187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -24129,7 +24053,7 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " @@ -24145,7 +24069,7 @@ msgstr "" "med innovasjon." #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " @@ -24160,11 +24084,11 @@ msgstr "" "kultur for andre Ã¥ dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at " "gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " @@ -24178,7 +24102,7 @@ msgstr "" "fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmÃ¥l som " "bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " @@ -24196,7 +24120,7 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " @@ -24211,13 +24135,14 @@ msgstr "" "offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist Ã¥ " "kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " -"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter 5, they enable " -"four different kinds of sharing:" +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different " +"kinds of sharing:" msgstr "" "fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved Ã¥ aktivere spredning av " "innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke " @@ -24225,7 +24150,7 @@ msgstr "" "fire forskjellige typer deling:" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -24233,7 +24158,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " @@ -24244,7 +24169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -24255,7 +24180,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -24265,7 +24190,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " "opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " @@ -24280,20 +24205,21 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " "er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " -"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " -"assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than " -"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy" +"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes " +"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other " +"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the " +"dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" "som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forÃ¥rsaket av deling " "kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " "Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " "b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." @@ -24301,7 +24227,7 @@ msgstr "" "Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " "omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " @@ -24326,7 +24252,7 @@ msgstr "" "idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " @@ -24354,7 +24280,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" @@ -24364,7 +24290,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -24385,7 +24311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " @@ -24411,7 +24337,7 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " @@ -24433,7 +24359,7 @@ msgstr "" "med ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ " "eliminere kidnapping." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -24450,7 +24376,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -24470,7 +24396,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" @@ -24490,7 +24416,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis som handel bøker." #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " @@ -24509,7 +24435,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " "denne handelen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " @@ -24529,7 +24455,7 @@ msgstr "" "royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte " "en kommersiell utgiver." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " @@ -24545,7 +24471,7 @@ msgstr "" "som problemet er, forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien " "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." @@ -24554,7 +24480,7 @@ msgstr "" "sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " "seg om." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " @@ -24576,7 +24502,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold industrien." #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -24591,11 +24517,11 @@ msgstr "" "eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " "bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "Fisher, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" "citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -24631,7 +24557,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -24645,7 +24571,7 @@ msgid "" "be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " @@ -24675,7 +24601,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangen." #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " @@ -24695,7 +24621,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -24724,7 +24650,7 @@ msgstr "" "en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " "musikk pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -24748,7 +24674,7 @@ msgstr "" "seter og mÃ¥ltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i " "Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -24764,12 +24690,12 @@ msgstr "" "bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " "fra loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -24781,18 +24707,18 @@ msgstr "" "denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " "effektive teknologien vi kan lage." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" "Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -24801,7 +24727,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." @@ -24809,7 +24735,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " "den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -24821,7 +24747,7 @@ msgstr "" "signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " "Burde loven gjøre noe da?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -24849,7 +24775,7 @@ msgstr "" "finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -24863,11 +24789,11 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " "internettet er." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -24879,7 +24805,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " "jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -24895,7 +24821,7 @@ msgstr "" "synet ødelegge loven." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -24905,7 +24831,7 @@ msgstr "" "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " "1069–70." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -24925,7 +24851,7 @@ msgstr "" "utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -24935,7 +24861,7 @@ msgstr "" "imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " "om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -24969,7 +24895,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -24986,7 +24912,7 @@ msgstr "" "samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -25001,7 +24927,7 @@ msgstr "" "med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " "aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -25020,7 +24946,7 @@ msgstr "" "av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " "mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -25036,7 +24962,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " "og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -25046,7 +24972,7 @@ msgstr "" "unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " "altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -25065,7 +24991,7 @@ msgstr "" "virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -25079,7 +25005,7 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥let: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". NÃ¥r de blir utfordret om det " "utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "