X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/c9851b4e32bbbb1b35d9675d9864e499c3eeed32..bff8e595f471cdd6ab004c103bf30bc13f6df6bc:/freeculture.nb.po diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index d1f79ce..623d2db 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -5,20 +5,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-09 09:10+0300\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-07 09:02+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-14 17:00+0300\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" -"Language: \n" +"Language: nb\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" +#. type: Content of the copy entity +msgid "©" +msgstr "©" + #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: msgid "en" -msgstr "no" +msgstr "nb" #. type: Content of: msgid "Free Culture" @@ -46,10 +50,15 @@ msgid "" "Free Culture is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license " "permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. " "For more information about the license, click the icon above, or visit " -"<ulink " -"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> " -"</holder> </copyright>" +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://" +"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> </holder> </copyright>" msgstr "" +"<copyright> <year>2004</year> <holder> Lawrence Lessig. Denne versjonen av " +"Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen " +"tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er " +"navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://" +"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/</ulink> </holder> </copyright>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" @@ -57,22 +66,35 @@ msgstr "Om forfatteren" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> msgid "" -"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " -"url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " -"law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law " -"School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is " -"chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink " -"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). " -"The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other " -"Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of " -"the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and " -"Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award " -"for the Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz " -"25,\" and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate " -"of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law " -"School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit " -"Court of Appeals." -msgstr "" +"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig." +"org</ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " +"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " +"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url=" +"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The " +"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " +"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " +"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " +"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " +"and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate of the " +"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, " +"Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " +"Appeals." +msgstr "" +"Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig." +"org</ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " +"Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for " +"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://" +"creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har " +"gitt ut av The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws " +"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library " +"of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han " +"har vunnet Free Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free " +"Software, to ganger vært oppført i BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" og omtalt " +"som en av Scientific American's \"50 visjonærer\". Etter utdanning ved " +"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, " +"assisterteLessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " +"Appeals." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "Info" @@ -81,60 +103,153 @@ msgstr "Info" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" -"Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ en av koblingene " -"nedenfor:" +"Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ en av lenkene nedenfor:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" -msgstr "" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" -msgstr "" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" +msgstr "Andre bøker av Lawrence Lessig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" +msgstr "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" +msgstr "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS" +msgstr "The Penguin Press" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "NEW YORK" +msgstr "New York" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "FREE CULTURE" +msgstr "Fri Kultur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " +"CREATIVITY" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" +msgstr "Lawrence Lessig" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a " -"Connected World Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" +"a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New York" msgstr "" -"ogsÃ¥ av lawrence lessig fremtidens ideer: skjebnen av commons i en tilkoblet " -"verden-kode: og andre lover av cyberspace" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS NEW YORK" -msgstr "penguin trykk new york" +msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig," +msgstr "Opphavsrett © Lawrence Lessig," + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "All rights reserved" +msgstr "Alle rettigheter reservert" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"FREE CULTURE HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE HOW BIG MEDIA USES " -"TECHNOLOGY AND LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN " -"CULTURE CREATIVITY AND CONTROL CREATIVITY LAWRENCE LESSIG" +"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The " +"New York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York " +"Times Co. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. " +"Copps." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" -"fri kultur hvor store media bruker teknologi og hvor stor media bruker " -"teknologi og lov til Ã¥ lÃ¥se kultur og kontrollere lov Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kultur " -"kreativitet og kontroll kreativitet lawrence lessig" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"THE PENGUIN PRESS a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " -"New York, New York Copyright © Lawrence Lessig, All rights reserved Excerpt " -"from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The New " -"York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. " -"Reprinted with permission. Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright " -"Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with " -"permission. Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, " -"Michael J. Copps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data " "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " -"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. " -"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual " -"property--United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological " -"innovations--United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 " -"343.7309'9--dc22 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the " -"United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn " +"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "p. cm." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Includes index." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " +"States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " +"States. I. Title." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "KF2979.L47" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Printed in the United States of America" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "&translationblock;" +msgstr "Oversatt til bokmÃ¥l av Petter Reinholdtsen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " "system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " @@ -142,30 +257,30 @@ msgid "" "of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The " "scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via " "any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " -"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " +"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " "do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"To Eric Eldred--whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " +"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" -"til eric eldred--hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for hvem " -"den fortsetter fremdeles." +"Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for " +"hvem saken fortsetter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure><title> msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" -msgstr "Creative commons, noen rettigheter" +msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"webcc.gif\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><lot><title> msgid "List of figures" -msgstr "figurliste" +msgstr "Figurliste" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "PREFACE" @@ -177,15 +292,17 @@ msgid "" "Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " "technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:" msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ slutten av sin gjennomgang av min første bok, kode: og andre lover av " -"cyberspace, david pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige " -"tekniske og -relaterte tekster, skrev dette:" +"David Pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige tekniske " +"datamaskinrelaterte tekster, skrev dette pÃ¥ slutten av hans gjennomgang av " +"min første bok, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace:" -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " "2000." -msgstr "David pogue, \"ikke bare chat, gjøre noe,\" new york times, 30 januar 2000." +msgstr "" +"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30. januar " +"2000" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -195,37 +312,39 @@ msgid "" "flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book--that software, or " -"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law--and his review suggested the happy " -"thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, " +"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " +"\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " +"happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, " "drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-like simply flip a switch and be back home. Turn " "off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in that " "space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." msgstr "" -"Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet kjernen av boken--denne programvaren, " -"eller \"kode\", som fungerte som et slags lov-- og sin anmeldelse foreslo " -"lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace fikk dÃ¥rlig, vi kan alltid " -"\"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter og være " -"hjem. SlÃ¥ av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som " -"finnes i at plass ikke ville \"pÃ¥virke\" oss lenger." +"Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet som er kjernen av boken — denne " +"programvaren, eller \"koden\", som fungerte som et slags lov — og sin " +"anmeldelse foreslo lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace fikk dÃ¥rlig, " +"vi kan alltid \"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter " +"og være hjem. SlÃ¥ av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle " +"problemer som finnes i at plass ikke ville \"pÃ¥virke\" oss lenger." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. PAGE BREAK 12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Pogue might have been right in 1999--I'm skeptical, but maybe. But even if " -"he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about the " -"troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is an " -"argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have " +"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " +"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " +"the troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is " +"an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have " "fundamentally affected \"people who aren't online.\" There is no switch that " "will insulate us from the Internet's effect." msgstr "" -"Pogue kan ha vært rett i 1999--jeg er skeptisk, men kanskje. men selv om han " -"var høyre da, poenget er ikke akkurat nÃ¥: fri kultur er om trengsler " -"Internett Ã¥rsakene selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. den er et argument om " -"hvordan slagene at nÃ¥ rage om livet on-line har fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk " -"som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" det er ingen bryter som vil isolere oss fra " -"Internetts effekt." +"Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 — jeg er skeptisk, men den kan hende. " +"Men selv om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke argumentet gyldig nÃ¥. Fri Kultur " +"er om problemene Internet forÃ¥rsaker selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. Den " +"er et argument om hvordan slagene at nÃ¥ brer om seg om livet on-line har " +"fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen " +"bryter som kan isolere oss fra Internetts effekt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -234,24 +353,23 @@ msgid "" "that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be " "to admit, much more important." msgstr "" -"men i motsetning til koden, argumentet her er ikke mye om Internett selv. i " -"stedet er det om konsekvens av Internett til en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon som er " -"mye mer grunnleggende, og sÃ¥ hardt som dette er for en geek-wanna-be " -"innrømme, mye viktigere." +"Men i motsetning til i Code, er argumentet her ikke sÃ¥ mye om Internett i " +"seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av Internett for en del av vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette er for " +"en geek-wanna-be Ã¥ innrømme, mye viktigere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 ( Joshua Gay, ed. " -"2002)." +"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" -"Richard m stallman, fri programvare, gratis samfunn 57 (joshua homofil, " -"ed. 2002)." +"Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. " +"2002)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " -"that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"--not \"free\" as " -"in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware " +"that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " +"as in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware " "movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), but \"free\" as in " "\"free speech,\" \"free markets,\" \"free trade,\" \"free enterprise,\" " "\"free will,\" and \"free elections.\" A free culture supports and protects " @@ -260,11 +378,12 @@ msgid "" "rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free " "as possible from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture " "without property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything " -"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"--a " +"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"—a " "culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the " "powerful, or of creators from the past." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " @@ -274,14 +393,15 @@ msgid "" "story I tell here will trouble you. For the changes I describe affect values " "that both sides of our political culture deem fundamental." msgstr "" -"Hvis vi forstÃ¥tt denne endringen, tror jeg vi ville motstÃ¥ det. ikke \"vi\" " -"til venstre eller \"du\" til høyre, men vi som har ingen eierandel i bestemt " -"industri av kultur som definert av det tjuende Ã¥rhundre. enten du er pÃ¥ " -"venstre eller høyre, hvis du er i denne forstand disinterested, vil " -"historien jeg fortelle her problemer du. for at endringene beskrive jeg " -"pÃ¥virker verdier som begge sider av vÃ¥r politiske kultur anser " +"Hvis vi forsto denne endringen, tror jeg vi ville motstÃ¥ den. Ikke \"vi\" " +"pÃ¥ venstresiden eller \"du\" pÃ¥ høyresiden, men vi som ikke har investert i " +"bestemt kulturindustri som har definert det tjuende Ã¥rhundre. Enten du er " +"pÃ¥ venstre eller høyresiden, hvis du er i denne forstand er uinteressert, " +"vil historien jeg forteller her gi deg problemer. For endringene jeg " +"beskriver pÃ¥virker verdier som begge sider av vÃ¥r politiske kultur anser som " "grunnleggende." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " @@ -302,19 +422,21 @@ msgstr "" "stevens\", han formulerte kanskje mest bare rettferdig hva som var pÃ¥ spill: " "konsentrasjonen strøm. og sÃ¥ han spurte:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." msgstr "William safire, \"stor media svelge,\" mai new york times, 22 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " -"power--political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to " +"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—" +"political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to " "conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby " "encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the " "greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " @@ -322,8 +444,8 @@ msgid "" "ownership, but more importantly, if because less visibly, on the " "concentration of power produced by a radical change in the effective scope " "of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering the way our culture " -"gets made; that change should worry you--whether or not you care about the " -"Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The " +"gets made; that change should worry you—whether or not you care about " +"the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The " "inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of this book comes " "from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, " "as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays in Free Software, " @@ -344,8 +466,9 @@ msgstr "" "innsikt jeg utvikler her er innsikt stallman beskrevet tiÃ¥r siden. man kan " "dermed godt argumentere at dette arbeidet er \"bare\" avledede produkter." -#. PAGE BREAK 14 +#. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -364,18 +487,19 @@ msgstr "" "Jeg godtar at kritikk, hvis det er faktisk en kritikk. arbeidet med en " "advokat er alltid avledede produkter, og jeg mener Ã¥ gjøre ingenting mer i " "denne boken enn Ã¥ minne en kultur om en tradisjon som har alltid vært sin " -"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen pÃ¥ grunnlag av " -"verdiene. som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, " -"jeg tror de er verdiene for vÃ¥r fortid som mÃ¥ forsvares i vÃ¥r fremtid. en " -"fri kultur har vært vÃ¥r fortid, men det vil bare være vÃ¥r fremtid hvis vi " -"endrer banen vi er pÃ¥ akkurat nÃ¥. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis " -"programvare, et argument for fri kultur stumbles pÃ¥ en forvirring som er " -"vanskelig Ã¥ unngÃ¥, og enda vanskeligere Ã¥ forstÃ¥. en fri kultur er ikke en " -"kultur uten egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke fÃ¥r " -"betalt. en kultur uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke fÃ¥ " -"betalt, er anarki, ikke frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhÃ¥nd her." +"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen pÃ¥ grunnlag av verdiene. " +"som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, jeg tror " +"de er verdiene for vÃ¥r fortid som mÃ¥ forsvares i vÃ¥r fremtid. en fri kultur " +"har vært vÃ¥r fortid, men det vil bare være vÃ¥r fremtid hvis vi endrer banen " +"vi er pÃ¥ akkurat nÃ¥. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis programvare, et " +"argument for fri kultur stumbles pÃ¥ en forvirring som er vanskelig Ã¥ unngÃ¥, " +"og enda vanskeligere Ã¥ forstÃ¥. en fri kultur er ikke en kultur uten " +"egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke fÃ¥r betalt. en kultur " +"uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke fÃ¥ betalt, er anarki, ikke " +"frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhÃ¥nd her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -406,20 +530,20 @@ msgid "" "this newfound technology of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began " "to build upon it." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ 17 desember 1903 viste pÃ¥ en vind Nord carolina strand for bare sjenert " -"av hundre sekunder, wright-brødrene at en tyngre enn luft, selvdrevne " -"kjøretøy kan fly. øyeblikket var elektrisk, og dens betydning forstÃ¥tt " -"allment. nesten umiddelbart, det var en eksplosjon av interesse i denne ny " -"teknologien av bemannede fly, og en gaggle av innovators begynte Ã¥ bygge " -"videre pÃ¥ den." +"17. desember 1903, pÃ¥ en vindfylt strand i Nord carolina i sÃ¥vidt under " +"hundre sekunder, demonstrerte Wright-brødrene at et selvdrevet fartøy tyngre " +"enn luft kunne fly. Øyeblikket var elektrisk, og dens betydning ble alment " +"forstÃ¥tt Nesten umiddelbart, eksploderte interssen for denne nye teknologien " +"som muliggjorde bemannet luftfart og en hærskare av oppfinnere begynte Ã¥ " +"bygge videre pÃ¥ den." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " "Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" -"St. george tucker, blackstone's kommentarer 3 (south hackensack, NJ: rothman " -"opptrykk, 1969), 18." +"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " +"rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -434,14 +558,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " -"law--deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the " -"most important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to " -"the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the " -"right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive " -"license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide how much " -"these rights are worth?" +"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " +"the most important legal thinkers of our past—mattered. If my land " +"reaches to the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I " +"have the right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an " +"exclusive license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide " +"how much these rights are worth?" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ kom fly, og for første gang, dette prinsippet av amerikansk lov--dypt i " "grunnlaget for vÃ¥r tradisjon og anerkjent av de viktigste juridiske tenkerne " @@ -450,7 +575,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan jeg til Ã¥ inngÃ¥ en eksklusiv lisens med delta airlines? kan vi sette opp " "en auksjon til Ã¥ bestemme hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -462,34 +587,36 @@ msgid "" "government was trespassing on their property, and the Causbys wanted it to " "stop." msgstr "" -"i 1945 ble disse spørsmÃ¥lene en federal sak. NÃ¥r Nord carolina bønder thomas " -"lee og tinie causby begynte Ã¥ miste kyllinger pÃ¥ grunn av lav-flying " -"militære fly (vettskremt kyllinger tilsynelatende fløy i lÃ¥ven vegger og " -"døde), causbys anlagt en sak som sier at regjeringen var adgang pÃ¥ deres " -"land. fly, selvfølgelig, rørt aldri overflaten av causbys' land. men hvis " -"som blackstone, kent, og cola hadde sagt, deres land nÃ¥dd \"ubestemt grad, " -"oppover,\" deretter regjeringen var adgang pÃ¥ deres eiendom, og causbys " -"ønsket Ã¥ stoppe." +"I 1945 ble disse spørsmÃ¥lene en føderal sak. Da bøndene Thomas Lee og Tinie " +"Causby i Nord Carolina begynte Ã¥ miste kyllinger pÃ¥ grunn av " +"lavflygendemilitære fly (vettskremte kyllinger fløy tilsynelatende i " +"lÃ¥veveggene og døde), saksøkte Causbyene regjerningen for Ã¥ trenge seg inn " +"pÃ¥ deres eiendom. Flyene rørte selvfølgelig aldri overflaten pÃ¥ Causbys' " +"eiendom. Men hvis det stemte som Blackstone, Kent, og Cola hadde sagt, at " +"deres eiendom strakk seg \"i ubestemt grad, oppover,\" sÃ¥ hadde regjeringen " +"trengt seg inn pÃ¥ deres eiendom, og Causbys ønsket Ã¥ sette en stopper for " +"dette." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " -"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional " -"\"taking\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that " -"\"it is ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to " -"the periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for " -"ancient doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law " -"were erased. As he wrote for the Court," -msgstr "" -"Høyesterett enige om Ã¥ høre causbys' tilfelle. Kongressen hadde erklært " -"luftveiene offentlige, men hvis ens egenskapen virkelig utvidet til " -"himmelen, deretter congress's erklæring kunne godt ha vært en " -"unconstitutional \"tar\" av eiendom uten kompensasjon. hoffet erkjente at " -"\"det er gamle doktrine som sedvanerett eierskap av landet utvidet til " -"utkanten av universet.\", men rettferdighet douglas hadde ingen tÃ¥lmodighet " -"for gamle doktrine. i et enkelt avsnitt, ble hundrevis av Ã¥r av " -"opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som han skrev for hoffet," +"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional \"taking" +"\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that \"it is " +"ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to the " +"periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for ancient " +"doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law were " +"erased. As he wrote for the Court," +msgstr "" +"Høyesterett gikk med pÃ¥ Ã¥ drøfte Causbys sak. Kongressen hadde erklært " +"luftfartsveiene offentlige, men hvis ens eiendom virkelig rakk til himmelen, " +"da kunne kongressens erklæring kunne godt ha vært en unconstitutional \"tar" +"\" av eiendom uten kompensasjon. hoffet erkjente at \"det er gamle doktrine " +"som sedvanerett eierskap av landet utvidet til utkanten av universet.\", men " +"rettferdighet douglas hadde ingen tÃ¥lmodighet for gamle doktrine. i et " +"enkelt avsnitt, ble hundrevis av Ã¥r av opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som " +"han skrev for hoffet," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -500,15 +627,15 @@ msgid "" "by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, \"(Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: " "Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,\" Stanford Law Review 48 " "(1996): 1293, 1333. See also Paul Goldstein, Real Property (Mineola, N.Y.: " -"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112­13." +"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112–13." msgstr "" "USA v. causby, amerikanske 328 (1946): 256, 261. domstolen fant at det kan " "bli en \"tar\" Hvis regjeringens bruken av sine land ødelagt effektivt " "verdien av causbys' land. i dette eksemplet ble foreslÃ¥tt for meg av keith " "aoki flott stykke, \"(immaterielle) og suverenitet: notater mot en " -"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gÃ¥ gjennom 48 (1996): " -"Ã¥ret etter, 1333. Se ogsÃ¥ paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: " -"foundation press (1984)), 1112­13." +"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gÃ¥ gjennom 48 (1996): Ã¥ret " +"etter, 1333. Se ogsÃ¥ paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: foundation " +"press (1984)), 1112­13." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -518,24 +645,35 @@ msgid "" "suits. Common sense revolts at the idea. To recognize such private claims to " "the airspace would clog these highways, seriously interfere with their " "control and development in the public interest, and transfer into private " -"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" +"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"[Denne] doktrinen har ingen plass i den moderne verden. Luften er en " +"offentlig motorvei, slik kongressen har erklært. Hvis det ikke var " +"tilfelle, ville hver eneste transkontinentale flyrute utsette operatørene " +"for utallige søksmÃ¥l om inntrenging pÃ¥ annen manns eiendom. Ideen er i " +"strid med sunn fornuft. Å anerkjenne slike private krav til luftrommet " +"ville blokkere disse motorveiene, seriøst forstyrre muligheten til kontroll " +"og utvikling av dem i fellesskapets interesse og overføre til privat " +"eierskap det som kun fellesskapet har et rimelig krav til.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" -msgstr "sunn fornuft opprør pÃ¥ ideen." +msgstr "\"Ideen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " -"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " -"dither. Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the " -"conclusion that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at " -"the idea.\" But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special " -"genius of a common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the " -"technologies of the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as " -"solid as rock in one age crumble in another." +"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. " +"Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the conclusion " +"that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at the idea.\" " +"But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special genius of a " +"common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the technologies of " +"the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock in " +"one age crumble in another." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan loven fungerer vanligvis. ikke ofte dette brÃ¥tt eller " "impatiently, men til slutt, er dette hvordan det fungerer. Det var douglas's " @@ -546,6 +684,7 @@ msgstr "" "tiden. og nÃ¥r den er justert, endres den. ideer som var sÃ¥ solid som rock i " "en alder crumble i et annet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " @@ -560,18 +699,18 @@ msgid "" "Wrights had produced. They could stand on their farms, dead chickens in " "hand, and shake their fists at these newfangled technologies all they " "wanted. They could call their representatives or even file a lawsuit. But " -"in the end, the force of what seems \"obvious\" to everyone else--the power " -"of \"common sense\"--would prevail. Their \"private interest\" would not be " -"allowed to defeat an obvious public gain." +"in the end, the force of what seems \"obvious\" to everyone else—the " +"power of \"common sense\"—would prevail. Their \"private interest\" " +"would not be allowed to defeat an obvious public gain." msgstr "" "eller minst, dette er hvordan ting skje nÃ¥r det finnes ikke en kraftig pÃ¥ " "den andre siden av endringen. causbys var bare bønder. og selv om det var " "ingen tvil om mange som dem som var lei av den voksende trafikk i luften " "(selv om en ikke hÃ¥per mange høner fløy seg i vegger), causbys av verden vil " -"være svært vanskelig Ã¥ samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, " -"wright-brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske " -"meme bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; " -"bønder som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt " +"være svært vanskelig Ã¥ samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, wright-" +"brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske meme " +"bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; bønder " +"som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt " "teknologien som wrights hadde produsert. de kunne stÃ¥ pÃ¥ sine gÃ¥rder, dead " "kyllinger i hÃ¥nden og riste deres fists pÃ¥ disse newfangled teknologiene " "alle de ønsket. de kunne ringe sine representanter eller selv fil en " @@ -579,8 +718,9 @@ msgstr "" "\"sunn fornuft\"--ville rÃ¥de. deres \"privat interesse\" ville ikke tillatt " "Ã¥ beseire en klar offentlige fremgang." -#. PAGE BREAK 19 +#. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -603,28 +743,30 @@ msgstr "" "radio." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " -"his most significant invention--FM radio. Until then, consumer radio had " -"been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said that " -"frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about FM " -"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that " +"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " +"had been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said " +"that frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about " +"FM radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that " "frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an " "astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ dagen etter jul, var 1933, fire patenter utstedt til armstrong for hans " "viktigste oppfinnelse--fm-radio. inntil da, hadde forbruker radio vært " -"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at " -"frekvens-modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i " -"et smale band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated " -"radio i et bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av " -"lyd, med mye mindre transmitter strøm og statisk." +"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at frekvens-" +"modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i et smale " +"band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated radio i et " +"bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av lyd, med mye " +"mindre transmitter strøm og statisk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " -"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " -"City. He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio " +"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. " +"He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio " "locked on a broadcast that he had arranged from seventeen miles away. The " "radio fell totally silent, as if dead, and then with a clarity no one else " "in that room had ever heard from an electrical device, it produced the sound " @@ -642,15 +784,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" -msgstr "publikum var høre noe ingen trodde mulig:" +msgstr "Publikum hørte noe ingen hadde trodd var mulig:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong " "(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" -"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: " -"j. b. lipincott selskap, 1956), 209." +"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: j. b. " +"lipincott selskap, 1956), 209." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -659,19 +802,19 @@ msgid "" "sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " "were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " "performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " -"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 20 +#. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " -"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio " -"market. By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United " -"States, but the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of " -"networks." +"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio market. " +"By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but " +"the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks." msgstr "" "som vÃ¥r egen sunn fornuft forteller oss, hadde armstrong oppdaget en " "telefonsamtale radioteknologi. men pÃ¥ tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, " @@ -679,6 +822,7 @@ msgstr "" "dominerende am radiomarkedet. som 1935, var det tusen radiostasjoner over " "hele USA, men stasjonene i store byer var eid av en hÃ¥ndfull av nettverk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " @@ -701,21 +845,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static " +#| "from our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution-- start up a " +#| "whole damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +#| "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " -"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution-- start up a whole damn " -"new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " +"damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Jeg trodde Armstrong ville finne opp et slags filter for Ã¥ fjerne skurring " +"fra vÃ¥r AM-radio. Jeg trodde ikke han skulle starte en revolusjon -- starte " +"en hel forbannet ny industri i konkurranse med RCA.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched " +#| "a campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior " +#| "technology, Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgstr "" -"Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet rca's am imperium, slik at selskapet lansert en " -"kampanje for Ã¥ smother fm-radio. mens fm kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, " -"var sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. som en forfatter som beskrevet," +"Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, sÃ¥ selskapet lanserte en " +"kampanje for Ã¥ knuse FM-radio. FM kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, var " +"Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "Lessing, 226." @@ -732,18 +892,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " "began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment " "generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him " "the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would " -"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of " +"castrate FM—principally by moving FM radio to a different band of " "spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation " -"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more " -"successful. Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies " -"that would have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence " -"Lessing described it," +"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. " +"Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would " +"have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing " +"described it," msgstr "" "RCA først holdt teknologien i huset, insistere pÃ¥ at ytterligere tester var " "nødvendig. NÃ¥r, etter to Ã¥r med testing, armstrong vokste utÃ¥lmodige, " @@ -765,11 +926,16 @@ msgstr "Lessing, 256." msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " -"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "AT&T" +msgstr "AT&T" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -780,37 +946,39 @@ msgid "" "FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily." msgstr "" "Hvis du vil lage plass i spekteret for de nyeste gamble, TV, fm radio " -"brukere var Ã¥ bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til " -"fm-radiostasjoner ble ogsÃ¥ kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til Ã¥ " +"brukere var Ã¥ bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til fm-" +"radiostasjoner ble ogsÃ¥ kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til Ã¥ " "overføre trÃ¥dløst programmer fra én del av landet til en annen. (denne " "endringen var sterkt støttes av at&t, fordi tapet av fm relésending " "stasjoner ville bety radiostasjoner mÃ¥ kjøpe kablet koblinger fra at&t.) " "spredningen av fm-radio ble dermed choked, minst midlertidig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " -"television, RCA declared the patents invalid--baselessly, and almost fifteen " -"years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. For six " -"years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the " +"television, RCA declared the patents invalid—baselessly, and almost " +"fifteen years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. " +"For six years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the " "patents. Finally, just as the patents expired, RCA offered a settlement so " "low that it would not even cover Armstrong's lawyers' fees. Defeated, " "broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and " "then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death." msgstr "" -"Armstrong motstÃ¥tt rca's innsats. svar motstÃ¥tt rca Armstrongs " -"patenter. etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca " -"erklærte patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten Ã¥r etter at de ble " -"utstedt. det dermed nektet Ã¥ betale royalties til ham. i seks Ã¥r kjempet " -"armstrong en kostbar krig til søksmÃ¥l for Ã¥ forsvare patentene. til slutt, " -"akkurat som patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er sÃ¥ lav at det " -"ikke ville selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nÃ¥ " -"blakk, i 1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av " -"et trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død." - -#. PAGE BREAK 22 +"Armstrong motstÃ¥tt rca's innsats. svar motstÃ¥tt rca Armstrongs patenter. " +"etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca erklærte " +"patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten Ã¥r etter at de ble utstedt. " +"det dermed nektet Ã¥ betale royalties til ham. i seks Ã¥r kjempet armstrong en " +"kostbar krig til søksmÃ¥l for Ã¥ forsvare patentene. til slutt, akkurat som " +"patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er sÃ¥ lav at det ikke ville " +"selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nÃ¥ blakk, i " +"1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av et " +"trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død." + +#. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -840,8 +1008,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " -"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>." +"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #2</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -855,14 +1023,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " -"things. Some of these changes are technical--the Internet has made " -"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so " -"on. These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are " -"important. They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that " -"would simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't " -"affect people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them " +"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " +"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. " +"These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. " +"They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would " +"simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't affect " +"people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them " "directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this " "is not a book about the Internet." msgstr "" @@ -876,6 +1045,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett. men dette er ikke en bok om Internett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -891,6 +1061,8 @@ msgstr "" "selv. mest, hvis de gjenkjent denne endringen, vil avvise det. de fleste ser " "ikke ennÃ¥ endringen som Internett har introdusert." +#. PAGE BREAK 23 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " @@ -905,12 +1077,13 @@ msgstr "" "Vi kan skimtes en følelse av denne endringen ved Ã¥ skille mellom " "kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur, og ved Ã¥ tilordne lovens regulering " "av hver. \"kommersielle kultur\" mener jeg at en del av vÃ¥r kultur som er " -"produsert og solgt eller produsert for Ã¥ bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell " -"kultur\" mener jeg alle resten. NÃ¥r gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller pÃ¥ " -"et gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var " -"ikke-kommersiell kultur. NÃ¥r noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller " -"joel barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur." +"produsert og solgt eller produsert for Ã¥ bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell kultur" +"\" mener jeg alle resten. NÃ¥r gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller pÃ¥ et " +"gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var ikke-" +"kommersiell kultur. NÃ¥r noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller joel " +"barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " @@ -919,18 +1092,26 @@ msgid "" "might intervene. But the law was never directly concerned with the creation " "or spread of this form of culture, and it left this culture \"free.\" The " "ordinary ways in which ordinary individuals shared and transformed their " -"culture--telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating " -"in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes--were left alone by the law." +"culture—telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, " +"participating in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes—were left " +"alone by the law." msgstr "" -"i begynnelsen av vÃ¥r historie, og omtrent hele vÃ¥r tradisjon ble " -"ikke-kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din " +"i begynnelsen av vÃ¥r historie, og omtrent hele vÃ¥r tradisjon ble ikke-" +"kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din " "historiene var utuktig, eller hvis din sang forstyrret freden, deretter " "loven gripe. men loven var aldri direkte opptatt med opprettelse eller " -"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen " -"\"gratis.\" det vanlige mÃ¥ter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og " -"transformert deres kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller " -"eller tv, delta i fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var " -"igjen alene ved loven." +"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen \"gratis." +"\" det vanlige mÃ¥ter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og transformert deres " +"kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller eller tv, delta i " +"fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var igjen alene ved loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote> +msgid "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -942,7 +1123,7 @@ msgid "" "exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the " "power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and " "Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): " -"193, 198­200." +"193, 198–200." msgstr "" "Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er overveldende " "HovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten etablert i federal grunnlov. copyright " @@ -950,8 +1131,8 @@ msgstr "" "publikasjonen, men ogsÃ¥ en interesse for personvern. ved Ã¥ gi forfattere " "eneretten til første publikasjon, ga copyright lovene i delstaten forfattere " "makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta om dem. se d. samuel d. warren " -"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gÃ¥ gjennom 4 " -"(1890): 193, 198­200." +"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gÃ¥ gjennom 4 (1890): " +"193, 198­200." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -970,25 +1151,26 @@ msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), " "ch. 13." msgstr "" -"se jessica litman, digitale copyright (new york: prometheus bøker, 2001), " -"ch. 13." +"Se Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), " +"kap. 13." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " -"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " -"stage for this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected " -"it. For the first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which " -"individuals create and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation " -"of the law, which has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of " -"culture and creativity that it never reached before. The technology that " -"preserved the balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were " -"free and uses of our culture that were only upon permission--has been " -"undone. The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more " -"and more a permission culture." +"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been erased." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the stage for " +"this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected it. For the " +"first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which individuals create " +"and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which " +"has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and " +"creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the " +"balance of our history—between uses of our culture that were free and " +"uses of our culture that were only upon permission—has been undone. " +"The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a " +"permission culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1005,13 +1187,14 @@ msgstr "" "motivasjon. men proteksjonistisk som rettferdiggjør endringene som jeg vil " "beskrive nedenfor er ikke begrenset og balansert Sorter som har definert " "loven i siste. Dette er ikke en proteksjonistisk Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere. i " -"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk Ã¥ beskytte visse former for " -"virksomheten. selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til Ã¥ endre mÃ¥ten " -"bÃ¥de kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent Ã¥ " +"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk Ã¥ beskytte visse former for virksomheten. " +"selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til Ã¥ endre mÃ¥ten bÃ¥de " +"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent Ã¥ " "indusere lovgivere til Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ beskytte dem. Det er historien om " "rca og armstrong; Det er drømmen av causbys." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1027,15 +1210,15 @@ msgid "" "creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant " "range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those " "creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do " -"today--all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect " +"today—all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect " "themselves against this competition." msgstr "" "for Internett har utløste en ekstraordinære mulighet for mange til Ã¥ delta i " "ferd med Ã¥ bygge og pleie en kultur som gÃ¥r langt ut over lokale grenser. at " "strøm er endret markedet for Ã¥ lage og dyrke kultur Generelt, og at " "endringen i sin tur truer etablert innhold bransjer. Internett er dermed til " -"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende Ã¥rhundret hva " -"fm-radio var pÃ¥ am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det " +"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende Ã¥rhundret hva fm-" +"radio var pÃ¥ am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det " "nittende Ã¥rhundre: begynnelsen av slutten, eller minst en betydelig " "transformasjon. Digital teknologi, knyttet til Internett, kunne produsere en " "langt mer konkurransedyktig og vibrerende markedet for Ã¥ bygge og pleie " @@ -1047,6 +1230,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1056,12 +1240,12 @@ msgid "" "to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them." msgstr "" "Likevel, som jeg hevder pÃ¥ sidene som følger, som er nøyaktig hva som skjer " -"i vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig " -"1900-tallet-radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"lov til Ã¥ beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi " -"for bygging av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan Ã¥ remake Internett før Internett " -"remakes dem." +"i vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig 1900-tallet-" +"radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for Ã¥ fÃ¥ lov til Ã¥ " +"beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi for bygging " +"av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan Ã¥ remake Internett før Internett remakes dem." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " @@ -1076,16 +1260,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " -"about a much simpler brace of questions--whether \"piracy\" will be " +"about a much simpler brace of questions—whether \"piracy\" will be " "permitted, and whether \"property\" will be protected. The \"war\" that has " -"been waged against the technologies of the Internet--what Motion Picture " -"Association of America (MPAA) president Jack Valenti calls his \"own " -"terrorist war\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--has been framed as " -"a battle about the rule of law and respect for property. To know which side " -"to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether we're for " -"property or against it." +"been waged against the technologies of the Internet—what Motion " +"Picture Association of America (MPAA) president Jack Valenti calls his \"own " +"terrorist war\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—has been " +"framed as a battle about the rule of law and respect for property. To know " +"which side to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether " +"we're for property or against it." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " @@ -1094,12 +1279,13 @@ msgid "" "that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that the law, properly tuned, should punish " "\"piracy,\" whether on or off the Internet." msgstr "" -"Hvis de var virkelig valgene, ville jeg være med jack valenti og innhold " -"industrien. Jeg, ogsÃ¥, er en troende i egenskapen, og særlig i betydningen " -"av hva mr. valenti samtaler \"kreative egenskapen.\" Jeg tror at " +"Hvis dette virkelig var alternativene, sÃ¥ ville jeg være enig med Jack " +"Valenti og innholdsindustrien. Jeg, ogsÃ¥, er en troende i eiendom, og særlig " +"i betydningen av hva mr. Valenti samtaler \"kreativ eiendom.\" Jeg tror at " "\"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, skal straffe pent " "\"piratkopiering\", enten av eller pÃ¥ Internett." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " @@ -1110,9 +1296,9 @@ msgstr "" "men de enkle trosoppfatninger maskere et mye mer grunnleggende spørsmÃ¥l og " "en mye mer dramatisk endring. min frykt er at med mindre vi kommer til Ã¥ se " "denne endringen, krig for Ã¥ befri verden av Internett \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ " -"kvitte vÃ¥r kultur med verdier som er integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon fra " -"starten." +"kvitte vÃ¥r kultur med verdier som er integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon fra starten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " @@ -1129,9 +1315,9 @@ msgid "" "First Amendment protected creators against state control. And as Professor " "Neil Netanel powerfully argues,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "copyright law, properly balanced, protected creators against private " -"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of " -"patrons. It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could " -"cultivate and extend our culture." +"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. " +"It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and " +"extend our culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -1140,11 +1326,11 @@ msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " "regulation of creativity in America. To build upon or critique the culture " -"around us one must ask, Oliver Twist­like, for permission first. Permission " -"is, of course, often granted--but it is not often granted to the critical or " -"the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; those within the " -"noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is nobility of any " -"form that is alien to our tradition." +"around us one must ask, Oliver Twist–like, for permission first. " +"Permission is, of course, often granted—but it is not often granted to " +"the critical or the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; " +"those within the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is " +"nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition." msgstr "" "lovens svar pÃ¥ Internett, nÃ¥r knyttet til endringer i teknologi for " "Internett selv, øket ennÃ¥ svært effektiv regulering av kreativitet i " @@ -1154,6 +1340,7 @@ msgstr "" "bygd opp en slags kulturelle adel; de i edle klassen leve enkelt; dem " "utenfor ikke. men det er adel noen form som er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " @@ -1169,14 +1356,15 @@ msgstr "" "ikke en moral-tale. heller ikke er det et kall til jihad mot en bransje." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " "understanding this battle, it is an effort to map peace. There is no good " -"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to " -"continue. There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is " -"allowed to continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this " -"war. We must resolve it soon." +"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to continue. " +"There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is allowed to " +"continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We " +"must resolve it soon." msgstr "" "i stedet er det et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ forstÃ¥ en hÃ¥pløst ødeleggende krig som er " "inspirert av teknologien av Internett, men nÃ¥ langt utenfor koden. og ved Ã¥ " @@ -1186,20 +1374,21 @@ msgstr "" "fortsette ukontrollert. Vi mÃ¥ komme til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ kilden til denne krigen. Vi " "mÃ¥ løse det snart." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " -"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this " -"\"property\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the " -"sacredness of their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take " -"for granted the extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of " -"\"intellectual property\" now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat " -"these claims as obvious. And hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new " -"technology interferes with this property. It is as plain to us as it was to " -"them that the new technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon " -"legitimate claims of \"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them " -"that the law should intervene to stop this trespass." +"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this \"property" +"\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of " +"their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the " +"extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of \"intellectual property\" " +"now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And " +"hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with " +"this property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new " +"technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon legitimate claims of " +"\"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law should " +"intervene to stop this trespass." msgstr "" "som causbys' kamp, denne krigen er delvis, om \"egenskapen.\" egenskapen av " "denne krigen er ikke sÃ¥ konkrete som causbys', og ingen uskyldige kylling " @@ -1213,8 +1402,9 @@ msgstr "" "legitime pÃ¥stander om \"egenskapen.\" det er sÃ¥ vanlig for oss som det var " "til dem at loven bør intervenere for Ã¥ stoppe denne trespass." -#. PAGE BREAK 27 +#. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1223,11 +1413,12 @@ msgid "" "brothers, the Internet has not inspired a revolution on its side." msgstr "" "og dermed nÃ¥r geeks og Teknologorganisasjon forsvare sin armstrong eller " -"wright brødre teknologi, de fleste av oss er bare usympatiske. sunn fornuft " +"Wright brødre teknologi, de fleste av oss er bare usympatiske. sunn fornuft " "opprør ikke. i motsetning til nÃ¥r det gjelder uheldig causbys er sunn " -"fornuft pÃ¥ siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig wright " +"fornuft pÃ¥ siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig Wright-" "brødrene, har Internett ikke inspirert en revolusjon pÃ¥ høykant." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " @@ -1246,6 +1437,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ kontrollere bruk av kultur er sÃ¥ unquestioningly godtatt som det er nÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1258,6 +1450,7 @@ msgstr "" "krav var galt?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" @@ -1266,6 +1459,7 @@ msgstr "" "fordeler rcas i vÃ¥r tid og passer vÃ¥r egen virke ureflekterende intuisjoner?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1280,6 +1474,7 @@ msgstr "" "system som fanges opp av noen kraftige spesielle interesser?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1291,6 +1486,8 @@ msgstr "" "ansiktet av disse ytterpunktene fordi, som med armstrong versus rca, " "kraftigere siden har sikret at det har kraftigere visningen?" +#. PAGE BREAK 28 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " @@ -1308,6 +1505,7 @@ msgstr "" "krever i dag er stadig like dumt som en sheriff arrestere et fly for " "trespass. men konsekvensene av dette dumhet vil være mye mer dyptgripende." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " @@ -1319,10 +1517,11 @@ msgstr "" "ideer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " -"theorists--however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have " +"theorists—however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have " "become. Instead I begin in each part with a collection of stories that set a " "context within which these apparently simple ideas can be more fully " "understood." @@ -1334,6 +1533,7 @@ msgstr "" "angir en kontekst som er innenfor disse tilsynelatende enkle ideer kan være " "mer fullt forstÃ¥tt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " @@ -1342,8 +1542,8 @@ msgid "" "old. Rather than understanding the changes the Internet might permit, and " "rather than taking time to let \"common sense\" resolve how best to respond, " "we are allowing those most threatened by the changes to use their power to " -"change the law--and more importantly, to use their power to change something " -"fundamental about who we have always been." +"change the law—and more importantly, to use their power to change " +"something fundamental about who we have always been." msgstr "" "de to delene satt opp kjernen krav i denne boken: som mens Internett har " "faktisk produsert noe fantastisk og nye, vÃ¥r regjering, presset av store " @@ -1355,13 +1555,14 @@ msgstr "" "har alltid vært." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " "threatened are among the most powerful players in our depressingly " "compromised process of making law. This book is the story of one more " -"consequence of this form of corruption--a consequence to which most of us " -"remain oblivious." +"consequence of this form of corruption—a consequence to which most of " +"us remain oblivious." msgstr "" "Vi tillater dette, jeg tror, ikke fordi det er riktig, og ikke fordi de " "fleste av oss virkelig tror pÃ¥ disse endringene. Vi tillater det fordi " @@ -1370,10 +1571,11 @@ msgstr "" "historien om en mer konsekvens av denne formen for korrupsjon--en konsekvens " "som de fleste av oss fortsatt oblivious." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "\"PIRACY\"" -msgstr "piratkopiering" +msgstr "\"Piratvirksomhet\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " @@ -1388,8 +1590,9 @@ msgstr "" "lett Ã¥ fange. som Herren mansfield skrev i en sak som utvidet rekkevidden av " "engelsk lov om opphavsrett til Ã¥ inkludere sheet music," -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777) (mansfield)." @@ -1400,6 +1603,8 @@ msgid "" "own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 31 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " @@ -1410,12 +1615,13 @@ msgid "" "in a way unimagined a generation ago." msgstr "" "i dag er vi midt i en annen \"krig\" mot \"piratkopiering.\" Internett har " -"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av " -"innhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av " -"effektiv teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed " +"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av innhold. " +"Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av effektiv " +"teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed " "intelligence, p2p systemer forenkle enkel spredning av innhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te " "som unimagined en generasjon siden." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " @@ -1424,20 +1630,20 @@ msgid "" "copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright " "owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\"" msgstr "" -"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av " -"opphavsrett. nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet og uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm " -"mengde deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur " -"glade krigen som eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren " -"av overskuddet.\"" +"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av opphavsrett. " +"nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet og " +"uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm mengde deling av " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur glade krigen som " +"eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren av overskuddet.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " "\"piracy.\" A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is being raised to " "believe that \"property\" should be \"free.\" Forget tattoos, never mind " -"body piercing--our kids are becoming thieves!" +"body piercing—our kids are becoming thieves!" msgstr "" "krigerne har slÃ¥tt til domstolene, til legislatures, og stadig til teknologi " "til Ã¥ forsvare sine \"property\" mot denne \"piratkopiering.\" en generasjon " @@ -1445,6 +1651,7 @@ msgstr "" "være \"gratis\" glem tatoveringer, never mind kroppspiercing--vÃ¥re barn blir " "tyver!" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " @@ -1455,26 +1662,29 @@ msgstr "" "Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at pirates bør bli " "straffet. men før vi gÃ¥ til executioners, vi bør sette denne oppfatningen av " "\"piratkopiering\" i noen sammenheng. for som konseptet blir stadig mer " -"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert " -"galt." +"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert galt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "ideen gÃ¥r omtrent slik:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " "something of value from someone else, I should have their permission. The " -"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is " -"wrong. It is a form of piracy." +"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. " +"It is a form of piracy." msgstr "" "skapende arbeid har verdi; NÃ¥r jeg bruker, eller ta eller bygge pÃ¥ kreative " "arbeidet til andre, tar jeg fra dem noe av verdi. NÃ¥r jeg tar noe av verdi " "fra noen andre, skulle jeg ha deres tillatelse. Ã¥ ta av noe av verdi fra " "noen andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for piratkopiering." +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " @@ -1483,28 +1693,35 @@ msgstr "" "se rochelle dreyfuss, \"uttrykksfulle genericity: varemerker som sprÃ¥k i " "pepsi-generasjon\" notre dame lov gÃ¥ gjennom 65 (1990): 397." -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, " -"\"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No " -"One Wins,\" Boston Globe, 24 November 2002." +"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off the " +"Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" Boston " +"Globe, 24 November 2002." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " -"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> --if there is " -"value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the perspective " -"that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the Girl Scouts for " -"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout " -"campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the " -"songs) so there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts." +"creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> —if there " +"is value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the " +"perspective that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the " +"Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl " +"Scout campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value" +"\" (the songs) so there must have been a \"right\"—even against the " +"Girl Scouts." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "ASCAP" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 32 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " @@ -1516,10 +1733,11 @@ msgstr "" "Denne ideen er absolutt en mulig forstÃ¥else av hvordan kreative egenskapen " "skal fungere. Det kan godt være en mulig design for et system av loven " "beskytte creative-egenskapen. men den \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" teori " -"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om " -"kreative-egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vÃ¥r lov." +"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om kreative-" +"egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vÃ¥r lov." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1533,12 +1751,13 @@ msgstr "" "opptatt av Ã¥ beskytte instrumentet at vi mister synet av verdien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " -"care to draw--the distinction between republishing someone's work on the one " -"hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. Copyright law " -"at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law today " -"regulates both." +"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " +"the one hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. " +"Copyright law at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law " +"today regulates both." msgstr "" "kilden til denne forvirring er en utmerkelse som loven ikke lenger tar seg " "til Ã¥ tegne--skillet mellom republishing noens arbeid pÃ¥ den ene siden og " @@ -1547,11 +1766,12 @@ msgstr "" "regulerer i dag begge." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " "vast majority of publishing was commercial. Commercial entities could bear " -"the burden of the law--even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " +"the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" "før teknologien av Internett, gjorde ikke denne conflation saken alle sÃ¥ " @@ -1560,8 +1780,9 @@ msgstr "" "loven--selv byrden av den bysantinske kompleksiteten som copyright lov har " "blitt. Det var bare en mer utgifter ved Ã¥ gjøre forretninger." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard " "Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of " @@ -1584,21 +1805,22 @@ msgid "" "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " "creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not " "matter much if copyright law regulated only \"copying,\" when the law " -"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a " -"lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original " -"benefit--certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly " -"as it affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly " -"in the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support " -"creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against " -"competition. Just at the time digital technology could unleash an " -"extraordinary range of commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law " -"burdens this creativity with insanely complex and vague rules and with the " -"threat of obscenely severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida " -"writes, the \"Rise of the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of " -"regulation of this creative class." +"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a lot. " +"The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit—" +"certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it " +"affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in " +"the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, " +"and more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at " +"the time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of " +"commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity " +"with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely " +"severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the \"Rise of " +"the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of " +"this creative class." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " @@ -1611,9 +1833,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" -msgstr "Kapittel en: skaperne" +msgstr "Kapittel en: Skaperne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In November, in " @@ -1627,6 +1850,7 @@ msgstr "" "steamboat willie brakt til liv tegnet som skulle bli Mikke Mus." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique and mix " @@ -1641,8 +1865,9 @@ msgstr "" "om det ville vinne et publikum. men nÃ¥r disney kjørte en test sommeren 1928, " "resultatene var entydig. som disney beskriver det første eksperimentet" -#. PAGE BREAK 35 +#. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1655,6 +1880,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ se bildet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1663,15 +1889,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "gutter jobbet fra en musikk og lydeffekter score. etter flere falske starter " "kom lyd og handling av med pistolen. munn-organisten spilte melodien, resten " -"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blÃ¥ste lysbilde plystre pÃ¥ " -"beat. synkroniseringen var ganske nær." +"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blÃ¥ste lysbilde plystre pÃ¥ beat. " +"synkroniseringen var ganske nær." -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " -"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34­35." +"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" "Leonard maltin, mus og magic: a history of american animerte-tegneserier " "(new york: penguin books, 1987), 34­35." @@ -1681,37 +1907,41 @@ msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " "they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action " -"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something " -"new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!" +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " -"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " -"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.\"" +"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. " +"Nothing since has ever equaled it.\"" msgstr "" "Disney's deretter partner, og en av animasjons mest ekstraordinære talenter, " "ub iwerks, sette det mer sterkt: \"Jeg har aldri vært sÃ¥ begeistret i mitt " "liv. ingenting siden har noensinne equaled den.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " -"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " -"rarely--except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other " -"films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that " -"set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's " -"great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others." +"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " +"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " +"rarely—except in Disney's hands—been anything more than filler " +"for other films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's " +"invention that set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite " +"often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the " +"work of others." msgstr "" -"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt " -"nytt. synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde " -"sjelden--unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre " -"filmer. gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som " -"satte standarden som andre kjempet for Ã¥ matche. og ganske ofte disney's " -"stor geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre." +"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt nytt. " +"synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde sjelden--" +"unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre filmer. " +"gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som satte " +"standarden som andre kjempet for Ã¥ matche. og ganske ofte disney's stor " +"geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1724,12 +1954,13 @@ msgstr "" "keaton. filmen var steamboat bill, jr." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " "laughter from his audience. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a classic of this form, " "famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. The film was classic " -"Keaton--wildly popular and among the best of its genre." +"Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its genre." msgstr "" "Keaton ble født inn i en vaudeville familie i 1895. i æra av stumfilm, hadde " "han mestret med bred fysiske komedie som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gnist lyste latter fra " @@ -1737,17 +1968,17 @@ msgstr "" "blant film buffs for sin utrolige stunts. filmen var klassisk keaton--vill " "populær og blant beste i sin sjanger." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " "Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for " -"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton\" " -"(Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. 1\" (Baron), " -"and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the Straw,\" was " -"already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry Surden, 10 " -"July 2003, on file with author." +"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton" +"\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. " +"1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the " +"Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry " +"Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -1762,12 +1993,12 @@ msgid "" "Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " -"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." +"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -1775,9 +2006,9 @@ msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " "his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many others. Early " -"cartoons are filled with knockoffs--slight variations on winning themes; " -"retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance of the " -"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its " +"cartoons are filled with knockoffs—slight variations on winning " +"themes; retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance " +"of the differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its " "spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line " "cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were built upon a base " "that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating " @@ -1785,6 +2016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1797,13 +2029,14 @@ msgstr "" "noen ganger var denne lÃ¥n liten. noen ganger var det betydelig. Tenk pÃ¥ " "eventyr av the Sunday. Hvis du er sÃ¥ oblivious som jeg var, er du " "sannsynligvis tror at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier, passer " -"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, " -"dystre. Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville " -"vÃ¥ge Ã¥ lese disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes " -"barn, ved sengetid eller nÃ¥r som helst." +"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, dystre. " +"Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville vÃ¥ge Ã¥ lese " +"disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved " +"sengetid eller nÃ¥r som helst." -#. PAGE BREAK 37 +#. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1815,12 +2048,12 @@ msgid "" "(1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), Cinderella (1950), Alice in " "Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp " "(1955), Mulan (1998), Sleeping Beauty (1959), 101 Dalmatians (1961), The " -"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)--not to mention a " +"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)—not to mention a " "recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet " "(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity " "from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own " -"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his " -"culture. Rip, mix, and burn." +"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. " +"Rip, mix, and burn." msgstr "" "Disney tok disse historiene og retold dem pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som førte dem inn i en " "ny tidsalder. Han animert historiene, med bÃ¥de tegn og lys. uten Ã¥ fjerne " @@ -1838,24 +2071,25 @@ msgstr "" "egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin " "kultur. rippe blande og brenne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " "this kind. We don't need to go that far to recognize its importance. We " "could call this \"Disney creativity,\" though that would be a bit " -"misleading. It is, more precisely, \"Walt Disney creativity\"--a form of " -"expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it " +"misleading. It is, more precisely, \"Walt Disney creativity\"—a form " +"of expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it " "something different." msgstr "" "Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og " "feire. Det er noen som vil si at det er ingen kreativitet bortsett fra denne " "typen. Vi trenger ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt Ã¥ anerkjenne sin betydning. Vi kan " -"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt " -"misvisende. Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for " -"uttrykk og geni som bygger pÃ¥ kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." +"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt misvisende. " +"Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for uttrykk og geni " +"som bygger pÃ¥ kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " @@ -1864,50 +2098,52 @@ msgid "" "year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights are registered in " "year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is 28 years, then the " "average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and other relevant data, " -"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." +"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " -"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " -"vibrant. The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for " -"that minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, " -"the authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive " -"right\" to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in " -"limited ways required the permission of the copyright owner." +"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. " +"The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. " +"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years—for that " +"minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the " +"authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive right\" " +"to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in limited " +"ways required the permission of the copyright owner." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " "hence, no lawyers. The public domain is a \"lawyer-free zone.\" Thus, most " "of the content from the nineteenth century was free for Disney to use and " -"build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone-- whether connected or not, " -"whether rich or not, whether approved or not--to use and build upon." +"build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone— whether connected or not, " +"whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build upon." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ slutten av en opphavsrett sikt sender et arbeid i public domain. Ingen " "tillatelse kreves for deretter Ã¥ trekke pÃ¥, eller bruke som fungerer. Ingen " -"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free " -"zone.\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende Ã¥rhundre var gratis " -"for disney du bruker, og bygger pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten " -"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller " -"ikke--hvis du vil bruke, og bygge pÃ¥." +"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free zone." +"\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende Ã¥rhundre var gratis for " +"disney du bruker, og bygger pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten " +"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller ikke--" +"hvis du vil bruke, og bygge pÃ¥." -#. PAGE BREAK 38 +#. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the ways things always were--until quite recently. For most of our " -"history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, the " -"average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning that " -"most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to build " -"upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would be for " -"creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next Walt " -"Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain is " -"presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." +"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " +"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " +"the average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning " +"that most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to " +"build upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would " +"be for creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next " +"Walt Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain " +"is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan ting var alltid--inntil ganske nylig. for de fleste av vÃ¥r " "historie var public domain litt over horisonten. fra 1978 var " @@ -1918,26 +2154,27 @@ msgstr "" "neste walt disney Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse. ennÃ¥ i dag, er den offentlige " "sfæren presumptive bare for innhold fra før den store depresjonen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " "within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal." msgstr "" -"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol pÃ¥ \"walt disney " -"kreativitet.\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, " -"og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske " -"universell." +"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol pÃ¥ \"walt disney kreativitet." +"\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og unntatt i " +"totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske universell." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " -"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or " -"comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of " -"publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from " -"comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, " -"carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system " -"of public transportation." +"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or comics. " +"The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of publications are " +"comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics. They are " +"everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, carried by a large " +"proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system of public " +"transportation." msgstr "" "Tenk deg for eksempel en form av kreativitet som synes underlig for mange " "amerikanere, men det er uunngÃ¥elig i japansk kultur: manga, eller " @@ -1947,6 +2184,7 @@ msgstr "" "magasinet stÃ¥ bÃ¥ret av en stor andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære " "systemet av offentlig transport." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " @@ -1961,13 +2199,14 @@ msgstr "" "Amerikanerne har en tendens til Ã¥ se pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er en " "unattractive kjennetegnet av vÃ¥re. vi sannsynligvis misforstÃ¥ mye om manga, " "fordi fÃ¥ av oss noensinne har lest noe nær historiene som disse \"grafiske " -"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale " -"liv. tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er " -"ikke som hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv " -"hemingway. mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg pÃ¥ forskjellige mÃ¥ter, " -"japanske pÃ¥ dette interessant annen mÃ¥te." +"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale liv. " +"tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er ikke som " +"hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv hemingway. " +"mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg pÃ¥ forskjellige mÃ¥ter, japanske " +"pÃ¥ dette interessant annen mÃ¥te." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1977,6 +2216,8 @@ msgstr "" "manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney " "perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." +#. PAGE BREAK 39 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " @@ -1984,7 +2225,7 @@ msgid "" "is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution " "to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A " "doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it " -"differently--with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the " +"differently—with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the " "character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for " "what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be " "different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are " @@ -1995,24 +2236,25 @@ msgstr "" "slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det " "er ikke doujinshi Hvis det er bare en kopi; kunstneren mÃ¥ gi et bidrag til " "kunst som han overfører, gjøre det subtly eller betydelig. en doujinshi " -"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den " -"annerledes--med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet " -"i karakter, men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som " -"gjør doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de mÃ¥ være forskjellige " -"hvis de skal anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgÃ¥ " -"doujinshi for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er " -"bare en kopi." - -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " -"huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " -"these bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come " -"together twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to " -"exchange and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream " -"commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that " -"market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial " -"manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " +"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den annerledes--" +"med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet i karakter, " +"men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som gjør doujinshi " +"tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de mÃ¥ være forskjellige hvis de skal " +"anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgÃ¥ doujinshi " +"for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er bare en " +"kopi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. " +"More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce these " +"bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come together " +"twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to exchange " +"and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial " +"manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that market, but " +"there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga " +"market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" "disse copycat tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. de er " @@ -2021,10 +2263,11 @@ msgstr "" "to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlig sammenkomst i landet, Ã¥ bytte og " "selge dem. Dette markedet finnes i parallell til det mainstream kommersielle " "manga-markedet. det Ã¥penbart konkurrerer med dette markedet pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter, " -"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle " -"manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " +"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle manga-" +"markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " "konkurransen og til tross for loven." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " @@ -2051,14 +2294,14 @@ msgstr "" "en krenkelse av opprinnelige opphavsretten til Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et " "avledet arbeid uten den opphavspersonens tillatelse." -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " "Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" -"Hvis en utmerket historie, kan du se scott mccloud, reinventing tegneserier " -"(new york: staude, 2000)." +"For en utmerket historie, se Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " +"Perennial, 2000)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2067,27 +2310,30 @@ msgid "" "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " "days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " "now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw--by going into comic books and not tracing " -"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " -"them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " +"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " -"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " -"allowed. Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and " -"you have to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a " -"creator, it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty " -"years old.\"" +"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. " +"Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and you have " +"to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a creator, " +"it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty years " +"old.\"" msgstr "" "amerikanske tegneserier nÃ¥ er helt forskjellige, winick forklarer, delvis pÃ¥ " "grunn av juridiske vanskelighetene med Ã¥ tilpasse tegneserier mÃ¥te doujinshi " "er tillatt. Speaking of superman, winick fortalte meg, \"det er disse " -"reglene og du har Ã¥ holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" " -"gjøre. \"som en creator, det er frustrerende mÃ¥tte holde oss til noen " -"parametere som er femti Ã¥r.\"" +"reglene og du har Ã¥ holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" gjøre. " +"\"som en creator, det er frustrerende mÃ¥tte holde oss til noen parametere " +"som er femti Ã¥r.\"" +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " @@ -2096,8 +2342,8 @@ msgid "" "would lead manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for " "infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off " "collectively if they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not " -"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma " -"solved.\"" +"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved." +"\"" msgstr "" "se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare " "hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov " @@ -2114,11 +2360,12 @@ msgid "" "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " "mitigation. Temple University law professor Salil Mehra, for example, " "hypothesizes that the manga market accepts these technical violations " -"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and " -"productive. Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law " -"does not ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and productive. " +"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not " +"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " @@ -2139,13 +2386,14 @@ msgstr "" "artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne " "\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " "a major Japanese law firm. \"We don't have enough lawyers,\" he told me one " -"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like " -"this.\"" +"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this." +"\"" msgstr "" "Jeg tilbrakte fire fantastiske mÃ¥neder i japan, og jeg spurt dette " "spørsmÃ¥let sÃ¥ ofte som jeg kunne. kanskje ble den beste kontoen til slutt " @@ -2153,8 +2401,9 @@ msgstr "" "advokater,\" han fortalte meg en ettermiddag. det \"bare ikke er nok " "ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller som dette.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 41 +#. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2177,6 +2426,7 @@ msgstr "" "en pause for et øyeblikk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2186,14 +2436,16 @@ msgstr "" "begynne Ã¥ tenke disse problemene, bør sÃ¥ bare om nÃ¥ du være rÃ¥dvill om noe " "du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " "Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " "Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " -"\"property\" rights--copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret--but " -"the nature of those rights is very different." +"\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-" +"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different." msgstr "" "begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " "vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " @@ -2220,21 +2472,22 @@ msgid "" "can't buy you love,\" but rather, value that is plainly part of a process of " "production, including commercial as well as noncommercial production. If " "Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd " -"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong-- even though trivial, " -"even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the law of " -"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers " +"have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong— even though " +"trivial, even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the " +"law of the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers " "Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's " "use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the " "taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 42 +#. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Thus, even though the things that Disney took--or more generally, the things " -"taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity--are valuable, our " -"tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free for " -"the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." +"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " +"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " +"our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free " +"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, selv om tingene som disney tok-- eller mer generelt, tingene som er " "tatt av noen utøve walt disney kreativitet--er verdifull, vÃ¥r tradisjon ikke " @@ -2242,13 +2495,14 @@ msgstr "" "innenfor en fri kultur, og at frihet er bra." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " -"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest work--or " -"even one copy--without paying, we'd have no hesitation in saying the artist " -"was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have stolen something " -"of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, whether large or " -"small." +"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " +"work—or even one copy—without paying, we'd have no hesitation in " +"saying the artist was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have " +"stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, " +"whether large or small." msgstr "" "det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en " "publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk-- eller " @@ -2256,6 +2510,7 @@ msgstr "" "galt. i tillegg til Ã¥ ha begÃ¥tt, ville han har stjÃ¥let noe av verdi. lov " "forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller smÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " @@ -2268,6 +2523,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet er sett pÃ¥ som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt " "finner det vanskelig Ã¥ si hvorfor." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " @@ -2282,9 +2538,9 @@ msgid "" "of movie: five asteroid films in the late 1990s; two volcano disaster films " "in 1997." msgstr "" -"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt nÃ¥r du begynner Ã¥ " -"se. forskere bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere uten Ã¥ be om eller betale " -"for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " +"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt nÃ¥r du begynner Ã¥ se. " +"forskere bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere uten Ã¥ be om eller betale for " +"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " "tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for Ã¥ vise at du var galt om " "quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av " "shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville " @@ -2293,8 +2549,9 @@ msgstr "" "første?) og hollywood gÃ¥r gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem " "asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997." -#. PAGE BREAK 43 +#. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2302,7 +2559,7 @@ msgid "" "compensating the original creator. No society, free or controlled, has ever " "demanded that every use be paid for or that permission for Walt Disney " "creativity must always be sought. Instead, every society has left a certain " -"bit of its culture free for the taking--free societies more fully than " +"bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than " "unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." msgstr "" "skaperne er her og overalt alltid og pÃ¥ alle ganger bygge pÃ¥ kreativitet som " @@ -2314,6 +2571,7 @@ msgstr "" "kultur som er gratis for Ã¥ ta--gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, men " "alle samfunn til en viss grad." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " @@ -2336,6 +2594,7 @@ msgstr "" "studio eller ikke?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2345,10 +2604,12 @@ msgstr "" "eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. vÃ¥re var en fri kultur. det blir " "mye mindre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " @@ -2362,21 +2623,22 @@ msgstr "" "i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " "produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt " "\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var " -"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstÃ¥ende " -"amatører. (det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp " -"regulere bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved Ã¥ holde " -"konkurranse Ã¥ holde prisene.)" +"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstÃ¥ende amatører. " +"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere " +"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved Ã¥ holde konkurranse Ã¥ holde " +"prisene.)" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " -"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making " -"\"negatives.\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, " -"the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry " -"plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture " -"from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still " -"not a process within reach of most amateurs." +"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making \"negatives." +"\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, the process " +"still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were " +"developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its " +"developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a " +"process within reach of most amateurs." msgstr "" "likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes " "sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ gjøre " @@ -2387,29 +2649,31 @@ msgstr "" "plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor " "rekkevidde de fleste amatører." -#. PAGE BREAK 45 +#. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " "amateur photographer, was frustrated by the technology of photographs made " "with plates. In a flash of insight (so to speak), Eastman saw that if the " -"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single " -"spindle. That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of " +"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single spindle. " +"That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of " "photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he " "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" "teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke " "før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en " -"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med " -"plater-teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (sÃ¥ Ã¥ si), sÃ¥ eastman at hvis filmen " -"kan gjøres for Ã¥ være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt pÃ¥ en enkelt " -"spindel. at roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " +"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-" +"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (sÃ¥ Ã¥ si), sÃ¥ eastman at hvis filmen kan " +"gjøres for Ã¥ være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt pÃ¥ en enkelt spindel. at " +"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " "fotografering vesentlig. ved Ã¥ senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan " "dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer." -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " "Press, 1975), 112." @@ -2425,8 +2689,13 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in The Kodak Primer:" msgstr "" -#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Coe, Brian" +msgstr "" + +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), " "53." @@ -2446,15 +2715,15 @@ msgid "" "and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "Jenkins, 177." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." -msgstr "basert pÃ¥ et diagram i jenkins, s. 178." +msgstr "Basert pÃ¥ et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2471,8 +2740,9 @@ msgid "" "of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "Coe, 58." @@ -2490,6 +2760,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " @@ -2513,8 +2784,9 @@ msgstr "" "av kreativitet som kodak aktivert. demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en " "mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke seg lettere enn noen verktøy kan har før." -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 " "S.E." @@ -2530,18 +2802,20 @@ msgid "" "photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have " "changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether " "the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he " -"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was " -"no.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 47 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " -"building whose photograph he shot--pirating something of value. Some even " -"thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free to take " -"the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should these " -"photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." +"building whose photograph he shot—pirating something of value. Some " +"even thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was not free to " +"take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should " +"these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." msgstr "" "argumenter for Ã¥ trenge tillatelse vil lyde overraskende kjent. fotografen " "ble \"tar\" noe fra personen eller bygge med fotografi han skjøt--pirating " @@ -2550,6 +2824,18 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til Ã¥ ta bilder som de trodde " "verdifull." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Warren, Samuel D." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote> +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " @@ -2566,24 +2852,24 @@ msgid "" "Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should " "be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something " -"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, " -"Jr. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an " -"image without compensating the source." +"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, Jr. " +"or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an image " +"without compensating the source." msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " -"Review 48 (1960) 398­407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 " -"F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." +"Review 48 (1960) 398–407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., " +"971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." msgstr "" "se melville b. nimmer, \"rett publisitet,\" lov og moderne problemer 19 " -"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gÃ¥ " -"gjennom 48 (1960) 398­407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 " -"f. 2D 1395 (9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)." +"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gÃ¥ gjennom " +"48 (1960) 398­407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 f. 2D 1395 " +"(9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2594,10 +2880,11 @@ msgid "" "craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap " "pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions " "than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured " -"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" +"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " @@ -2625,14 +2912,16 @@ msgstr "" "bli vist før et selskap utviklet bilder. Vi kunne forestille seg et system Ã¥ " "utvikle for Ã¥ demonstrere tillatelsen." +#. PAGE BREAK 48 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " "for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography " -"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over " -"time. Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they " -"did--since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the " +"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. " +"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did—" +"since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the " "permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would " "not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And " "certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression " @@ -2651,9 +2940,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "men selv om vi kunne tenke seg dette systemet av tillatelse, det ville være " "svært vanskelig Ã¥ se hvordan fotografering kunne ha blomstret som det gjorde " -"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer " -"det. fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over " -"tid. profesjonelle ville har fortsatt Ã¥ bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden " +"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer det. " +"fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over tid. " +"profesjonelle ville har fortsatt Ã¥ bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden " "fagfolk kan lettere bÃ¥ret byrdene av tillatelse-systemet. Men spredning av " "fotografering til vanlige folk ville ikke ha skjedd. ingenting som at " "veksten ville har blitt realisert. og Ja, ingenting som at veksten i en " @@ -2670,28 +2959,30 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ lære noe om medier ved Ã¥ gjøre noe med media. ved Ã¥ gjøre tror de. ved " "fiksing og triksing lærer de." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " -"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#7</ulink>." +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</" +"ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " -"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " -"dramatically. As one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time " -"digital video editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional " -"quality for $595.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are " -"filled with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten " -"years ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but " -"classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and more of " -"something teachers call \"media literacy.\"" +"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. " +"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As " +"one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time digital video " +"editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional quality for $595." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are filled with " +"technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten years ago. " +"And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but classrooms " +"across the country where kids are learning more and more of something " +"teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 49 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " @@ -2705,6 +2996,7 @@ msgstr "" "bilder. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ gjøre [barn] literate om mÃ¥ten mediet fungerer, hvordan " "den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til den.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " @@ -2715,6 +3007,8 @@ msgstr "" "flest, leseferdighet handler om lesing og skriving. Faulkner og hemingway og " "merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om." +#. f10 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " @@ -2728,62 +3022,68 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " -"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " -"generally,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly " -"important to understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a " -"grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as " -"kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to " -"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." +"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly important to " +"understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a grammar for the " +"written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as kids learn how to " +"write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to write media by " +"constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " -"understands how difficult writing is--how difficult it is to sequence the " -"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be " -"understandable--few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or " -"more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds " -"an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds " -"suspense." +"understands how difficult writing is—how difficult it is to sequence " +"the story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be " +"understandable—few of us have any real sense of how difficult media " +"is. Or more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it " +"holds an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or " +"builds suspense." msgstr "" "et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for " "leseferdighet som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. for om " "noen som har skrevet forstÃ¥r hvor vanskelig skriving er--hvor vanskelig det " "er Ã¥ sekvens historien, Ã¥ holde leserens oppmerksomhet, hÃ¥ndverket sprÃ¥k Ã¥ " -"være forstÃ¥elig--fÃ¥ av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media " -"er. eller mer fundamentalt, fÃ¥ av oss har en følelse av hvordan media " -"fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en " -"artikkel, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning." +"være forstÃ¥elig--fÃ¥ av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media er. " +"eller mer fundamentalt, fÃ¥ av oss har en følelse av hvordan media fungerer, " +"hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en artikkel, hvordan " +"det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " -"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " -"film. The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from " -"reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting " -"upon what one has written. One learns to write with images by making them " -"and then reflecting upon what one has created." -msgstr "" -"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene " -"godt. men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om " -"filmen. ferdigheten kom fra opplever inngÃ¥else av en film, ikke fra Ã¥ lese " -"en bok om den. en lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive og deretter gjenspeiler pÃ¥ hva " -"man har skrevet. en lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ gjøre dem og deretter " -"reflektere over hva man har opprettet." - -#. f11 +"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. " +"The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from reading a " +"book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting upon what " +"one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then " +"reflecting upon what one has created." +msgstr "" +"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene godt. " +"men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om filmen. ferdigheten " +"kom fra opplever inngÃ¥else av en film, ikke fra Ã¥ lese en bok om den. en " +"lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive og deretter gjenspeiler pÃ¥ hva man har skrevet. " +"en lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva " +"man har opprettet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Barish, Stephanie" +msgstr "" + +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002." -msgstr "Intervju med elizabeth daley og stephanie barish, 13 desember 2002." +msgstr "Intervju med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13. desember 2002." -#. f12 +#. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " -"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." +"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" +"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -2792,17 +3092,22 @@ msgid "" "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space " -"where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar " -"changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques " -"are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of " -"science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer game based on one " -"of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through " -"a game without their feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a " -"wildly successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where " +"a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The " +"simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. " +"Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of science fiction. But " +"when he tried to design a computer game based on one of his works, it was a " +"new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through a game without their " +"feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a wildly successful " +"author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "computer games" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " @@ -2814,15 +3119,16 @@ msgstr "" "denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig hÃ¥ndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley " "beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en " "film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre at du ser det, sÃ¥ du har " -"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble " -"ledet.\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." +"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet." +"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Yet the push for an expanded literacy--one that goes beyond text to include " -"audio and visual elements--is not about making better film directors. The " -"aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. Instead, as " -"Daley explained," +"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " +"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " +"directors. The aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. " +"Instead, as Daley explained," msgstr "" "men Skyv for en utvidet leseferdighet--en som gÃ¥r utover tekst til Ã¥ " "inkludere lyd og visuelle elementer--ikke handler om Ã¥ gjøre bedre film " @@ -2830,6 +3136,7 @@ msgstr "" "stedet, som daley forklart," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2841,6 +3148,7 @@ msgstr "" "at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært fÃ¥ mennesker kan skrive med dette " "sprÃ¥ket, og resten av oss er redusert til Ã¥ være skrivebeskyttet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " @@ -2849,13 +3157,14 @@ msgstr "" "\"lese-bare.\" passiv mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. Couch " "Poteter. forbrukere. Dette er verden av medier fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish." -msgstr "Intervju med daley og barish." +msgstr "Intervju med Daley og Barish." -#. f31 +#. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid." msgstr "ibid." @@ -2866,13 +3175,14 @@ msgid "" "the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding the tools that " "enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any literacy, and this " "literacy in particular, is to \"empower people to choose the appropriate " -"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in " -"the language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in the " +"language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2882,7 +3192,7 @@ msgid "" "was a very poor inner-city Los Angeles school. In all the traditional " "measures of success, this school was a failure. But Daley and Barish ran a " "program that gave kids an opportunity to use film to express meaning about " -"something the students know something about--gun violence." +"something the students know something about—gun violence." msgstr "" "som med alle sprÃ¥k, kommer dette sprÃ¥ket lettere til noen enn for andre. det " "kommer ikke nødvendigvis mer lett til de som excel i skriftlig sprÃ¥k. Daley " @@ -2893,6 +3203,7 @@ msgstr "" "fiasko. men daley og barish kjørte et program som ga barn en mulighet til Ã¥ " "bruke filmen til Ã¥ uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om--pistol vold." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " @@ -2900,7 +3211,7 @@ msgid "" "kids to come, the challenge in this class was keeping them away. The \"kids " "were showing up at 6 A.M. and leaving at 5 at night,\" said Barish. They " "were working harder than in any other class to do what education should be " -"about--learning how to express themselves." +"about—learning how to express themselves." msgstr "" "klassen ble avholdt fredag ettermiddagen, og det opprettes et relativt nytt " "problem for skolen. mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser fikk barna " @@ -2909,6 +3220,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn i noen annen klasse Ã¥ gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent--lære Ã¥ " "uttrykke seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " @@ -2917,38 +3229,40 @@ msgid "" "that few would otherwise understand. This was an issue close to the lives of " "these students. The project \"gave them a tool and empowered them to be able " "to both understand it and talk about it,\" Barish explained. That tool " -"succeeded in creating expression--far more successfully and powerfully than " -"could have been created using only text. \"If you had said to these " +"succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully " +"than could have been created using only text. \"If you had said to these " "students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands " "up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, " "because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do " -"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed " -"well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of " +"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed well. " +"The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of " "expression." msgstr "" "bruker noe \"gratis web ting de kunne finne\", og relativt enkle verktøy til " "Ã¥ aktivere barna Ã¥ blande \"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa barish denne klassen " "produsert en rekke prosjekter som viste noe om pistol vold som noen ellers " -"ville forstÃ¥. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse " -"studentene. prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem Ã¥ være i stand " -"til Ã¥ bÃ¥de forstÃ¥ det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet " -"lyktes i lage uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt " -"skapt med bare teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har Ã¥ " -"gjøre det i tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og " -"gjort noe annet,\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker " -"seg i tekst ikke noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er " -"tekst et skjema i som disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne " -"meldingen depended upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." +"ville forstÃ¥. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse studentene. " +"prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem Ã¥ være i stand til Ã¥ bÃ¥de " +"forstÃ¥ det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet lyktes i lage " +"uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt skapt med bare " +"teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har Ã¥ gjøre det i " +"tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og gjort noe annet," +"\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker seg i tekst ikke " +"noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er tekst et skjema i som " +"disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended upon " +"dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." +#. PAGE BREAK 52 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " "explained, is about giving students a way of \"constructing meaning.\" To " "say that that means just writing is like saying teaching writing is only " -"about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part--and increasingly, not " -"the most powerful part--of constructing meaning. As Daley explained in the " -"most moving part of our interview," +"about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part—and increasingly, " +"not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As Daley explained " +"in the most moving part of our interview," msgstr "" "\"men ikke opplæring om undervise barna Ã¥ skrive?\" spurte jeg. delvis, " "selvfølgelig, er det. men hvorfor er vi lærer barna Ã¥ skrive? utdanning, " @@ -2958,6 +3272,7 @@ msgstr "" "økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen--for Ã¥ bygge betydning. som daley " "forklart i den mest flyttende del av vÃ¥rt intervju" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " @@ -2967,15 +3282,14 @@ msgid "" "can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your text. So Johnny " "comes to school and you say, \"Johnny, you're illiterate. Nothing you can do " "matters.\" Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can dismiss you or he [can] " -"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss " -"you. [But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can " -"do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects " -"that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me " -"something that reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and " -". . . saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little " -"movie.\" But instead, really help you take these elements that you " -"understand, that are your language, and construct meaning about the " -"topic. . . ." +"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss you. " +"[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, " +"let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, " +"or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that " +"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, " +"\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But " +"instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are " +"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ." msgstr "" "Hva du ønsker er Ã¥ gi disse elevene mÃ¥ter for Ã¥ bygge betydning. Hvis alt du " "gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til Ã¥ gjøre det pÃ¥. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, " @@ -2984,15 +3298,16 @@ msgstr "" "alle slags andre ting. han kan bare lese teksten. sÃ¥ johnny kommer til " "skolen, og du sier, \"johnny, du er analfabeter. ingenting du kan gjøre " "saker.\"Vel, johnny deretter har du to valg: han kan ignorere du eller han " -"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere " -"du. [men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan " -"gjøre, la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror " +"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere du. " +"[men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan gjøre, " +"la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror " "gjenspeiler som, eller vise meg bilder som du tror gjenspeile som, eller " "tegne for meg noe som gjenspeiler som.\"ikke ved Ã¥ gi en gutt et videokamera " "og... sa:\"La oss gÃ¥ har moro med videokameraet og gjøre en liten film.\", " "men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med Ã¥ ta disse elementene du forstÃ¥r, som " "er ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruere mening om emnet...." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " @@ -3007,6 +3322,8 @@ msgstr "" "lærerne fortalte stephanie, ville de omskrive et avsnitt 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, " "till de fÃ¥tt det riktig." +#. PAGE BREAK 53 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " @@ -3020,6 +3337,7 @@ msgstr "" "hadde mye kraft med dette sprÃ¥ket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -3039,14 +3357,14 @@ msgstr "" "terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for Ã¥ sikre at " "hele verden ville være Ã¥ se." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " -"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " -"screen. There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and " -"seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly " -"come to expect it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is " -"tragedy." +"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. " +"There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and seriousness. " +"This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly come to expect " +"it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is tragedy." msgstr "" "disse retellings hadde en stadig familiær stemning. Det var musikk scoret " "for intermissions og fancy grafikk som flashed hele skjermen. Det var en " @@ -3054,6 +3372,16 @@ msgstr "" "koreograferte i mÃ¥ten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som " "underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "ABC" +msgstr "ABC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "CBS" +msgstr "CBS" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " @@ -3061,32 +3389,35 @@ msgid "" "well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same events. Yet these " "Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some people constructed photo " "pages that captured images from around the world and presented them as slide " -"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound " -"recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide " -"context. There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in " -"the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news " -"event that had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, " -"but there was also the Internet." +"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound recordings. " +"There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide context. " +"There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in the sense " +"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news event that " +"had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there " +"was also the Internet." msgstr "" "men i tillegg til denne produsert nyheter om \"tragedie av 11 september\", " "de av oss knyttet til Internett kom Ã¥ se en svært forskjellige produksjon " -"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse " -"Internett-kontoer hadde ennÃ¥ en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert " -"foto sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som " +"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse Internett-" +"kontoer hadde ennÃ¥ en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert foto " +"sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som " "lysbildefremvisninger med tekst. noen tilbudt Ã¥pne bokstaver. Det var " -"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ gi " -"kontekst. Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende lÃ¥ven " -"heve, i den forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, " -"rundt et aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det " -"var abc og cbs, men det var ogsÃ¥ Internett." +"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ gi kontekst. " +"Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende lÃ¥ven heve, i den " +"forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, rundt et " +"aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det var abc " +"og cbs, men det var ogsÃ¥ Internett." +#. PAGE BREAK 54 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet--though I do think the people who " -"supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead to point to " -"a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the Internet " -"enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student on the " -"\"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or text." +"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " +"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " +"to point to a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the " +"Internet enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student " +"on the \"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or " +"text." msgstr "" "Jeg trenger ikke bety bare Ã¥ prise Internett - selv om jeg tror de som " "støttes av denne formen for tale skal rost. Jeg mener i stedet til Ã¥ peke " @@ -3095,13 +3426,15 @@ msgstr "" "tror!\"-bussen visuelle bilder kan blandes med lyd eller tekst." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " -"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition--not " -"just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just that " -"events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured images, " -"sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically instantaneously." +"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition—" +"not just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just " +"that events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured " +"images, sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically " +"instantaneously." msgstr "" "men i motsetning til noen teknologi for bare skjermbilder, Internett kan " "disse kreasjoner som skal deles med en ekstraordinære antall mennesker, " @@ -3111,14 +3444,15 @@ msgstr "" "være vidt spredt nesten umiddelbart." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " "to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind " "of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions " "very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a " -"public way--it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available anywhere in " -"the world." +"public way—it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available " +"anywhere in the world." msgstr "" "11 september var ikke en villfarelse. Det var en begynnelse. rundt samme " "tid, en form for kommunikasjon som har vokst dramatisk var bare begynnelsen " @@ -3129,18 +3463,19 @@ msgstr "" "overalt i verden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " -"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " -"life. But there are many who use the space to engage in public " -"discourse. Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are " -"mistaken in their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they " -"make, offering solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a " -"virtual public meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at " -"the same time and in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The " -"best of the blog entries are relatively short; they point directly to words " -"used by others, criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the " -"most important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." +"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private life. " +"But there are many who use the space to engage in public discourse. " +"Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are mistaken in " +"their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they make, offering " +"solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a virtual public " +"meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at the same time and " +"in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The best of the blog " +"entries are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others, " +"criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the most important " +"form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." msgstr "" "men i USA, blogger har tatt pÃ¥ en svært forskjellig karakter. Det er noen " "som bruker omrÃ¥det bare for Ã¥ snakke om deres private liv. men det er mange " @@ -3150,12 +3485,13 @@ msgstr "" "som vi alle ser: blogger skape følelse av et virtuelt offentlige møte, men " "en i som vi ikke alle hÃ¥per Ã¥ være der pÃ¥ samme tid, og der samtaler ikke " "nødvendigvis er koblet. best av bloggoppføringene er relativt kort; de peker " -"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i " -"dem. de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige " +"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i dem. " +"de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige " "diskusjon som vi har." -#. PAGE BREAK 55 +#. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3167,38 +3503,41 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det er en sterk uttalelse. Likevel stÃ¥r det sÃ¥ mye om vÃ¥rt demokrati som det " "gjør om blogger. Dette er delen av Amerika som er mest vanskelig for de av " -"oss som elsker Amerika for Ã¥ godta: vÃ¥rt demokrati har " -"atrofier. selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene " -"tillate disse valgene til Ã¥ telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i " -"disse valgene. syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og " -"routinized. de fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." +"oss som elsker Amerika for Ã¥ godta: vÃ¥rt demokrati har atrofier. " +"selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene tillate disse " +"valgene til Ã¥ telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i disse valgene. " +"syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og routinized. de " +"fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " "trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." msgstr "" -"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, " -"trans. Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." +"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. " +"Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " "tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the " -"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the " -"nineteenth-century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of " -"early \"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated " -"him--it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to " -"choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for him was " -"that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. They " -"deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to " +"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-" +"century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early " +"\"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated " +"him—it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the " +"right to choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for " +"him was that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. " +"They deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to " "persuade each other of the \"right\" result, and in criminal cases at least, " -"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an " -"end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an end." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " @@ -3211,21 +3550,21 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " -"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation " +"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation " "remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or place " "for \"democratic deliberation\" to occur." msgstr "" -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " -"65­80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" -"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), " -"65­80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), 65­" +"80, 175, 182, 183, 192." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3238,8 +3577,9 @@ msgid "" "our friends want to hear, and hear very little beyond what our friends say." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 56 +#. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3248,21 +3588,22 @@ msgid "" "for communication. Blogs allow for public discourse without the public ever " "needing to gather in a single public place." msgstr "" -"gÃ¥ inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette " -"problemet. folk innlegg nÃ¥r de vil bokføre, og folk lese nÃ¥r de ønsker Ã¥ " -"lese. det mest vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron " -"kommunikasjon, for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for " -"kommunikasjon. blogger tillate public discourse uten publikum noensinne " -"trenger Ã¥ samles i en enkelt offentlig sted." +"gÃ¥ inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette problemet. " +"folk innlegg nÃ¥r de vil bokføre, og folk lese nÃ¥r de ønsker Ã¥ lese. det mest " +"vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron kommunikasjon, " +"for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for kommunikasjon. blogger tillate " +"public discourse uten publikum noensinne trenger Ã¥ samles i en enkelt " +"offentlig sted." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " -"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " -"Indeed, the space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the " -"left. Some of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but " -"there are many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not " -"political cover political issues when the occasion merits." +"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. " +"There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. Indeed, the " +"space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the left. Some " +"of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but there are " +"many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not political cover " +"political issues when the occasion merits." msgstr "" "Men utover arkitektur, blogger ogsÃ¥ har løst problemet med normer. Det er " "ingen normen (ennÃ¥) i bloggen plass for ikke Ã¥ snakke om politikk. faktisk, " @@ -3272,6 +3613,7 @@ msgstr "" "dekker politiske spørsmÃ¥l nÃ¥r anledningen fortjener." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3279,9 +3621,11 @@ msgid "" "effect." msgstr "" "betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nÃ¥, men ikke sÃ¥ smÃ¥. navnet howard " -"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for " -"blogger. Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennÃ¥ lesing har en effekt." +"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. " +"Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennÃ¥ lesing har en effekt." +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " @@ -3293,18 +3637,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " -"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " -"\"misspoke\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising " -"Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story " -"would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It " -"did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept " -"researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same " -"\"misspeaking\" emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream " -"press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority " -"leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott \"misspoke" +"\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising Thurmond's " +"segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story would " +"disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It did. But he " +"didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept researching " +"the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" " +"emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the " +"end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3317,6 +3662,7 @@ msgstr "" "mister de inntekt. som haier, mÃ¥ de flytte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3332,6 +3678,8 @@ msgstr "" "historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av " "en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer." +#. PAGE BREAK 57 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " @@ -3351,8 +3699,9 @@ msgstr "" "journalist simpelthen har ikke en konflikt av interesse, eller konflikt av " "interesse er sÃ¥ lett avslørt at du vet du kan liksom fÃ¥ det ut av veien.\"" -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "telefon intervju med david vin, 16 april 2003." @@ -3360,41 +3709,43 @@ msgstr "telefon intervju med david vin, 16 april 2003." msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " -"than an unconcentrated media can--as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq war " -"because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more coherent " -"account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the Internet from " -"someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink with a reporter " -"in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter over and over " -"that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer a more " -"optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they told " -"her that they were writing \"the story.\")" -msgstr "" - -#. f20 +"than an unconcentrated media can—as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq " +"war because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more " +"coherent account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the " +"Internet from someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink " +"with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter " +"over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer " +"a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they " +"told her that they were writing \"the story.\")" +msgstr "" + +#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " "Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 " -"February 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." +"February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #10</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate--\"amateur\" not in the " -"sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning not " -"paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much broader range of " -"input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when " +"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " +"the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " +"not paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a much broader range " +"of input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia disaster revealed, when " "hundreds from across the southwest United States turned to the Internet to " "retell what they had seen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it " "drives readers to read across the range of accounts and \"triangulate,\" as " "Winer puts it, the truth. Blogs, Winer says, are \"communicating directly " -"with our constituency, and the middle man is out of it\"--with all the " +"with our constituency, and the middle man is out of it\"—with all the " "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" +#. f21 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " @@ -3415,13 +3766,13 @@ msgstr "" "personlig weblogg, utgitt under psevdonym, som jobbet med noen av de " "problemer og folk som han var dekket.\")" -#. PAGE BREAK 58 +#. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " -"blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " -"public figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear " -"that \"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to " +"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. " +"\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public " +"figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear that " +"\"journalism\" is happy about this—some journalists have been told to " "curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is " "clear that we are still in transition. \"A lot of what we are doing now is " "warm-up exercises,\" Winer told me. There is a lot that must mature before " @@ -3430,20 +3781,21 @@ msgid "" "copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " -"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " -"true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more " -"citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change " -"the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and " -"misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be " -"criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has " -"been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore " -"when he has been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and " -"criticism improves democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million " -"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be " -"something extraordinary to report." +"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is true. " +"But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more citizens " +"express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change the way " +"people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and misguided in " +"your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be criticized by " +"others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has been persuaded " +"that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore when he has " +"been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and criticism improves " +"democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million blogs where such " +"writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be something " +"extraordinary to report." msgstr "" "denne talen pÃ¥virker demokrati. vin mener at skjer fordi \"du trenger ikke Ã¥ " "arbeide for noen som styrer, [for] en gatekeeper.\" det er sant. men det har " @@ -3458,6 +3810,7 @@ msgstr "" "blogger der skrive slike skjer. NÃ¥r det er ti millioner, vil det være noe " "ekstraordinære til rapporten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " @@ -3465,10 +3818,11 @@ msgid "" "knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" msgstr "" "John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans " -"arbeid, som hans webomrÃ¥det beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring " -"og... etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for Ã¥ opprette... innovasjon.\"" +"arbeid, som hans webomrÃ¥det beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... " +"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for Ã¥ opprette... innovasjon.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3477,16 +3831,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "brun dermed ser pÃ¥ disse teknologiene av digitale kreativitet litt " "annerledes fra perspektiver jeg har skisserte sÃ¥ langt. Jeg er sikker pÃ¥ at " -"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre " -"demokrati. men hans hÃ¥v kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører " -"læring." +"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre demokrati. " +"men hans hÃ¥v kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring." +#. PAGE BREAK 59 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " "engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.\" But digital technologies enable a " -"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete " +"different kind of tinkering—with abstract ideas though in concrete " "form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays " "a politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart " "and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital " @@ -3513,13 +3868,14 @@ msgid "" "technology works can tinker with the code." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " -"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve " -"it.\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " +"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it." +"\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " "apprenticeship platform.\"" msgstr "" "anledningen oppretter en \"helt ny type læring plattform,\" som brown " @@ -3529,6 +3885,7 @@ msgstr "" "hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"Ã¥pen kildekode blir en større læretid " "plattform.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " @@ -3538,24 +3895,25 @@ msgid "" "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" -"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er " -"koden.\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til Ã¥ tinker i abstrakt og denne " -"fiksing og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i " -"garasjen. du er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er " -"fiksing og triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du " -"forbedre.\"jo mer du forbedre, jo mer du lærer." +"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er koden." +"\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til Ã¥ tinker i abstrakt og denne fiksing " +"og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i garasjen. du " +"er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er fiksing og " +"triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du " +"forbedre, jo mer du lærer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " -"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than " -"text. \"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you " -"are visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you " -"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " -"multiple forms of intelligence.\"" +"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. " +"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " +"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can " +"start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple " +"forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" "Denne samme ting skjer med innhold, ogsÃ¥. og det skjer pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " "samarbeid nÃ¥r innholdet er en del av nettet. som brown sier det, \"web [er] " @@ -3567,12 +3925,13 @@ msgstr "" "er det mye du kan begynne Ã¥ gjøre pÃ¥ dette mediet. [det] kan nÃ¥ forsterke og " "respektere disse flere former for intelligens.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 60 +#. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " -"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " -"creates. It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of " +"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. " +"It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of " "recognition." msgstr "" "Brown snakker om hva elizabeth daley, stephanie barish og tror bare! lære: " @@ -3580,6 +3939,7 @@ msgstr "" "talenter annerledes, og det bygger en annen type gjenkjenning." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3590,12 +3950,14 @@ msgid "" "curiosity, would otherwise ensure." msgstr "" "frihet til Ã¥ tinker med disse objektene er ennÃ¥ ikke garantert. som vi ser " -"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært " -"omstridt. mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til Ã¥ tinker med " -"motor, er det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til Ã¥ tinker med " -"bilder hun finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet " -"som teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." +"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært omstridt. " +"mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til Ã¥ tinker med motor, er " +"det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til Ã¥ tinker med bilder hun " +"finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet som " +"teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." +#. f22 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " @@ -3611,12 +3973,13 @@ msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " "developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or " -"more fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, " -"because of the law." +"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " +"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " +"of the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " @@ -3627,6 +3990,7 @@ msgstr "" "forklarer. Vi trenger Ã¥ \"forstÃ¥ hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og " "vil lære.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " @@ -3641,6 +4005,7 @@ msgstr "" "hjernen [og] en juridisk system stenger ned som en del av hjernen.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3651,6 +4016,7 @@ msgstr "" "og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre at " "kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til Ã¥ lukke den teknologien." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " @@ -3661,9 +4027,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" -msgstr "Kapittel 3: kataloger" +msgstr "Kapittel tre: Kataloger" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3678,13 +4045,14 @@ msgstr "" "tilgjengelig pÃ¥ rpi-nettverket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " "information sciences. More than 65 percent of its five thousand " -"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school " -"class. The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine " -"and then build, a generation for the network age." +"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school class. " +"The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine and " +"then build, a generation for the network age." msgstr "" "RPI er en av Amerikas fremst teknologiske forskningsinstitusjoner. Det " "tilbyr grader i feltene fra arkitektur og konstruksjon til information " @@ -3694,6 +4062,7 @@ msgstr "" "for nettverk-alder." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3701,12 +4070,14 @@ msgid "" "enable students to get access to the Internet, as well as more intimate " "access to other members of the RPI community." msgstr "" -"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til " -"hverandre. den har ogsÃ¥ koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er " -"tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig pÃ¥ Internett. men nettverket " -"er utformet for Ã¥ aktivere studenter Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til Internett, sÃ¥ vel som " -"mer intimt tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." +"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til hverandre. " +"den har ogsÃ¥ koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er tilgjengelig pÃ¥ " +"nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig pÃ¥ Internett. men nettverket er utformet for " +"Ã¥ aktivere studenter Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til Internett, sÃ¥ vel som mer intimt " +"tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." +#. PAGE BREAK 62 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " @@ -3719,15 +4090,16 @@ msgid "" "outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well." msgstr "" "søkemotorer er et mÃ¥l pÃ¥ et nettverk intimitet. Google brakt Internett mye " -"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig Ã¥ forbedre kvaliteten pÃ¥ Søk pÃ¥ " -"nettverket. spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om " -"\"intranett\" søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en " -"bestemt institusjon, er Ã¥ gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til " -"materiale fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at " -"ansatte skal ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan fÃ¥ personer utenfor " -"bedriften. universiteter gjøre det ogsÃ¥." +"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig Ã¥ forbedre kvaliteten pÃ¥ Søk pÃ¥ nettverket. " +"spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om \"intranett\" " +"søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en bestemt " +"institusjon, er Ã¥ gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til materiale " +"fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at ansatte skal " +"ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan fÃ¥ personer utenfor bedriften. " +"universiteter gjøre det ogsÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3745,6 +4117,7 @@ msgstr "" "innenfor rpi-nettverket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3756,37 +4129,38 @@ msgid "" "by adding a button that a user could click to see if the machine holding the " "file was still on-line." msgstr "" -"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for " -"rpi-nettverket. motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som " -"andre hadde bygget. hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til " -"disse motorene var Ã¥ fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan " -"føre til en brukers datamaskin til Ã¥ krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis " -"du prøvde Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var pÃ¥ en " -"datamaskin som var frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet " -"litt for Ã¥ løse det problemet, ved Ã¥ legge til en knapp som en bruker kan " -"klikke for Ã¥ se om maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line." +"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for rpi-nettverket. " +"motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som andre hadde bygget. " +"hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til disse motorene var Ã¥ " +"fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan føre til en brukers " +"datamaskin til Ã¥ krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis du prøvde Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var pÃ¥ en datamaskin som var " +"frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet litt for Ã¥ løse " +"det problemet, ved Ã¥ legge til en knapp som en bruker kan klikke for Ã¥ se om " +"maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " "was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one million files in his " -"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' " -"computers." +"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' computers." msgstr "" "jesse's motor gikk on-line i slutten av oktober. de følgende seks mÃ¥neder " "fortsatte han Ã¥ tweak det for Ã¥ forbedre funksjonaliteten. av mars, var " "systemet fungerer ganske bra. Jesse hatt mer enn én million filer i hans " "mappen, inkludert alle typer innhold som kan være pÃ¥ brukernes datamaskiner." -#. PAGE BREAK 63 +#. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " "of information pamphlets; movie clips that students might have created; " -"university brochures--basically anything that users of the RPI network made " -"available in a public folder of their computer." +"university brochures—basically anything that users of the RPI network " +"made available in a public folder of their computer." msgstr "" "dermed the index sin søkemotor produsert inkludert bilder, som elevene kan " "bruke til Ã¥ sette pÃ¥ sine egne webomrÃ¥der; Kopier av notater eller " @@ -3795,18 +4169,20 @@ msgstr "" "gjøres tilgjengelig i en fellesmappe pÃ¥ datamaskinen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " -"course, that three quarters were not, and--so that this point is absolutely " -"clear--Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files in their public " -"folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these files. He was a " -"kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university where he was " -"studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. Unlike " -"Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this tinkering; " -"he was not connected to any business that would make any money from this " -"experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an environment where " -"tinkering with technology was precisely what he was supposed to do." +"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is " +"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files " +"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these " +"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university " +"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. " +"Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this " +"tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any money " +"from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an " +"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was " +"supposed to do." msgstr "" "men the index ogsÃ¥ inkludert musikkfiler. faktisk en fjerdedel av filene som " "jesse søkemotor oppført var musikkfiler. men det betyr, selvfølgelig, at tre " @@ -3822,6 +4198,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi var nøyaktig hva han skulle gjøre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3837,39 +4214,41 @@ msgstr "" "servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og sÃ¥ " "nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " -". . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " +"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " +"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " "promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"--again, a search engine, which " -"Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which " -"Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to get " -"access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the " -"vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." -msgstr "" -"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe " -"galt.... Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte " -"eller... hva jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det " -"pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥te som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare " -"endret søkemotoren pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ville gjøre det enklere Ã¥ bruke \"--igjen, " -"en søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows " +"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a search engine, " +"which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, " +"which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to " +"get access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and " +"the vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." +msgstr "" +"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " +"Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " +"jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥te " +"som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare endret " +"søkemotoren pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ville gjøre det enklere Ã¥ bruke \"--igjen, en " +"søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows " "filesharing systemet, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, for Ã¥ la medlemmer " "av rpi-fellesskapet for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold, som jesse hadde ikke selv " "opprettet eller lagt ut, og det store flertallet av som hadde ingenting Ã¥ " "gjøre med musikk." +#. PAGE BREAK 64 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " "pay them the damages for his wrong. For cases of \"willful infringement,\" " "the Copyright Act specifies something lawyers call \"statutory damages.\" " -"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per " -"infringement. As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright " -"infringements, they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least " -"$15,000,000." +"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per infringement. " +"As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright infringements, " +"they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000." msgstr "" "men riaa branded jesse en pirat. de hevdet han opererte et nettverk og " "derfor \"willfully\" hadde brutt lover om opphavsrett. de krevde at han " @@ -3879,6 +4258,8 @@ msgstr "" "riaa pÃ¥stÃ¥tte mer enn hundre bestemt opphavsrett infringements, krevde de " "derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000." +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " @@ -3892,17 +4273,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " -"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " -"Princeton. Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was " -"different in detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge " -"demands for \"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you " -"added up the claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United " -"States to award the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total " -"profit of the film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. " +"Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was different in " +"detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for " +"\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the " +"claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award " +"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion—six times the total profit of the " +"film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3914,6 +4295,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre " "sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for Ã¥ avvise saken." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " @@ -3930,12 +4312,13 @@ msgstr "" "mange felt av teknologi for resten av sitt liv. han nektet. de gjorde ham " "forstÃ¥ at denne prosessen av Ã¥ sued ikke var til Ã¥ være hyggelig. (som " "jesse's far recounted til meg, sjef advokaten pÃ¥ saken, matt oppenheimer, " -"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker Ã¥ betale et besøk til en tannlege som " -"meg.\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok " -"hver krone jesse hadde lagret." +"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker Ã¥ betale et besøk til en tannlege som meg." +"\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok hver " +"krone jesse hadde lagret." -#. PAGE BREAK 65 +#. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3947,7 +4330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "jesse's familie ble irritert pÃ¥ disse pÃ¥standene. de ønsket Ã¥ kjempe. men " "jesse's onkel arbeidet for Ã¥ utdanne familien om natur av den amerikanske " -"juridiske systemet. Jesse kunne bekjempe riaa. han kan selv vinne. men " +"juridiske systemet. Jesse kunne bekjempe RIAA. han kan selv vinne. men " "kostnaden for kjemper en sak som dette, jesse ble fortalt, ville være minst " "$250,000. Hvis han vunnet, ville han ikke gjenopprette de pengene. Hvis han " "vunnet, ville han ha et stykke papir som sa han hadde vunnet, og et stykke " @@ -3958,28 +4341,29 @@ msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" -"Slik jesse møtt et mafia-lignende valg: $250,000 og en sjanse til Ã¥ vinne, " -"eller $12.000 og en bosetning." +"SÃ¥ Jesse hadde et mafia-lignende valg: $250,000 og en sjanse til Ã¥ vinne, " +"eller $12.000 og et forlik." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " -"(27­2042--Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, " -"More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)." +"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " +"the Arts, More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)." msgstr "" -"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) " -"(27­2042--musikere og vokalister). Se ogsÃ¥ nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn " -"en i en blÃ¥ mÃ¥nen (2000)." +"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) (27­2042--" +"musikere og vokalister). Se ogsÃ¥ nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn en i en " +"blÃ¥ mÃ¥nen (2000)." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" -"Douglas lichtman gjør et relaterte poeng i \"kazaa og straff,\" wall street " -"journal, 10 september 2003, a24." +"Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relatert poeng i \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " +"Wall Street Journal, 10. september 2003, A24." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3995,6 +4379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4005,6 +4390,7 @@ msgstr "" "hadde endret noe en datamaskin til en $15 millioner rettssak en aktivist:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4016,6 +4402,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det " "riaa har gjort." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " @@ -4024,69 +4411,72 @@ msgid "" "pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " "message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" -"jesse's foreldre forrÃ¥de en bestemt stolthet i deres motvillige " -"aktivist. som sin far fortalte meg, jesse \"anser seg selv svært " -"konservativ, og sÃ¥ gjøre jeg.... Han er ikke en tree hugger.... Jeg tror det " -"er bisarre at de ville plukke pÃ¥ ham. men han ønsker Ã¥ la folk fÃ¥ vite at de " -"sender feil budskap. og han ønsker Ã¥ korrigere posten." +"Jesses foreldre viser en viss stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. Som hans " +"far fortalte meg, Jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og det samme " +"gjør jeg.... Han er ikke en treklemmer.... Jeg synes det er sært at de " +"plukket ut ham. Men han ønsker Ã¥ la folk fÃ¥ vite at de sender feil " +"budskap, Og han ønsker Ã¥ korrigere posten." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" -msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"pirater\"" +msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"Pirater\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " -"permission--if \"if value, then right\" is true--then the history of the " -"content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of \"big " -"media\" today--film, records, radio, and cable TV--was born of a kind of " -"piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last generation's pirates " -"join this generation's country club--until now." +"permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " +"of the content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of " +"\"big media\" today—film, records, radio, and cable TV—was born " +"of a kind of piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last " +"generation's pirates join this generation's country club—until now." msgstr "" "Hvis \"piratkopiering\" betyr ved hjelp av kreative egenskapen til andre " "uten deres tillatelse--Hvis \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" er sant-- " -"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om " -"piratkopiering. viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, " -"radio og kabel-tv--ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor " -"definert. konsekvent historien er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med " -"denne generasjon country club--før nÃ¥." +"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om piratkopiering. " +"viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, radio og kabel-tv--" +"ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor definert. konsekvent historien " +"er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med denne generasjon country club--" +"før nÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Film" msgstr "filmen" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " -"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 87­93, " -"which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent." +"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " +"87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent." msgstr "" "Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for Ã¥ sette meg til dette ekstraordinære " "historie. Se ogsÃ¥ siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 87­93, som " -"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og " -"patent." +"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent." -#. PAGE BREAK 67 +#. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " "Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape " -"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas " -"Edison. These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the " -"Motion Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative " -"property--patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this " +"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. " +"These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the Motion " +"Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative " +"property—patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this " "creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it " "demanded." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "som en kommentator forteller en del av historien," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4098,23 +4488,23 @@ msgstr "" "en tidsfrist for januar 1909 ble angitt for alle selskaper i samsvar med " "lisens. februar, ulisensiert outlaws, som henviste til seg selv som " "independents protesterte tillit og videreførte virksomhet uten Ã¥ sende til " -"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i " -"full-swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og " -"importerte film lager til Ã¥ lage sine egne underjordisk marked." +"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i full-" +"swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og importerte " +"film lager til Ã¥ lage sine egne underjordisk marked." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " "Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " "posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture Patents Company " -"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of " -"the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by " -"Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast " -"Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of " -"Copyright\" (September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James " -"M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." +"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the economic motive behind " +"both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on phonographs, see " +"Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent " +"and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright\" (September 2002), " +"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and " +"Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> @@ -4127,11 +4517,11 @@ msgid "" "discontinued product supply to theaters which showed unlicensed films, and " "effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film " "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " -"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " @@ -4140,8 +4530,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " -"Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " +"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like Fox. " +"And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " "\"Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and `accidents' resulting in " "loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb " "frequently occurred.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the " @@ -4151,6 +4541,8 @@ msgid "" "prominently, did just that." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 68 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " @@ -4166,10 +4558,12 @@ msgstr "" "delvis fra piratkopiering av Edisons kreative eiendom." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "innspilt musikk" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." @@ -4177,6 +4571,7 @@ msgstr "" "rullebladet industri ble født av en annen type piratkopiering, om Ã¥ se " "hvordan krever en bit av detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " @@ -4190,12 +4585,17 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ tiden at edison og henri fourneaux oppfunnet maskiner for Ã¥ gjengi musikk " "(edison fonograf, fourneaux spiller piano), ga loven komponister den " "eksklusive retten til Ã¥ kontrollere eksemplarer av deres musikk og den " -"eksklusive retten til Ã¥ kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken " -"deres. med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 " -"hit \"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg mÃ¥tte betale for rett til Ã¥ fÃ¥ en kopi av " -"den musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre " -"det offentlig." +"eksklusive retten til Ã¥ kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken deres. " +"med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 hit " +"\"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg mÃ¥tte betale for rett til Ã¥ fÃ¥ en kopi av den " +"musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre det " +"offentlig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Beatles" +msgstr "Beatles" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " @@ -4206,11 +4606,11 @@ msgid "" "that I would have to pay for a \"public performance\" if I recorded the song " "in my own house (even today, you don't owe the Beatles anything if you sing " "their songs in the shower), or if I recorded the song from memory (copies in " -"your brain are not--yet-- regulated by copyright law). So if I simply sang " -"the song into a recording device in the privacy of my own home, it wasn't " -"clear that I owed the composer anything. And more importantly, it wasn't " -"clear whether I owed the composer anything if I then made copies of those " -"recordings. Because of this gap in the law, then, I could effectively " +"your brain are not—yet— regulated by copyright law). So if I " +"simply sang the song into a recording device in the privacy of my own home, " +"it wasn't clear that I owed the composer anything. And more importantly, it " +"wasn't clear whether I owed the composer anything if I then made copies of " +"those recordings. Because of this gap in the law, then, I could effectively " "pirate someone else's song without paying its composer anything." msgstr "" "men hva om jeg ønsket Ã¥ spille inn \"happy mose,\" ved hjelp av Edisons " @@ -4228,17 +4628,19 @@ msgstr "" "Kopier av disse innspillinger. pÃ¥ grunn av dette hullet i loven, sÃ¥ kunne " "jeg effektivt pirat andres sang uten Ã¥ betale sin komponist noe." -#. PAGE BREAK 69 +#. PAGE BREAK 69 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," msgstr "" -"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen sÃ¥ glade om denne kapasiteten til " -"pirat. som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," +"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen sÃ¥ glade om denne kapasiteten til pirat. " +"som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4247,25 +4649,25 @@ msgid "" "Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, " "1976)." msgstr "" -"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings pÃ¥ " -"s. 6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer pÃ¥ patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 " -"sess. (1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, " -"formann), reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski " -"for fulton og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, " -"1976)." +"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings pÃ¥ s. " +"6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer pÃ¥ patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 sess. " +"(1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, formann), " +"reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton " +"og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " -"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " -"it. Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls " -"and deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher " -"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. " +"Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and " +"deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher " +"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4273,8 +4675,9 @@ msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 223 (setning av " "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4282,8 +4685,9 @@ msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 226 (setning av " "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." -#. f7 +#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." @@ -4296,26 +4700,27 @@ msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " "composers,\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and the \"music " -"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one " -"pirate.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put " -"it, in as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, " -"I want a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one pirate." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put it, in " +"as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, I want " +"a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283­84 (statement of " -"Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating Company of New " -"York)." +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " +"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " +"Company of New York)." msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 283­84 (setning " "av albert walker, er representative for auto-musikk perforating selskapet i " "new york)." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4337,10 +4742,12 @@ msgid "" "of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.\" \"All " "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " -"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by " -"statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 70 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " @@ -4349,10 +4756,10 @@ msgid "" "granting the composer complete control over the right to make mechanical " "reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to record the music, " "at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it to be recorded " -"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs " -"possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are " -"free to record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a " -"fee set by the law." +"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs possible. " +"Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to " +"record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by " +"the law." msgstr "" "loven løst snart denne kampen til fordel for komponisten og opptak " "kunstneren. kongressen endret loven Ã¥ sørge for at komponister ville bli " @@ -4365,6 +4772,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre gratis Ã¥ registrere samme sang, sÃ¥ lenge de betaler den opprinnelige " "komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " @@ -4382,6 +4790,7 @@ msgstr "" "Vedtektene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4397,14 +4806,15 @@ msgstr "" "satt av grisham og lov om opphavsrett sier vanligvis du har ikke tillatelse " "til Ã¥ bruke grisham's arbeide bortsett med tillatelse fra grisham." -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " -"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " -"217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " -"Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe " -"Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." +"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. " +"11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 " +"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in Legislative " +"History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. " +"(South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision: hearings pÃ¥ s. 2499, s. 2900, hr 243 og hr 11794 før " "(felles) komiteen pÃ¥ patenter, 60 cong., 1 sess., 217 (1908) (setning av " @@ -4416,18 +4826,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " -"piracy--by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives " -"creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work " -"than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the " +"piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise " +"gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative " +"work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the " "recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of " "value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much " "wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " "its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " -"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on " -"creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4437,12 +4848,13 @@ msgstr "" "det vært ganske en tilhenger av lovbestemte lisensen for poster. som en 1967 " "relaterer rapport fra house committee pÃ¥ rettsvesenet," -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " -"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " -"1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report." +"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March 1967). " +"I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision: rapporten skal følge med HR 2512, huset committee on " "rettsvesenet, 90th cong., 1 sess., huset dokument nr. 83, (8 mars 1967). Jeg " @@ -4452,20 +4864,21 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " -"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " -"half-billion-dollar business of great economic importance in the United " -"States and throughout the world; records today are the principal means of " -"disseminating music, and this creates special problems, since performers " -"need unhampered access to musical material on nondiscriminatory " -"terms. Historically, the record producers pointed out, there were no " -"recording rights before 1909 and the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory " -"license as a deliberate anti-monopoly condition on the grant of these " -"rights. They argue that the result has been an outpouring of recorded music, " -"with the public being given lower prices, improved quality, and a greater " -"choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-" +"dollar business of great economic importance in the United States and " +"throughout the world; records today are the principal means of disseminating " +"music, and this creates special problems, since performers need unhampered " +"access to musical material on nondiscriminatory terms. Historically, the " +"record producers pointed out, there were no recording rights before 1909 and " +"the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory license as a deliberate anti-" +"monopoly condition on the grant of these rights. They argue that the result " +"has been an outpouring of recorded music, with the public being given lower " +"prices, improved quality, and a greater choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." @@ -4474,44 +4887,50 @@ msgstr "" "skapende arbeid, registrere produsentene og offentligheten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Radio" msgstr "Radio" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "Radio ble ogsÃ¥ født av piratkopiering." +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " "purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a radio station. " "Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning attached to a record " -"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing " -"Co. v. Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, " -"\"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and " -"the Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 " -"(2003): 281." +"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing Co. v. " +"Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From " +"Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the " +"Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): " +"281." msgstr "" "se 17, united states code, inndelinger 106 og 110. pÃ¥ begynnelsen av, spille " "inn selskapene skrives ut \"ikke lisensiert for radiosendingen\" og andre " "meldinger purporting Ã¥ begrense muligheten til Ã¥ spille en post pÃ¥ en " "radiostasjon. dommer lært hÃ¥nd avvist argumentet at en advarsel som er " "knyttet til en post kan begrense rettighetene til radiostasjonen. se rca " -"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se ogsÃ¥ randal " -"c. datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke " -"og nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ " +"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se ogsÃ¥ randal c. " +"datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke og " +"nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ " "gjennom 70 (2003): 281." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " -"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright " -"holder) an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio " -"station thus owes the composer money for that performance." +"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder) an " +"exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio station thus " +"owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 72 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " @@ -4533,6 +4952,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeid, akkurat som det lønner seg komponist av musikken for sitt arbeid." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4547,6 +4967,7 @@ msgstr "" "noe for privilegiet av Ã¥ spille sangen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4558,6 +4979,7 @@ msgstr "" "teateroppsetninger av at musikk. sÃ¥ hvis madonna ønsker Ã¥ synge sangen i det " "offentlige, hun har Ã¥ bli din tillatelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " @@ -4577,13 +4999,13 @@ msgstr "" "verdien av madonna's arbeid uten Ã¥ betale henne noe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " -"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " -"performance rights they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily " -"gives the creator the right to make this choice. By making the choice for " -"him or her, the law gives the radio station the right to take something for " -"nothing." +"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. " +"On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the performance rights " +"they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily gives the creator " +"the right to make this choice. By making the choice for him or her, the law " +"gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing." msgstr "" "ingen tvil, kan man argumentere at, pÃ¥ saldo, artistene nytte. i " "gjennomsnitt er kampanjen de fÃ¥r verdt mer enn ytelse rettigheter de gir " @@ -4593,49 +5015,56 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Cable TV" -msgstr "kabel-tv" +msgstr "Kabel-TV" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "kabel-tv ble ogsÃ¥ født av en form for piratkopiering." -#. PAGE BREAK 73 +#. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " "they echoed to their customers. Even when the cable companies started " "selling access to television broadcasts, they refused to pay for what they " "sold. Cable companies were thus Napsterizing broadcasters' content, but more " -"egregiously than anything Napster ever did-- Napster never charged for the " -"content it enabled others to give away." +"egregiously than anything Napster ever did— Napster never charged for " +"the content it enabled others to give away." msgstr "" "da kabel gründere startet ledningsnett fellesskap med kabel-TV i 1948, mest " "nektet Ã¥ betale broadcasters for innhold som de echoed til sine kunder. selv " "nÃ¥r kabelselskaper begynte Ã¥ selge tilgang til TV-sendinger, nektet de Ã¥ " "betale for hva de solgte. kabelselskaper var dermed napsterizing " -"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde " -"noensinne--napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til Ã¥ gi " -"bort." +"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde noensinne--" +"napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til Ã¥ gi bort." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Anello, Douglas" +msgstr "" -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the Subcommittee on " -"Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee on the " -"Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. Hyde, " -"chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " +"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " +"on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. " +"Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv: høre s. 1006 før subcommittee on patenter, " "varemerker og opphavsrett for senatets komité pÃ¥ rettsvesenet, 89nde cong., " "2nd sess., 78 (1966) (setning av rosel h. hyde, formann i federal " "communications commission)." -#. f14 +#. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, general " -"counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " +"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 116 (setning av douglas a. anello, sjefsjurist " "av national association of broadcasters)." @@ -4644,20 +5073,20 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " -"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach " -"of cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National " -"Association of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, " -"\"Does public interest dictate that you use somebody else's " -"property?\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster " -"put it," +"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach of " +"cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National Association " +"of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, \"Does " +"public interest dictate that you use somebody else's property?\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster put it," msgstr "" -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, general " -"counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " +"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 126 (setning av ernest w. jennes, sjefsjurist " "av tilknytningen for maksimal service telecasters, inc.)." @@ -4665,18 +5094,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " -"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " -"for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "igjen, etterspørselen av rettighetshavere virket fornuftig nok:" -#. f16 +#. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " "Artists Television, Inc.)." msgstr "" @@ -4692,11 +5123,12 @@ msgid "" "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, president " -"of the Screen Actors Guild)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " +"president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 209 (charlton heston-setningen, president i " "screen actors guild)." @@ -4704,11 +5136,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " -"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," @@ -4716,11 +5149,12 @@ msgstr "" "men igjen, det var en annen side i debatten. som assistent justisministeren " "sa edwin zimmerman," -#. f18 +#. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision--CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, acting " -"assistant attorney general)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " +"acting assistant attorney general)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision--catv, 216 (setning av edwin m. Zimmerman fungerende " "assistent justisministeren)." @@ -4731,11 +5165,12 @@ msgid "" "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " "extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to " -"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." @@ -4743,6 +5178,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett eiere tok kabelselskaper til retten. Høyesterett holdt to ganger " "at kabelselskaper skyldte opphavsrett eierne ingenting." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " @@ -4761,42 +5197,44 @@ msgstr "" "posten spillere og spilleren pianoer. Ja, kabelselskaper 'd have to pay for " "innholdet som de kringkaster; men prisen de vil mÃ¥tte betale ble ikke angitt " "av eieren av opphavsretten. Prisen ble satt ved lov, slik at broadcasters " -"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene " -"av-kabelen. kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis pÃ¥ en " -"\"piratkopiering\" av verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." +"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene av-kabelen. " +"kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis pÃ¥ en \"piratkopiering\" av " +"verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " -"Expression: Copyright on the Internet--The Myth of Free Information, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#13</ulink>. \"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work " -"without permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\"" +"Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. " +"\"The threat of piracy—the use of someone else's creative work without " +"permission or compensation—has grown with the Internet.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " -"creator--as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product " -"and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable " -"TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. Every generation " -"welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation--until now." +"creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then every industry affected by copyright " +"today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, " +"records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. " +"Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—" +"until now." msgstr "" -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" -msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"piratkopiering\"" +msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"Piratvirksomhet\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " "taking of other people's content within a commercial context. Despite the " -"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is " -"wrong. No one should condone it, and the law should stop it." +"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is wrong. " +"No one should condone it, and the law should stop it." msgstr "" "Det er piratkopiering av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. mye av det. Denne " "sjørøver kommer i mange former. den mest betydningsfulle er kommersielle " @@ -4804,15 +5242,16 @@ msgstr "" "kontekst. til tross for mange justifications som tilbys i sitt forsvar, er " "dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det." +#. PAGE BREAK 76 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " -"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking " -"\"piracy,\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the " -"harm of this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, " -"and the law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in " -"the past." +"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking \"piracy," +"\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the harm of " +"this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, and the " +"law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in the past." msgstr "" "men samt kopieringsfirma piratkopiering, det er en annen type \"tar\" som er " "mer direkte relatert til Internett. det tar ogsÃ¥, synes galt Ã¥ mange, og det " @@ -4822,10 +5261,11 @@ msgstr "" "det sÃ¥ ofte har gjort i fortiden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "piratkopiering jeg" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " @@ -4839,14 +5279,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " -"copy it, and sell it--all without the permission of a copyright owner. The " -"recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year to " -"physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out to " -"one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 " +"copy it, and sell it—all without the permission of a copyright owner. " +"The recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year " +"to physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out " +"to one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 " "billion annually worldwide to piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4858,14 +5299,14 @@ msgstr "" "galt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " -"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " -"years of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We " -"were born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem " -"hypocritical for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations " -"treat as wrong what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, " -"treated as right." +"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. " +"We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred years " +"of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We were " +"born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem hypocritical " +"for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations treat as wrong " +"what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, treated as right." msgstr "" "som er ikke Ã¥ si at unnskyldninger og justifications ikke kunne laget for " "den. Vi kan, for eksempel minne oss at for de første hundre Ã¥r av den " @@ -4875,10 +5316,11 @@ msgstr "" "feil hva vi, for de første hundre Ã¥r av vÃ¥r eksistens, behandlet som høyre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " -"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " -"works. Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the " +"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American works. " +"Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the " "permission of foreign authors were not violating any rule. The copy shops " "in Asia, by contrast, are violating Asian law. Asian law does protect " "foreign copyrights, and the actions of the copy shops violate that law. So " @@ -4887,35 +5329,36 @@ msgid "" "legal wrong as well." msgstr "" "den unnskyldning er ikke veldig sterk. teknisk, vÃ¥r lov ikke Ben Ã¥ ta av " -"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske " -"works. Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer " -"uten tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter " -"reglementet. kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske " -"lov. asiatiske lov beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene " -"til kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. sÃ¥ feil for piratvirksomhet som de " -"delta i er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et " +"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske works. " +"Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer uten " +"tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter reglementet. " +"kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske lov. asiatiske lov " +"beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene til " +"kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. sÃ¥ feil for piratvirksomhet som de delta i " +"er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et " "internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt ogsÃ¥." -#. PAGE BREAK 77 +#. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " -"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " -"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, " -"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." +"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. " +"No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to protect " +"copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, but we " +"will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." msgstr "" "sant, disse lokale regler har, i kraft, blitt pÃ¥tvunget disse landene. ikke " "noe land kan være en del av verdensøkonomien og velge ikke Ã¥ beskytte " "opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi " "tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til Ã¥ ha en lignende barndom." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10­13, 209. The " -"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement " +"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " +"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement " "obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms " "for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing " "countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple " @@ -4951,21 +5394,21 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"144­90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the copyright " -"holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be " +"144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the " +"copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be " "negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual engaging " "in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating were not " "an option.\" Ibid., 149." msgstr "" "for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se " -"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), " -"144­90. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering pÃ¥ " +"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144­" +"90. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering pÃ¥ " "opphavsrettsinnehavers evne til Ã¥ tilegne verdien av arbeidet vil være " "ubetydelig. en opplagt forekomsten er tilfelle der individuelle engasjerende " "i pirating ikke ville ha kjøpt en original selv om pirating var ikke en " @@ -4980,6 +5423,7 @@ msgid "" "otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " @@ -4988,10 +5432,10 @@ msgid "" "taking. Extremists in this debate love to say, \"You wouldn't go into Barnes " "& Noble and take a book off of the shelf without paying; why should it " "be any different with on-line music?\" The difference is, of course, that " -"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to " -"sell. By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is " -"not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible " -"are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible." +"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to sell. " +"By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is not one " +"less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible are " +"different from the physics of piracy of the tangible." msgstr "" "Dette er ofte til stede (skjønt jeg har venner som har kjøpt mange tusenvis " "av piratkopiert DVD som absolutt har nok penger til Ã¥ betale for innholdet " @@ -5000,10 +5444,12 @@ msgstr "" "barnes & noble og ta en bok pÃ¥ sokkelen uten Ã¥ betale; Hvorfor bør det " "være annerledes med on-line musikk?\"forskjellen er, selvfølgelig, at nÃ¥r du " "tar en bok fra barnes & noble, den har en mindre bok Ã¥ selge. NÃ¥r du tar " -"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan " -"selges. fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk " -"av piratkopiering av en konkret." +"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan selges. " +"fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk av " +"piratkopiering av en konkret." +#. PAGE BREAK 78 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " @@ -5011,11 +5457,11 @@ msgid "" "rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide the terms under " "which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want to sell, she " "doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory licenses that " -"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright " -"owner. Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content " -"whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not " -"give people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even " -"if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is " +"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright owner. " +"Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content whether " +"or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not give " +"people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even if " +"the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is " "properly balanced to the technology of a time, then it is wrong to take " "property without the permission of a property owner. That is exactly what " "\"property\" means." @@ -5048,20 +5494,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " -"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " -"for example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The " +"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. " +"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for " +"example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The " "companies marketing both hope the students will become so used to their " "service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become " "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" "Dette argumentet er ogsÃ¥, noe sant. avhengighet-strategi er en god en. mange " "virksomheter praktisere det.. noen trives pÃ¥ grunn av den. Law studenter, " -"for eksempel fÃ¥r du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske " -"databasene. selskapene markedsføring hÃ¥per begge elevene vil sÃ¥ bli brukt " -"til deres tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre nÃ¥r de blir " -"jurister (og mÃ¥ betale høy abonnementsavgift)." +"for eksempel fÃ¥r du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske databasene. " +"selskapene markedsføring hÃ¥per begge elevene vil sÃ¥ bli brukt til deres " +"tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre nÃ¥r de blir jurister (og mÃ¥ " +"betale høy abonnementsavgift)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5072,13 +5519,14 @@ msgid "" "away. If Microsoft fears the competition of GNU/Linux, then Microsoft can " "give its product away, as it did, for example, with Internet Explorer to " "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " -"to say who gets access to what--at least ordinarily. And if the law properly " -"balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of access, then " -"violating the law is still wrong." +"to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " +"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " +"access, then violating the law is still wrong." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 79 +#. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5090,13 +5538,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "dermed mens jeg forstÃ¥r drar av disse justifications for piratkopiering, og " "jeg absolutt se motivasjon, etter min mening, til slutt, kuttes disse " -"innsats pÃ¥ rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke " -"det. Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre " -"ikke innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer " -"i. den bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal " -"ha. ingenting er endret for Ã¥ tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for " -"piratkopiering er flat ut feil." +"innsats pÃ¥ rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke det. " +"Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre ikke " +"innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer i. den " +"bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal ha. ingenting er " +"endret for Ã¥ tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat " +"ut feil." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " @@ -5117,6 +5566,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrepet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5129,6 +5579,7 @@ msgstr "" "piratkopiering." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5141,6 +5592,7 @@ msgstr "" "til kabel-tv, ingen selger innholdet som er delt pÃ¥ p2p tjenester." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." @@ -5150,15 +5602,17 @@ msgstr "" "overleve." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "piratkopiering ii" -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777)." -#. PAGE BREAK 80 +#. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " @@ -5168,7 +5622,7 @@ msgid "" "alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5179,7 +5633,7 @@ msgid "" "with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This " "job usually falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology " "in inventive ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence " -"Lessig, Future, 89­92, 139." +"Lessig, Future, 89–92, 139." msgstr "" "se clayton m christensen, nyskapers dilemma: revolusjonerende nasjonale " "bestselgeren som endret mÃ¥ten vi gjør forretninger (new york: " @@ -5200,14 +5654,16 @@ msgid "" "independently." msgstr "" +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " "Scientist, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures " -"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's " -"Wake-Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at " -"War with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18." +"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's Wake-" +"Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at War " +"with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18." msgstr "" "se carolyn lochhead, \"silicon valley dream, hollywood mareritt\" san " "francisco chronicle, 24 september 2002, a1; \"rock 'n' roll suicide,\" new " @@ -5226,12 +5682,13 @@ msgid "" "service. It boasts over 100 million members.) These services' systems are " "different architecturally, though not very different in function: Each " "enables users to make content available to any number of other users. With a " -"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend-- or " -"your 20,000 best friends." +"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend— " +"or your 20,000 best friends." msgstr "" -#. f7 +#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " "(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " @@ -5243,6 +5700,8 @@ msgstr "" "og eldre har lastet ned musikk fra Internett og 30 prosent har lyttet til " "digitale musikkfiler som er lagret pÃ¥ datamaskinene sine." +#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " @@ -5255,35 +5714,37 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " -"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music--28 percent of " +"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of " "Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey " "by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million " -"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May " -"2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these " -"are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is " -"being \"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of " -"file-sharing networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that " -"they hadn't before." +"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these are not " +"kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is being " +"\"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing " +"networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that they hadn't " +"before." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " -"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " +"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. " +"And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " "calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one " -"might think. So consider--a bit more carefully than the polarized voices " -"around this debate usually do--the kinds of sharing that file sharing " -"enables, and the kinds of harm it entails." +"might think. So consider—a bit more carefully than the polarized " +"voices around this debate usually do—the kinds of sharing that file " +"sharing enables, and the kinds of harm it entails." msgstr "" -"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. noen av det " -"ikke. og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter, " -"beregne faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man " -"skulle tro. sÃ¥ vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt " -"denne debatten vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, " -"og hva slags skade det innebærer." +"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. noen av det ikke. " +"og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter, beregne " +"faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man skulle tro. " +"sÃ¥ vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt denne debatten " +"vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, og hva slags " +"skade det innebærer." -#. PAGE BREAK 81 +#. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5291,8 +5752,9 @@ msgstr "" "fil sharers dele ulike typer innhold. Vi kan dele disse ulike slag i fire " "typer." -#. A. +#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5302,15 +5764,16 @@ msgid "" "would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " "of purchasing." msgstr "" -"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe " -"innhold. Derfor, nÃ¥r en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe cd, disse " -"brukerne bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville " -"faktisk ha kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest " -"trolig ikke ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er mÃ¥let " -"for kategori a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe." +"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe innhold. " +"Derfor, nÃ¥r en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe cd, disse brukerne " +"bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville faktisk ha " +"kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest trolig ikke " +"ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er mÃ¥let for kategori " +"a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe." -#. B. +#. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5328,6 +5791,8 @@ msgstr "" "vil faktisk være ganske god. netto effekt av en slik deling kan øke antallet " "av musikk som er kjøpt." +#. C. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " @@ -5339,9 +5804,9 @@ msgid "" "solid weekend \"recalling\" old songs. She was astonished at the range and " "mix of content that was available.) For content not sold, this is still " "technically a violation of copyright, though because the copyright owner is " -"not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero--the same harm " -"that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records to a local " -"collector." +"not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero—the same " +"harm that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records to a " +"local collector." msgstr "" "Det er mange som bruk deling av nettverk for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold som selges ikke lenger, eller at de ikke ville " @@ -5356,9 +5821,10 @@ msgstr "" "skade er null--den samme skaden som oppstÃ¥r nÃ¥r jeg selger min samling av " "1960-tallet 45 rpm poster til en lokal solfangeren." -#. PAGE BREAK 82 -#. D. +#. PAGE BREAK 82 +#. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." @@ -5368,28 +5834,30 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten ønsker Ã¥ gi bort." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "hvordan disse ulike typer deling balanse?" -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148­49." +msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49." msgstr "se liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien, 148­49." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " -"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly " -"beneficial. Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more " -"exposure to music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not " -"otherwise available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question " -"to answer--and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric " +"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. " +"Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to " +"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise " +"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to " +"answer—and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric " "around the issue suggests." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " @@ -5404,7 +5872,7 @@ msgstr "" "over kabel-tv, musikkbransjen complains at typen en deling er en slags " "\"tyveri\", som er \"ødeleggende\" industrien." -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5416,21 +5884,21 @@ msgid "" "audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a " "survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten " "had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology " -"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, " -"OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October " -"1989), 145­56." +"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, OTA-" +"CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), " +"145–56." msgstr "" "se cap gemini ernst og unge, teknologiutviklingen og music industriens " "business modell krisen (2003), 3. Denne rapporten beskriver musikkbransjens " -"innsats for Ã¥ stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping pÃ¥ " -"1970-tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og " -"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er Ã¥ drepe musikk.\" pÃ¥ tiden digital audio " -"tape ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en " -"undersøkelse av forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere " -"som er eldre enn ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, " -"office of technology vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi " -"utfordringer loven, ota-cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing " -"office, oktober 1989), 145­56." +"innsats for Ã¥ stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping pÃ¥ 1970-" +"tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og " +"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er Ã¥ drepe musikk.\" pÃ¥ tiden digital audio tape " +"ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en undersøkelse av " +"forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere som er eldre enn " +"ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, office of technology " +"vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi utfordringer loven, ota-" +"cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing office, oktober 1989), 145­" +"56." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5438,15 +5906,16 @@ msgid "" "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " "technology for any drop in sales. The history of cassette recording is a " "good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young put it, \"Rather " -"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought " -"it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every " +"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought it." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every " "album taped was an album unsold, and when record sales fell by 11.4 percent " "in 1981, the industry claimed that its point was proved. Technology was the " "problem, and banning or regulating technology was the answer." msgstr "" -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." msgstr "amerikanske Kongressen, copyright og hjem kopiering, 4." @@ -5455,20 +5924,21 @@ msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " "the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers--who did not [stop after MTV came into being]--but had to a large " -"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major " -"labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " +"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " -"in particular, and society in general--or at least the society that inherits " -"the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, the radio " -"industry, cable TV, and the VCR--the question is not simply whether type A " -"sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A sharing is, and " -"how beneficial the other types of sharing are." +"in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that " +"inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, " +"the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply " +"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A " +"sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of sharing are." msgstr "" "men nettopp fordi industrien var galt før betyr ikke det er galt i dag. Hvis " "du vil evaluere den virkelige trusselen at p2p fildeling presenterer til " @@ -5478,6 +5948,7 @@ msgstr "" "skadelig. spørsmÃ¥let er hvordan skadelige type er ogsÃ¥ en deling, og hvor " "nyttig de andre typene deling er." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " @@ -5489,14 +5960,15 @@ msgid "" "little static reason to resist them." msgstr "" "Vi begynner Ã¥ svare pÃ¥ dette spørsmÃ¥let ved Ã¥ fokusere pÃ¥ netto skade, fra " -"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net " -"skaden\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling " +"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net skaden" +"\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling " "overskrider type b. Hvis plateselskapene solgte flere poster gjennom " "prøvetaking enn de mistet gjennom substitusjonsbehandling, og deretter dele " "nettverk ville faktisk fordel musikk bedriftene pÃ¥ balanse. de ville derfor " "ha liten statisk grunn til Ã¥ motstÃ¥ dem." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5506,51 +5978,52 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? rart som det kan høres, data om cd-salg faktisk tyder det kanskje " "Lukk." -#. f12 +#. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording " -"Industry Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#16</ulink>: \"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have " -"fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 " -"in the United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues " -"are down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based " -"on U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone " -"from a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 " -"(based on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" -msgstr "" - -#. f13 +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #15</ulink>. " +"A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording Industry " +"Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: " +"\"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 " +"percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the " +"United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are " +"down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on " +"U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from " +"a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based " +"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" +msgstr "" + +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#17</ulink>." +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</" +"ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " -"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few " -"years. The RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many " -"other causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, " -"reports a more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since " -"1999. That no doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising " -"prices could account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the " -"average price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could " -"also account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, " -"\"The soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You " -"could get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few years. The " +"RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many other " +"causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, reports a " +"more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since 1999. That no " +"doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising prices could " +"account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the average " +"price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could also " +"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, \"The " +"soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You could " +"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 84 +#. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5565,20 +6038,21 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. SÃ¥ledes, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble " "lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " "industry constantly asks, \"What's the difference between downloading a song " -"and stealing a CD?\"--but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I " -"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost " -"sale. But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely " -"clear that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost " -"sale--if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then " -"the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not " -"a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for " -"free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a " -"huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\"" +"and stealing a CD?\"—but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I " +"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost sale. " +"But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely clear " +"that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost " +"sale—if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit" +"\"—then the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales " +"last year, not a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were " +"downloaded for free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then " +"there is a huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\"" msgstr "" "Det er for mange forskjellige ting skjer samtidig Ã¥ forklare disse tallene " "definitively, men en konklusjon er uunngÃ¥elig: recording industry stadig " @@ -5594,8 +6068,9 @@ msgstr "" "og stjele en cd." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"These are the harms--alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " +"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " "industry. What value does it produce in addition to these costs?" msgstr "" @@ -5603,31 +6078,31 @@ msgstr "" "fordelene? fildeling kan pÃ¥legge kostnader pÃ¥ musikkindustrien. hva verdien " "produserer det i tillegg til disse kostnadene?" -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " -"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law--Coming Soon to " -"a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on the " -"Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of the " -"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." +"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " +"Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on " +"the Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of " +"the Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"One benefit is type C sharing--making available content that is technically " -"still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. This is not " -"a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that are no longer " -"commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And while " -"it's conceivable that some of this content is not available because the " -"artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made available, the vast " -"majority of it is unavailable solely because the publisher or the " -"distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense to the company to " -"make it available." +"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " +"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " +"This is not a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that " +"are no longer commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> And while it's conceivable that some of this content is not available " +"because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made " +"available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the " +"publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense " +"to the company to make it available." msgstr "" -#. f16 +#. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " @@ -5642,18 +6117,23 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"In real space--long before the Internet--the market had a simple response to " -"this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands of used book " -"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they " -"buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell this content, " -"even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright owner doesn't " -"get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial entities; their " -"owners make money from the content they sell; but as with cable companies " -"before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the copyright owner for " -"the content they sell." +"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " +"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " +"of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the " +"content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell " +"this content, even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright " +"owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial " +"entities; their owners make money from the content they sell; but as with " +"cable companies before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the " +"copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" +msgstr "Bernstein, Leonard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " @@ -5679,13 +6159,13 @@ msgstr "" "tilgjengelig, gjennom felles deling, uten konkurrerer med markedet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " -"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book " -"stores. Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be " -"stopped, do you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as " -"well?" +"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book stores. " +"Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be stopped, do " +"you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as well?" msgstr "" "Det kan godt være, alle ting betraktes, at det ville være bedre hvis eieren " "av opphavsretten fikk noe fra denne handelen. men bare fordi det kan godt " @@ -5693,19 +6173,21 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandlere. eller sagt pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te, hvis du tror at typen c deling bør " "stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt ogsÃ¥?" +#. PAGE BREAK 86 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " -"sharing to occur--the sharing of content that copyright owners want to have " -"shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing clearly " -"benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, for " -"example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, both " -"free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his publisher's) " -"thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great advertisement " -"for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and then decide " -"whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would be more " -"likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing networks " -"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better " +"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " +"have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing " +"clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, " +"for example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, " +"both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his " +"publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great " +"advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and " +"then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would " +"be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing " +"networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better " "off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" msgstr "" "til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling " @@ -5715,13 +6197,14 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel utgitt sin første roman, ned og ut i magiske riket, begge to ledig " "online og i bokhandlere pÃ¥ samme dag. hans (og hans publisher) tenker var at " "on-line distribusjonen vil være en stor annonse for \"ekte\" boken. folk vil " -"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller " -"ikke. Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig Ã¥ kjøpe den. Doctorow " -"er innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid " -"til Ã¥ bli spredt, er bÃ¥de han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: " -"det er en stor bok!)" +"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller ikke. " +"Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig Ã¥ kjøpe den. Doctorow er " +"innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid til " +"Ã¥ bli spredt, er bÃ¥de han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: det er " +"en stor bok!)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5733,6 +6216,7 @@ msgstr "" "løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d " "deling, sÃ¥ vi mister noe viktig for Ã¥ beskytte type en innhold." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " @@ -5745,6 +6229,7 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være " "utilgjengelig?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " @@ -5769,15 +6254,15 @@ msgstr "" "kunstnere. spørsmÃ¥let er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og " "denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" msgstr "" -"men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? er ikke mÃ¥let bare det " -"du skriver inn en deling?" +"Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke angrepsmÃ¥let " +"bare det du kaller type A-deling?" -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " @@ -5785,22 +6270,23 @@ msgid "" "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</ulink>. For an " "account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, All the " "Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster (New York: Crown " -"Business, 2003), 269­82." +"Business, 2003), 269–82." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " -"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case " -"itself. When Napster told the district court that it had developed a " -"technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing " -"material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not " -"good enough. Napster had to push the infringements \"down to " -"zero.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case itself. " +"When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to " +"block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the " +"district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. " +"Napster had to push the infringements \"down to zero.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5812,17 +6298,18 @@ msgid "" "and beneficial uses they serve, simply to assure that there are zero " "copyright infringements caused by p2p." msgstr "" -"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, sÃ¥ dette er en krig mot " -"fildelings-teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. Det er " -"ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i " -"samsvar med loven, noe mer enn det er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ sikre at 100 prosent av " -"videospillere eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av " -"hÃ¥ndvÃ¥pen brukes i overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null " -"p2p. EFTA-domstolens avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn mÃ¥ miste " -"fordelene med p2p, selv for den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener " -"bare for Ã¥ sikre at det er null opphavsrett infringements forÃ¥rsaket av p2p." +"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, sÃ¥ dette er en krig mot fildelings-" +"teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. Det er ingen mÃ¥te " +"Ã¥ sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i samsvar med " +"loven, noe mer enn det er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ sikre at 100 prosent av videospillere " +"eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av hÃ¥ndvÃ¥pen brukes i " +"overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null p2p. EFTA-domstolens " +"avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn mÃ¥ miste fordelene med p2p, selv for " +"den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener bare for Ã¥ sikre at det er " +"null opphavsrett infringements forÃ¥rsaket av p2p." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5839,6 +6326,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen " "ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " @@ -5854,14 +6342,14 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥, som vi har sett, nÃ¥r \"mekaniske reproduksjon\" truet interessene til " "komponister, Kongressen balansert rettigheter mot interessene til " "musikkindustrien. det tildelt rights composers, men ogsÃ¥ artistene: " -"komponister var Ã¥ bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av " -"Kongressen. men nÃ¥r radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av " -"disse artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" " -"ikke var blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har Ã¥ betale dem for " -"kreativitet det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte " -"fordel var nok." +"komponister var Ã¥ bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av Kongressen. " +"men nÃ¥r radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av disse " +"artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" ikke var " +"blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har Ã¥ betale dem for kreativitet " +"det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte fordel var nok." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5875,21 +6363,22 @@ msgstr "" "av loven. den likeledes ga kabelselskaper rettigheten til innholdet, sÃ¥ " "lenge de betalte lovbestemte pris." -#. PAGE BREAK 88 +#. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " -"served two important goals--indeed, the two central goals of any copyright " -"legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have the " -"freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured " -"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was " -"distributed. One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay " -"copyright holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright " -"holders associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this " -"new technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use " -"broadcasters' content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized " -"cable. Thus Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without " -"giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." +"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " +"copyright legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have " +"the freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured " +"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. " +"One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright " +"holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders " +"associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new " +"technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' " +"content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus " +"Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without giving the past " +"(broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." msgstr "" "denne sÃ¥rbarheten, som kompromiss som pÃ¥virker poster og spilleren pianoer, " "servert to viktige mÃ¥l--faktisk to sentrale mÃ¥lene noen opphavsrett " @@ -5900,10 +6389,11 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett hva de krevde for innholdet, og deretter rettighetshavere som er " "tilknyttet broadcasters ville bruke sin makt for Ã¥ undertrykke denne nye " "teknologien, kabel. men hvis Kongressen hadde tillatt kabelen til bruk " -"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte " -"kabel. Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten " -"Ã¥ gi siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." +"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte kabel. " +"Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten Ã¥ gi " +"siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " @@ -5928,6 +6418,8 @@ msgstr "" "drar nytte av opphavsretten til sine kunder. Det bør derfor disney og " "universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse." +#. PAGE BREAK 89 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " @@ -5943,19 +6435,20 @@ msgid "" "wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose." msgstr "" "Det var noe til disney's og universal's krav. Sony bestemmer deg for Ã¥ " -"utforme sin maskin for Ã¥ gjøre det svært enkelt Ã¥ spille inn " -"TV-programmer. Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre " -"enhver direkte kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har " -"bygget maskinen for Ã¥ kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" " -"signal pÃ¥ linjen. Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi " -"noen tillatelse til Ã¥ kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil " -"flertallet av viser ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne " -"Ã¥penbare preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system Ã¥ minimere muligheten " -"for brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og " +"utforme sin maskin for Ã¥ gjøre det svært enkelt Ã¥ spille inn TV-programmer. " +"Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre enhver direkte " +"kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har bygget maskinen " +"for Ã¥ kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" signal pÃ¥ linjen. " +"Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi noen tillatelse til " +"Ã¥ kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil flertallet av viser " +"ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne Ã¥penbare " +"preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system Ã¥ minimere muligheten for " +"brudd pÃ¥ opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og " "universal ønsket Ã¥ holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt." -#. f18 +#. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5967,22 +6460,25 @@ msgstr "" "(vitnesbyrd om jack valenti, president, motion picture association of " "america, inc.)." -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475." -#. f20 +#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, " -"(C.D. Cal., 1979)." +"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C." +"D. Cal., 1979)." msgstr "" -"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 " -"f. supp. 429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." +"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. " +"429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." -#. f21 +#. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." @@ -5996,25 +6492,27 @@ msgid "" "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " "these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of `tapeworms,' " "eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the " -"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and " -"creative judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on " -"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings " -"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this " -"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common " -"sense.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would " -"later show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " -"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> --a use the Court would later " -"hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means " -"of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to " -"compensate copyright owners,\" Valenti testified, Congress would \"take from " -"the owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive right to " -"control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and thereby profit " -"from its reproduction.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. f22 +"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative " +"judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on the after-" +"theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will " +"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It " +"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later " +"show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " +"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would " +"later hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the " +"means of an exemption from copyright infringementwithout creating a " +"mechanism to compensate copyrightowners,\" Valenti testified, Congress would " +"\"take from the owners the very essence of their property: the exclusive " +"right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it and " +"thereby profit from its reproduction.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " "Cir. 1981)." @@ -6026,17 +6524,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " -"its jurisdiction--leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, " -"refers to it as the \"Hollywood Circuit\"--held that Sony would be liable " -"for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under the " -"Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology--which Jack Valenti " -"had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry\" (worse " -"yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film industry)--was " -"an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"its jurisdiction—leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, " +"refers to it as the \"Hollywood Circuit\"—held that Sony would be " +"liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under " +"the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology—which Jack " +"Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry" +"\" (worse yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film " +"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 90 +#. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6046,8 +6546,9 @@ msgstr "" "domstolen klart uttrykte sin forstÃ¥else av nÃ¥r og om domstoler bør " "intervenere i slike konflikter. som domstol skrev," -#. f23 +#. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " "(1984)." @@ -6061,61 +6562,70 @@ msgid "" "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " "copyrighted materials. Congress has the constitutional authority and the " "institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of " -"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new " -"technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " -"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this " -"\"taking\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is " -"clear:" +"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this \"taking" +"\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is clear:" msgstr "" "Kongressen ble bedt om Ã¥ svare pÃ¥ den Høyesterett beslutningen. men som med " -"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert " -"forespørselen. Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, " -"denne \"tar\" til tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et " -"mønster er klart:" +"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert forespørselen. " +"Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, denne \"tar\" til " +"tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Table" msgstr "tabell" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CASE" msgstr "tilfelle" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "Svar til domstolene" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Recordings" msgstr "innspillinger" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Composers" msgstr "komponister" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "No protection" msgstr "ingen beskyttelse" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "lovbestemte lisens" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "artister" @@ -6124,22 +6634,26 @@ msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Nothing" msgstr "ingenting" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "TV-stasjoner" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "VCR" msgstr "VCR" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Film creators" msgstr "filmen skaperne" -#. f24 +#. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6148,22 +6662,22 @@ msgid "" "regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress " "imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the " "technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the " -"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 " -"U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the " +"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U." +"S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the " "opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, Future, " "71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,\" University of " -"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 293­96." +"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 293–96." msgstr "" "disse er de viktigste forekomstene i vÃ¥r historie, men det finnes andre " "tilfeller ogsÃ¥. teknologi for digital audio tape (dat), for eksempel var " -"regulert av Kongressen for Ã¥ minimere risikoen for " -"piratkopiering. rettsmiddel Kongressen pÃ¥lagt belaster dat produsenter, " -"taxing bÃ¥nd salg og kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem " -"innspillingen act av 1992 (tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 " -"stat. 4237, kodifisert pÃ¥ 17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke " -"eliminere muligheten gratis ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se " -"lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se ogsÃ¥ datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget " -"kringkasting,\" university of chicago lov gjennomgÃ¥ 70 (2003): 293­96." +"regulert av Kongressen for Ã¥ minimere risikoen for piratkopiering. " +"rettsmiddel Kongressen pÃ¥lagt belaster dat produsenter, taxing bÃ¥nd salg og " +"kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem innspillingen act av 1992 " +"(tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 stat. 4237, kodifisert pÃ¥ " +"17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke eliminere muligheten gratis " +"ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se ogsÃ¥ " +"datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget kringkasting,\" university of chicago " +"lov gjennomgÃ¥ 70 (2003): 293­96." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -6173,6 +6687,8 @@ msgid "" "ride\" on someone else's work." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 91 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " @@ -6190,10 +6706,11 @@ msgstr "" "hans copyright opprettet. i alle tilfeller klaget opphavsrett eierne av " "\"piratkopiering.\" i alle tilfeller, Kongressen handlet for Ã¥ gjenkjenne " "noen av legitimitet i virkemÃ¥ten til den \"pirater.\" i hvert tilfelle " -"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for Ã¥ dra nytte av innhold gjort " -"før. det balansert interesser pÃ¥ spill." +"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for Ã¥ dra nytte av innhold gjort før. " +"det balansert interesser pÃ¥ spill." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6214,9 +6731,11 @@ msgstr "" "hver cover band som har til Ã¥ ansette en advokat for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ " "registrere en sang?" -#. f25 +#. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, (1984)." @@ -6234,23 +6753,24 @@ msgid "" "facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " -"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " -"vs. wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not " -"become a tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law " -"become a tool to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more " -"accurately, distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last " -"chapter of this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow " -"the market to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute " -"content. This will require changes in the law, at least in the " -"interim. These changes should be designed to balance the protection of the " -"law against the strong public interest that innovation continue." +"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires vs. " +"wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not become a " +"tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law become a tool " +"to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more accurately, " +"distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last chapter of " +"this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow the market " +"to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute content. This " +"will require changes in the law, at least in the interim. These changes " +"should be designed to balance the protection of the law against the strong " +"public interest that innovation continue." msgstr "" "Vi bør gjøre samme i dag. teknologien for Internett endrer seg raskt. endrer " -"mÃ¥ten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trÃ¥dløs) svært " -"raskt. ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra " +"mÃ¥ten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trÃ¥dløs) svært raskt. " +"ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra " "artister. men heller ikke bør loven bli et verktøy for Ã¥ innarbeide en " "bestemte mÃ¥ten hvilke artister (eller mer nøyaktig, distributører) fÃ¥r " "betalt. som jeg beskriver i noen detalj i det siste kapitlet i denne boken, " @@ -6260,6 +6780,8 @@ msgstr "" "utformet for Ã¥ balansere beskyttelsen av loven mot sterk offentlig interesse " "at innovasjon fortsette." +#. f26 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " @@ -6286,6 +6808,7 @@ msgid "" "good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " @@ -6294,12 +6817,13 @@ msgstr "" "\"det er vÃ¥r eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ " "samme mÃ¥te som en annen egenskap er beskyttet." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" -msgstr "egenskapen" +msgstr "\"Eiendom\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 94 +#. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -6311,15 +6835,16 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten til Ã¥ holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner " "tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan fÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " -"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very " -"odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in " -"your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, " -"you don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to " -"put a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying " +"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very odd. " +"I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your " +"backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you " +"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put " +"a picnic table in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying " "a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" "men i vanlig sprÃ¥k, Ã¥ ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt " @@ -6331,13 +6856,13 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel skal sears, kjøpe en tabell, og sette det i min bakgÃ¥rd? Hva er det " "jeg tar deretter?" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " -"Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333­34." +"Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." msgstr "" "brev fra thomas jefferson til isaac mcpherson (13 august 1813) i skrifter av " "thomas jefferson, vol. 6 (andrew a. lipscomb og albert ellery bergh, Red., " @@ -6347,17 +6872,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " -"ordinary case--indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow range " -"of exceptions--ideas released to the world are free. I don't take anything " -"from you when I copy the way you dress--though I might seem weird if I did " -"it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. Instead, as Thomas " -"Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the way someone else " -"dresses), \"He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself " -"without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light " -"without darkening me.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"ordinary case—indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow " +"range of exceptions—ideas released to the world are free. I don't take " +"anything from you when I copy the way you dress—though I might seem " +"weird if I did it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. " +"Instead, as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the " +"way someone else dresses), \"He who receives an idea from me, receives " +"instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at " +"mine, receives light without darkening me.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6369,6 +6896,8 @@ msgstr "" "loven sier du ikke kan ta min ide eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven " "blir immaterielle eiendom." +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " @@ -6383,27 +6912,28 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrettigheter immaterielle. egenskapen rett er ganske enkelt en " "rettighet som en person har mot verden Ã¥ gjøre eller ikke gjøre visse ting " "som kan eller ikke kan koble til et fysisk objekt. høyre selv er " -"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er " -"varige. se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? Ã¥ sette dem tilbake " -"sammen,\"-arizona lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." +"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er varige. " +"se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? Ã¥ sette dem tilbake sammen,\"-arizona " +"lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other " -"words--matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " +"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " +"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " "intangible into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its " "proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " "property\" in context. Where did the idea come from? What are its limits? " "How does it function in practice? After these stories, the significance of " -"this true statement--\"copyright material is property\"-- will be a bit more " -"clear, and its implications will be revealed as quite different from the " -"implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw." +"this true statement—\"copyright material is property\"— will be " +"a bit more clear, and its implications will be revealed as quite different " +"from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw." msgstr "" "min strategi for Ã¥ gjøre dette vil være det samme som min strategi i den " "foregÃ¥ende delen. Jeg tilbyr fire historier Ã¥ hjelpe sette ideen om " @@ -6416,7 +6946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" -msgstr "kapittel seks: grunnleggerne" +msgstr "Kapittel seks: Grunnleggerne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -6438,7 +6968,7 @@ msgstr "" "kilden. Jeg overheard en gang noen kommentere kenneth branagh tilpasning av " "henry v: \"Jeg likte det, men shakespeare er sÃ¥ full av clichés.\"" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6448,42 +6978,43 @@ msgid "" "Juliet, he published an astonishing array of works that still remain at the " "heart of the English canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben " "Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, " -"Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424­31." +"Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgstr "" "Jacob tonson er vanligvis husket for hans assosiasjoner med fremtredende " "1700-tallet litterære figurer, spesielt john dryden, og for hans kjekk " -"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, " -"utga en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den " -"engelske canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john " -"milton, og john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob " -"tonson, bokhandel,\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 424­31." +"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, utga " +"en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den engelske " +"canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john milton, og " +"john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob tonson, bokhandel," +"\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 424­31." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " -"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151­52." +"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." msgstr "" "Lyman rokke patterson, copyright i historisk perspektiv (nashville: " "vanderbilt university press, 1968), 151­52." -#. PAGE BREAK 97 +#. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the " -"\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive " -"right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group " -"of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who " -"controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger " -"claimed a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had " -"acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could " -"publish copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the " -"classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper " -"editions was eliminated." +"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-" +"right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right of " +"a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called " +"the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled " +"bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a " +"perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired from " +"authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish copies of " +"a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus " +"kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." msgstr "" +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " @@ -6500,17 +7031,18 @@ msgid "" "\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all " "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once " "if the author was alive, and that all works already published by 1710 would " -"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have " -"been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under " -"Tonson's control in 1774?" +"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in " +"1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control " +"in 1774?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " -"was--indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of Anne, " -"there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last law " +"was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " +"Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last law " "regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in 1695. That " "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier " "for the Crown to control what was published. But after it expired, there " @@ -6526,6 +7058,7 @@ msgstr "" "positiv lov som sa at det hadde en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut bøker i " "utgivere, eller \"stationers\"." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " @@ -6548,15 +7081,17 @@ msgstr "" "etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, " "uavhengig av lovverket positiv." +#. PAGE BREAK 98 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " -"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " -"publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and " -"exporting books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the " -"Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give " -"them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in " -"the Statute of Anne." +"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. " +"The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and exporting " +"books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the Conger, which " +"reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give them exclusive " +"control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of " +"Anne." msgstr "" "Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig til utgivere eller \"bokhandlere,\" som de ble " "kalt, fordi det var økende konkurransen fra utenlandske utgivere. Skottland, " @@ -6565,6 +7100,7 @@ msgstr "" "parlamentet pass en lov til Ã¥ igjen gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over " "publisering. som krever til slutt resulterte i Vedtektene for anne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " @@ -6582,6 +7118,7 @@ msgstr "" "av alle. eller sÃ¥ legislature antas Ã¥ ha trodd." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6591,6 +7128,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense eneretten? ikke hvorfor ville de begrenser den til den bestemte " "limit de satt, men hvorfor ville begrense retten til alle?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " @@ -6613,16 +7151,19 @@ msgstr "" "uten hans, eller hans eiendom, tillatelse? Hva grunn er der for Ã¥ tillate at " "noen andre \"stjele\" Shakespeares arbeid?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " -"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " -"Anne. Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\"" +"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. " +"Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\"" msgstr "" "svaret kommer i to deler. Først mÃ¥ vi se noe spesielt med oppfatningen av " "\"copyright\" som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet for Vedtektene for anne. andre, har " "vi Ã¥ se noe viktig om \"bokhandlere.\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 99 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " @@ -6647,6 +7188,7 @@ msgstr "" "til eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, " "eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ utføre, og sÃ¥ videre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " @@ -6654,8 +7196,8 @@ msgid "" "was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the permission of " "the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, " "about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, " -"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The " -"\"copy-right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but " +"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The \"copy-" +"right\" was only an exclusive right to print—no less, of course, but " "also no more." msgstr "" "sÃ¥, for eksempel, selv om opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var " @@ -6667,18 +7209,19 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut--ikke desto mindre, selvfølgelig, men ogsÃ¥ " "ikke mer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " "\"exclusive rights\" granted by the Crown. The English had fought a civil " -"war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies--especially " -"monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII granted a patent " -"to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print playing cards. The " -"English Parliament began to fight back against this power of the Crown. In " -"1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to patents " -"for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with the " -"growing monopoly in publishing." +"war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies—" +"especially monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII " +"granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print playing " +"cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this power of the " +"Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to " +"patents for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with " +"the growing monopoly in publishing." msgstr "" "selv det begrensede riktig ble sett med skepsis av britene. de hadde hatt en " "lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett\" " @@ -6691,6 +7234,7 @@ msgstr "" "1710, parlamentet var ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende monopolet i " "publisering." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " @@ -6705,12 +7249,13 @@ msgstr "" "sett pÃ¥ som en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (men overbevisende " "pÃ¥standen om at \"det er min eiendom, og jeg skulle ha det evig,\" prøve lød " "overbevisende nÃ¥r ytre, \"det er min monopol, og jeg skulle ha det evig.\") " -"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ lenge det dratt av " -"samfunnet. britene sÃ¥ skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har " -"vedtatt en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." +"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ lenge det dratt av samfunnet. " +"britene sÃ¥ skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har vedtatt en lov " +"for Ã¥ stoppe dem." -#. f4 +#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." @@ -6720,20 +7265,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " -"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " -"Booksellers sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as " -"harmless in seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were " -"increasingly seen as monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's " -"repression, selling the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a " -"monopoly profit. The attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton " -"described them as \"old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of " -"book-selling\"; they were \"men who do not therefore labour in an honest " -"profession to which learning is indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. " +"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " +"sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in " +"seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as " +"monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the Crown's repression, selling " +"the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The " +"attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as \"old " +"patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men " +"who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to which learning is " +"indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6748,6 +7293,7 @@ msgstr "" "forstyrrer at ideen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6769,6 +7315,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse mellom utgivere, og dermed konstruksjon og spredning av kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6786,6 +7333,7 @@ msgstr "" "var ikke nok, de sa; de trengte mer tid." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6793,8 +7341,9 @@ msgstr "" "parlamentet avviste forespørsler. som en pamphleteer sa, i ord som echo i " "dag," -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6822,6 +7371,7 @@ msgid "" "private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " @@ -6849,35 +7399,35 @@ msgstr "" "selv om sine Vedtektene for anne copyright hadde gÃ¥tt ut. Dette, de hevdet, " "var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfattere." -#. f6 +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37­48." +"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." msgstr "" -"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig " -"bruk\" vanderbilt lov gÃ¥ gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk " -"overbevisende-konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 37­48." +"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig bruk\" " +"vanderbilt lov gÃ¥ gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk overbevisende-" +"konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 37­48." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " -"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " -". . . had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for " -"cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't " -"care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly " -"profit that the author's work gave." +"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . " +"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat " +"for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the " +"author's work gave." msgstr "" -#. f7 +#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " -"(London: Routledge, 1992), 62­69." +"(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" "Hvis en overbevisende-konto, kan du se david saunders, forfatterskap og " "opphavsrett (london: routledge, 1992), 62­69." @@ -6889,8 +7439,9 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " "92." @@ -6898,8 +7449,9 @@ msgstr "" "merke rose, forfattere og eiere (cambridge: harvard university press, 1993), " "92." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "ibid., 93." @@ -6912,12 +7464,13 @@ msgid "" "publishing house prospered and became \"something of a center for literary " "Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young " "James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an " -"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " "Borwell)." @@ -6930,12 +7483,13 @@ msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " "editions \"of the most popular English books, in defiance of the supposed " -"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he " +"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he " "rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of Anne, " "the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " @@ -6946,6 +7500,8 @@ msgstr "" "donaldson's. en rekke handlinger var vellykket mot \"pirates,\" den " "viktigste tidlige seieren blir millar v. taylor." +#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " @@ -6960,12 +7516,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " -"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the " -"statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a " -"competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the " -"Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the statute. " +"After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a competing " +"volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the Statute of " +"Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " @@ -6986,32 +7543,34 @@ msgstr "" "sedvanerett dermed ga effektivt bokhandlerne evigvarende rett til Ã¥ " "kontrollere publiseringen av noen bok som er tilordnet." -#. PAGE BREAK 103 +#. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Considered as a matter of abstract justice--reasoning as if justice were " -"just a matter of logical deduction from first principles--Mansfield's " -"conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the larger issue " -"that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit the monopoly " -"power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term for existing " -"works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short enough to assure " -"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of " -"time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature " -"from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that " -"we inherited." +"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " +"were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—" +"Mansfield's conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the " +"larger issue that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit " +"the monopoly power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term " +"for existing works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short " +"enough to assure that culture would pass into competition within a " +"reasonable period of time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, " +"Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to " +"the free culture that we inherited." msgstr "" "regnet som et spørsmÃ¥l om abstrakt rettferdighet--resonnement som om " -"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmÃ¥l om logiske fradrag fra første " -"prinsipper--mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den " -"ignorert var større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan " -"man best kan begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var Ã¥ " -"tilby en frist for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til Ã¥ kjøpe fred i " -"1710, men kort nok til Ã¥ sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen " -"innen en rimelig tidsperiode. innen tjueen Ã¥r, parlamentet trodd, " -"Storbritannia ville modne fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til " -"gratis kultur som vi har arvet." +"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmÃ¥l om logiske fradrag fra første prinsipper--" +"mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den ignorert var " +"større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan man best kan " +"begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var Ã¥ tilby en frist " +"for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til Ã¥ kjøpe fred i 1710, men kort nok " +"til Ã¥ sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen innen en rimelig " +"tidsperiode. innen tjueen Ã¥r, parlamentet trodd, Storbritannia ville modne " +"fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til gratis kultur som vi har " +"arvet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." @@ -7019,16 +7578,17 @@ msgstr "" "kampen for Ã¥ forsvare grensene for Vedtektene for anne var ikke Ã¥ avslutte " "der, og det er her at donaldson gÃ¥r inn i mix." -#. f12 +#. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "ibid., 1156." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " -"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " -"Beckett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " +"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " "unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the " "decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. Donaldson appealed " "the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme " @@ -7037,6 +7597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " "attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " @@ -7056,6 +7617,7 @@ msgstr "" "Vedtektene for anne utløpt, fungerer som hadde vært beskyttet av Vedtektene " "var ikke lenger beskyttet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " @@ -7069,8 +7631,9 @@ msgstr "" "Høyesterett. deretter, etter at loven lords stemte, house of lords vanligvis " "stemte." -#. PAGE BREAK 104 +#. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7087,6 +7650,11 @@ msgstr "" "forstÃ¥else av sedvanerett, nÃ¥ en copyright ble løst i en begrenset periode, " "hvoretter arbeidet beskyttet av opphavsrett sendes til public domain." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bacon, Francis" +msgstr "Bacon, Francis" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " @@ -7094,8 +7662,8 @@ msgid "" "argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public " "domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal " "control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " -"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " -"Bunyan--were free of legal restraint." +"history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " +"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint." msgstr "" "\"i public domain.\" før saken av donaldson v. beckett, det var ingen klar " "idé av et offentlig-domene i england. før 1774 var det en sterk argumentet " @@ -7105,8 +7673,9 @@ msgstr "" "inkludert de av shakespeare, bacon, milton, johnson og bunyan--var fri for " "juridiske selvbeherskelse." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "Rose, 97." @@ -7119,11 +7688,12 @@ msgid "" "so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none has been tried " "before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were " "interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary " -"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" @@ -7142,6 +7712,8 @@ msgid "" "devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 105 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " @@ -7156,11 +7728,11 @@ msgid "" "longer be controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market " "does, this free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and " "producers chose. English culture would develop as the many English readers " -"chose to let it develop-- chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in " -"the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive context, not a " -"context in which the choices about what culture is available to people and " -"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the " -"many." +"chose to let it develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; " +"chose in the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive " +"context, not a context in which the choices about what culture is available " +"to people and how they get access to it are made by the few despite the " +"wishes of the many." msgstr "" "\"ødela\" er litt av en overdrivelse. men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ si at " "endringen var dyp. vedtaket av house of lords betydde at bokhandlerne ikke " @@ -7180,6 +7752,7 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r tilgang til den er laget av fÃ¥ til tross for ønskene til mange." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7191,9 +7764,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" -msgstr "Kapittel 7: opptakere" +msgstr "Kapittel sju: Opptakere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -7203,10 +7777,11 @@ msgstr "" "Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har " "vært svært vellykket i Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, og som lærer " "meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for " -"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et " -"middagsselskap. Han var deres Gud)." +"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. " +"Han var deres Gud)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." @@ -7215,6 +7790,7 @@ msgstr "" "fortalte meg en historie om frihet Ã¥ opprette med film i Amerika i dag." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7228,8 +7804,9 @@ msgstr "" "i fatt lounge og i loft belysning. de gjør en perfekt kontrast til kunst pÃ¥ " "scenen." -#. PAGE BREAK 107 +#. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7243,6 +7820,7 @@ msgstr "" "simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av " "det som var spesielt med scenen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " @@ -7259,6 +7837,7 @@ msgstr "" "privilegium gjelder." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " @@ -7266,13 +7845,14 @@ msgid "" "was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, " "the company that produces the program." msgstr "" -"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"tillatelse. Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en " -"halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det " -"vondt? Groening var glade for Ã¥ ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for Ã¥ " -"kontakte gracie films, firmaet som lager programmet." +"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. " +"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en " +"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade " +"for Ã¥ ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for Ã¥ kontakte gracie films, " +"firmaet som lager programmet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7281,19 +7861,20 @@ msgid "" "just confirming the permission with Fox." msgstr "" "Gracie films var bra med den, ogsÃ¥, men de, som groening, ønsket Ã¥ være " -"forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's " -"morselskapet. annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom " -"skutt av filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre " -"sier. Han var bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +"forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " +"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av " +"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var " +"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation--or at least that someone [at " -"Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox \"wanted " -"ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-point-five " -"seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the corner of " -"the shot.\"" +"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " +"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-" +"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the " +"corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" "deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi " "oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering-- eller i det " @@ -7302,6 +7883,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i " "hjørnet av skutt.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " @@ -7316,6 +7898,8 @@ msgstr "" "var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller sÃ¥ senere, ellers " "kalles pÃ¥ nytt for Ã¥ bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt." +#. PAGE BREAK 108 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " @@ -7333,6 +7917,7 @@ msgstr "" "fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7348,15 +7933,16 @@ msgstr "" "en annen film som han hadde jobbet pÃ¥, dagen etter trinity, fra ti Ã¥r før." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " "copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the permission of the copyright " "owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of the Simpsons copyright were " "one of the uses restricted by the law, then he would need to get the " -"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that " -"way. And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set " -"the price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control." +"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. " +"And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the " +"price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control." msgstr "" "Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten " "til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for Ã¥ bruke at " @@ -7367,6 +7953,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥ten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan " "angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren fÃ¥r kontroll." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " @@ -7374,21 +7961,23 @@ msgid "" "episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come see \"My " "Favorite Simpsons,\" then you need to get permission from the copyright " "owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she " -"wants--$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law." +"wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law." msgstr "" "\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " "opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " -"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til Ã¥ komme se \"min favoritt " -"simpsons\", mÃ¥ du fÃ¥ tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " +"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til Ã¥ komme se \"min favoritt simpsons" +"\", mÃ¥ du fÃ¥ tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " "rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun ønsker--$ " "10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av loven." +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " -"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred \" " -"(draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August " +"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred " +"\" (draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August " "2003." msgstr "" "Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at " @@ -7402,15 +7991,19 @@ msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " "4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a Simpsons episode is clearly a fair use " -"of The Simpsons--and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." +"of The Simpsons—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 109 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" +msgid "" +"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole pÃ¥ \"rettferdig bruk.\" her " "annet hans svar:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " @@ -7427,13 +8020,15 @@ msgstr "" "i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ " "noen konkret mÃ¥te. Her er hvorfor:" +#. 1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " -"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " -"sheet\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the " -"film. They take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can " -"grind the application process to a halt." +"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet" +"\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the film. They " +"take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the " +"application process to a halt." msgstr "" "før vÃ¥r filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og " "utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" " @@ -7441,8 +8036,9 @@ msgstr "" "dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe " "søknadsprosessen til Ã¥ stoppe." -#. 2. +#. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7463,13 +8059,16 @@ msgstr "" "selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for Ã¥ forsvare et " "prinsipp." +#. 3. +#. PAGE BREAK 110 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " -". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " -"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless of " -"the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had the " -"bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." +"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law " +"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " +"of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " +"the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" "Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law " "school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at fox " @@ -7478,8 +8077,9 @@ msgstr "" "hvem som hadde større juridiske avdelingen og dypere lommebøker, meg eller " "dem." -#. 4. +#. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." @@ -7488,6 +8088,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi er opp mot en release frist og tom for penger." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7504,11 +8105,12 @@ msgstr "" "praksis har beseiret mÃ¥let." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " -"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " -"publishers' profits against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has " -"matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or not." +"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-" +"century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits " +"against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that " +"interferes with any use, transformative or not." msgstr "" "denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet " "røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for Ã¥ beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot " @@ -7516,10 +8118,16 @@ msgstr "" "forstyrrer bruke transformative eller ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: transformatorer" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Allen, Paul" +msgstr "Allen, Paul" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -7534,10 +8142,11 @@ msgstr "" "of networks." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " -"emerging market for CD-ROM technology--not to distribute film, but to do " -"things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he " +"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " +"do things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he " "launched an initiative to develop a product to build retrospectives on the " "work of particular actors. The first actor chosen was Clint Eastwood. The " "idea was to showcase all of the work of Eastwood, with clips from his films " @@ -7547,11 +8156,12 @@ msgstr "" "voksende markedet for CD-ROM-teknologi--ikke Ã¥ distribuere film, men Ã¥ gjøre " "ting med film som ellers ville være svært vanskelig. i 1993 lanserte han et " "initiativ for Ã¥ utvikle et produkt for Ã¥ bygge retrospectives pÃ¥ arbeidet " -"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint " -"eastwood. ideen var Ã¥ presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra " -"hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." +"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint eastwood. " +"ideen var Ã¥ presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra hans filmer " +"og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -7563,8 +8173,9 @@ msgstr "" "om hans karriere. fordi starwave produsert de intervjuene, var det gratis Ã¥ " "inkludere dem pÃ¥ CD-ROMen." -#. PAGE BREAK 112 +#. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -7578,6 +8189,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin karriere ble brukt pÃ¥ warner brothers, og sÃ¥ var det relativt lett Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tillatelse for innholdet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " @@ -7586,13 +8198,14 @@ msgid "" "done this before,\" Alben explained. \"No one had ever tried to do this in " "the context of an artistic look at an actor's career.\"" msgstr "" -"deretter alben og hans team besluttet Ã¥ inkludere faktiske film " -"klipp. \"vÃ¥rt mÃ¥l var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods " -"film,\" fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde " -"noensinne virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen " -"gang prøvd Ã¥ gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt pÃ¥ en " -"skuespiller-karriere.\"" +"deretter alben og hans team besluttet Ã¥ inkludere faktiske film klipp. " +"\"vÃ¥rt mÃ¥l var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods film,\" " +"fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde noensinne " +"virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen gang prøvd Ã¥ " +"gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt pÃ¥ en skuespiller-karriere." +"\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " @@ -7601,12 +8214,22 @@ msgstr "" "Alben brakt ideen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +msgid "artists" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><secondary> +msgid "publicity rights on images of" +msgstr "" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " -"publicity--rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation of " -"his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, as " -"this chapter evinces." +"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " +"of his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, " +"as this chapter evinces." msgstr "" "teknisk, rettighetene som alben hadde Ã¥ fjerne var hovedsakelig de " "publisitet--rettigheter kunstner har til Ã¥ kontrollere kommersiell " @@ -7622,6 +8245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -7636,6 +8260,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7645,13 +8270,14 @@ msgstr "" "hans resourcefulness som skjult Ã¥penbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted " "alben bare hva de gjorde:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " -"artistic decisions about what film clips to include--of course we were going " -"to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to get " -"the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get his " -"permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him." +"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " +"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to " +"get the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get " +"his permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ vi gikk veldig mekanisk about looking up film klipp. Vi har gjort noen " "kunstneriske beslutninger om hva film klipp for Ã¥ inkludere--selvfølgelig vi " @@ -7659,31 +8285,33 @@ msgstr "" "fyren pÃ¥ bakken som er vrir under pistol og du trenger for Ã¥ fÃ¥ sin " "tillatelse. og deretter mÃ¥ du bestemme hva du skal betale ham." -#. PAGE BREAK 113 +#. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " "a minute, but to reuse that performance in the CD-ROM the rate at the time " -"was about $600. So we had to identify the people--some of them were hard to " -"identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy crashing " -"through the glass--is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And then we just, " -"we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we just started " -"calling people." +"was about $600. So we had to identify the people—some of them were " +"hard to identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy " +"crashing through the glass—is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And " +"then we just, we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we " +"just started calling people." msgstr "" "vi besluttet at det ville være rettferdig hvis vi tilbudt dem dayplayer-rate " "for retten til Ã¥ gjenbruke denne prestasjonen. Vi snakker om et klipp av " -"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen pÃ¥ " -"CD-ROM-hastigheten pÃ¥ tiden var ca $600. sÃ¥ vi hadde Ã¥ identifisere " -"menneskene – noen av dem var vanskelig Ã¥ identifisere fordi i eastwood " -"filmer du ikke kan fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det " -"skuespiller eller er det stuntman? og sÃ¥ begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et " -"team, min assistent og noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." +"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen pÃ¥ CD-ROM-" +"hastigheten pÃ¥ tiden var ca $600. sÃ¥ vi hadde Ã¥ identifisere menneskene – " +"noen av dem var vanskelig Ã¥ identifisere fordi i eastwood filmer du ikke kan " +"fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det skuespiller eller er det " +"stuntman? og sÃ¥ begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og " +"noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Some actors were glad to help--Donald Sutherland, for example, followed up " -"himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " +"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " +"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " "dumbfounded at their good fortune. Alben would ask, \"Hey, can I pay you " "$600 or maybe if you were in two films, you know, $1,200?\" And they would " "say, \"Are you for real? Hey, I'd love to get $1,200.\" And some of course " @@ -7700,15 +8328,17 @@ msgstr "" "hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen pÃ¥ clint " "eastwood karriere." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It was one year later--\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " +"It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" "Det var ett Ã¥r senere, \"og selv da vi var ikke sikker pÃ¥ om vi var helt i " "klartekst.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7718,6 +8348,7 @@ msgstr "" "eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde pÃ¥tatt seg et kjempestort " "prosjekt for Ã¥ slippe en retrospektiv." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " @@ -7735,8 +8366,9 @@ msgstr "" "det er sÃ¥ mange aktører, sÃ¥ mange styremedlemmer... sÃ¥ mange musikere,\" og " "vi bare gikk pÃ¥ den svært systematisk og fjernet rettighetene." -#. PAGE BREAK 114 +#. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." @@ -7744,12 +8376,12 @@ msgstr "" "og ingen tvil, selve produktet var usedvanlig god. Eastwood elsket det, og " "det selges godt." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " -"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." +"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -7757,26 +8389,28 @@ msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " "efficiently, but as Peter Drucker has famously quipped, \"There is nothing " -"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at " -"all.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked " +"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked " "Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " -"made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody " -"really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would " -"have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" +"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " +"Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really " +"thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to " +"go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" msgstr "" "for, som han erkjente, \"svært fÃ¥... har tid og ressurser og viljen til Ã¥ " -"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært fÃ¥ slike arbeider noensinne vil bli " -"gjort. betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen " -"trodde de var noensinne Ã¥ gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du mÃ¥ gÃ¥ klart " +"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært fÃ¥ slike arbeider noensinne vil bli gjort. " +"betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen trodde de " +"var noensinne Ã¥ gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du mÃ¥ gÃ¥ klart " "rettigheter for disse typer utklipp?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " @@ -7789,6 +8423,7 @@ msgstr "" "karriere, jeg tror ikke at vedkommende... skal kompenseres for som." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " "sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " @@ -7806,23 +8441,25 @@ msgstr "" "hver? ville ikke mye mer opprettes hvis den juridiske delen av den kreative " "prosessen kan gjøres for Ã¥ være mer ren?" +#. PAGE BREAK 115 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism--where " -"you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged former " -"spouses--you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't be so " -"daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career and " -"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's " -"career. You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd " -"build in a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it " -"would be a known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes " -"this kind of product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a " -"hundred minutes of film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then " -"you build your budget around it, and you can get investments and everything " -"else that you need to produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred " -"minutes of something and I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a " -"certain number of people are going to hold me up for money,\" then it " -"becomes difficult to put one of these things together." +"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—" +"where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged " +"former spouses—you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't " +"be so daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career " +"and meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. " +"You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in " +"a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a " +"known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of " +"product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a hundred minutes of " +"film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then you build your budget " +"around it, and you can get investments and everything else that you need to " +"produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred minutes of something and " +"I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a certain number of people " +"are going to hold me up for money,\" then it becomes difficult to put one of " +"these things together." msgstr "" "absolutt. Jeg tror at hvis det var noen fair-lisensiering mekanisme--der du " "ikke var underlagt hold-ups, og du ikke var underlagt fraseparerte tidligere " @@ -7840,6 +8477,7 @@ msgstr "" "mennesker kommer til Ã¥ holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir vanskeligere " "Ã¥ sette en av disse tingene sammen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " @@ -7849,13 +8487,13 @@ msgid "" "because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the " "burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and " "get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and " -"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate " -"them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the " -"pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles " -"to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as " -"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a " -"well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and " -"ask, \"Does this still make sense?\"" +"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate them. " +"(Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the pilot " +"purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles to San " +"Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as " +"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a well-" +"trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and ask, " +"\"Does this still make sense?\"" msgstr "" "Alben jobbet for et stort selskap. hans selskap var støttet av noen av de " "rikeste investorene i verden. derfor hadde han myndighet og pÃ¥logging som " @@ -7872,8 +8510,9 @@ msgstr "" "tatt. eller pÃ¥ minst, en frisk-utdannet, regulationminimizing republikanske " "bør se pÃ¥ rettighetene og spør, \"betyr dette fortsatt fornuftig?\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 116 +#. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7883,13 +8522,14 @@ msgid "" "Fairbank, had produced." msgstr "" "Jeg har sett flash av anerkjennelse nÃ¥r folk fÃ¥r dette punktet, men bare et " -"par ganger. Først var pÃ¥ en konferanse av føderale dommere i " -"california. dommernes var samlet for Ã¥ diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg " -"ble bedt om Ã¥ være pÃ¥ panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat " -"fra en l.a. firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, " -"robert fairbank, hadde produsert." +"par ganger. Først var pÃ¥ en konferanse av føderale dommere i california. " +"dommernes var samlet for Ã¥ diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg ble bedt om " +"Ã¥ være pÃ¥ panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat fra en l.a. " +"firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, robert " +"fairbank, hadde produsert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " @@ -7901,6 +8541,7 @@ msgstr "" "var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. dommernes elsket enhver " "minutt av den." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " @@ -7918,6 +8559,7 @@ msgstr "" "i dette rommet?\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7934,23 +8576,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "for selvfølgelig to briljant talentfulle skaperne som laget denne filmen " "ikke hadde gjort hva alben gjorde. de hadde ikke tilbrakte et Ã¥r Ã¥ fjerne " -"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd pÃ¥ " -"loven. Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for " -"dette krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale " -"marshals til tross for. men nimmer var Ã¥ gjøre et viktig poeng: et Ã¥r før " -"noen hadde hørt om word-napster, og to Ã¥r før et annet medlem av panelet, " -"david boies, ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, " -"nimmer prøvde Ã¥ fÃ¥ dommere Ã¥ se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til " -"kapasitetene som gir denne teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nÃ¥ gjøre " -"fantastiske ting enkelt; men du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." +"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd pÃ¥ loven. " +"Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for dette " +"krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale marshals " +"til tross for. men nimmer var Ã¥ gjøre et viktig poeng: et Ã¥r før noen hadde " +"hørt om word-napster, og to Ã¥r før et annet medlem av panelet, david boies, " +"ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, nimmer prøvde Ã¥ " +"fÃ¥ dommere Ã¥ se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til kapasitetene som gir denne " +"teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nÃ¥ gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men " +"du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " -"paste architecture of the Internet created--in a second you can find just " -"about any image you want; in another second, you can have it planted in your " -"presentation." +"paste architecture of the Internet created—in a second you can find " +"just about any image you want; in another second, you can have it planted in " +"your presentation." msgstr "" "Vi lever i en \"klippe og lime\" kultur aktiveres av teknologi. alle bygge " "en presentasjon vet ekstraordinære friheten som klippe- og limefunksjon " @@ -7958,8 +8601,9 @@ msgstr "" "alle bildet du ønsker; i en annen andre, kan du ha det plantet i " "presentasjonen." -#. PAGE BREAK 117 +#. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7979,13 +8623,14 @@ msgstr "" "kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og " "musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " -"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " -"high. Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never " -"made. And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance " -"rules, it doesn't get released." +"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly high. " +"Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never made. " +"And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance rules, it " +"doesn't get released." msgstr "" "alle disse kreasjoner er teknisk ulovlig. Selv om skaperne ønsket Ã¥ være " "\"lovlig\", er kostnadene for Ã¥ overholde loven impossibly høy. Derfor " @@ -7993,6 +8638,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke " "komme ut." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " @@ -8022,6 +8668,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ gi navn til sin egen pris) med mindre han registrerer arbeidet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8033,24 +8680,28 @@ msgstr "" "under denne plan, ville produsere nye inntekter for kunstnere. Hva grunn " "ville alle ha til Ã¥ motsette seg det?" +#. PAGE BREAK 118 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " "announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a \"unique " "filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights " -"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and--with " -"the use of stateof-the-art digital technology--insert Myers and other actors " -"into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\"" +"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and—" +"with the use of stateof-the-art digital technology—insert Myers and " +"other actors into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of " +"entertainment.\"" msgstr "" "i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic " -"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og " -"drøm-arbeider ville arbeide sammen for Ã¥ danne en \"unik filmskapning " -"pakten.\" under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige " -"rettigheter til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye " -"storylines og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og " -"andre aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." +"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-" +"arbeider ville arbeide sammen for Ã¥ danne en \"unik filmskapning pakten.\" " +"under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige rettigheter " +"til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye storylines " +"og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og andre " +"aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " @@ -8069,6 +8720,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥lgrupper, det er mike\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8077,7 +8729,7 @@ msgid "" "is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom " "to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts " "presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and " -"famous--and presumably rich." +"famous—and presumably rich." msgstr "" "Spielberg er rett. filmen prøvetaking av myers vil bli strÃ¥lende. men hvis " "du ikke tenke pÃ¥ det, du vil kanskje savne helt utrolig punktet om denne " @@ -8088,6 +8740,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nÃ¥ et privilegium reservert for morsomt " "og berømte-- og antagelig rik." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " @@ -8099,7 +8752,8 @@ msgid "" "mirror the costs with fair use: You either pay a lawyer to defend your fair " "use rights or pay a lawyer to track down permissions so you don't have to " "rely upon fair use rights. Either way, the creative process is a process of " -"paying lawyers--again a privilege, or perhaps a curse, reserved for the few." +"paying lawyers—again a privilege, or perhaps a curse, reserved for the " +"few." msgstr "" "dette privilegiet blir reservert for to slags grunner. først fortsetter " "historien om det siste kapitlet: vagueness av \"rettferdig bruk.\" mye av " @@ -8115,19 +8769,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" -msgstr "kapittel 9: samlere" +msgstr "Kapittel ni: Samlere" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"--computer codes designed to \"spider,\" " -"or automatically search the Internet and copy content--began running across " -"the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information onto a " -"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's " -"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started " -"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took " -"copies of the Internet and stored them." +"In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " +"\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy content—" +"began running across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based " +"information onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San " +"Francisco's Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they " +"started again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of " +"code took copies of the Internet and stored them." msgstr "" -"i april 1996 fikk begynte millioner av \"bots\"--datakode utformet til " +"I april 1996 begynte millioner av \"bots\"—datakode utformet til " "\"edderkopp\", eller automatisk søke Internett og kopiere innholdet--kjører " "over nettet. side for side, disse botene kopiert Internett-basert " "informasjon pÃ¥ et lite sett med datamaskiner som er plassert i en kjeller i " @@ -8135,6 +8790,7 @@ msgstr "" "igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to mÃ¥neder, disse biter av koden tok " "kopier av Internett og lagret dem." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " @@ -8151,6 +8807,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kopier gÃ¥ tilbake til 1996, og nÃ¥r disse sidene endres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " @@ -8162,8 +8819,9 @@ msgstr "" "gjeldende visning av verden, godkjent av regjeringen, ikke var motsagt av " "forrige nyhetsrapporter." -#. PAGE BREAK 120 +#. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8174,19 +8832,22 @@ msgstr "" "skrevet ut pÃ¥ dato publisert pÃ¥ papiret." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " "content you read before. The page may seem the same, but the content could " -"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library--constantly updated, " -"without any reliable memory." +"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library—constantly " +"updated, without any reliable memory." msgstr "" "Det er det samme med Internett. Hvis du gÃ¥r til en webside i dag, er det " "ingen mÃ¥te for deg Ã¥ vite om innholdet du leser er det samme som innholdet " -"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være " -"forskjellige. Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten " -"noen pÃ¥litelig minne." +"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være forskjellige. " +"Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten noen pÃ¥litelig " +"minne." +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " @@ -8198,8 +8859,8 @@ msgstr "" "fristelsene fortsatt, men. Brewster kahle rapporterer at det hvite hus " "endrer sin egen pressemeldinger uten varsel. en mai 13, 2003, pressemelding " "uttalt, \"stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" som ble senere " -"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" " -"e-post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003." +"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" e-" +"post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8211,42 +8872,45 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " -"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " -"hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's " -"water cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the " +"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember reading. " +"Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your hometown " +"newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water " +"cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the " "newspapers. Those papers probably exist on microfiche. If you're lucky, they " "exist in paper, too. Either way, you are free, using a library, to go back " -"and remember--not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember " +"and remember—not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember " "something close to the truth." msgstr "" -"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gÃ¥ tilbake til Ã¥ se hva vi husker jeg " -"leser. Tenk pÃ¥ aviser. Hvis du ønsker Ã¥ studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa pÃ¥ " -"rase opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan " -"du gÃ¥ til din offentlige bibliotek og se pÃ¥ avisene. Disse papirene finnes " -"sannsynligvis pÃ¥ mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, " -"ogsÃ¥. Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for Ã¥ gÃ¥ tilbake og " -"huske--ikke bare hva det er praktisk Ã¥ huske, men husker noe nær sannheten." +"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gÃ¥ tilbake til Ã¥ se hva vi husker jeg leser. " +"Tenk pÃ¥ aviser. Hvis du ønsker Ã¥ studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa pÃ¥ rase " +"opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan du gÃ¥ " +"til din offentlige bibliotek og se pÃ¥ avisene. Disse papirene finnes " +"sannsynligvis pÃ¥ mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, ogsÃ¥. " +"Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for Ã¥ gÃ¥ tilbake og huske--" +"ikke bare hva det er praktisk Ã¥ huske, men husker noe nær sannheten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " -"it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we " -"have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key " -"is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by " +"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. " +"That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we have " +"a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key is " +"whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by " "collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for researchers, for " "grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." msgstr "" -"Det sies at de som ikke klarer Ã¥ huske historie er dømt til Ã¥ gjenta " -"den. Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har " -"en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gÃ¥ tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte " -"om en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved " -"Ã¥ samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et " +"Det sies at de som ikke klarer Ã¥ huske historie er dømt til Ã¥ gjenta den. " +"Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har en " +"mÃ¥te Ã¥ gÃ¥ tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte om " +"en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved Ã¥ " +"samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et " "fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge." -#. PAGE BREAK 121 +#. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8254,7 +8918,7 @@ msgid "" "reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some " "historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives " "of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of " -"the Internet--the one kept by the Internet Archive." +"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive." msgstr "" "Internett var et unntak til denne antagelse. før internet archive var det " "ikke mulig Ã¥ gÃ¥ tilbake. Internett var typiske forbigÃ¥ende medium. og ennÃ¥, " @@ -8264,6 +8928,7 @@ msgstr "" "det er én kopi av Internett--det ettall holdt av internet archive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8283,39 +8948,41 @@ msgstr "" "2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en " "milliard sider per mÃ¥ned." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " -"material\"--and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" And " -"this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In " +"material\"—and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" " +"And this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In " "addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been constructing the Television " -"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the " -"Internet. While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through " -"television, only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone " -"to see today. Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt " -"University--thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That " -"content is indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But " -"other than that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If " -"you were Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you " -"are just a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it," +"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the Internet. " +"While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through television, " +"only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone to see today. " +"Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt University—" +"thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That content is " +"indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But other than " +"that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If you were " +"Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you are just " +"a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it," msgstr "" "vei tilbake er maskinen bortimot komplett arkiv over menneskelig kunnskap i " "menneskehetens historie. pÃ¥ slutten av 2002, det holdt \"to hundre og tredve " -"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of " -"congress.\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til Ã¥ " -"bygge. i tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere " -"TV-arkivet. TV, det viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye " -"av 1900-tallet kultur ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne " -"kulturen tilgjengelig for alle Ã¥ se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres " -"hver kveld av vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om " -"opphavsrett. innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en " -"svært lav avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" " -"fortalte kahle meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan fÃ¥ tilgang til " -"[arkivene], men hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," - -#. PAGE BREAK 122 +"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of congress." +"\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til Ã¥ bygge. i " +"tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere TV-arkivet. TV, det " +"viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye av 1900-tallet kultur " +"ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne kulturen tilgjengelig " +"for alle Ã¥ se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres hver kveld av " +"vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om opphavsrett. " +"innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en svært lav " +"avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" fortalte kahle " +"meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan fÃ¥ tilgang til [arkivene], men " +"hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," + +#. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8333,6 +9000,7 @@ msgstr "" "materialene er nesten unfindable...." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8349,6 +9017,7 @@ msgstr "" "Amerika?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8362,14 +9031,14 @@ msgstr "" "sikre at en kopi av arbeidet vil være rundt nÃ¥r opphavsretten utløpt, slik " "at andre kan fÃ¥ tilgang til og kopiere arbeidet." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " -"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2­3 (1980): 5; Anthony " -"Slide, Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United " -"States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." +"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " +"Anthony Slide, Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the " +"United States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." msgstr "" "Doug herrick, \"mot en nasjonal Filmsamling: filmindustrien pÃ¥ library of " "congress,\" film biblioteket kvartalsvise 13 nr 2­3 (1980): 5; Anthony " @@ -8381,18 +9050,19 @@ msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " "deposits were made. But the filmmaker was then allowed to borrow back the " -"deposits--for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were more " -"than 5,475 films deposited and \"borrowed back.\" Thus, when the copyrights " -"to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The copy exists--if " -"it exists at all--in the library archive of the film company.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"deposits—for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were " +"more than 5,475 films deposited and \"borrowed back.\" Thus, when the " +"copyrights to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The copy " +"exists—if it exists at all—in the library archive of the film " +"company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " -"originally not copyrighted--there was no way to capture the broadcasts, so " -"there was no fear of \"theft.\" But as technology enabled capturing, " +"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " +"so there was no fear of \"theft.\" But as technology enabled capturing, " "broadcasters relied increasingly upon the law. The law required they make a " "copy of each broadcast for the work to be \"copyrighted.\" But those copies " "were simply kept by the broadcasters. No library had any right to them; the " @@ -8408,8 +9078,9 @@ msgstr "" "dem. regjeringen kreve ikke dem. innholdet i denne delen av den amerikanske " "kulturen er praktisk talt usynlige for alle som ville se." -#. PAGE BREAK 123 +#. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8422,28 +9093,29 @@ msgstr "" "Kahle var ivrig etter Ã¥ rette opp dette. før september 11, 2001, hadde han " "og hans allierte begynt Ã¥ fange TV. de tyve radiostasjoner fra hele verden " "er merket, og trykk pÃ¥ record-knappen. etter 11 september, kahle, arbeide " -"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter " -"11. oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig " -"gratis on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden " -"dekkes hendelsene den dagen." +"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter 11. " +"oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig gratis " +"on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " +"hendelsene den dagen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " "other than Hollywood movies, films that were never copyrighted), Kahle " "established the Movie Archive. Prelinger let Kahle digitize 1,300 films in " -"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for " -"free. Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as " -"stock footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant " -"chunk available for free, his stock footage sales went up " -"dramatically. People could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some " -"downloaded that material and made films on their own. Others purchased " -"copies to enable other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled " -"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the " -"\"Duck and Cover\" film that instructed children how to save themselves in " -"the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the " -"film in a few minutes--for free." +"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for free. " +"Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as stock " +"footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant chunk " +"available for free, his stock footage sales went up dramatically. People " +"could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some downloaded that " +"material and made films on their own. Others purchased copies to enable " +"other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled access to this " +"important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the \"Duck and Cover\" " +"film that instructed children how to save themselves in the middle of " +"nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the film in a few " +"minutes—for free." msgstr "" "Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av " "filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn " @@ -8458,10 +9130,11 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil aktivere andre filmer skal gjøres. Uansett, arkivet aktivert " "tilgang til denne viktige delen av vÃ¥r kultur. vil du se en kopi av filmen " "\"duck og dekke\" som instruert barn hvordan lagre seg midt i kjernefysisk " -"angrep? gÃ¥ til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen " -"minutter--gratis." +"angrep? gÃ¥ til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen minutter--" +"gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8476,20 +9149,23 @@ msgstr "" "alle. derfor finnes det ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ finne dem." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " "to ensure competition in access to this important part of our culture. Not " "during the commercial life of a bit of creative property, but during a " -"second life that all creative property has--a noncommercial life." +"second life that all creative property has—a noncommercial life." msgstr "" "nøkkelen her er tilgang, ikke pris. Kahle ønsker Ã¥ aktivere gratis tilgang " "til dette innholdet, men han ønsker ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ gjøre andre til Ã¥ selge tilgang " "til den. hans mÃ¥l er Ã¥ sikre konkurranse i tilgang til denne viktige delen " "av vÃ¥r kultur. ikke under kommersielle livet av en bit av kreative eiendom, " -"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et " -"ikke-kommersiell liv." +"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et ikke-" +"kommersiell liv." +#. PAGE BREAK 124 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " @@ -8509,6 +9185,7 @@ msgstr "" "hevder, mye mindre kreativitet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8524,6 +9201,8 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskap om vÃ¥r historie. i denne second life, kan innholdet fortsette Ã¥ " "informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt." +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " @@ -8543,36 +9222,37 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " -"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in " -"used book stores without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in " -"libraries, where many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores " -"and libraries are thus the second life of a book. That second life is " -"extremely important to the spread and stability of culture." +"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in used book stores " +"without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in libraries, where " +"many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores and libraries are " +"thus the second life of a book. That second life is extremely important to " +"the spread and stability of culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " -"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these--television, " -"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second " -"life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with " -"Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is " -"nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture " -"disappears." +"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these—" +"television, movies, music, radio, the Internet—there is no guarantee " +"of a second life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced " +"libraries with Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's " +"accessible is nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond " +"that, culture disappears." msgstr "" "ennÃ¥ i økende grad holder noen antakelse om en stabil second life for " "kreative egenskapen ikke true med de viktigste komponentene i " "populærkulturen i de tjuende og tjueførste Ã¥rhundrene. for disse--TV, " -"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second " -"life. for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med " -"barnes & noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er " -"noe annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner " -"kultur." +"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second life. " +"for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med barnes " +"& noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er noe " +"annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur." -#. PAGE BREAK 125 +#. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -8582,8 +9262,8 @@ msgid "" "economics. The market made it impossibly difficult to do anything about this " "ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect." msgstr "" -"for det meste av det tjuende Ã¥rhundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette " -"sÃ¥. det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt Ã¥ samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og " +"for det meste av det tjuende Ã¥rhundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette sÃ¥. " +"det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt Ã¥ samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og " "film og musikk: kostnaden for analoge Kopier er svært høy. sÃ¥ selv om loven " "i prinsippet ville har begrenset mulighet til en brewster kahle Ã¥ kopiere " "kultur Generelt, ekte begrensningen var økonomi. markedet gjorde det " @@ -8591,6 +9271,7 @@ msgstr "" "praktiske effekten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8607,43 +9288,45 @@ msgstr "" "over alle bevegelige bilder og lyd." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " "for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle " "describes," msgstr "" -"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg " -"før. brewster kahles i vÃ¥r historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første " -"gang ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver," +"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg før. " +"brewster kahles i vÃ¥r historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første gang " +"ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " -"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " -". . . and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " -"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " -"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " -"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our " -"history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a " -"different life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the " -"things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of " -"Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing " -"press." -msgstr "" -"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av " -"musikk. noensinne. Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av " -"filmer,... og om ett til to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende " -"Ã¥rhundre. Det er om lag tjue - seks millioner forskjellige titler pÃ¥ " -"bøker. alle disse ville passe pÃ¥ datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette " -"rommet og kunne ha rÃ¥d av et lite selskap. sÃ¥ er vi ved et vendepunkt i vÃ¥r " -"historie. særlige er mÃ¥let. og muligheten til Ã¥ lede et annet liv, basert pÃ¥ " -"dette, er... spennende. Det kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville " -"være mest stolt av. Ã¥ sette en mann pÃ¥ mÃ¥nen, og oppfinnelsen av " -"trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i alexandria." - -#. PAGE BREAK 126 +"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. " +"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and " +"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. " +"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these " +"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be " +"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " +"Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different " +"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things " +"humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, " +"putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press." +msgstr "" +"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av musikk. noensinne. " +"Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av filmer,... og om ett til " +"to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende Ã¥rhundre. Det er om lag tjue " +"- seks millioner forskjellige titler pÃ¥ bøker. alle disse ville passe pÃ¥ " +"datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette rommet og kunne ha rÃ¥d av et lite " +"selskap. sÃ¥ er vi ved et vendepunkt i vÃ¥r historie. særlige er mÃ¥let. og " +"muligheten til Ã¥ lede et annet liv, basert pÃ¥ dette, er... spennende. Det " +"kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville være mest stolt av. Ã¥ sette " +"en mann pÃ¥ mÃ¥nen, og oppfinnelsen av trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i " +"alexandria." + +#. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8653,20 +9336,22 @@ msgid "" "perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand it; some to " "criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create the past " "for the future. These technologies promise something that had become " -"unimaginable for much of our past--a future for our past. The technology of " -"digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria real again." +"unimaginable for much of our past—a future for our past. The " +"technology of digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria " +"real again." msgstr "" "Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekar. internet archive er ikke det eneste " "arkivet. men kahle og internet archive foreslÃ¥ hva fremtiden for biblioteker " "eller Arkiver kan være. NÃ¥r kommersielle livet av kreative egenskapen " "avsluttes, vet jeg ikke. men det gjør. og nÃ¥r den gjør det, kahle og hans " "arkiv hint pÃ¥ en verden der denne kunnskap og kultur, forblir perpetually " -"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke pÃ¥ det Ã¥ forstÃ¥ det. noen Ã¥ kritisere " -"den. noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for Ã¥ gjenopprette siste " -"for fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for " -"mye av vÃ¥r fortid--en fremtid for vÃ¥r fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan " -"gjøre drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." +"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke pÃ¥ det Ã¥ forstÃ¥ det. noen Ã¥ kritisere den. " +"noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for Ã¥ gjenopprette siste for " +"fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for mye av " +"vÃ¥r fortid--en fremtid for vÃ¥r fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan gjøre " +"drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " @@ -8683,16 +9368,17 @@ msgstr "" "noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, " "og andre vil utøve." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" -msgstr "Kapittel 10: \"property\"" +msgstr "Kapittel ti: \"Eiendom\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " -"administration--literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in on " -"Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " +"administration—literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in " +"on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " "the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " "established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " "Washington." @@ -8705,6 +9391,7 @@ msgstr "" "kanskje mest iøynefallende og effektiv korridorpolitiker i washington." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -8725,29 +9412,31 @@ msgstr "" "og TV-programmer i USA: walt disney, sony pictures entertainment, mgm, " "paramount bilder, 20th century fox, universal studios og warner brothers." -#. PAGE BREAK 128 +#. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " "Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a " -"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a " -"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble " -"man. But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high " -"school at the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in " -"World War II, is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered " -"the city in a quintessentially Washingtonian way." +"Southerner—the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a " +"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. " +"But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at " +"the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, " +"is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a " +"quintessentially Washingtonian way." msgstr "" "Valenti er bare den tredje presidenten av mpaa. Ingen president før ham har " -"hatt sÃ¥ stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over " -"washington. som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske " -"ferdigheter til en southerner--muligheten til Ã¥ vises enkle og treg mens " -"skjule en lynrask intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke " -"mann. men denne harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført " -"videregÃ¥ende skole i en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe " -"oppdrag i andre verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. NÃ¥r valenti gikk til " -"washington, han mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian mÃ¥te." +"hatt sÃ¥ stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over washington. " +"som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske ferdigheter til " +"en southerner--muligheten til Ã¥ vises enkle og treg mens skjule en lynrask " +"intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke mann. men denne " +"harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført videregÃ¥ende skole i " +"en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe oppdrag i andre " +"verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. NÃ¥r valenti gikk til washington, han " +"mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian mÃ¥te." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " @@ -8766,17 +9455,21 @@ msgstr "" "redefinere betydningen av \"kreative property.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" -msgstr "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" +msgstr "" +"i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" -#. f1 +#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " -"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " -"Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee " -"on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd " -"sess. (1982): 65 (testimony of Jack Valenti)." +"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. " +"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, " +"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the " +"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 " +"(testimony of Jack Valenti)." msgstr "" "Hjem registrering av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk: hearings pÃ¥ hr 4783, hr " "4794, hr 4808, hr 5250, hr 5488 og hr 5705 før subcommittee on domstoler, " @@ -8786,9 +9479,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " -"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " -"women will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " +"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-" +"charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women " +"will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " "animates this entire debate: Creative property owners must be accorded the " "same rights and protection resident in all other property owners in the " "nation. That is the issue. That is the question. And that is the rostrum on " @@ -8796,34 +9489,37 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 129 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " "\"central theme\" to which \"reasonable men and women\" will return is this: " "\"Creative property owners must be accorded the same rights and protections " -"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no " -"second-class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no " -"second-class property owners." +"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no second-" +"class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no second-" +"class property owners." msgstr "" "strategien for denne retorikk, som strategi for de fleste av valenti's " -"retorikk, er strÃ¥lende og enkel og strÃ¥lende fordi enkel. \"sentrale " -"temaet\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative " -"bolig mÃ¥ substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle " -"andre bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti " -"kanskje har fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." +"retorikk, er strÃ¥lende og enkel og strÃ¥lende fordi enkel. \"sentrale temaet" +"\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative bolig " +"mÃ¥ substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle andre " +"bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har " +"fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " "elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim " -"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of " -"Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the " -"nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of " -"\"creative property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual " -"legal tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly " -"redefined that tradition, at least in Washington." +"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of Valenti's. " +"Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the nation's " +"foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of \"creative " +"property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual legal " +"tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined " +"that tradition, at least in Washington." msgstr "" "denne pÃ¥standen har en tydelig og kraftig intuitivt trekk. Det er oppgitt " "med slike klarhet som Ã¥ gjøre ideen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker " @@ -8835,7 +9531,7 @@ msgstr "" "faktiske juridiske tradisjon, selv om de subtile drar av hans Texas sjarm " "har sakte redefinert denne tradisjonen, minst i washington." -#. f2 +#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8845,15 +9541,15 @@ msgid "" "the right to drive at 150 miles an hour. For the best effort to connect the " "ordinary meaning of \"property\" to \"lawyer talk,\" see Bruce Ackerman, " "Private Property and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, " -"1977), 26­27." +"1977), 26–27." msgstr "" -"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en " -"bunt av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed " -"gir min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, " -"men ikke rettigheten til Ã¥ kjøre pÃ¥ 150 miles i timen. Ã¥ koble den vanlige " -"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan " -"du se bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale " -"university press, 1977), 26­27." +"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en bunt " +"av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed gir " +"min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, men ikke " +"rettigheten til Ã¥ kjøre pÃ¥ 150 miles i timen. Ã¥ koble den vanlige " +"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan du se " +"bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale university " +"press, 1977), 26­27." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8867,6 +9563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -8880,8 +9577,9 @@ msgstr "" "1710. i verden som vil opprette valenti's endringer, vil noen kraftige utøve " "kraftig kontroll over hvordan vÃ¥r kreative kultur ville utvikle." -#. PAGE BREAK 130 +#. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -8899,11 +9597,12 @@ msgstr "" "behandlet rettigheter i kreative egenskapen annerledes fra rettigheter som " "er bosatt i alle andre bolig. de har aldri vært den samme. og de aldri skal " "være den samme, fordi, men counterintuitive dette kan synes Ã¥ gjøre dem det " -"samme vil være Ã¥ svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere Ã¥ " -"lage. kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn " -"perfekt kontroll." +"samme vil være Ã¥ svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere Ã¥ lage. " +"kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn perfekt " +"kontroll." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8924,26 +9623,29 @@ msgstr "" "et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, mÃ¥ vi se " "lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " -"requirement. If the government takes your property--if it condemns your " -"house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm--it is required, under the " -"Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just compensation\" for " -"that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that property is, in a certain " -"sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the property owner unless the " -"government pays for the privilege." +"requirement. If the government takes your property—if it condemns your " +"house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is required, " +"under the Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just " +"compensation\" for that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that " +"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the " +"property owner unless the government pays for the privilege." msgstr "" "forfatterne av vÃ¥r grunnlov elsket \"egenskapen.\" faktisk sÃ¥ sterkt gjorde " "de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis " "regjeringen tar din eiendom--hvis det fordømmer huset, eller kjøper et " "stykke land fra farmen--det er nødvendig, under den femte endringsforslaget " -"\"takings setningen,\" Ã¥ betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som " -"tar. grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, " -"hellig. den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre " -"regjeringen betaler for privilegiet." +"\"takings setningen,\" Ã¥ betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som tar. " +"grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, hellig. " +"den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre regjeringen " +"betaler for privilegiet." +#. PAGE BREAK 131 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " @@ -8960,15 +9662,16 @@ msgstr "" "men svært samme grunnlov snakker veldig annerledes om hva valenti samtaler " "\"kreative egenskapen.\" i setningsdelen gir Kongressen makt til Ã¥ opprette " "\"kreative property\" Grunnloven krever at etter en \"begrenset tid,\" " -"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen " -"\"kreative\" gratis til public domain. men nÃ¥r Kongressen gjør dette, nÃ¥r " -"utløpet av en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over " -"til public domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til Ã¥ betale \"bare " -"erstatning\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever " -"erstatning for ditt land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett " -"uten noen kompensasjon overhodet." +"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen \"kreative" +"\" gratis til public domain. men nÃ¥r Kongressen gjør dette, nÃ¥r utløpet av " +"en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over til public " +"domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til Ã¥ betale \"bare erstatning" +"\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever erstatning for ditt " +"land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett uten noen " +"kompensasjon overhodet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8978,13 +9681,14 @@ msgid "" "arguing for a change in our Constitution itself." msgstr "" "grunnlov dermed pÃ¥ sitt ansikt sier at disse to former for egenskapen ikke " -"skal fÃ¥r de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig Ã¥ bli behandlet " -"annerledes. Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vÃ¥r tradisjon " -"nÃ¥r han hevder at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som " -"hver andre eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i " -"vÃ¥re Grunnloven selv." +"skal fÃ¥r de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig Ã¥ bli behandlet annerledes. " +"Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vÃ¥r tradisjon nÃ¥r han hevder " +"at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som hver andre " +"eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i vÃ¥re " +"Grunnloven selv." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9007,6 +9711,7 @@ msgstr "" "jefferson gjorde det, vi bør, ogsÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " @@ -9020,6 +9725,7 @@ msgstr "" "som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det mÃ¥ " "være et frivare?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " @@ -9042,8 +9748,9 @@ msgstr "" "institusjoner utformet for Ã¥ forsikre at artister fÃ¥r betalt mÃ¥ du ogsÃ¥ " "kontrollere hvordan kultur utvikler seg." -#. PAGE BREAK 132 +#. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9062,18 +9769,25 @@ msgstr "" "støtte eller svekke høyre eller regulering. Jeg representerte det med dette " "diagrammet:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1331.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +msgid "" +"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " +"the right or regulation." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 133 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 133 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " "throughout, we can describe this either as regulation or as a right. For " "simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent " -"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated-- either " +"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated— either " "constrained or, alternatively, enabled. Law is the most obvious constraint " "(to lawyers, at least). It constrains by threatening punishments after the " "fact if the rules set in advance are violated. So if, for example, you " @@ -9092,10 +9806,10 @@ msgstr "" "reglene satt pÃ¥ forhÃ¥nd er brutt. sÃ¥ hvis for eksempel du willfully krenke " "madonna's copyright ved Ã¥ kopiere en sang fra hennes siste CD-ROMen, og " "bokføre det\\/den pÃ¥ weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine " -"er en ex post straff for Ã¥ bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pÃ¥lagt av " -"staten." +"er en ex post straff for Ã¥ bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pÃ¥lagt av staten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9116,37 +9830,39 @@ msgstr "" "hÃ¥ndhevelse." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " -"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms--it is property " -"law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; it is " -"norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, and a " -"background of property and contract law, the market imposes a simultaneous " -"constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." +"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms—it is " +"property law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; " +"it is norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, " +"and a background of property and contract law, the market imposes a " +"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." msgstr "" "markedet er en tredje type betingelse. betingelsen er berørt gjennom " "betingelser: du kan gjøre x Hvis du betaler y; vil du fÃ¥ betalt m Hvis du " -"gjør n. slike betingelser er Ã¥penbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller " -"normer--det er regler som definerer hva mÃ¥ kjøpes Hvis det er Ã¥ bli tatt " -"lovlig; Det er normer som sier hva selges pÃ¥ riktig mÃ¥te. men gitt et sett " -"av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pÃ¥legger en " -"samtidige begrensning pÃ¥ hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." +"gjør n. slike betingelser er Ã¥penbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller normer--" +"det er regler som definerer hva mÃ¥ kjøpes Hvis det er Ã¥ bli tatt lovlig; Det " +"er normer som sier hva selges pÃ¥ riktig mÃ¥te. men gitt et sett av normer og " +"bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pÃ¥legger en samtidige " +"begrensning pÃ¥ hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " -"\"architecture\"--the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on " +"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture" +"\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a constraint on " "behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability to get across a " "river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a community to " "integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture does not effect " "its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as with the " -"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous " -"conditions. These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, " -"or by police punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a " -"500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces " -"this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight " -"to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint." +"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous conditions. " +"These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, or by police " +"punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a 500-pound boulder " +"blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces this constraint. If " +"a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight to New York, it is " +"the market that enforces this constraint." msgstr "" "til slutt, og for øyeblikket, kanskje mest mysteriously \"arkitektur\"--den " "fysiske verden som en finner den--er en begrensning pÃ¥ atferd. en falne bro " @@ -9160,18 +9876,20 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomfører denne betingelsen. Hvis en $500 flybillett stÃ¥r mellom deg og " "et fly til new york, er det markedet som hÃ¥ndhever denne betingelsen." -#. PAGE BREAK 134 +#. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " -"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " -"another. Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another." +"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. " +"Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ det første punktet om disse fire metoder av regulering er Ã¥penbare: de " "samhandler. restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av en kan bli forsterket av en annen. eller " "restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av en kan bli undergravd av en annen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9188,11 +9906,12 @@ msgstr "" "blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) " "mÃ¥ vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " -"speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " -"fast you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part " +"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. " +"That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how fast " +"you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part " "restricted by architecture: speed bumps, for example, slow most rational " "drivers; governors in buses, as another example, set the maximum rate at " "which the driver can drive. The freedom is in part restricted by the market: " @@ -9214,16 +9933,16 @@ msgstr "" "eget og du sannsynligvis til Ã¥ bli straffet av naboene. samme normen ville " "ikke være sÃ¥ effektiv i en annen by, eller om natten." -#. f3 +#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " -"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right " -"self-consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is " -"more timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of " -"Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New " +"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-" +"consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more " +"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace " +"(New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New " "Chicago School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998." msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ beskrive hvordan trenger ikke loven pÃ¥virker andre tre metoder, jeg " @@ -9231,10 +9950,10 @@ msgstr "" "eneste forskjellen er at det alene snakker som om den har en rett " "selvbevisst til Ã¥ endre de andre tre. høyre for tre andre uttrykkes mer " "beskjedent. se lawrence lessig, kode: og andre lover av cyberspace (new " -"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye " -"chicago skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." +"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye chicago " +"skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." -#. PAGE BREAK 135 +#. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " @@ -9246,14 +9965,21 @@ msgid "" "might be used to mandate more speed bumps, so as to increase the difficulty " "of driving rapidly. The law might be used to fund ads that stigmatize " "reckless driving. Or the law might be used to require that other laws be " -"more strict--a federal requirement that states decrease the speed limit, for " -"example--so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast driving." +"more strict—a federal requirement that states decrease the speed " +"limit, for example—so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast " +"driving." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1361.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" + +#. f4 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " @@ -9299,10 +10025,10 @@ msgstr "" "ytringsfriheten, for eksempel fra tyranni av trange sinn, ikke fra frykt for " "regjeringen rettsforfølgelse; John stuart mill, pÃ¥ frihet (indiana: hackett " "publishing co., 1978), 19. John r. commons forsvarte famously økonomiske " -"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pÃ¥lagt av markedet; John " -"r. commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, " -"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), " -"62. amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med " +"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pÃ¥lagt av markedet; John r. " +"commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, " +"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), 62. " +"amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med " "funksjonshemninger ved Ã¥ endre arkitekturen i visse offentlige steder, og " "dermed gjør tilgang til de plasserer enklere; 42 united states code, delen " "12101 (2000). hver av disse intervensjoner for Ã¥ endre eksisterende " @@ -9316,15 +10042,17 @@ msgid "" "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " "particular moment, we must track these changes over time. A restriction " "imposed by one modality might be erased by another. A freedom enabled by one " -"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "Hvorfor hollywood er rett" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9336,38 +10064,43 @@ msgstr "" "domstolene Ã¥ forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne " "samlingspunkt fornuftig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" +msgid "" +"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1371.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." +msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" -#. PAGE BREAK 136 +#. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " "who copy and share content. Those penalties are reinforced by technologies " "that make it hard to copy and share content (architecture) and expensive to " "copy and share content (market). Finally, those penalties are mitigated by " -"norms we all recognize--kids, for example, taping other kids' records. These " -"uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms of our " -"society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this form of " -"infringement." +"norms we all recognize—kids, for example, taping other kids' records. " +"These uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms " +"of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this " +"form of infringement." msgstr "" "Det er balansen mellom lov, normer, markedet og arkitektur. loven begrenser " "muligheten til Ã¥ kopiere og dele innhold, ved Ã¥ angi strafferammer for de " "som kopiere og dele innhold. disse straffer er forsterket av teknologier som " "gjør det vanskelig Ã¥ kopiere og dele innhold (arkitektur) og det er dyrt Ã¥ " "kopiere og dele innhold (markedet). til slutt, disse straffer er mitigated " -"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn " -"poster. disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men " -"normer for vÃ¥rt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med " -"denne form for krenkelse av." +"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn poster. " +"disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men normer for " +"vÃ¥rt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med denne form for " +"krenkelse av." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9376,15 +10109,15 @@ msgid "" "warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state " "of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" -"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p " -"fildeling. nÃ¥ begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør " -"begrensningen av markedet. og som bÃ¥de markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe " -"av med regulering av copyright, normer haug pÃ¥. happy saldoen (for krigere, " -"minst) av livet før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter " -"Internett." +"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p fildeling. " +"nÃ¥ begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør begrensningen av " +"markedet. og som bÃ¥de markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe av med regulering " +"av copyright, normer haug pÃ¥. happy saldoen (for krigere, minst) av livet " +"før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett." -#. PAGE BREAK 137 +#. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9399,10 +10132,15 @@ msgstr "" "rettigheter har gÃ¥tt tapt. Dette er Irak etter fallet av saddam, men denne " "gangen ingen regjering er rettferdiggjørende looting resultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1381.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " @@ -9425,21 +10163,22 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle kode for Ã¥ beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale og (4) lærere " "skal utdanne barn Ã¥ bedre beskytte opphavsretten." -#. PAGE BREAK 138 +#. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed--if it was to preserve the " -"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the " -"Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push " -"for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as " -"an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes " +"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " +"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " +"the Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to " +"push for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have " +"as an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes " "along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no " "hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a " "flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no " "hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus " "(architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to " -"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the " -"U.S. steel industry." +"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. " +"steel industry." msgstr "" "Dette blandet strategi er bare hva copyright needed--Hvis det var Ã¥ bevare " "bestemt saldoen som eksisterte før endringen indusert av Internett. og det " @@ -9454,6 +10193,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringen Ã¥ kausjon dem. NÃ¥r import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stÃ¥l " "industrien." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " @@ -9470,15 +10210,15 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥ten Ã¥ drive virksomhet, eller som john seely brown beskriver den, dens " "\"arkitektur av inntekter.\"" -#. f5 +#. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " -"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent " -"analysis of Kodak's place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can " -"Kodak Make Up for Lost Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." +"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent analysis of Kodak's " +"place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can Kodak Make Up for Lost " +"Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -9486,26 +10226,26 @@ msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " "has weakened a particular way of doing business, it doesn't follow that the " -"government should intervene to support that old way of doing " -"business. Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of " -"their traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital " -"cameras.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the " -"government should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have " -"weakened the freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban " -"trucks from roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the " -"subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened the " -"\"stickiness\" of television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on " -"the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this " -"change has weakened the television advertising market. But does anyone " -"believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? " -"(Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to switch to only " -"ten channels within an hour?)" -msgstr "" - -#. f6 +"government should intervene to support that old way of doing business. " +"Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of their " +"traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital cameras." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government " +"should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the " +"freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from " +"roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the subject of " +"this book, remote channel changers have weakened the \"stickiness\" of " +"television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote " +"makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this change has weakened " +"the television advertising market. But does anyone believe we should " +"regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them " +"to function only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an " +"hour?)" +msgstr "" + +#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170­71." +msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "fred warshofsky, patent krigene (new york: wiley, 1994), 170­71." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -9526,6 +10266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9543,18 +10284,19 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ forespørsel fra de vondt ved Ã¥ endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare " "insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In the context of laws regulating speech--which include, obviously, " -"copyright law--that duty is even stronger. When the industry complaining " -"about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a way that " -"burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially wary of " -"the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into the " -"business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that game " -"are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " +"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " +"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " +"complaining about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a " +"way that burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially " +"wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " +"the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " +"game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " "Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " -"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would " -"\"abridge\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such " +"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge" +"\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— carefully—whether such " "regulation is justified." msgstr "" "i sammenheng med lover som regulerer tale--, og som omfatter, tydeligvis, " @@ -9564,11 +10306,12 @@ msgstr "" "forespørselen. Det er alltid en dÃ¥rlig deal for regjeringen Ã¥ komme inn i " "virksomheten av regulerer tale markeder. risikoer og farer av spillet er " "nøyaktig hvorfor vÃ¥re underskrev opprettet den første endringen til vÃ¥r " -"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til " -"tale.\" sÃ¥ nÃ¥r Kongressen blir bedt om Ã¥ passere lovgivning som ville " -"\"abridge\" ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er " -"begrunnet." +"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til tale." +"\" sÃ¥ nÃ¥r Kongressen blir bedt om Ã¥ passere lovgivning som ville \"abridge\" " +"ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er begrunnet." +#. PAGE BREAK 140 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " @@ -9585,6 +10328,7 @@ msgstr "" "av endringene innhold industrien ønsker." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "Her er til metaforen vil fange opp argumentet Ã¥ følge." @@ -9615,6 +10359,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdifull og sannsynligvis lagret liv, kanskje millioner." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " "whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " @@ -9622,9 +10367,9 @@ msgid "" "the ecology were being destroyed." msgstr "" "men i 1962, rachel carson publisert stille vÃ¥ren, som hevdet at ddt, uansett " -"dens primære fordeler, hadde ogsÃ¥ utilsiktede miljømessige " -"konsekvenser. fugler var Ã¥ miste muligheten til Ã¥ reprodusere. hele kjeder " -"av økologi ble blir ødelagt." +"dens primære fordeler, hadde ogsÃ¥ utilsiktede miljømessige konsekvenser. " +"fugler var Ã¥ miste muligheten til Ã¥ reprodusere. hele kjeder av økologi ble " +"blir ødelagt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -9644,6 +10389,8 @@ msgstr "" "verre enn problemer det løst, minst nÃ¥r de vurderer den andre, mer " "miljøvennlig mÃ¥ten Ã¥ løse problemer som ddt var ment Ã¥ løse." +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " @@ -9652,17 +10399,17 @@ msgstr "" "Se for eksempel james boyle, \"en politikk av Ã¥ndsverk: environmentalism for " "nettet?\" duke law journal 47 (1997): 87." -#. PAGE BREAK 141 +#. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " -"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " -"culture.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I " -"want to develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of " -"copyright are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or " -"that music should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the " -"ways in which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for " -"the cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And " +"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for culture." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I want to " +"develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of copyright " +"are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or that music " +"should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the ways in " +"which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for the " +"cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And " "just as criticism of DDT is not an endorsement of malaria or an attack on " "farmers, so, too, is criticism of one particular set of regulations " "protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on authors. " @@ -9671,6 +10418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -9693,6 +10441,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." @@ -9701,9 +10450,11 @@ msgstr "" "fri kultur som vil være langt mer ødeleggende enn denne mygg, vil gÃ¥ tapt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "begynnelse" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " @@ -9716,6 +10467,7 @@ msgstr "" "property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den " "engelske mÃ¥l Ã¥ unngÃ¥ altfor kraftig utgivere." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " @@ -9723,9 +10475,11 @@ msgid "" "section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:" msgstr "" "makt til Ã¥ etablere \"kreative\" eiendomsrettigheter gis til Kongressen pÃ¥ " -"en mÃ¥te som for vÃ¥r grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, " -"8-setningsdelen i vÃ¥r grunnlov sier at:" +"en mÃ¥te som for vÃ¥r grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, 8-" +"setningsdelen i vÃ¥r grunnlov sier at:" +#. PAGE BREAK 142 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " @@ -9746,6 +10500,7 @@ msgstr "" "og formÃ¥let er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller " "med hovedsakelig formÃ¥let med givende forfatternes." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " @@ -9753,8 +10508,8 @@ msgid "" "few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " -"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to " -"Authors\" only." +"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors" +"\" only." msgstr "" "fremdrift-setningsdelen begrenser uttrykkelig begrepet av opphavsretten. som " "vi sÃ¥ i kapittel 6, ville engelsk begrenset av copyright Ã¥ forsikre om at " @@ -9765,6 +10520,7 @@ msgstr "" "bare." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -9773,10 +10529,10 @@ msgid "" "prevent the concentrated power of a church, they banned the federal " "government from establishing a church. To prevent concentrating power in the " "federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the " -"states--including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected by the " -"states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to select the " -"president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances into the " -"constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable " +"states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected " +"by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to " +"select the president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances " +"into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable " "concentrations of power." msgstr "" "utformingen av fremdriften-setningsdelen gjenspeiler noe om grunnlovens " @@ -9791,6 +10547,7 @@ msgstr "" "struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, " "strukturert for Ã¥ hindre at ellers uunngÃ¥elig konsentrasjoner av makt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " @@ -9805,8 +10562,9 @@ msgstr "" "\"copyright\" i sammenheng: vi trenger Ã¥ se hvordan det har endret i 210 " "Ã¥rene siden de først slo sin design." -#. PAGE BREAK 143 +#. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -9816,39 +10574,39 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi, og noen i lys av endringer i teknologi gitt en bestemt " "konsentrasjon av markedets makt. NÃ¥r det gjelder vÃ¥r modell startet vi her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1441.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "We will end here:" -msgstr "Vi vil ende her:" +msgstr "Vi kommer til Ã¥ ende opp her:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid ""Copyright" today." +msgstr ""Opphavsrett" i dag." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1442.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" -#. PAGE BREAK 144 +#. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Law: Duration" -msgstr "loven: varighet" +msgstr "Loven: Varighet" -#. f8 +#. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " -"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485­86: " -"\"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme Law of the Land,' " -"the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, " -"under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)." +"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " +"485–86: \"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme Law of " +"the Land,' the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by some " +"to have, under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)." msgstr "" -"William w. crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (london: " -"cambridge university press, 1953), vol. 1, 485­86: \"slukke [ing], ved " +"William W. Crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (London: " +"Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485–86: \"slukke [ing], ved " "vanlig implikasjon av\"øverstkommanderende lov av land\", evigvarende " "rettigheter som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen Ã¥ ha, under felles " "lov\" (vekt legges til)." @@ -9859,8 +10617,8 @@ msgid "" "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " "had confronted in 1774. Many states had passed laws protecting creative " "property, and some believed that these laws simply supplemented common law " -"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public " +"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public " "domain in the United States in 1790. If copyrights were protected by the " "common law, then there was no simple way to know whether a work published in " "the United States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering " @@ -9869,6 +10627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -9877,14 +10636,15 @@ msgid "" "all English works expired, a federal statute meant that any state copyrights " "expired as well." msgstr "" -"det usikkerheten endte etter congress passert lovgivning gi " -"opphavsrettigheter. fordi føderal lov overstyrer lovverket strid tilstand, " -"fortrenges føderale beskyttelser av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk noen " -"staten lov beskyttelse. akkurat som i england betydde Vedtektene for anne " -"til slutt at opphavsretten for alle engelsk arbeider utløpt, en føderale " -"vedtekter betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt ogsÃ¥." +"Det usikkerheten tok slutt da kongressen vedtok lovgivning som tildelte " +"opphavsrettigheter. Da føderal lov overstyrer medlemsstatenes lov, " +"fortrengte føderal beskyttelse av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk noen staten " +"lov beskyttelse. akkurat som i england betydde Vedtektene for anne til slutt " +"at opphavsretten for alle engelsk arbeider utløpt, en føderale vedtekter " +"betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt ogsÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -9898,36 +10658,43 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten for en annen fjorten Ã¥r. Hvis han ikke fornye opphavsretten, " "bestÃ¥tt hans arbeid i public domain." -#. f9 +#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " "Book Publishing in the United States, vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry, " -"1630­1865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded " -"before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William " -"J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of " -"1790 in Historical Context, 7­10 (2002), available at <ulink " +"1630–1865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints " +"recorded before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; " +"William J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright " +"Law of 1790 in Historical Context, 7–10 (2002), available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " "overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even " "those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, " "because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was " -"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen " -"years. Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." +"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. " +"Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " "under the federal copyright regime. Of all the work created in the United " "States both before 1790 and from 1790 through 1800, 95 percent immediately " "passed into the public domain; the balance would pass into the pubic domain " -"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen " -"years.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen years." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Selv om det ble skapt mange verker i USA i de første 10 Ã¥rene til " +"republikken, sÃ¥ ble kun 5 prosent av verkene registrert under det føderale " +"opphavsrettsregimet. Av alle verker skapt i USA bÃ¥de før 1790 og fra 1790 " +"fram til 1800, sÃ¥ ble 95 prosent øyeblikkelig sluppet i det fri (public " +"domain). Resten ble fritt tilgjengelig i løpet av maksimalt 20 Ã¥r, og mest " +"sansynlig i løpet av 14 Ã¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. PAGE BREAK 145 +#. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " @@ -9936,13 +10703,13 @@ msgid "" "years, if it wasn't worth it to an author to renew his copyright, then it " "wasn't worth it to society to insist on the copyright, either." msgstr "" -"Dette systemet fornyelse var en avgjørende del av det amerikanske systemet " -"av opphavsrett. det sikret at maksimal vilkÃ¥rene i copyright ville gis bare " -"for arbeider der de ble ønsket. etter den første sikt av fjorten Ã¥r, hvis " -"det ikke var verdt det en forfatter Ã¥ fornye sin opphavsrett, deretter det " -"var ikke verdt det for samfunnet Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ opphavsretten, enten." +"Dette fornyelsessystemet var en avgjørende del av det amerikanske systemet " +"for opphavsrett. Det sikret at maksimal vernetid i opphavsretten bare ble " +"gitt til verker der det var ønsket. Etter den første perioden pÃ¥ fjorten Ã¥r, " +"hvis forfatteren ikke sÃ¥ verdien av Ã¥ fornye sin opphavsrett, var det heller " +"ikke verdt det for samfunnet Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve opphavsretten." -#. f10 +#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9953,28 +10720,28 @@ msgid "" "York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), 618. For a more recent and " "comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, " "\"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 " -"(2003): 471, 498­501, and accompanying figures." +"(2003): 471, 498–501, and accompanying figures." msgstr "" "noen rettighetshavere valgte noensinne Ã¥ fornye sine opphavsrettigheter. for " "eksempel av 25,006 opphavsretten registrert i 1883, ble bare 894 fornyet i " "1910. for et Ã¥r etter Ã¥r analyse av opphavsrett fornyelse priser, kan du se " -"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier " -"pÃ¥ opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), " -"618. Hvis en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard " -"en. Posner, \"pÃ¥ ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of " -"chicago lov gÃ¥ gjennom 70 (2003): 471, 498­501 og tilhørende tallene." +"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier pÃ¥ " +"opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), 618. Hvis " +"en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard en. Posner, " +"\"pÃ¥ ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ gjennom " +"70 (2003): 471, 498­501 og tilhørende tallene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " "them renewed their copyright after fourteen years; the balance allowed their " -"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f11 +#. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "se ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." @@ -9986,10 +10753,12 @@ msgid "" "happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the " "books are no longer effectively controlled by copyright. The only practical " "commercial use of the books at that time is to sell the books as used books; " -"that use--because it does not involve publication--is effectively free." +"that use—because it does not involve publication—is effectively " +"free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10005,6 +10774,7 @@ msgstr "" "av 14 Ã¥r til 28 Ã¥r, angi en maksimal periode pÃ¥ 56 Ã¥r." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10020,13 +10790,13 @@ msgstr "" "vilkÃ¥rene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter; to ganger i de førti Ã¥r utvidet " "Kongressen begrepet av fremtidige opphavsretten. i utgangspunktet var " "utvidelser av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter kort, bare ett til to Ã¥r. i " -"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten " -"Ã¥r. og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven " -"Kongressen utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av " -"tjue Ã¥r." +"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten Ã¥r. " +"og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven Kongressen " +"utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue Ã¥r." -#. PAGE BREAK 146 +#. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10041,13 +10811,13 @@ msgstr "" "at allemannseie vil ha blitt kirkeklokkene for trettini fifty-fem Ã¥r, eller " "70 prosent av tiden siden 1962. i tjue Ã¥r etter sonny bono loven, mens en " "million patenter vil passere i den offentlige sfæren, vil dermed null " -"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett " -"sikt." +"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett sikt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " -"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " +"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-" +"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " "established a two-part copyright regime, requiring a copyright owner to " "renew his copyright after an initial term. The requirement of renewal meant " "that works that no longer needed copyright protection would pass more " @@ -10062,15 +10832,16 @@ msgstr "" "domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " -"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term--the maximum term. For " -"\"natural\" authors, that term was life plus fifty years. For corporations, " -"the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, Congress abandoned the " -"renewal requirement for all works created before 1978. All works still under " -"copyright would be accorded the maximum term then available. After the Sonny " -"Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years." +"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " +"term. For \"natural\" authors, that term was life plus fifty years. For " +"corporations, the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, Congress " +"abandoned the renewal requirement for all works created before 1978. All " +"works still under copyright would be accorded the maximum term then " +"available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years." msgstr "" "USA forlatt dette fornuftig systemet i 1976. for alle arbeider opprettet " "etter 1978, var det bare en opphavsrett term--den maksimale betegnelsen. for " @@ -10080,6 +10851,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett ville substansiell den maksimale betegnelsen deretter " "tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti Ã¥r." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " @@ -10093,9 +10865,11 @@ msgstr "" "forsikre som fungerer som utnyttes ikke lenger sendes til public domain. og " "faktisk, etter disse endringene, er det uklart om det er ogsÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ sette " "fungerer i public domain. public domain er foreldreløse av disse endringene " -"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkÃ¥rene være " -"\"begrenset\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." +"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkÃ¥rene være \"begrenset" +"\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " @@ -10115,14 +10889,15 @@ msgid "" "their copyright. That meant that the average term of copyright in 1973 was " "just 32.2 years. Because of the elimination of the renewal requirement, the " "average term of copyright is now the maximum term. In thirty years, then, " -"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Law: Scope" -msgstr "loven: VirkeomrÃ¥de" +msgstr "Loven: VirkeomrÃ¥de" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " @@ -10130,23 +10905,24 @@ msgid "" "necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent of the changes if we're " "to keep this debate in context." msgstr "" -"\"omrÃ¥de\" av en opphavsrett er omrÃ¥det av rettigheter gitt av " -"loven. omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse " -"endringene er ikke nødvendigvis dÃ¥rlig. men vi bør forstÃ¥ omfanget av " -"endringene Hvis vi Ã¥ holde denne debatten i sammenheng." +"\"omrÃ¥de\" av en opphavsrett er omrÃ¥det av rettigheter gitt av loven. " +"omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse endringene " +"er ikke nødvendigvis dÃ¥rlig. men vi bør forstÃ¥ omfanget av endringene Hvis " +"vi Ã¥ holde denne debatten i sammenheng." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " -"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " -"architecture. More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the " -"author the exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means " -"someone else violated the copyright only if he republished the work without " -"the copyright owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright " -"was an exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to " -"what lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere " -"with the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted " -"book, or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a " +"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or architecture. " +"More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the author the " +"exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means someone else " +"violated the copyright only if he republished the work without the copyright " +"owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright was an " +"exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to what " +"lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere with " +"the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted book, " +"or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a " "published book)." msgstr "" "i 1790 var at omfanget svært smale. Copyright dekket bare \"kart, diagrammer " @@ -10155,12 +10931,13 @@ msgstr "" "forfatteren eneretten til \"Publiser\" opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk. Det " "betyr at noen andre har brutt opphavsretten bare hvis han har publisert " "arbeid uten opphavsrett eierens tillatelse pÃ¥ nytt. Endelig, retten som er " -"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle " -"boken. høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" " -"det vil ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren Ã¥ oversette " -"en opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller Ã¥ tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " +"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle boken. " +"høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" det vil " +"ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren Ã¥ oversette en " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller Ã¥ tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " "(for eksempel et drama basert pÃ¥ en publiserte bok)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " @@ -10189,7 +10966,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativt arbeid, beskytter det kreative arbeidet mer forstand, og beskytter " "verk som er basert pÃ¥ en betydelig mÃ¥te pÃ¥ det første skapende arbeidet." -#. PAGE BREAK 148 +#. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10199,7 +10976,7 @@ msgid "" "renewal requirement, for most of the history of American copyright law, " "there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive " "the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any " -"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word " +"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word " "copyright. And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was " "a requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright " "could be secured." @@ -10215,6 +10992,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten som kan sikres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10222,10 +11000,11 @@ msgid "" "copyrighted. Thus, the rule reflected the norm: Most works apparently didn't " "need copyright, so registration narrowed the regulation of the law to the " "few that did. The same reasoning justified the requirement that a work be " -"marked as copyrighted--that way it was easy to know whether a copyright was " -"being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure that " -"after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work somewhere so " -"that it could be copied by others without locating the original author." +"marked as copyrighted—that way it was easy to know whether a copyright " +"was being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure " +"that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work " +"somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the original " +"author." msgstr "" "Ã¥rsaken til registreringskrav var fornuftig forstÃ¥elsen om at for de fleste " "arbeider, ingen opphavsrett var nødvendig. igjen, i de første ti Ã¥rene av " @@ -10245,48 +11024,51 @@ msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " "register a work to get a copyright; the copyright now is automatic; the " -"copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with a ©; and the " +"copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with a ©; and the " "copyright exists whether or not you actually make a copy available for " "others to copy." msgstr "" -"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet nÃ¥r " -"vi besluttet Ã¥ følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du " +"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet nÃ¥r vi " +"besluttet Ã¥ følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du " "registrerer et arbeid for Ã¥ fÃ¥ en copyright; opphavsretten nÃ¥ er automatisk; " "opphavsretten finnes om du merker arbeidet med en ©; og opphavsretten finnes " "om du faktisk lage en kopi tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ kopiere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." -msgstr "vurdere et praktisk eksempel Ã¥ forstÃ¥ omfanget av disse forskjellene." +msgid "" +"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." +msgstr "" +"Vurder et praktisk eksempel for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ omfanget av disse forskjellene." -#. f13 +#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " "and Politics 255 (1997), and James Gilraeth, ed., Federal Copyright Records, " -"1790­1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." +"1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." msgstr "" "se thomas bender og david sampliner, \"poeter, pirater og etableringen av " -"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal " -"lov og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett " +"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal lov " +"og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett " "records, 1790­1800 (US g.p.o., 1987)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " -"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your " -"permission. The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent " -"that kind of unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the " -"United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act " -"was thus a tiny regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the " -"creative market in the United States--publishers." +"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your permission. " +"The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent that kind of " +"unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny " +"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the " +"United States—publishers." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 149 +#. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10299,18 +11081,19 @@ msgstr "" "for hÃ¥nd, igjen og igjen, som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ lære det ved hjertet, var min " "gjerning helt unregulated av 1790 act. Hvis jeg tok romanen og gjorde en " "spiller som er basert pÃ¥ det, eller hvis jeg har oversatt eller utdrag det, " -"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright " -"act. disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til " -"utgivere var behersket." +"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright act. " +"disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til utgivere " +"var behersket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " "note to your spouse, every doodle, every creative act that's reduced to a " -"tangible form--all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no need " -"to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not the " -"steps you take to protect it." +"tangible form—all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no " +"need to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not " +"the steps you take to protect it." msgstr "" "i dag historien er svært forskjellige: Hvis du skriver en bok, boken er " "automatisk beskyttet. faktisk, ikke bare i adresseboken. hver e-post, hver " @@ -10320,6 +11103,7 @@ msgstr "" "ditt. beskyttelse følger etablering, ikke trinnene du ta for Ã¥ beskytte den." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10329,6 +11113,7 @@ msgstr "" "unntak) til Ã¥ kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den " "til Ã¥ publisere den pÃ¥ nytt, eller for Ã¥ dele et utdrag." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " @@ -10354,6 +11139,7 @@ msgstr "" "andel av skrifter som er inspirert av dem." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10371,7 +11157,7 @@ msgstr "" "spøk av opphavsretten, slik loven ble riktig utvidet til Ã¥ omfatte disse smÃ¥ " "endringer, sÃ¥ vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." -#. f14 +#. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " @@ -10381,18 +11167,18 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " -"culture--at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law applies " -"not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. I " -"understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " +"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " +"applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. " +"I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " "whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different " -"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all--they believe that our " -"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at " +"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—they believe that " +"our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at " "all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that " "far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally " "different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" -#. f15 +#. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10400,24 +11186,24 @@ msgid "" "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " "First Amendment) between mere \"copies\" and derivative works. See Jed " "Rubenfeld, \"The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality,\" " -"Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (see especially pp. 53­59)." +"Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59)." msgstr "" "professor rubenfeld har presentert en kraftig konstitusjonelle argument om " "forskjellen som lov om opphavsrett bør trekke (fra perspektivet til den " -"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed " -"rubenfeld, \"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's " -"constitutionality,\" yale law journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (se spesielt " -"s. 53­59)." +"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed rubenfeld, " +"\"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's constitutionality,\" yale law " +"journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (se spesielt s. 53­59)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " -"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my " -"book.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of " -"my creative work are treated the same." +"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my book." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of my " +"creative work are treated the same." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " @@ -10433,6 +11219,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ handle pÃ¥ verdien som disney opprinnelig opprettet?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10444,15 +11231,18 @@ msgstr "" "at denne utvidelsen er en betydelig endring fra de opprinnelig rettighetene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "lov og arkitektur: nÃ¥" +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " -"regulates more than \"copies\"--a public performance of a copyrighted song, " -"for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make a " -"copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes " +"regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " +"song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make " +"a copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes " "doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 United States Code, section 112(a). But the " "presumption under the existing law (which regulates \"copies;\" 17 United " "States Code, section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." @@ -10470,10 +11260,12 @@ msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " "authors. It regulates them because all three are capable of making copies, " -"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 151 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " @@ -10495,8 +11287,9 @@ msgstr "" "med Internett, Kopier ikke bør være utløser for lov om opphavsrett. mer " "presist, bør de ikke alltid være utløser for lov om opphavsrett." -#. f17 +#. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10515,24 +11308,27 @@ msgid "" "should at least force us to rethink the conditions under which the law of " "copyright automatically applies,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "because it is clear that the current reach of copyright was never " -"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright " -"law." +"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " -"circle." +"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle." msgstr "" -"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom " -"sirkel." +"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1521.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 152 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " @@ -10557,11 +11353,16 @@ msgstr "" "disse handlinger er regulert av lov om opphavsrett, fordi disse handlinger " "ikke gjør en kopi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1531.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10577,6 +11378,7 @@ msgstr "" "paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første " "diagrammet pÃ¥ neste side)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " @@ -10585,10 +11387,17 @@ msgstr "" "Endelig er det en liten sliver i regulert Ellers kopierer bruker som forblir " "unregulated fordi loven vurderer disse \"rimelig bruk\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1541.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "" +"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " +"copyrighted work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " @@ -10609,14 +11418,26 @@ msgstr "" "slike \"fair bruker\" for offentlig politikk (og muligens first endring) " "grunner." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1542.jpg\"></graphic>" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "" +"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " +"regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1551.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" +#. PAGE BREAK 154 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " @@ -10628,6 +11449,8 @@ msgstr "" "bruker som likevel anses \"rettferdig\" uavhengig av copyrighteieren " "visninger." +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " @@ -10637,36 +11460,37 @@ msgid "" "remain." msgstr "" "Jeg trenger ikke bety \"natur\" i den forstand at det kunne ikke være " -"annerledes, men heller at sin nÃ¥værende objektforekomst innebærer en " -"kopi. optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en " +"annerledes, men heller at sin nÃ¥værende objektforekomst innebærer en kopi. " +"optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en " "digital network kan være utformet for Ã¥ slette noe det kopierer slik at det " "samme antallet kopier forblir." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Enter the Internet--a distributed, digital network where every use of a " +"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "And because of this single, arbitrary feature of the design of a digital " "network, the scope of category 1 changes dramatically. Uses that before were " "presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated. No longer is " "there a set of presumptively unregulated uses that define a freedom " "associated with a copyrighted work. Instead, each use is now subject to the " -"copyright, because each use also makes a copy--category 1 gets sucked into " -"category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of copyrighted " -"work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the burden of " -"this shift." +"copyright, because each use also makes a copy—category 1 gets sucked " +"into category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of " +"copyrighted work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the " +"burden of this shift." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 155 +#. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " "plausible copyright-related argument that the copyright owner could make to " "control that use of her book. Copyright law would have nothing to say about " "whether you read the book once, ten times, or every night before you went to " -"bed. None of those instances of use--reading-- could be regulated by " -"copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy." +"bed. None of those instances of use—reading— could be regulated " +"by copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ la oss være svært spesifikke Ã¥ gjøre herfra Generelt og fjerner. før " "Internett, hvis du kjøpte en bok og Les det ti ganger, ville det ikke " @@ -10677,6 +11501,7 @@ msgstr "" "reguleres av lov om opphavsrett, fordi ingen av de bruker produsert en kopi." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -10688,17 +11513,17 @@ msgid "" "fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the copyright " "owner's wish." msgstr "" -"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med " -"regler. nÃ¥ hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, " -"eller bare en gang i mÃ¥neden, sÃ¥ lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av " +"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med regler. " +"nÃ¥ hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, eller " +"bare en gang i mÃ¥neden, sÃ¥ lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av " "opphavsretten i utøvelse slik grad av kontroll, pÃ¥ grunn av funksjonen " -"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad pÃ¥ det Ã¥ være en " -"kopi. nÃ¥ hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare " -"fem ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover " -"den femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens " -"ønske." +"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad pÃ¥ det Ã¥ være en kopi. " +"nÃ¥ hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare fem " +"ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover den " +"femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -10711,6 +11536,7 @@ msgstr "" "punkter ogsÃ¥ klar:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -10726,6 +11552,7 @@ msgstr "" "policy her for Ã¥ skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur " "før Internett." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " @@ -10743,18 +11570,19 @@ msgstr "" "piratkopiering. men loven nÃ¥ hensikt Ã¥ regulere alle transformasjoner som du " "gjør i skapende arbeid ved hjelp av en maskin. \"Kopier og Lim inn\" og " "\"klippe og lime\" bli forbrytelser. fiksing og triksing med en historie og " -"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer Ã¥ minst et krav for " -"justering. troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men " -"det er svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende " -"arbeid." +"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer Ã¥ minst et krav for justering. " +"troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men det er " +"svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid." +#. PAGE BREAK 156 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " -"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book " -"on-line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of " -"my fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I " +"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book on-" +"line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of my " +"fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I " "have a fair use right to read, because before the Internet, reading did not " "trigger the application of copyright law and hence the need for a fair use " "defense. The right to read was effectively protected before because reading " @@ -10771,10 +11599,11 @@ msgstr "" "beskyttet før fordi lesing ikke ble regulert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " -"use--never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " +"use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " "effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense " "when the vast majority of uses are unregulated. But when everything becomes " "presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not enough." @@ -10786,20 +11615,22 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men nÃ¥r alt blir presumptively " "regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " -"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell " -"videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the " -"trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." +"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell videos. " +"Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the trailers " +"on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." msgstr "" "tilfelle av video rørledning er et godt eksempel. video rørledningen var i " "bransjen for Ã¥ gjøre \"trailer\" reklame for filmer tilgjengelig til video " -"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ selge " -"videoer. video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere pÃ¥ " -"bÃ¥nd, og solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." +"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ selge videoer. " +"video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere pÃ¥ bÃ¥nd, og " +"solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " @@ -10816,19 +11647,21 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandel du kan lese noen fÃ¥ sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, sÃ¥, du " "vil ogsÃ¥ kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den." +#. PAGE BREAK 157 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " "sending the tapes) to distributors of their videos. Two years later, Disney " "told Video Pipeline to stop. The owner of Video Pipeline asked Disney to " -"talk about the matter--he had built a business on distributing this content " -"as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended upon his " -"delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video Pipeline " -"stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it was within " -"their \"fair use\" rights to distribute the clips as they had. So they filed " -"a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in fact their " -"rights." +"talk about the matter—he had built a business on distributing this " +"content as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended " +"upon his delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video " +"Pipeline stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it " +"was within their \"fair use\" rights to distribute the clips as they had. So " +"they filed a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these rights were in " +"fact their rights." msgstr "" "i 1998 informert video rørledningen disney og andre trevare at det ment Ã¥ " "distribuere tilhengere gjennom Internett (i stedet for Ã¥ sende bÃ¥ndene) til " @@ -10842,9 +11675,10 @@ msgstr "" "de hadde. sÃ¥ de anlagt en sak Ã¥ be retten Ã¥ erklære at disse rettighetene " "var faktisk sine rettigheter." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Disney countersued--for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " +"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " "Disney's copyright. When a court makes a finding of willful infringement, it " "can award damages not on the basis of the actual harm to the copyright " @@ -10863,6 +11697,7 @@ msgstr "" "video rørledning for $100 millioner." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -10879,6 +11714,7 @@ msgstr "" "vise titlene pÃ¥ filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til Ã¥ vise klipp av " "filmer som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ selge dem uten disney's tillatelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " @@ -10904,8 +11740,9 @@ msgstr "" "kontroll en bruk pÃ¥ Internett. teknologien utvider omfanget av effektiv " "kontroll, fordi teknologien bygger en kopi til hver transaksjon." -#. PAGE BREAK 158 +#. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -10922,18 +11759,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "ingen tvil, et potensial er ikke et misbruk, og sÃ¥ potensialet for kontroll " "er ikke ennÃ¥ misbruk av kontroll. Barnes & noble har rett til Ã¥ si du " -"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det " -"riktig. men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & " -"noble utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre " -"bokhandlere. konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være " -"(mitt argument sÃ¥ langt ikke selv spørsmÃ¥let dette) at konkurransen ville " -"hindre noen lignende fare nÃ¥r det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere " -"utøve rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver Ã¥ regulere hvor " -"mange ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv Ã¥ opphøre du fra deler av boken med " -"noen. men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette " -"skjer er ganske liten." +"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det riktig. " +"men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & noble " +"utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre bokhandlere. " +"konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være (mitt argument " +"sÃ¥ langt ikke selv spørsmÃ¥let dette) at konkurransen ville hindre noen " +"lignende fare nÃ¥r det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere utøve " +"rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver Ã¥ regulere hvor mange " +"ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv Ã¥ opphøre du fra deler av boken med noen. " +"men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette skjer " +"er ganske liten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -10950,15 +11788,17 @@ msgstr "" "er en oppskrift pÃ¥ katastrofe i enkelte sammenhenger." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "arkitektur og lov: tvinge" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " -"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " -"significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright " -"regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced." +"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. " +"This second change does not affect the reach of copyright regulation; it " +"affects how such regulation is enforced." msgstr "" "forsvinningen av unregulated bruker ville være endre nok, men andre viktige " "endringer forÃ¥rsaket av Internett øker sin betydning. denne andre endringen " @@ -10966,6 +11806,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike regulering fremtvinges." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10979,17 +11820,18 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonen med loven og cognizant av saldoer som tradisjon omfavnet, som sa " "om og hvordan loven ville begrense friheten." -#. f19 +#. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 44 (1981): 172­73." +"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" "se david lange, \"erkjenner allemannseie,\" lov og moderne problemer 44 " "(1981): 172­73." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " @@ -10997,14 +11839,19 @@ msgid "" "that there would be serious legal consequences if they went forward with " "their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Det er en berømt historie om en kamp mellom Marx-brødrene (the Marx " +"Brothers) og Warner Brothers. Marx-brødrene planla Ã¥ lage en parodi av " +"Casablanca. Warner Brothers protesterte. De skrev et ufint brev til Marx-" +"brødrene og advarte dem om at det ville bli seriøse juridiske konsekvenser " +"hvis de gikk videre med sin plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. f20 +#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1­3." -msgstr "ibid. se ogsÃ¥ vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 1­3." +msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." +msgstr "Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -11012,20 +11859,27 @@ msgid "" "brothers, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying to control Casablanca, " "then the Marx Brothers would insist on control over brothers." msgstr "" +"Dette fikk Marx-brødrene til Ã¥ svare tilbake med samme mynt. De advarte " +"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene \"var brødre lenge før dere var det." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide derfor ordet " +"Brothers, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterte pÃ¥ Ã¥ forsøke Ã¥ kontrollere " +"Casablanca, sÃ¥ ville Marx-brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontroll over Brothers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " -"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " -"claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including " -"Warner Brothers) enjoyed." +"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. " +"This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including Warner " +"Brothers) enjoyed." msgstr "" -"en absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi warner brothers, the marx " -"brothers, visste at ingen domstol ville noensinne hÃ¥ndheve slikt dumt " -"krav. Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for ekte friheter nytes alle " -"(inkludert warner brothers)." +"En absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi Warner Brothers, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te " +"som Marx-brødrene, visste at ingen domstol noensinne ville hÃ¥ndheve et slikt " +"dumt krav. Denne ekstremismen var irrelevant for de ekte friheter som alle " +"(inkludert Warner Brothers) nøt godt av." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11035,19 +11889,22 @@ msgid "" "is that, unlike law, code has no shame. Code would not get the humor of the " "Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ Internett, men det er ingen kontroll av dum regler, fordi pÃ¥ Internett, i " -"økende grad regler gjelder ikke av et menneske, men av en maskin: i økende " -"grad reglene om opphavsrett, som tolkes av eieren av opphavsretten fÃ¥ " -"innebygd i teknologien som leverer opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. Det er " -"koden, i stedet for loven, at reglene. og problemet med koden forskrifter er " -"at, i motsetning til loven, koden har ingen skam. koden ville ikke fÃ¥ humor " -"av the marx brothers. konsekvensen av dette er overhodet ikke morsomt." +"PÃ¥ Internett, er det derimot ingen kontroll mot dum regler, fordi pÃ¥ " +"Internett, i økende grad, blir regler ikke hÃ¥ndhevet av et menneske, men av " +"en maskin: i økende grad reglene om opphavsrett, som tolkes av eieren av " +"opphavsretten fÃ¥ innebygd i teknologien som leverer opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"innhold. Det er koden, i stedet for loven, at reglene. og problemet med " +"koden forskrifter er at, i motsetning til loven, koden har ingen skam. koden " +"ville ikke fÃ¥ humor av the marx brothers. Konsekvensen av dette er overhodet " +"ikke morsomt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "vurdere livet av min adobe eBok-leser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11060,11 +11917,15 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." -msgstr "pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." +msgstr "" +"pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." -#. PAGE BREAK 160 +#. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11074,23 +11935,23 @@ msgid "" "on my e-book copy of Middlemarch, you'll see a fancy cover, and then a " "button at the bottom called Permissions." msgstr "" -"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken " -"biblioteket. noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: " -"middlemarch, er for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere " -"innhold som ikke er allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennÃ¥ " -"ikke i public domain. vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ min " -"e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp pÃ¥ " -"bunnen kalt tillatelser." +"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken biblioteket. " +"noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: middlemarch, er " +"for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere innhold som ikke er " +"allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennÃ¥ ikke i public domain. " +"vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, " +"vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp pÃ¥ bunnen kalt tillatelser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -msgid "Acrobat eBook Reader" -msgstr "Acrobat eBok-leser" +msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "Bilde av en gammel versjon av Adobe eBook Reader." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1611.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." @@ -11098,12 +11959,20 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene " "som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1612.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" +"Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene " +"som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." -#. PAGE BREAK 161 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11118,6 +11987,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ høre middlemarch lest høyt gjennom datamaskinen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's Politics." @@ -11125,23 +11995,33 @@ msgstr "" "Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert " "oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1621.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " -"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." +"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. " +"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" "i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det " "hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for Ã¥ høre boken." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." +msgstr "Liste med tillatelser for Aristotles "Politics"." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1622.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" @@ -11149,18 +12029,22 @@ msgstr "" "Endelig (og mest embarrassingly), her er du tillatelsene for den " "opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for ideer:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1631.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" -"ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og ikke vÃ¥ger du prøver Ã¥ lytte til denne " -"boken!" +"Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og vÃ¥g ikke Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ lytte til denne boken!" -#. f21 +#. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11178,59 +12062,64 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"-- as if the " -"publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For works under " -"copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the power--up to the " -"limits of the copyright law. But for work not under copyright, there is no " -"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my " -"e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text " -"selections into the memory every ten days, what that really means is that " -"the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I use the book on " -"my computer, far beyond the control that the law would enable." +"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " +"if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " +"works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the " +"power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not under " +"copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy " +"only ten text selections into the memory every ten days, what that really " +"means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I " +"use the book on my computer, far beyond the control that the law would " +"enable." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The control comes instead from the code--from the technology within which " -"the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are permissions, " -"they are not the sort of \"permissions\" that most of us deal with. When a " -"teenager gets \"permission\" to stay out till midnight, she knows (unless " -"she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will suffer a " -"punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I have the " -"permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's memory, that " -"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any " -"more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook " -"Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly " +"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " +"which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " +"permissions, they are not the sort of \"permissions\" that most of us deal " +"with. When a teenager gets \"permission\" to stay out till midnight, she " +"knows (unless she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will " +"suffer a punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I " +"have the permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's " +"memory, that means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not " +"make any more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the " +"eBook Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly " "restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my " -"book aloud--it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if " -"you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read " -"aloud." -msgstr "" -"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om " -"e-boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som " -"de fleste av oss hÃ¥ndtere. NÃ¥r en tenÃ¥ring blir \"tillatelse\" til Ã¥ være " -"ute til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute " -"til 2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men nÃ¥r adobe eBok " -"reader sier jeg har tillatelse til Ã¥ lage ti Kopier teksten inn i " -"datamaskinens minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, " -"datamaskinen ikke vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: " -"eBok-leser ikke skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med " -"dum størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen " -"til Ã¥ lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du " +"book aloud—it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, " +"if you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't " +"read aloud." +msgstr "" +"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om e-" +"boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som de " +"fleste av oss hÃ¥ndtere. NÃ¥r en tenÃ¥ring blir \"tillatelse\" til Ã¥ være ute " +"til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute til " +"2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men nÃ¥r adobe eBok reader " +"sier jeg har tillatelse til Ã¥ lage ti Kopier teksten inn i datamaskinens " +"minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, datamaskinen ikke " +"vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: eBok-leser ikke " +"skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med dum " +"størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen til " +"Ã¥ lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du " "gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, maskinen bare " "vil ikke lese høyt." +#. PAGE BREAK 163 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " -"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner " -"Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." +"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner Brothers," +"\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." msgstr "" "Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx " "brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde Ã¥ skrive inn " "\"warner brothers,\" slettet \"brødre\" fra setningen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " "code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " @@ -11248,6 +12137,7 @@ msgstr "" "innebygde kontroller." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11262,14 +12152,16 @@ msgstr "" "være trivielt Ã¥ beseire slik beskyttelse ogsÃ¥?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" -"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gÃ¥ tilbake til adobe " -"eBok-leser." +"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gÃ¥ tilbake til adobe eBok-" +"leser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11282,10 +12174,17 @@ msgstr "" "in wonderland. denne fantastiske boken er offentlig tilgjengelig. ennÃ¥ nÃ¥r " "du klikket pÃ¥ tillatelser for boken, fikk du det fulgte rapporten:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1641.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "" +"List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 164 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " @@ -11297,6 +12196,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"lese høyt\"!" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11312,6 +12212,7 @@ msgstr "" "syntes Ã¥ si mildt, absurd." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11337,6 +12238,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11351,6 +12253,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollen. dette insentiv er forstÃ¥elig, men hva som skaper er ofte gal." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." @@ -11358,6 +12261,11 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en " "favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Aibo robotic dog" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " @@ -11368,8 +12276,9 @@ msgstr "" "cuddles, og følger deg. det spiser bare elektrisitet og som ikke la sÃ¥ mye " "av et rot (i det minste i huset)." -#. PAGE BREAK 165 +#. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11385,6 +12294,7 @@ msgstr "" "informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo Ã¥ gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony " "hadde lært det pÃ¥ det omrÃ¥det." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " @@ -11397,15 +12307,16 @@ msgstr "" "\"lære\" har her en spesiell betydning. aibos er bare søt datamaskiner. du " "lære en datamaskin hvor Ã¥ gjøre noe ved programmering det annerledes. sÃ¥ Ã¥ " "si at aibopet.com var Ã¥ gi informasjon om hvordan du lære hunden Ã¥ gjøre nye " -"triks er bare Ã¥ si at aibopet.com var Ã¥ gi informasjon til brukere av " -"aibo-pet om hvordan Ã¥ hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " +"triks er bare Ã¥ si at aibopet.com var Ã¥ gi informasjon til brukere av aibo-" +"pet om hvordan Ã¥ hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " "(derfor aibohack.com)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " -"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or " -"weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or " +"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. " +"Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or " "coders, as I call them, hack is a much more positive term. Hack just means " "code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally intended " "or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you might " @@ -11423,16 +12334,15 @@ msgstr "" "kjøper en ny skriver for en gammel datamaskin, kan du finne den gamle " "datamaskinen ikke kjører, eller \"drive\", skriveren. Hvis du oppdaget at, " "vil du senere gjerne til Ã¥ oppdage en hack pÃ¥ nettet av noen som har skrevet " -"en driver for Ã¥ aktivere datamaskinen til Ã¥ kjøre skriveren du nettopp " -"kjøpt." +"en driver for Ã¥ aktivere datamaskinen til Ã¥ kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " -"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " -"tasks. There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack " -"well. There's a well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack " -"ethically." +"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. " +"There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack well. There's a " +"well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack ethically." msgstr "" "noen hacks er lett. noen er utrolig vanskelig. hackere som et fellesskap " "liker Ã¥ utfordre seg selv og andre med stadig vanskeligere oppgaver. Det er " @@ -11440,20 +12350,21 @@ msgstr "" "respekt som gÃ¥r med talent Ã¥ hacke etisk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " -"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " -"jazz. The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of " -"tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had " -"built." +"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance jazz. " +"The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of tinkering " +"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built." msgstr "" "fan aibo var vise litt av begge nÃ¥r han hacket programmet og tilbød Ã¥ verden " "litt kode som ville gjøre det mulig for aibo Ã¥ danse jazz. hunden var ikke " "programmert Ã¥ danse jazz. Det var en smart bit av fiksing og triksing som " "forvandlet hunden til en mer talentfull skapning enn sony hadde bygget." -#. PAGE BREAK 166 +#. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11466,28 +12377,28 @@ msgid "" "that the owner of aibopet.com thought, What possible problem could there be " "with teaching a robot dog to dance?" msgstr "" -"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, bÃ¥de i og utenfor " -"USA. NÃ¥r jeg ble spurt av en rÃ¥dvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for " -"en hunden Ã¥ danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry " -"fremdeles flyter gjennom store deler av verden. sÃ¥ la oss være klare før vi " -"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) Ã¥ danse " -"jazz. heller ikke er det en forbrytelse Ã¥ lære din hunden Ã¥ danse " -"jazz. heller ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye Ã¥ gÃ¥ " -"pÃ¥ her) Ã¥ lære hunden din robot Ã¥ danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig " -"aktivitet. en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem " -"kan det være med undervisning en robot hunden Ã¥ danse?" +"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, bÃ¥de i og utenfor USA. " +"NÃ¥r jeg ble spurt av en rÃ¥dvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for en " +"hunden Ã¥ danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry fremdeles " +"flyter gjennom store deler av verden. sÃ¥ la oss være klare før vi " +"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) Ã¥ danse jazz. " +"heller ikke er det en forbrytelse Ã¥ lære din hunden Ã¥ danse jazz. heller " +"ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye Ã¥ gÃ¥ pÃ¥ her) Ã¥ " +"lære hunden din robot Ã¥ danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig aktivitet. " +"en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem kan det være " +"med undervisning en robot hunden Ã¥ danse?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show-- not " +"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " "Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and " "respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test " -"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own " -"code. In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his " -"coolness. Under heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his " -"ground. He was not about to be bullied into being silent about something he " -"knew very well." +"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own code. " +"In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his coolness. Under " +"heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his ground. He was not " +"about to be bullied into being silent about something he knew very well." msgstr "" "La oss sette hunden Ã¥ sove litt, og slÃ¥ til en ponni Vis--ikke bokstavelig " "talt en ponni show, men heller et papir som en princeton akademiske kalt ed " @@ -11498,7 +12409,7 @@ msgstr "" "badgering av microsoft advokater, ed felten stÃ¥tt sin bakken. Han var ikke " "om Ã¥ bli mobba til Ã¥ være stille om noe han visste godt." -#. f22 +#. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " @@ -11515,13 +12426,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " -"paper to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the " +"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper " +"to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the " "weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music " "Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " @@ -11541,6 +12453,7 @@ msgstr "" "stole pÃ¥ systemet av Internett mye mer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11552,8 +12465,9 @@ msgstr "" "var contestants Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sprekk det, og hvis de gjorde, kan du rapportere " "problemer til konsortiet." -#. PAGE BREAK 167 +#. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11566,13 +12480,14 @@ msgstr "" "de som studerer kryptering." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " -"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " -"because it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A " -"strongly protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide " -"range of criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the " -"systems or people or ideas criticized." +"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. " +"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because " +"it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A strongly " +"protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide range of " +"criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the systems or " +"people or ideas criticized." msgstr "" "La oss vurdere bare hva felten gjorde. igjen, dette er USA. Vi har et " "prinsipp for ytringsfrihet. Vi har dette prinsippet ikke bare fordi det er " @@ -11582,6 +12497,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller personer eller ideer kritisert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11596,16 +12512,18 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke, sÃ¥ dag konstituert, lykkes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " "hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:" msgstr "" "Hva kobler disse to, aibopet.com og felten, er bokstavene de deretter " -"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com " -"banalisere. Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:" +"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com banalisere. " +"Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11616,6 +12534,7 @@ msgstr "" "digital millennium copyright act." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11625,6 +12544,8 @@ msgstr "" "bør ogsÃ¥ være helt lovlig, felten mottatt et brev fra en riaa advokat som " "lese:" +#. PAGE BREAK 168 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " @@ -11638,6 +12559,7 @@ msgstr "" "millennium copyright act (\"dmca\")." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11648,14 +12570,15 @@ msgstr "" "slik informasjon en krenkelser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " "response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new " -"technologies would be copyright protection technologies-- technologies to " -"control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They were " -"designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to reestablish " -"some protection for copyright owners." +"technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies " +"to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They " +"were designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to " +"reestablish some protection for copyright owners." msgstr "" "dmca ble vedtatt som en reaksjon pÃ¥ opphavsrett eiernes første frykt om " "cyberspace. frykt var at opphavsrett kontroll var effektivt død; svaret var " @@ -11666,6 +12589,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenopprette noe beskyttelse for eiere av opphavsretter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " @@ -11678,6 +12602,7 @@ msgstr "" "selv var ment Ã¥ støtte Juridisk Lisenstekst av opphavsrett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -11693,8 +12618,9 @@ msgstr "" "utformet for Ã¥ forby disse enheter, om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale " "gjort mulig ved at omgÃ¥else ville ha vært et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten." -#. PAGE BREAK 169 +#. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -11711,13 +12637,13 @@ msgstr "" "aktivering omfattet uten tvil bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. men " "som aibopet.com's omrÃ¥det var ikke-kommersielt, og bruk ikke aktiverte " "etterfølgende opphavsrett infringements, er det ingen tvil om at aibopet.com " -"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet " -"materiale. rettferdig bruk er ennÃ¥ ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmÃ¥let er " -"ikke om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd pÃ¥ " -"opphavsretten. spørsmÃ¥let er om et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var " -"omgikk." +"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. " +"rettferdig bruk er ennÃ¥ ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmÃ¥let er ikke om bruk " +"av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten. spørsmÃ¥let er om " +"et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -11733,6 +12659,7 @@ msgstr "" "selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre " "til Ã¥ krenke andres opphavsrett." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " @@ -11751,14 +12678,14 @@ msgstr "" "juridiske: fred rogers, aka \"mr. rogers,\" for eksempel hadde vitnet i sÃ¥ " "fall at han ønsket Ã¥ fremkalle gratis Ã¥ tape mr. rogers' neighborhood." -#. f23 +#. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " "Lardner, Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR " -"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270­71." +"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71." msgstr "" "Sony corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers endret aldri sitt syn om videoopptakeren. se " @@ -11771,8 +12698,8 @@ msgid "" "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " "it's a real service to families to be able to record such programs and show " "them at appropriate times. I have always felt that with the advent of all of " -"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" " -"off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I " +"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" off-the-" +"air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I " "produce, that they then become much more active in the programming of their " "family's television life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being " "programmed by others. My whole approach in broadcasting has always been " @@ -11782,8 +12709,9 @@ msgid "" "healthy way, is important.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 170 +#. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -11793,31 +12721,38 @@ msgstr "" "som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." -msgstr "Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +msgstr "" +"Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." -msgstr "ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve Ã¥ komme nær." +msgstr "" +"ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve Ã¥ komme nær." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " -"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " -"ends. They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of " -"copyrighted material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of " +"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. " +"They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted " +"material—a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of " "particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair " -"use--a good end." +"use—a good end." msgstr "" -"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgÃ¥else " -"teknologier. omgÃ¥else teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan " -"brukes, for eksempel Ã¥ aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet " -"materiale--en dÃ¥rlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til Ã¥ aktivere bruken av " -"bestemt opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale pÃ¥ mÃ¥ter som vil anses rimelig " -"bruk--en god slutt." +"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgÃ¥else teknologier. " +"omgÃ¥else teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan brukes, for " +"eksempel Ã¥ aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale--en " +"dÃ¥rlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til Ã¥ aktivere bruken av bestemt " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale pÃ¥ mÃ¥ter som vil anses rimelig bruk--en god " +"slutt." -#. PAGE BREAK 171 +#. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -11830,11 +12765,16 @@ msgstr "" "bruk ville vært bra. det, ogsÃ¥, er en teknologi som har bÃ¥de gode og dÃ¥rlige " "bruker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1711.jpg\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -11851,6 +12791,7 @@ msgstr "" "tross for den Ã¥penbare og tragisk skaden de gjør." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -11866,16 +12807,16 @@ msgstr "" "kan bli slettet fair use; loven av dmca sikkerhetskopierer at sletting." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " -"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law--increasing its " -"regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would " +"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law—increasing " +"its regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would " "otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code " "becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that " -"copyright owners effect--at least for those copyright holders with the " -"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com " -"received." +"copyright owners effect—at least for those copyright holders with the " +"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien " "for kopiering og tilgang beskyttelse bli regler bryter som er ogsÃ¥ et brudd " @@ -11887,6 +12828,7 @@ msgstr "" "felten og aibopet.com som er mottatt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -11907,26 +12849,29 @@ msgstr "" "snoops, sÃ¥ vel som brukere, og snoops er stadig gode pÃ¥ sporing ned " "identiteten til de som bryter reglene." +#. f24 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " "Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1997): 651." msgstr "" -"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, " -"\"legal-fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los " -"angeles underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651." +"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, \"legal-" +"fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles " +"underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " "the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain Kirk. The characters " -"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue " -"it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue it." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -11941,6 +12886,7 @@ msgstr "" "frykt for juridisk kontroll." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -11952,15 +12898,16 @@ msgid "" "is quick." msgstr "" "men hvis du har flyttet din klubb til Internett, og gjorde det vanligvis " -"tilgjengelig for andre til Ã¥ delta, historien ville være svært " -"forskjellige. robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og " -"copyright infringement vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan " -"fiction, avhengig av eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan ogsÃ¥ inspirere " -"en advokat trussel. og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre " -"kostbart faktisk. loven om opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er " -"alvorlige, og prosessen er rask." +"tilgjengelig for andre til Ã¥ delta, historien ville være svært forskjellige. " +"robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og copyright infringement " +"vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan fiction, avhengig av " +"eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan ogsÃ¥ inspirere en advokat trussel. " +"og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre kostbart faktisk. loven om " +"opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er " +"rask." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -11977,25 +12924,27 @@ msgstr "" "skjer her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "markedet: konsentrasjon" -#. PAGE BREAK 173 +#. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically--tripled in the past " -"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well--from regulating " -"only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And copyright's reach " -"has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence presumptively " -"regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control the use of " -"content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through technology, " -"copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and easier to " -"control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a tiny " -"regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has become " -"the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a massive " -"expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation and " -"creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth to " -"copyright's control." +"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " +"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " +"regulating only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And " +"copyright's reach has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence " +"presumptively regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control " +"the use of content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through " +"technology, copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and " +"easier to control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a " +"tiny regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has " +"become the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a " +"massive expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation " +"and creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth " +"to copyright's control." msgstr "" "Slik copyright's varighet har økt dramatisk--tredoblet de siste tretti " "Ã¥rene. og copyright's omfang har økt samt--fra regulerer bare utgivere Ã¥ " @@ -12011,6 +12960,7 @@ msgstr "" "være helt ugjenkjennelige til de som fødte copyright's kontroll." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -12025,6 +12975,7 @@ msgstr "" "for alle andre endringer jeg har beskrevet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -12045,11 +12996,15 @@ msgstr "" "prosent av media." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." -msgstr "disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." +msgstr "" +"disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." -#. f25 +#. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -12058,6 +13013,8 @@ msgstr "" "FCC oversight: høring før Senatet commerce, science and transport komiteen, " "108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)." +#. f26 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " @@ -12066,6 +13023,8 @@ msgstr "" "lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette Ã¥ " "skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002." +#. f27 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " @@ -12078,25 +13037,25 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " -"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music " -"Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control " -"84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent " -"of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"2\"/>" +"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music Group, " +"BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 " +"percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the " +"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 174 +#. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " -"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " -"seventy-five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. " -"During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners " -"dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters " -"control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies " -"control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." +"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-" +"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. During that " +"period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners dropped by 34 " +"percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters control 74 " +"percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 " +"percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." msgstr "" "historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets " "største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag " @@ -12107,26 +13066,27 @@ msgstr "" "radio annonsering inntekter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " "eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's " "circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United " "States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The " -"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable " -"revenue. This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to " -"protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the " -"market." +"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. " +"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. " +"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market." msgstr "" "avisen eierskap er i ferd med Ã¥ bli mer konsentrert ogsÃ¥. i dag, er det seks " "hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var Ã¥tti Ã¥r siden og ti selskaper " "kontroll halvparten av landets sirkulasjon. Det er tjue stor avis utgivere i " "USA. topp ti film studioer motta 99 prosent av alle inntekter for filmen. ti " -"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for " -"kabel. Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt Ã¥ " -"beskytte. Det er faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet." +"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for kabel. " +"Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt Ã¥ beskytte. Det er " +"faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -12136,10 +13096,11 @@ msgstr "" "natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " "artikkel om rupert murdoch," +#. f28 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " -"89." +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89." msgstr "" "James fallows, \"en alder av murdoch,\" atlantic monthly (september 2003): " "89." @@ -12147,18 +13108,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " -". . . Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell " -"the content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . " +"Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " +"content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " "broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " -"distribution system through which the content reaches the " -"customers. Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in " -"Europe and Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that " -"system will serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " +"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " +"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " +"serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -12170,12 +13132,17 @@ msgstr "" "uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre " "dette mønsteret:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." +msgstr "Mønster for moderne mediaeierskap." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1761.jpg\"></graphic>" -msgstr "" +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" -#. PAGE BREAK 175 +#. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -12186,6 +13153,7 @@ msgstr "" "distribuere innhold?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -12198,6 +13166,7 @@ msgstr "" "begynner Ã¥ endre meg sinn." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." @@ -12206,49 +13175,56 @@ msgstr "" "integreringen kan saken." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -msgid "ABC" -msgstr "ABC" +msgid "Lear, Norman" +msgstr "Lear, Norman" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "All in the Family" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " -"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told " -"Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC " -"was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less " -"edgy, not more." +"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told Lear. " +"Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC was " +"exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less edgy, " +"not more." msgstr "" "i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten " "til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var ogsÃ¥ irritabel, fortalte de " -"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn " -"først. ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket " -"mindre irritabel, ikke mer." +"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn først. " +"ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre " +"irritabel, ikke mer." -#. f29 +#. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " -"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, " -"not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." +"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, not " +"included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " -"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 176 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " "separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation " "would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, " -"the vast majority of prime time television--75 percent of it--was " +"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was " "\"independent\" of the networks." msgstr "" "nettverket ikke kontrollere måte av opphavsrettighetene fordi lov forbød " @@ -12258,16 +13234,16 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av prime-time TV--75 prosent av det--var \"uavhengige\" av " "nettverk." -#. f30 +#. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " -"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " -"sess. (2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and " -"the Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes " -"Victoria Riskin, president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks " -"at FCC En Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." +"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. " +"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the " +"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, " +"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc " +"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12279,8 +13255,8 @@ msgid "" "series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last year, " "the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than " "quintupled to 77 percent.\" \"In 1992, 16 new series were produced " -"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was " -"one.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime " +"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime " "time television was owned by the networks that ran it. \"In the ten-year " "period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours per " "week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number of " @@ -12289,6 +13265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " "had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " @@ -12300,6 +13277,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettverket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -12309,12 +13287,12 @@ msgstr "" "begrenses til en stadig mindre og mindre fÃ¥. som barry diller sa til bill " "moyers," -#. f32 +#. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " -"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." +"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> @@ -12328,16 +13306,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " -"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " -"safe. Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like " -"this is increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to " -"convey. This is not the communist party, though from the inside, it must " -"feel a bit like the communist party. No one can question without risk of " -"consequence--not necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment " -"nonetheless. Independent, critical, different views are quashed. This is not " -"the environment for a democracy." +"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. " +"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is " +"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is " +"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the " +"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not " +"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, " +"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a " +"democracy." msgstr "" "dette begrense har en effekt pÃ¥ det som produseres. produktet av slike store " "og konsentrert nettverk er stadig mer homogene. stadig mer trygg. stadig " @@ -12348,7 +13327,11 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendigvis banishment til Sibir, men straff likevel. uavhengige, kritiske, " "forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et demokrati." -#. f33 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Clark, Kim B." +msgstr "" + +#. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " @@ -12356,10 +13339,10 @@ msgid "" "School Press, 1997). Christensen acknowledges that the idea was first " "suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. Clark, \"The Interaction of Design " "Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution,\" Research " -"Policy 14 (1985): 235­51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and " -"Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " -"Underperform the Market--and How to Successfully Transform Them (New York: " -"Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." +"Policy 14 (1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster " +"and Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " +"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them (New " +"York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12369,13 +13352,14 @@ msgid "" "Dilemma\": the fact that large traditional firms find it rational to ignore " "new, breakthrough technologies that compete with their core business. The " "same analysis could help explain why large, traditional media companies " -"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should " -"not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far " -"too little sprinting." +"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should not, " +"sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far too " +"little sprinting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12386,31 +13370,33 @@ msgstr "" "effekten pÃ¥ kultur er vanskelig Ã¥ mÃ¥le." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "men det er en typiske Ã¥penbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " -"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " -"criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." +"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. " +"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal " +"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." msgstr "" -"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i " -"narkotika-krigene. regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika " -"cartels; straffesaker og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av " -"denne kampen." +"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i narkotika-krigene. " +"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker " +"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen." -#. PAGE BREAK 178 +#. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " -"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs--though " -"the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this war is " -"a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great as to " -"make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the " +"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—" +"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this " +"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great " +"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the " "criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only " "real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of " "constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war " @@ -12424,8 +13410,8 @@ msgstr "" "feil. Jeg er ikke pro narkotika. faktisk, jeg kommer fra en familie en gang " "havarerte av narkotika--om narkotika som havarerte familien min var alle " "helt lovlig. Jeg tror at denne krigen er en dyp feil fordi " -"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er sÃ¥ stor at gjøre føre krig " -"galskap. NÃ¥r du legger til sammen byrdene pÃ¥ det strafferettslige systemet, " +"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er sÃ¥ stor at gjøre føre krig galskap. " +"NÃ¥r du legger til sammen byrdene pÃ¥ det strafferettslige systemet, " "desperasjon generasjoner av barna som har bare ekte økonomiske muligheter er " "som narkotika krigere, queering av konstitusjonelle vern pÃ¥ grunn av " "konstant overvÃ¥king krever at denne krigen, og, mest dypt total ødeleggelse " @@ -12435,6 +13421,7 @@ msgstr "" "kostnadene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12445,6 +13432,7 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig fundamentalt pressen for Ã¥ informere amerikanerne om disse " "problemene." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " @@ -12453,10 +13441,9 @@ msgid "" "(the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing the idea of " "legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage from the " "war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The other " -"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the " -"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's " -"television). The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization " -"campaign." +"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the first. " +"In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). The plug " +"at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign." msgstr "" "starten i 1998, office of nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll lansert en " "kampanje for media som en del av \"krigen mot narkotika.\" kampanjen " @@ -12465,10 +13452,11 @@ msgstr "" "ideen om legalizing narkotika som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ noen av " "sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra krigen. en avanserer et argument for narkotika " "legalization. de andre svarer pÃ¥ en kraftig og effektiv mÃ¥te mot argumentet " -"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er " -"TV). pluggen pÃ¥ slutten er en damning angrep pÃ¥ pro-legalization kampanjen." +"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). " +"pluggen pÃ¥ slutten er en damning angrep pÃ¥ pro-legalization kampanjen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." @@ -12477,56 +13465,57 @@ msgstr "" "godt. Det er en rettferdig og rimelig melding." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " -"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug " -"war. Can you do it?" +"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. " +"Can you do it?" msgstr "" "men la oss si at du tror det er en feil melding, og du ønsker Ã¥ kjøre en " "countercommercial. si du vil kjøre en rekke annonser som prøver Ã¥ " "demonstrere den ekstraordinære sikkerhetsstillelse skaden som kommer fra " "stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?" -#. PAGE BREAK 179 +#. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " -"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " -"world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be " -"heard then?" +"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. " +"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to " +"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard " +"then?" msgstr "" "Vel, tydeligvis, koste disse annonsene massevis av penger. Anta du heve " "penger. Anta at en gruppe av berørte borgere donerer alle pengene i verden " "for Ã¥ hjelpe deg Ã¥ fÃ¥ budskapet. kan du være sikker pÃ¥ at meldingen vil " "deretter bli hørt?" -#. f34 +#. f34 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " -"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] " -"policy.\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing " -"them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and " -"accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned " -"the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These " +"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] policy." +"\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing them. " +"The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and accepted " +"payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned the " +"collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These " "restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for example, " "Nat Ives, \"On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection " -"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of " -"election-related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts " -"are willing to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see " -"Rhonda Brown, \"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on " -"Television and Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449­79, and for " -"a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see " -"Radio-Television News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 " -"(D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the " -"networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit " -"authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip " -"Matier and Andrew Ross, \"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" " -"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that " -"the criticism was \"too controversial.\"" +"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-" +"related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing " +"to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, " +"\"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and " +"Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a more " +"recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see Radio-Television " +"News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal " +"authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a recent example " +"from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that " +"criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, " +"\"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. " +"The ground was that the criticism was \"too controversial.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12538,20 +13527,21 @@ msgid "" "the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they " "run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a " "crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will " -"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well--if we lived in a media " -"market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws that " -"condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the media, " -"and that handful of companies gets to decide which political positions it " -"will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious and important " -"way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the handful of " -"companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a mere few get " -"to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." +"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " +"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " +"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the " +"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political " +"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious " +"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the " +"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a " +"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." msgstr "" "Jeg ville være glad for Ã¥ forsvare nettverk rettigheter, samt--hvis vi bodde " "i en medier markedet som var virkelig mangfoldig. men konsentrasjon i media " @@ -12565,8 +13555,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Together" -msgstr "sammen" +msgstr "Sammen" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " @@ -12579,12 +13570,14 @@ msgstr "" "sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en " "Anarkisten kan uenige." +#. PAGE BREAK 180 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed-- when we " -"recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to mean " -"that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture is " -"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and " +"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " +"we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " +"mean that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture " +"is dramatically different—the claim begins to seem less innocent and " "obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, " "and (2) the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for " "dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights " @@ -12603,6 +13596,7 @@ msgstr "" "spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12614,6 +13608,7 @@ msgstr "" "katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vÃ¥r kultur i dag." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12623,24 +13618,24 @@ msgid "" "another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases " "copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an " "adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's " -"regulation--a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." -msgstr "" -"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross " -"for. og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, " -"knyttet til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene pÃ¥ " -"teknologi som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør " -"kjøre oss til Ã¥ vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering " -"som øker copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en " -"justering for Ã¥ gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert " -"copyright's regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, Ã¥ styrke " -"kreativitet." +"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." +msgstr "" +"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. " +"og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet " +"til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene pÃ¥ teknologi " +"som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør kjøre oss " +"til Ã¥ vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering som øker " +"copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en justering " +"for Ã¥ gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's " +"regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, Ã¥ styrke kreativitet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " -"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " -"flout. Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of " -"time, as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " +"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. " +"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, " +"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " "lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the " "past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need " "similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be reductions in " @@ -12651,14 +13646,15 @@ msgstr "" "med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenÃ¥ringer og " "geeks nÃ¥ blaffen. i stedet, opphavsrett makt har vokst dramatisk i en kort " "periode, som teknologien av distribusjons- og etableringen er endret og som " -"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av " -"opphavsrett. endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder pÃ¥ at vi kan " -"godt trenger lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene mÃ¥ være " -"reduksjoner i omfanget av opphavsrett, svar pÃ¥ det ekstraordinære økning i " -"kontrollen som teknologi og markedet aktivere." +"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av opphavsrett. " +"endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder pÃ¥ at vi kan godt trenger " +"lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene mÃ¥ være reduksjoner i " +"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar pÃ¥ det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som " +"teknologi og markedet aktivere." -#. PAGE BREAK 181 +#. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12674,16 +13670,15 @@ msgstr "" "færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " "enn nÃ¥." -#. f35 +#. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " -"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159­60." +"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" -"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire " -"etableres\" om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, " -"159­60." +"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" " +"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 159­60." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12691,22 +13686,24 @@ msgid "" "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " "tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there " "were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film " -"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the " -"networks. Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against " -"as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form " -"of regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a " -"nation at the founding--is now a massive regulation of the overall creative " -"process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn this " -"historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " -"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " +"Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad " +"a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of " +"regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of " +"a nation at the founding—is now a massive regulation of the overall " +"creative process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn " +"this historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " +"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nÃ¥ kort oppgis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -12721,52 +13718,60 @@ msgstr "" "1790, loven sÃ¥ ut som dette:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "publisere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "transformere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Commercial" msgstr "kommersielle" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "©" msgstr "�" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Free" msgstr "gratis" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "reklamefrie" -#. PAGE BREAK 182 +#. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " -"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " -"only with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially " -"would register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also " -"free." +"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. " +"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only " +"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would " +"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free." msgstr "" "loven av publisering pÃ¥ et kart, diagram og boken var regulert av lov om " "opphavsrett. ingenting annet var. transformasjoner var gratis. og som " "copyright tilknyttet bare med registrering, og bare de som ment Ã¥ gagne " -"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av " -"ikke-kommersielt arbeid var ogsÃ¥ gratis." +"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-" +"kommersielt arbeid var ogsÃ¥ gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "ved slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre, hadde loven endres til dette:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law--if published, which " -"again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " +"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " +"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " "commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still " "essentially free." msgstr "" @@ -12776,6 +13781,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -12790,6 +13796,7 @@ msgstr "" "slik ut:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "COPY" msgstr "Kopier" @@ -12798,6 +13805,7 @@ msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -12810,13 +13818,14 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i " "sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nÃ¥ ser slik ut:" -#. PAGE BREAK 183 +#. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " -"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity-- commercial or not, " -"transformative or not--with the same rules designed to regulate commercial " -"publishers." +"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " +"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate " +"commercial publishers." msgstr "" "hver riket er underlagt lov om opphavsrett, mens før de fleste kreativitet " "ikke var. loven regulerer nÃ¥ hele omfanget av kreativitet--kommersielle " @@ -12824,6 +13833,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ regulere kommersielle utgivere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -12835,6 +13845,7 @@ msgstr "" "forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -12844,28 +13855,29 @@ msgid "" "for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " "created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" -"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle " -"kopiering. men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra nÃ¥r " -"regulerer (som den regulerer akkurat nÃ¥) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, " -"spesielt, ikke-kommersiell transformasjon ogsÃ¥. og i økende grad av Ã¥rsaker " -"som skisserte spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer " -"skade enn godt for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt " -"transformative arbeid vil bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer " -"kraftig begrenset." +"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " +"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra nÃ¥r regulerer (som " +"den regulerer akkurat nÃ¥) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, spesielt, ikke-" +"kommersiell transformasjon ogsÃ¥. og i økende grad av Ã¥rsaker som skisserte " +"spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer skade enn godt " +"for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil " +"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset." +#. f36 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " -"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of " -"Property,\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, " -"eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)." +"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of Property," +"\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. " +"(New York: New York University Press, 1980)." msgstr "" "Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for Ã¥ " "demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for Ã¥ balansere " "offentlige og private interesser. se thomas c. grey, \"oppløsningen av " -"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, " -"Red. (new york: new york university press, 1980)." +"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. " +"(new york: new york university press, 1980)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12879,10 +13891,11 @@ msgid "" "light of new technologies. And for almost half of our tradition, the " "\"copyright\" did not control at all the freedom of others to build upon or " "transform a creative work. American culture was born free, and for almost " -"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free " -"culture." +"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 184 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " @@ -12916,6 +13929,7 @@ msgstr "" "debatten i dag." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -12934,19 +13948,20 @@ msgstr "" "distribusjon av kultur, blir lov og teknologi forvandlet pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som vil " "undergrave vÃ¥r tradisjon for fri kultur. eiendommen er copyright ikke lenger " "rettigheten balansert som det var, eller var ment Ã¥ være. egenskapen akkurat " -"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skrÃ¥stilt mot en " -"ekstrem. muligheten til Ã¥ opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden " -"der oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet mÃ¥ kontrollere med en " -"advokat." +"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skrÃ¥stilt mot en ekstrem. " +"muligheten til Ã¥ opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der " +"oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet mÃ¥ kontrollere med en advokat." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "PUZZLES" -msgstr "puslespill" +msgstr "Nøtter" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" -msgstr "Kapittel 11: chimera" +msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera" +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " @@ -12965,11 +13980,12 @@ msgid "" "extraordinarily beautiful, with \"sweet water, pasture, an even climate, " "slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent " "fruit.\" But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this as an " -"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the " -"One-Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore " +"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the One-" +"Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore " "life as a king." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " @@ -12982,14 +13998,16 @@ msgid "" "blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\"" msgstr "" "ting gÃ¥r ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver Ã¥ forklare ideen om " -"synet til landsbyboere. de forstÃ¥r ikke. Han forteller dem at de er " -"\"blind.\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de " -"stadig mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress Ã¥ bli " -"trappet pÃ¥, for eksempel), de stadig prøver Ã¥ kontrollere ham. han, i sin " -"tur blir stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstÃ¥r, han grÃ¥t, i en stemme som " -"var ment Ã¥ være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan " -"se. La meg være! \"\"" +"synet til landsbyboere. de forstÃ¥r ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind." +"\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig " +"mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress Ã¥ bli trappet pÃ¥, " +"for eksempel), de stadig prøver Ã¥ kontrollere ham. han, i sin tur blir " +"stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstÃ¥r, han grÃ¥t, i en stemme som var ment " +"Ã¥ være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg " +"være! \"\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 187 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " @@ -13011,6 +14029,7 @@ msgstr "" "overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare " "halvparten forstÃ¥r, men hun var mysteriously glad.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " @@ -13023,6 +14042,7 @@ msgstr "" "instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe " "høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " @@ -13031,6 +14051,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" " "rapporterer han." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " @@ -13039,16 +14060,20 @@ msgstr "" "\"hva pÃ¥virker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " "sykelig... pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som pÃ¥virker hans hjernen.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " -"surgical operation--namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the eyes].\"" +"surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the eyes]." +"\"" msgstr "" "legen fortsetter: \"Jeg tror jeg kan si med rimelig sikkerhet at for Ã¥ " "helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger Ã¥ gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk " "operasjon – nemlig Ã¥ fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 188 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " @@ -13056,11 +14081,11 @@ msgid "" "have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I believe in " "free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It sometimes " "happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion " -"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of " -"DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of " -"the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But " -"the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose " -"blood was at the scene. . . .\"" +"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of DNA. " +"The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the " +"skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the " +"DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood " +"was at the scene. . . .\"" msgstr "" "\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av " "denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham Ã¥ være tillatt hans brud. (du mÃ¥ " @@ -13072,6 +14097,7 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med " "100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble pÃ¥ scenen....\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " @@ -13088,6 +14114,7 @@ msgstr "" "chimera). vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " "virkeligheten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " @@ -13095,8 +14122,8 @@ msgid "" "enough, \"the copyright wars,\" the more I think we're dealing with a " "chimera. For example, in the battle over the question \"What is p2p file " "sharing?\" both sides have it right, and both sides have it wrong. One side " -"says, \"File sharing is just like two kids taping each others' records--the " -"sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty years without any " +"says, \"File sharing is just like two kids taping each others' records—" +"the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty years without any " "question at all.\" That's true, at least in part. When I tell my best friend " "to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather than just send the CD, I " "point him to my p2p server, that is, in all relevant respects, just like " @@ -13115,6 +14142,7 @@ msgstr "" "relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling " "selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " @@ -13133,6 +14161,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt Ã¥ dele musikk med \"vÃ¥re ti tusen beste " "venner.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " @@ -13147,8 +14176,9 @@ msgstr "" "et nytt album, heller enn Ã¥ kjøpe det, jeg gÃ¥r til kazaa og finne en gratis " "kopi til Ã¥ ta, det er veldig mye som Ã¥ stjele en kopi fra tÃ¥rnet." -#. PAGE BREAK 189 +#. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -13167,12 +14197,13 @@ msgstr "" "dataoverføre en ti-sang-cd, jeg ansvarlig for $1,500,000 i skader.)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " -"is both--both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is a " -"chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we need " -"to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What rules " -"should govern it?" +"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " +"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we " +"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What " +"rules should govern it?" msgstr "" "Poenget er ikke at det er som verken side beskriver. Poenget er at det er " "bÃ¥de--bÃ¥de som riaa beskriver det og som kazaa beskriver den. Det er en " @@ -13180,7 +14211,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " @@ -13191,25 +14222,24 @@ msgid "" "that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with " "punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, " "\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied " -"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand " -"that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 " -"songs through a family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In " -"re. Verizon Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a " -"user could face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical " -"figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file " -"sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students " -"accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere " -"pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter " -"proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" " -"redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of " -"the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to " -"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, " -"\"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 " -"August 2003, D3, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. " +"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent " +"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " +"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a " +"family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon " +"Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could " +"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures " +"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. " +"Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of " +"heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance " +"next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to " +"court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" redandblack." +"com, August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file " +"sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-" +"sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " +"to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -13220,11 +14250,12 @@ msgid "" "file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to " "monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit " "this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either " -"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13239,6 +14270,7 @@ msgstr "" "hele tatt, av sosiale normer, men ikke av loven." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13256,8 +14288,9 @@ msgstr "" "være verre enn et rimelig alternativ. men jeg tror den nulltoleranse " "løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene." -#. PAGE BREAK 190 +#. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13272,6 +14305,7 @@ msgstr "" "aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny " "innovasjon og nye kreativitet gÃ¥r tapt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " @@ -13295,6 +14329,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." @@ -13303,6 +14338,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker Ã¥ beskytte disse rettighetene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13316,8 +14352,9 @@ msgstr "" "besvare det spørsmÃ¥let. markedskrefter operere naturlig kan godt gi en helt " "annen industri-modell." -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13345,6 +14382,7 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " @@ -13354,6 +14392,7 @@ msgstr "" "etiketter.\" posisjonen pÃ¥ disse sakene er nÃ¥ endret." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13365,8 +14404,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" -msgstr "Kapittel 12: skader" +msgstr "Kapittel tolv: Skader" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " @@ -13381,6 +14421,7 @@ msgstr "" "direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil " "disse skader bli rammet mest av vÃ¥re egne folk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " @@ -13393,6 +14434,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen " "rettferdiggjøres?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " @@ -13404,20 +14446,22 @@ msgstr "" "første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare nÃ¥r strømmen av " "egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er pÃ¥ sitt største i vÃ¥r historie." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " -"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of " -"\"piracy\" still has play." +"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of \"piracy" +"\" still has play." msgstr "" "ennÃ¥ se \"sunn fornuft\" ikke det pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten. sunn fornuft er fortsatt " "pÃ¥ siden av causbys og innhold industrien. ekstreme krav til kontroll i " "navnet pÃ¥ egenskapen fortsatt appellerer; ukritisk avvisningen av " "\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille." -#. PAGE BREAK 193 +#. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13432,22 +14476,24 @@ msgstr "" "bekjempe dagens monopolists kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "Begrensende skaperne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " -"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " -"content. Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done " -"since the dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and " -"sharing through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are " +"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. " +"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the " +"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing " +"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are " "different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on " "Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about " "the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to " -"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against " -"statement. You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave " -"together a string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a " +"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. " +"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a " +"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a " "collage and make it available on the Net." msgstr "" "i de neste ti Ã¥rene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse " @@ -13463,6 +14509,7 @@ msgstr "" "sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den tilgjengelig pÃ¥ " "nettet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " @@ -13472,20 +14519,20 @@ msgid "" "\"capturing and sharing\" promises a world of extraordinarily diverse " "creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. And as that creativity is " "applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range of citizens to use " -"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all " -"around." +"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all around." msgstr "" "Denne digitale \"fange og deling\" er delvis en utvidelse for Ã¥ registrere " -"og dele det har alltid vært del av vÃ¥r kultur, og delvis det er noe " -"nytt. den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for " -"kodak-lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" " -"løfter en verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand " -"deles. og sÃ¥ at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et " -"bredt spekter av borgere Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ uttrykke og kritisere og " -"bidra til kultur rundt." +"og dele det har alltid vært del av vÃ¥r kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. " +"den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-" +"lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en " +"verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand deles. og " +"sÃ¥ at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et bredt " +"spekter av borgere Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ uttrykke og kritisere og bidra " +"til kultur rundt." -#. PAGE BREAK 194 +#. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13494,12 +14541,12 @@ msgid "" "across the globe." msgstr "" "teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til Ã¥ gjøre noe med kultur som " -"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i smÃ¥ grupper, isolert fra " -"andre. Tenk pÃ¥ en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med " -"naboer i en liten by. NÃ¥ forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele " -"verden." +"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i smÃ¥ grupper, isolert fra andre. " +"Tenk pÃ¥ en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med naboer i en " +"liten by. NÃ¥ forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele verden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13521,26 +14568,26 @@ msgstr "" "over Internett. men som loven er nÃ¥ laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively " "ugyldig." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " "N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " "see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. District Court Approval for SEC " -"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>." +"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #37</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " "overview, see Tanya Albert, \"Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,' Say " -"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns " -"Back Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has " +"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns Back " +"Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has " "continued to urge tort reform in recent months." msgstr "" @@ -13552,10 +14599,10 @@ msgid "" "same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The " "four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 " "was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search " -"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com--which defrauded " -"investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market " -"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 " -"million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " +"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which " +"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in " +"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere " +"$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " "being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the " "wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in " "damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " @@ -13564,13 +14611,13 @@ msgid "" "negligently butchering a patient?" msgstr "" -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. " +"For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #41</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13583,16 +14630,17 @@ msgid "" "boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It never pays to " "do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only those who can " "pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet Union, though for " -"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground art--not " -"because the message is necessarily political, or because the subject is " -"controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is legally " -"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United " -"States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their " -"\"illegality\" consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an " -"expression that is critical or reflective." +"very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground " +"art—not because the message is necessarily political, or because the " +"subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is " +"legally fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United States." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their \"illegality\" " +"consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an expression that " +"is critical or reflective." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -13613,11 +14661,12 @@ msgstr "" "hjemmeside som noen kunne tune inn uansett grunn de valgte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " -"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the " -"time. Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of " +"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. " +"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of " "creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in " "purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't " "worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, " @@ -13635,6 +14684,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -13647,17 +14697,18 @@ msgstr "" "ellers har bruk var rettferdig bruk, og derfor er jeg feil Ã¥ si at loven " "regulerer slik bruk." -#. PAGE BREAK 196 +#. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " -"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad--in practically every " -"context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too slowly, and " -"what it delivers often has little connection to the justice underlying the " -"claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. For everyone " -"else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself on the rule " -"of law." +"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically " +"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too " +"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice " +"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. " +"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself " +"on the rule of law." msgstr "" "men rimelig bruk i Amerika betyr ganske enkelt rett til Ã¥ leie en advokat " "for Ã¥ forsvare din rett til Ã¥ opprette. og som advokater elsker Ã¥ glemme, " @@ -13668,6 +14719,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en " "forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg pÃ¥ rettssikkerhet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " @@ -13675,53 +14727,55 @@ msgid "" "should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal system has " "become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that publishers impose " "upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon filmmakers, the " -"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists-- these are the real laws " -"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the " -"\"law\" with which judges comfort themselves." +"rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these are the real laws " +"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the \"law" +"\" with which judges comfort themselves." msgstr "" "dommere og advokater kan fortelle seg selv at fair use gir tilstrekkelig " -"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal " -"tillate. men det er et mÃ¥l pÃ¥ hvor ute av touch vÃ¥r juridiske systemet har " -"blitt noen faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger pÃ¥ forfattere, " -"reglene som trevare legger pÃ¥ filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger pÃ¥ " -"journalister--disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og " -"disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste " -"seg." +"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal tillate. " +"men det er et mÃ¥l pÃ¥ hvor ute av touch vÃ¥r juridiske systemet har blitt noen " +"faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger pÃ¥ forfattere, reglene som " +"trevare legger pÃ¥ filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger pÃ¥ journalister--" +"disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og disse reglene har " +"lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " "against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the " "wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend " -"her right to speak--in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations that " -"pass under the name \"copyright\" silence speech and creativity. And in that " -"world, it takes a studied blindness for people to continue to believe they " -"live in a culture that is free." +"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations " +"that pass under the name \"copyright\" silence speech and creativity. And in " +"that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to continue to believe " +"they live in a culture that is free." msgstr "" "for i en verden som truer $150.000 for en enkelt willful brudd pÃ¥ " "opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot " "opphavsrettsstridig krav, og som ville aldri tilbake til wrongfully anklaget " "saksøkte noe av kostnadene lidd hun for Ã¥ forsvare sin rett til Ã¥ snakke--i " -"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet " -"\"copyright\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en " -"studert blindhet for folk Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ tro de bor i en kultur som er " -"gratis." +"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet \"copyright" +"\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en studert " +"blindhet for folk Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ tro de bor i en kultur som er gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg," +#. PAGE BREAK 197 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " -"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " -"expressed. And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't " -"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get " -"it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from " -"a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it " -"on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they " -"control it." +"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " +"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " +"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it " +"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " +"lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on " +"PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control " +"it." msgstr "" "Vi miste [kreative] muligheter høyre og venstre. kreative mennesker blir " "tvunget ikke til Ã¥ uttrykke seg. tanker er ikke angitt. og mens mange ting " @@ -13732,17 +14786,18 @@ msgstr "" "de kontrollen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "Begrensende innovators" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story--creativity quashed, " -"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " +"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " +"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " "going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough " "expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And " -"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry " -"you." +"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you." msgstr "" "historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie--kreativitet " "ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme " @@ -13750,6 +14805,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk til hva synes Ã¥ være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror " "det er lite i denne historien Ã¥ bekymre deg over." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " @@ -13768,12 +14824,13 @@ msgstr "" "det samme, selv om interesser som pÃ¥virker kultur er mer grunnleggende." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " -"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary--at a minimum, we need " -"rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, in " -"this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of " +"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we " +"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, " +"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of " "copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that " "just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation " "is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which " @@ -13790,6 +14847,8 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiver er stadig attuned til mÃ¥tene i hvilke regulering aktiverer bare " "de kraftige industriene i dag for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot konkurrenter i morgen." +#. PAGE BREAK 198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " @@ -13798,9 +14857,9 @@ msgid "" "who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " "sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " "taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach " -"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson--what former Napster CEO Hank " -"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley--has been " -"learned." +"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank " +"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has " +"been learned." msgstr "" "Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " @@ -13813,6 +14872,7 @@ msgstr "" "blitt lært." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " @@ -13823,6 +14883,7 @@ msgstr "" "(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13839,6 +14900,7 @@ msgstr "" "engasjement fra skaperne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13848,25 +14910,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pÃ¥litelig " "mÃ¥te Ã¥ anbefale musikk til sine brukere. Ideen bak denne alternative var Ã¥ " -"utnytte Ã¥penbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere Ã¥ anbefale nye " -"artister. Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til Ã¥ nyte bonnie " -"raitt. og sÃ¥ videre." +"utnytte Ã¥penbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere Ã¥ anbefale nye artister. " +"Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til Ã¥ nyte bonnie raitt. og sÃ¥ " +"videre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " -"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " -"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called " -"my.mp3.com. Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an " -"account and then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify " -"the CD, and then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if " -"you inserted a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at " -"home--you could get access to that music once you signed into your " -"account. The system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox." +"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3." +"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " +"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. " +"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and " +"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and " +"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted " +"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—" +"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The " +"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 199 +#. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13881,6 +14944,7 @@ msgstr "" "likte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13903,6 +14967,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunder noe de hadde allerede kjøpt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -13917,14 +14982,15 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥neder senere, en føderal dommer funnet mp3.com Ã¥ ha vært skyldig i willful " "brudd med hensyn til femte. Ã¥ bruke loven som det er, pÃ¥lagt dommeren en bot " "mot mp3.com av 118 millioner. MP3.com deretter utlignet med gjenstÃ¥ende " -"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt " -"mp3.com omtrent et Ã¥r senere." +"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3." +"com omtrent et Ã¥r senere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." -msgstr "som en del av historien jeg har fortalt før. nÃ¥ Vurder sin konklusjon." +msgstr "Den delen av historien har jeg fortalt før. NÃ¥ kommer konklusjonen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -13934,42 +15000,42 @@ msgid "" "lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had dared to suggest that the law " "was less restrictive than the labels demanded." msgstr "" -"etter at vivendi kjøpt mp3.com, vivendi slÃ¥tt rundt og arkivert en " -"malpractice prosess mot jurister som hadde anbefales det at de hadde en god " -"tro hevder at de ønsket Ã¥ tilby tjenesten vil bli vurdert juridiske lover om " -"opphavsrett. Dette søksmÃ¥let pÃ¥stÃ¥tt at det burde vært Ã¥penbart at " -"domstolene ville finne denne virkemÃ¥ten ulovlig; Derfor var dette søksmÃ¥let " -"søkt Ã¥ straffe noen advokat som hadde vÃ¥get Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ at loven mindre " -"restriktive enn etikettene krevde." +"Etter at Vivendi kjøpte MP3.com, snudde Vivendi seg rundt og saksøkte for " +"malpractice juristene som hadde anbefalt at de hadde en god tro hevder at de " +"ønsket Ã¥ tilby tjenesten vil bli vurdert juridiske lover om opphavsrett. " +"Dette søksmÃ¥let pÃ¥stÃ¥tt at det burde vært Ã¥penbart at domstolene ville finne " +"denne virkemÃ¥ten ulovlig; Derfor var dette søksmÃ¥let søkt Ã¥ straffe noen " +"advokat som hadde vÃ¥get Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ at loven mindre restriktive enn etikettene " +"krevde." -#. PAGE BREAK 200 +#. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " -"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " +"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " "send an unequivocal message to lawyers advising clients in this space: It is " "not just your clients who might suffer if the content industry directs its " "guns against them. It is also you. So those of you who believe the law " "should be less restrictive should realize that such a view of the law will " "cost you and your firm dearly." msgstr "" -"Fjern hensikten med dette søksmÃ¥let (som ble avgjort i en uspesifisert " -"periode kort tid etter at historien ble ikke lenger dekket i pressen) var Ã¥ " -"sende en utvetydig melding til advokater rÃ¥dgivning klienter i dette rommet: " -"det er ikke bare klientene som kanskje lider Hvis innhold industrien " -"dirigerer sine vÃ¥pen mot dem. Det er ogsÃ¥ deg. sÃ¥ de av dere som tror loven " -"bør være mindre bør restriktive innse at slikt syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste deg og " -"ditt firma dyrt." +"Den Ã¥penbare hensikten med dette søksmÃ¥let (som ble avsluttet med et forlik " +"for et uspesifisert beløp like etter at saken ikke lenger fikk " +"pressedekning), var Ã¥ sende en melding som ikke kan misforstÃ¥s til advokater " +"som gir rÃ¥d til klienter pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥det: Det er ikke bare dine klienter " +"som fÃ¥r lide hvis innholdsindustrien retter sine vÃ¥pen mot dem. Det fÃ¥r " +"ogsÃ¥ du. SÃ¥ de av dere som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv bør " +"innse at et slikt syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste deg og ditt firma dyrt." -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " "the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The Music Revolution Will " -"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon " -"Healey, \"Online Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001." +"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, \"Online " +"Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13977,27 +15043,30 @@ msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " "(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " -"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should " -"have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the " -"industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a " -"company whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim " -"of the lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a " -"company whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk " -"not just in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment " -"buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " +"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have " +"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry " +"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company " +"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the " +"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company " +"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just " +"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you " +"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, Rafe Needleman describes " "a discussion with BMW:" msgstr "" -#. f5. +#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. " +"I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example." msgstr "" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " +"tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" +"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -14010,21 +15079,22 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"This is the world of the mafia--filled with \"your money or your life\" " +"This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " "empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will obviously " -"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a " -"company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by " -"litigation." +"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a company. " +"It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by litigation." msgstr "" -"Dette er verden av mafiaen--fylt med \"penger eller livet\" tilbyr, " -"reguleres av domstolene men av trusler at loven gir innehaver av opphavsrett " -"til Ã¥ utøve til slutt. Det er et system som vil Ã¥penbart og nødvendigvis " -"kveler ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok Ã¥ starte et selskap. Det er " -"impossibly vanskelig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." +"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med \"penger eller livet\"-trusler, " +"som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir " +"rettighetsinnehaver mulighet til Ã¥ komme med. Det er et system som Ã¥penbart " +"og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok Ã¥ starte et " +"selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." +#. PAGE BREAK 201 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " @@ -14039,22 +15109,23 @@ msgid "" "uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation " "and much less creativity." msgstr "" -"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til Ã¥ starte ulovlig " -"bedrifter. Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av " -"usikkerhet. Vi har ingen god mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hvordan den skal brukes pÃ¥ nye " -"teknologier. ennÃ¥ gir ved Ã¥ snu vÃ¥r tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved " -"Ã¥ omfavne de astonishingly høyt straffene som pÃ¥legger lov om opphavsrett, " -"det usikkerheten nÃ¥ en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er " +"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til Ã¥ starte ulovlig bedrifter. " +"Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av usikkerhet. Vi " +"har ingen god mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hvordan den skal brukes pÃ¥ nye teknologier. ennÃ¥ " +"gir ved Ã¥ snu vÃ¥r tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved Ã¥ omfavne de " +"astonishingly høyt straffene som pÃ¥legger lov om opphavsrett, det " +"usikkerheten nÃ¥ en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er " "rett. Hvis loven pÃ¥lagt dødsstraff for parkering billetter, vi ville ikke " "bare ha færre parkering billetter, ville vi ogsÃ¥ ha mye mindre kjøring. det " "samme prinsippet gjelder for innovasjon. Hvis innovasjon er stadig " "kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre " "levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " -"use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " +"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " +"Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " "contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will " "systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some " "industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity " @@ -14073,12 +15144,13 @@ msgstr "" "overregulated kultur, akkurat som effekten av for mye kontroll i markedet er " "Ã¥ produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet." -#. PAGE BREAK 202 +#. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " -"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture--a culture in " +"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in " "which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not " "antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly " "not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And " @@ -14113,6 +15185,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold for Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ regulere direkte teknologi pÃ¥ Internett slik " "at det bedre beskytter innholdet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " @@ -14133,18 +15206,19 @@ msgstr "" "effektivt. Hvis Internett gjør at \"piratkopiering\", deretter dette svaret " "sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett." -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " -"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), 33­35, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." +"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " +"33–35, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#44</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "GartnerG2, 26­27." +msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "gartnerg2, 26­27." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -14152,25 +15226,25 @@ msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " "require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected " -"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to " -"explore a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device " -"capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would " -"disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast " -"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers " -"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down " -"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore " +"a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device capable " +"of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would disable the " +"copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast flag. Other members " +"of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers from liability for " +"technology they might deploy that would hunt down copyright violators and " +"disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 203 +#. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " -"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the " -"day. It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but " -"will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." +"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. " +"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will " +"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." msgstr "" "i en forstand synes disse løsningene fornuftig. Hvis problemet er koden, " "hvorfor ikke regulere koden for Ã¥ fjerne problemet. men noen regulering av " @@ -14178,6 +15252,8 @@ msgstr "" "dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader pÃ¥ teknologi, men vil " "trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene." +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " @@ -14189,22 +15265,23 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " -"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " -"impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was " -"obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, " -"any protection should not do more harm than good." +"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not " +"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection " +"should not do more harm than good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " -"innovation--again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market " -"crowd." +"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—" +"again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd." msgstr "" "Det er en tydeligere mÃ¥te der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en " "historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14216,24 +15293,28 @@ msgstr "" "gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. NÃ¥r gjort galt, det " "er regulering kraftig bruk Ã¥ beseire konkurrenter." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." -msgstr "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." +msgstr "" +"Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 " -"details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a " -"balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or " -"statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the " -"case of the VCR) has been another." +"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when " +"new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure " +"that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses " +"have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) " +"has been another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14247,13 +15328,14 @@ msgstr "" "domstoler og Kongressen innført juridiske restriksjoner som vil ha effekten " "av smothering ny for Ã¥ dra nytte av gamle." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " -"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " -"Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that " -"makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright " +"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. " +"1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers " +"of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright " "infringement for a device that is unable to record or redistribute music (a " "device whose only copying function is to render portable a music file " "already stored on a user's hard drive). At the district court level, the " @@ -14276,41 +15358,43 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " "medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." -#. f11. +#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " -"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " -"copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the " -"copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August " -"2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that " -"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on " -"TV (i.e., computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying " -"of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings " -"introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, " -"which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media " -"devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " -"World,\" 27 June 2003, 33­34, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." +"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" +"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright " +"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright " +"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, " +"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies " +"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., " +"computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying of that " +"content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings introduced " +"the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, which mandated " +"copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, " +"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" 27 June 2003, " +"33–34, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#44</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " -"threatened and actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of " -"those responses here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is " -"one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the " -"demise of Internet radio." +"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and " +"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses " +"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that " +"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet " +"radio." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 204 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " "or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"--to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden-- then whenever that " +"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " +"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " "Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" @@ -14323,6 +15407,7 @@ msgstr "" "birthday\" ville fÃ¥ noen penger, mens marilyn monroe ville ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14333,15 +15418,16 @@ msgid "" "were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require " "compensation to the recording artists." msgstr "" -"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe " -"fornuftig. Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for " -"annonsering. Plateartist nytte dermed fordi ved Ã¥ spille musikken hennes, " -"radiostasjonen var Ã¥ gjøre det mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være " -"kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis " -"denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre Ã¥ gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av " -"radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var ganske god til Ã¥ stoppe enhver innsats " -"for Ã¥ fÃ¥ Kongressen til Ã¥ kreve kompensasjon for artistene." +"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe fornuftig. " +"Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for annonsering. Plateartist nytte " +"dermed fordi ved Ã¥ spille musikken hennes, radiostasjonen var Ã¥ gjøre det " +"mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk " +"noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre Ã¥ " +"gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var " +"ganske god til Ã¥ stoppe enhver innsats for Ã¥ fÃ¥ Kongressen til Ã¥ kreve " +"kompensasjon for artistene." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " @@ -14359,6 +15445,7 @@ msgstr "" "radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14382,8 +15469,9 @@ msgstr "" "stort antall brukere over hele verden. Ifølge noen anslag har mer enn Ã¥tti " "millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn pÃ¥ denne nye formen for radio." -#. PAGE BREAK 205 +#. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14399,8 +15487,9 @@ msgstr "" "beskytte Internett-radio. som en forfatter beskriver howard Armstrongs kamp " "for Ã¥ aktivere fm-radio," -#. f12. +#. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "Lessing, 239." @@ -14420,21 +15509,22 @@ msgid "" "shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f13. +#. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "ibid., 229." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"This potential for FM radio was never realized--not because Armstrong was " -"wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " -"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing " -"technology." +"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " +"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " +"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14448,6 +15538,8 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett er en slik lov. sÃ¥ det første spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør spørre er, " "hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?" +#. PAGE BREAK 206 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " @@ -14458,7 +15550,7 @@ msgid "" "terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " "it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, " "Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet " -"radio--the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens " +"radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens " "terrestrial radio." msgstr "" "men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny " @@ -14471,7 +15563,7 @@ msgstr "" "nøytral mot Internett-radio--loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer enn det " "byrder bakkesendte radio." -#. f14. +#. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " @@ -14480,8 +15572,8 @@ msgid "" "2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted " "testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan " "Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral " -"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " +"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " "analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, \"Copyright as Entry " "Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" Antitrust Bulletin (Summer/Fall " "2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just old-fashioned entry " @@ -14496,12 +15588,13 @@ msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " "(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total " -"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a " -"year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station " +"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station " "broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14512,6 +15605,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ha til Ã¥ samle inn følgende data fra hver lytting transaksjon:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "navnet pÃ¥ tjenesten," @@ -14524,34 +15618,43 @@ msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "dato for overføring;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "tidspunktet for overføring;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "tidssonen til opprinnelse av overføring;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "varigheten av overføring (til nærmeste sekund):" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "Lydinnspilling-tittel;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "ISRC-koden pÃ¥ opptaket;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14561,62 +15664,77 @@ msgstr "" "av albumet og kopi høyre datoen for spor;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "anbefalte Plateartist;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "detaljhandel albumtittel;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "recording label;" msgstr "plateselskap;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "UPC koden for selge i detalj albumet;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "katalognummer;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "opphavsrettsinnehaveren informasjon;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "musikksjanger av kanal eller -programmet (stasjon format);" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "navnet pÃ¥ tjenesten eller selskap;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "kanal eller program;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget pÃ¥ (i brukerens tidssone);" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget ut (i brukerens tidssone);" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "tidssone der signalet ble mottatt (bruker);" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "unik bruker identifikator;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "landet som brukeren mottok sendinger." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14631,6 +15749,7 @@ msgstr "" "radio har Ã¥ betale en type opphavsrett gebyr som bakkesendte radio ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14641,6 +15760,7 @@ msgstr "" "forskjellene? var motivet Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere mot piratkopiering?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14650,6 +15770,8 @@ msgstr "" "samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy pÃ¥ real " "networks, meg:" +#. PAGE BREAK 208 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " @@ -14672,6 +15794,7 @@ msgstr "" "etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen sÃ¥ høyt, du kommer til Ã¥ " "drive smÃ¥ webcasters ut av business.... \"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " @@ -14685,6 +15808,7 @@ msgstr "" "stabil, forutsigbar marked.\" (vekt legges)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14702,10 +15826,12 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ hindre den." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "ødelegge borgere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14716,6 +15842,7 @@ msgstr "" "demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør det mulig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14725,17 +15852,17 @@ msgstr "" "forfedre, men synes glemt i dag. overregulation skader borgere og svekker " "rettssikkerhet." -#. f15. +#. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " -"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet " -"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded " -"music files from the Internet by early 2001." +"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet and American " +"Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded music files " +"from the Internet by early 2001." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 209 +#. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " @@ -14752,6 +15879,8 @@ msgid "" "extreme response by the other." msgstr "" +#. f16. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " @@ -14770,17 +15899,19 @@ msgid "" "in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the " "money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same " "strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September " -"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals--including a twelve-year-old girl living " -"in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what file " -"sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these scapegoats " -"discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these suits than it " -"would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for example, like Jesse " -"Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the case.) Our law is an " -"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our " -"tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the " -"power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." -msgstr "" - +"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl " +"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what " +"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these " +"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these " +"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for " +"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the " +"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an " +"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is " +"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." +msgstr "" + +#. f17. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " @@ -14789,17 +15920,20 @@ msgstr "" "Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" " "amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." -#. f18. +#. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " -"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " -"P. Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)." +"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. " +"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)." msgstr "" "nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll: høre før house government reform " "committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, " "direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)." +#. f19. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " @@ -14821,17 +15955,17 @@ msgid "" "level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number " "were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a " "war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 " -"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent " -"of the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast " -"majority of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax " -"system that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but " -"an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And " -"as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some " -"law." +"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of " +"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority " +"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system " +"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an " +"endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a " +"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " @@ -14841,12 +15975,13 @@ msgid "" "have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and sometimes " "drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven cars. These " "are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. And then we, " -"as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave ethically--how " -"to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or honor a demand to " +"as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave ethically—" +"how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or honor a demand to " "disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. Generations of " -"Americans--more significantly in some parts of America than in others, but " -"still, everywhere in America today--can't live their lives both normally and " -"legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of illegality." +"Americans—more significantly in some parts of America than in others, " +"but still, everywhere in America today—can't live their lives both " +"normally and legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of " +"illegality." msgstr "" "denne tilstanden av saker er ikke uten konsekvens. Det er en spesielt " "fremtredende spørsmÃ¥let for lærere som meg, hvis jobb er det Ã¥ undervise law " @@ -14855,15 +15990,15 @@ msgstr "" "studentene som har ulovlig lastet ned musikk, ulovlig konsumert alkohol og " "noen ganger narkotika, ulovlig arbeidet uten Ã¥ betale skatt, ulovlig drevet " "biler. disse er barna som oppfører seg ulovlig er stadig normen. og deretter " -"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan Ã¥ oppføre seg " -"etisk--hvordan Ã¥ si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt " -"eller ære et krav til Ã¥ avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er " -"over. generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika " -"enn i andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv " -"bÃ¥de normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av " -"illegality." +"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan Ã¥ oppføre seg etisk--" +"hvordan Ã¥ si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt eller ære " +"et krav til Ã¥ avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er over. " +"generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika enn i " +"andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv bÃ¥de " +"normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av illegality." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14883,8 +16018,9 @@ msgstr "" "er mye større enn kostnadene for et alternativ, vi har en god grunn til Ã¥ " "vurdere alternativet." -#. PAGE BREAK 211 +#. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14898,6 +16034,7 @@ msgstr "" "mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett Ã¥ utestenge " "drap alltid og overalt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " @@ -14906,10 +16043,10 @@ msgid "" "experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in " "most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't " "care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and " -"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the " -"law. And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of " -"the extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come " -"of age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We " +"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. " +"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the " +"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of " +"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We " "need to be able to call these twenty million Americans \"citizens,\" not " "\"felons.\"" msgstr "" @@ -14926,6 +16063,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -14948,17 +16086,19 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r betalt uten Ã¥ transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel." +#. PAGE BREAK 212 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " "protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright " "infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store " -"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is " -"free." +"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is free." msgstr "" "vi alle egne CDer. mange av oss fortsatt eier fonograf poster. disse bitene " "av plast kode musikk at i en viss forstand vi har kjøpt. loven beskytter vÃ¥r " @@ -14966,6 +16106,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett for meg Ã¥ selge min klassisk poster pÃ¥ en brukte platebutikk og " "kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " @@ -14982,17 +16123,21 @@ msgstr "" "foreslÃ¥ at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple " "godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Adromeda" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " "one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program called " "Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, Baroque, " -"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others--the potential is endless. And " -"by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help build a " -"creativity with play lists that is itself independently " -"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own " -"right." +"Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is endless. " +"And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help " +"build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently valuable. " +"Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own right." msgstr "" "Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor " "prosess hjemme med ripping av alle mine og min kones CDer, og lagre dem i en " @@ -15005,8 +16150,9 @@ msgstr "" "rett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This use is enabled by unprotected media--either CDs or records. But " +"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " "the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return " "from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with " @@ -15022,17 +16168,19 @@ msgstr "" "CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer Ã¥ " "identifisere rippede innhold pÃ¥ folks maskiner." +#. PAGE BREAK 213 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " -"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the " -"content. Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't " -"bother you much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these " -"protection technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of " -"CDs. The technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world " -"where we either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were " -"part of a massively complex \"digital rights management\" system." +"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. " +"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you " +"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection " +"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The " +"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we " +"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a " +"massively complex \"digital rights management\" system." msgstr "" "Hvis disse teknologiene tok av, ville og bygging av store arkiver av din " "egen musikk bli ganske vanskelig. Du kan henge i hacker sirkler, og fÃ¥ " @@ -15045,6 +16193,7 @@ msgstr "" "systemet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15062,15 +16211,16 @@ msgstr "" "som du beholder ogsÃ¥ bevege innhold lett?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " "point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved " "the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, " "but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good " -"reason to pursue this alternative--namely, freedom. The choice, in other " -"words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be between " -"different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." +"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in " +"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be " +"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." msgstr "" "Mitt poeng er akkurat nÃ¥ ikke for Ã¥ bevise at det er et slikt system. Jeg " "tilbyr en versjon av slikt system i det siste kapitlet av denne boken. for " @@ -15082,14 +16232,15 @@ msgstr "" "være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " "alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing " "and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast " "majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer " -"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the " -"horse-drawn buggy." +"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-" +"drawn buggy." msgstr "" "Jeg tror det er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere er betalt uten Ã¥ slÃ¥ førti - " "tre millioner amerikanere i felons. men funksjonen fremspringende i denne " @@ -15100,6 +16251,7 @@ msgstr "" "hest trukket buggy." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15111,6 +16263,8 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " "kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." +#. PAGE BREAK 214 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " @@ -15134,10 +16288,14 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," -msgstr "\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +msgid "" +"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," +msgstr "" +"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " @@ -15160,6 +16318,7 @@ msgstr "" "befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15170,13 +16329,14 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ effektivt viske ut mye av personvernet mest ville anta." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " -"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright " -"law. Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, " -"and without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet " -"user is revealed." +"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. " +"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and " +"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user " +"is revealed." msgstr "" "brukere av Internett begynte Ã¥ se dette vanligvis i 2003 som riaa lanserte " "sin kampanje for Ã¥ tvinge nettleverandører til Ã¥ snu navnene pÃ¥ kundene som " @@ -15184,6 +16344,8 @@ msgstr "" "tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i " "det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt." +#. f20. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " @@ -15199,14 +16361,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmÃ¥l møte overrasket over mÃ¥l; enkelt mor i " "California, 12-Ã¥r gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 " -"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen pÃ¥ " -"filen\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned pÃ¥ Filbytte, er foreldre " -"prøver Ã¥ lure programvare fra hjemme-PC Ã¥ unngÃ¥ blir saksøkte,\"orlando " -"sentinel tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen " -"industri sues foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, " -"\"hun sier hun er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york " -"times, 25 september 2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" " -"toronto star, 18 september 2003, p7." +"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen pÃ¥ filen" +"\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned pÃ¥ Filbytte, er foreldre prøver " +"Ã¥ lure programvare fra hjemme-PC Ã¥ unngÃ¥ blir saksøkte,\"orlando sentinel " +"tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen industri sues " +"foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, \"hun sier hun " +"er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york times, 25 september " +"2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 " +"september 2003, p7." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -15216,16 +16378,16 @@ msgid "" "potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer " "is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable " "for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of " -"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f21. +#. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " -"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>." +"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #47</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15238,7 +16400,7 @@ msgid "" "MP3s will have the same \"fingerprint.\"" msgstr "" -#. f22. +#. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " @@ -15249,19 +16411,18 @@ msgid "" "Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students " "Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, " "1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,\" Internet " -"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, " -"\"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record " -"Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August " -"2003, E11; \"Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 " -"September 2000, 3D." +"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: " +"Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against " +"File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, " +"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 September 2000, 3D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " -"CD to your daughter--a collection of songs just like the cassettes you used " -"to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where " +"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " +"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where " "these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She " "then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and " "if the college network is \"cooperating\" with the RIAA's espionage, and she " @@ -15273,6 +16434,8 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 216 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " @@ -15288,29 +16451,29 @@ msgstr "" "advokat for henne (pÃ¥ $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne " "at hun ikke visste noe om kilden til sangene eller at de kom fra napster. og " "det kan godt være at universitetet mener henne. Men universitetet kan ikke " -"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av " -"skyld. og som mange studenter har allerede lært, vÃ¥re arrogante " -"forutsetningen om uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne " -"krigen er ikke annerledes. sier von sang," +"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av skyld. " +"og som mange studenter har allerede lært, vÃ¥re arrogante forutsetningen om " +"uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke " +"annerledes. sier von sang," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " -"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general " -"matter. [I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly " -"choose any person off the street and be confident that they were committing " -"an unlawful act that could put them on the hook for potential felony " -"liability or hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly " -"we all speed, but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely " -"forfeit civil liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the " -"closest analog, [but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded " -"all of our civil liberties because it's treated so many Americans as " -"criminals. Well, I think it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of " -"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty " -"million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery " -"slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of " -"them." +"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. " +"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any " +"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful " +"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or " +"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, " +"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil " +"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, " +"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " +"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " +"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " +"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have " +"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " +"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ nÃ¥r vi snakker om tall som førti til seksti millioner amerikanere som er " "egentlig opphavsrett varemerkerettigheter, oppretter du en situasjon der " @@ -15329,31 +16492,33 @@ msgstr "" "glatt skrÃ¥ning Ã¥ miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti " "millioner av dem." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " -"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective-- securing rights to " -"authors--without these millions being considered \"criminals,\" who is the " -"villain? Americans or the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own " -"people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change our law?" +"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " +"rights to authors—without these millions being considered \"criminals," +"\" who is the villain? Americans or the law? Which is American, a constant " +"war on our own people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change " +"our law?" msgstr "" "NÃ¥r førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, " -"og nÃ¥r loven kan oppnÃ¥ det samme mÃ¥let--sikre rettighetene til " -"forfattere--uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er " -"skurk? amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig pÃ¥ vÃ¥re " -"egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vÃ¥rt demokrati for Ã¥ endre vÃ¥r " -"lov?" +"og nÃ¥r loven kan oppnÃ¥ det samme mÃ¥let--sikre rettighetene til forfattere--" +"uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er skurk? " +"amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig pÃ¥ vÃ¥re egne " +"folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vÃ¥rt demokrati for Ã¥ endre vÃ¥r lov?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "BALANCES" -msgstr "saldoer" +msgstr "Maktfordeling" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " -"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " -"fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled " -"with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." +"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. " +"Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with " +"gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ her er bildet: du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden av veien. bilen er pÃ¥ brann. du er sint " "og lei fordi delvis du hjalp starte til brann. nÃ¥ vet du hvordan du setter " @@ -15361,10 +16526,11 @@ msgstr "" "brann ut." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " -"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop--or before she " -"understands just why she should stop--the bucket is in the air. The " +"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " +"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The " "gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will " "ignite is about to ignite everything around." msgstr "" @@ -15374,13 +16540,14 @@ msgstr "" "bilen. og brann som bensin vil antennes er om Ã¥ antennes alt rundt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"A war about copyright rages all around--and we're all focusing on the wrong " -"thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. No " -"doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry and " -"technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect themselves " -"against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that if let " -"alone would burn itself out." +"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " +"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " +"No doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry " +"and technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect " +"themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that " +"if let alone would burn itself out." msgstr "" "en krig om opphavsrett rages rundt-- og vi alle fokuserer pÃ¥ feil. ingen " "tvil, truer aktuell teknologi eksisterende virksomheter. de kan uten tvil " @@ -15388,8 +16555,9 @@ msgstr "" "masse av veier Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot gjeldende trusler pÃ¥ " "Internett. Dette er en brann at hvis enn si ville brenne seg." -#. PAGE BREAK 219 +#. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15405,6 +16573,7 @@ msgstr "" "rundt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15415,6 +16584,7 @@ msgstr "" "bort pÃ¥ denne brann." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15427,6 +16597,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ se pÃ¥ ilden nÃ¥r vi skal holde vÃ¥re øyne pÃ¥ veien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15435,14 +16606,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "denne utfordringen har vært livet disse siste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ vært min " "feil. i to kapitlene som følger, beskriver jeg en liten klammeparentes av " -"innsats, sÃ¥ langt ikke klart, Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ refokusere denne " -"debatten. Hvis vi Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hva suksess vil kreve, mÃ¥ vi forstÃ¥ disse feil." +"innsats, sÃ¥ langt ikke klart, Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ refokusere denne debatten. " +"Hvis vi Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hva suksess vil kreve, mÃ¥ vi forstÃ¥ disse feil." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" -msgstr "Kapittel tretten: eldred" +msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -15459,27 +16631,29 @@ msgstr "" "forfatterens arbeid blir levende." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It didn't work--at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne any " -"more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a hobby, " -"and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public domain " -"works by scanning these works and making them available for free." +"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " +"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " +"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public " +"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free." msgstr "" "den gjorde ikke arbeide--minst for hans døtre. de finner ikke hawthorne noe " "mer interessant enn før. men eldred's eksperimentet fødte en hobby og hans " "hobby fikk en Ã¥rsak: eldred ville bygge et bibliotek med bøker ved skanning " "disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis." -#. PAGE BREAK 221 +#. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " "who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was " "producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney " "turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred " -"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more " -"accessible--technically accessible--today." +"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—" +"technically accessible—today." msgstr "" "eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært " "enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan fÃ¥ tilgang " @@ -15490,6 +16664,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgjengelig--teknisk tilgjengelig--i dag." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -15508,17 +16683,18 @@ msgstr "" "penguin klassikere, ta works fra public domain og produsere trykte utgavene, " "som de selger i bokhandler over hele landet. andre, for eksempel disney, ta " "disse historiene og slÃ¥ dem i animerte-tegneserier, noen ganger lykkes " -"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt " -"planeten). disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." +"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). " +"disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " -"noncommercial pornographers--people who were distributing porn but were not " -"making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class " -"didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " +"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " +"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " +"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " "distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " "special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " "Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " @@ -15535,12 +16711,12 @@ msgstr "" "klasse eksisterte ikke før Internett kom til Ã¥ være fordi kostnadene ved Ã¥ " "distribuere porno var sÃ¥ høy. ennÃ¥ fikk dette ny klasse med distributører " "spesiell oppmerksomhet i Høyesterett, nÃ¥r domstolen slÃ¥tt ned kommunikasjon " -"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis pÃ¥ grunn av byrden pÃ¥ " -"ikke-kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for Ã¥ overgÃ¥ " -"Kongressens makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere " -"etter advent av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært " -"fÃ¥. ennÃ¥ skulle en tro det minst like viktig Ã¥ beskytte eldreds av verden " -"som beskytter ikke-kommersiell pornographers." +"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis pÃ¥ grunn av byrden pÃ¥ ikke-" +"kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for Ã¥ overgÃ¥ Kongressens " +"makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere etter advent " +"av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært fÃ¥. ennÃ¥ skulle " +"en tro det minst like viktig Ã¥ beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-" +"kommersiell pornographers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -15556,22 +16732,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " "wanted to post that collection in his free public library. But Congress got " "in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in 1998, for the eleventh time in " -"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights--this time " -"by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent than " -"1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass " -"into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress " +"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights—this " +"time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent " +"than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would " +"pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress " "extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period, more than 1 " "million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " -"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fÃ¥tt i " -"veien. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti Ã¥r, " +"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fÃ¥tt i veien. " +"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti Ã¥r, " "utvidet Kongressen vilkÃ¥rene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter--denne tiden " "av tjue Ã¥r. Eldred ville ikke være fri til Ã¥ legge til et hvilket som helst " "works som er nyere enn 1923 i sin samling 2020. Faktisk ville ingen " @@ -15579,15 +16756,17 @@ msgstr "" "deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil " "mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain." +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " "Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our " "copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is " -"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one " -"day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 " -"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." +"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. " +"Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 Cong. Rec. " +"H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." msgstr "" "hele teksten er: \"sonny [bono] ønsket av opphavsrettslig vern til Ã¥ vare " "evig. Jeg informert av ansatte at slik endring ville bryte Grunnloven. Jeg " @@ -15605,12 +16784,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " "would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law " "passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing " -"would make Eldred a felon--whether or not anyone complained. This was a " +"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a " "dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." msgstr "" "Eldred besluttet Ã¥ kjempe denne loven. han først løst Ã¥ bekjempe den gjennom " @@ -15621,6 +16801,7 @@ msgstr "" "en deaktivert programmerer Ã¥ gjennomføre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15635,32 +16816,37 @@ msgstr "" "vet, Grunnloven sier," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " -". . . Writings. . . ." +"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . " +"Writings. . . ." msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved Ã¥ sikre for " "begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " -"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something--for example, " -"to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War.\" But " -"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote " -". . . Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" " -"\"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times.\"" +"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " +"example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War." +"\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " +"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " +"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times." +"\"" msgstr "" -"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor " -"strøm-granting-setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver " -"andre setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt " -"til Ã¥ gjøre noe--for eksempel, Ã¥ regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" " -"eller \"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--Ã¥ " -"\"fremme... fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke--av \"sikre\" " -"\"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" +"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" +"setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver andre " +"setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ " +"gjøre noe--for eksempel, Ã¥ regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" eller " +"\"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--Ã¥ \"fremme... " +"fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke--av \"sikre\" \"enerett" +"\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" +#. PAGE BREAK 223 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " @@ -15669,8 +16855,8 @@ msgid "" "requirement that terms be \"limited\" will have no practical effect. If " "every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power to extend " "its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " -"forbids--perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter " -"Jaszi so nicely put it." +"forbids—perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor " +"Peter Jaszi so nicely put it." msgstr "" "i de siste 40 Ã¥rene, har Kongressen fÃ¥tt i praksis for Ã¥ utvide eksisterende " "vilkÃ¥r for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rÃ¥dvill meg om dette var, hvis " @@ -15681,6 +16867,7 @@ msgstr "" "vilkÃ¥r \"pÃ¥ avbetaling plan,\" som professor peter jaszi sÃ¥ pent sette den." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15700,25 +16887,27 @@ msgstr "" "være villig til Ã¥ betale mye penger Ã¥ se sine opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r utvidet. og " "sÃ¥ congress er ganske fornøyd med Ã¥ holde denne Kjøttsaft tog gÃ¥r." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " -"government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " -"bribed. Rather, \"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the " -"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to " -"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress " -"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do--and those " -"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays." +"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " +"\"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are bribed. Rather, " +"\"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the beneficiaries of " +"Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to induce it to act. " +"There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress can do. Why not " +"limit its actions to those things it must do—and those things that " +"pay? Extending copyright terms pays." msgstr "" -"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vÃ¥r nÃ¥værende system av " -"regjeringen. \"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er " -"bribed. snarere \"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder " -"beneficiaries av congress's handlinger for Ã¥ øke og gi penger til Kongressen " -"for Ã¥ fÃ¥ det til Ã¥ handle. Det er bare sÃ¥ mye tid; Det er bare sÃ¥ mye " -"kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke begrense handlingene til disse tingene det " -"mÃ¥ gjøre-- og de tingene som betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." +"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vÃ¥r nÃ¥værende system av regjeringen. " +"\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere " +"\"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder beneficiaries av congress's " +"handlinger for Ã¥ øke og gi penger til Kongressen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ det til Ã¥ handle. " +"Det er bare sÃ¥ mye tid; Det er bare sÃ¥ mye kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke " +"begrense handlingene til disse tingene det mÃ¥ gjøre-- og de tingene som " +"betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15737,17 +16926,20 @@ msgstr "" "penger hvis dikt frost skrev publiseres av alle gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " -"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " -"expire. You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial " -"adviser comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:" +"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. " +"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser " +"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ forestille robert frost eiendom er tjener $100.000 i Ã¥ret fra tre av " "frost's dikt. og forestille seg opphavsretten for disse diktene er i ferd " "med Ã¥ utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell " "rÃ¥dgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:" +#. PAGE BREAK 224 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " @@ -15758,6 +16950,7 @@ msgstr "" "utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste Ã¥r, vi vil ikke lenger motta Ã¥rlige royalty " "kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " @@ -15770,12 +16963,15 @@ msgstr "" "tjue Ã¥r. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. sÃ¥ vi bør hÃ¥pe " "passerer denne regningen.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " -"it?\"" -msgstr "\"hÃ¥per?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" +"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?" +"\"" +msgstr "" +"\"hÃ¥per?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " @@ -15785,6 +16981,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rÃ¥dgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av " "en rekke representanter Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sikre at de støtter regningen.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " @@ -15795,6 +16992,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi fÃ¥ Hvis denne " "utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rÃ¥dgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " @@ -15808,11 +17006,14 @@ msgstr "" "vil være verdt $1,146,000 til eiendom.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" -msgstr "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" +msgstr "" +"du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " @@ -15823,23 +17024,25 @@ msgstr "" "kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker pÃ¥ disse bidragene vil forsikre at " "regningen ble sendt?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " -"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " -"copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.\"" +"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these copyrights. " +"Which for us means over $1,000,000.\"" msgstr "" "\"absolutt\", svarer rÃ¥dgiver. \"det er verdt det for deg Ã¥ bidra med opp " -"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse " -"opphavsrettigheter. som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" +"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. " +"som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 225 +#. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"You quickly get the point--you as the member of the board and, I trust, you " -"the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary in " -"the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they can " -"contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit " +"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " +"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " +"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they " +"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit " "greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to " "expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term " "extended." @@ -15852,6 +17055,7 @@ msgstr "" "mengde lobbyvirksomhet for Ã¥ fÃ¥ opphavsrett begrepet utvidet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15861,6 +17065,8 @@ msgstr "" "(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til Ã¥ kjøpe " "ytterligere utvidelser av copyright." +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " @@ -15871,19 +17077,19 @@ msgstr "" "Mikke Mus innsats; Kongressen øks bill tildeling skaperne 20 Ã¥r,\"chicago " "tribune, 17 oktober 1998, 22." -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. f5. +#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -15900,6 +17106,7 @@ msgid "" "campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " @@ -15920,8 +17127,9 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle krav at vilkÃ¥rene være \"begrenset.\" Hvis de kunne " "forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen." -#. PAGE BREAK 226 +#. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -15939,6 +17147,7 @@ msgstr "" "av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 Ã¥ ramme en lov som forbød " "besittelse av vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " @@ -15954,6 +17163,7 @@ msgstr "" "utdanningen handel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15968,6 +17178,7 @@ msgstr "" "grense." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -15980,24 +17191,26 @@ msgid "" "Supreme Court, the government said, was not in the position to second-guess " "Congress." msgstr "" -"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA " -"v. lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler berørt " +"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. " +"lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler berørt " "utdanningen handel. vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler øke kriminalitet, " "kriminalitet senker egenskapsverdier, og sÃ¥ videre. i argumentet muntlig " "bedt justisministeren regjeringen om det var noen aktivitet som ikke vil " -"pÃ¥virke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen " -"Avansert. regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet " -"pÃ¥virker utdanningen handel, pÃ¥virker den aktiviteten utdanningen " -"handel. Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til Ã¥ second-guess " +"pÃ¥virke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen Avansert. " +"regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet pÃ¥virker " +"utdanningen handel, pÃ¥virker den aktiviteten utdanningen handel. " +"Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til Ã¥ second-guess " "Kongressen." -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)." -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)." @@ -16007,36 +17220,38 @@ msgid "" "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " "Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered interstate " "commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The decision in " -"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States " -"v. Morrison.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States v. Morrison." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " "the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government " -"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce--the " +"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the " "limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in " "the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's " "interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate " -"copyrights--the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding." +"copyrights—the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding." msgstr "" "Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra " -"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av " -"handel-setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate " +"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-" +"setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate " "regjeringen unending makt til Ã¥ regulere handel--begrenset til utdanningen " "handel til tross for. det samme punktet er sant i forbindelse med " "opphavsrett-setningsdel. her ogsÃ¥, regjeringens tolkning ville tillate " "regjeringen unending makt til Ã¥ regulere opphavsrett--begrenset til " "\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for." -#. PAGE BREAK 227 +#. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " -"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should " +"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should " "yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If " "Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no \"stopping " "point\" to Congress's power over terms, though the Constitution expressly " @@ -16045,18 +17260,19 @@ msgid "" "extend the term of existing copyrights." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " -"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics--a conservative Supreme " -"Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over Congress to " -"advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected that view of " -"the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the decision, I wrote an " -"article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an interpretation of the " -"Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides cases based upon its " -"politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was not going to devote my " -"life to teaching constitutional law if these nine Justices were going to be " -"petty politicians." +"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " +"Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over " +"Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected " +"that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the " +"decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an " +"interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides " +"cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was " +"not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine " +"Justices were going to be petty politicians." msgstr "" "Hvis, det vil si at prinsippet annonsert i lopez stod for et prinsipp. mange " "trodde beslutningen i lopez stod for politikk--en konservativ Høyesterett, " @@ -16070,20 +17286,22 @@ msgstr "" "politikere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " "copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious " -"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy--piracy of the public domain. When " -"Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the " -"maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, " -"Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their " -"work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution " -"envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they " -"created new work. But now these entities were using their power--expressed " -"through the power of lobbyists' money--to get another twenty-year dollop of " -"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public " -"domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all." +"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. " +"When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, " +"the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim " +"changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly " +"for their work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the " +"Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six " +"years, they created new work. But now these entities were using their " +"power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' money—to get " +"another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be " +"taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects " +"us all." msgstr "" "NÃ¥ la oss pause for et øyeblikk Ã¥ sørge for at vi forstÃ¥r hva argumentet i " "eldred ikke var om. ved Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, " @@ -16093,18 +17311,18 @@ msgstr "" "opprettet Mikke Mus, maksimal opphavsrett begrepet var bare femtiseks Ã¥r. pÃ¥ " "grunn av midlertidige endringer, hadde frost og disney allerede likte " "monopol sytti-fem Ã¥r for deres arbeid. de hadde fÃ¥tt fordelen av handel som " -"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for " -"femti-seks Ã¥r, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nÃ¥ disse enhetene bruker deres " -"makt--uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for Ã¥ fÃ¥ en annen tyve " -"Ã¥rs dollop av monopol. at tyve Ã¥rs Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public " +"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for femti-" +"seks Ã¥r, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nÃ¥ disse enhetene bruker deres makt--" +"uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for Ã¥ fÃ¥ en annen tyve Ã¥rs " +"dollop av monopol. at tyve Ã¥rs Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public " "domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som pÃ¥virker oss alle." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " -"U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." +"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U." +"S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16119,6 +17337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16136,33 +17355,34 @@ msgstr "" "perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper " "ikke, sÃ¥ lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for Ã¥ utvide dem igjen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " "copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society from copyright " -"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey " -"Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s " -"that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes " -"not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not " -"famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." -msgstr "" -"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkÃ¥rene blir " -"utvidet. Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er ogsÃ¥ nyttig for " -"eiere av opphavsretter Ã¥ ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett " +"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. " +"Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have " +"continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from " +"these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not " +"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." +msgstr "" +"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkÃ¥rene blir utvidet. " +"Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er ogsÃ¥ nyttig for eiere av " +"opphavsretter Ã¥ ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett " "servertilleggene er ikke at Mikke Mus forblir disney. glem Mikke Mus. glem " "robert frost. Glem alle verker fra 1920- og 1930-tallet som har fortsetter " "kommersiell verdi. reell skade sikt-utvidelsen kommer ikke fra disse berømte " "verk. reell skade er Works ikke er kjent, ikke kommersielt utnyttede og ikke " "lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " -"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " -"ranges. See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." +"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " +"See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16175,11 +17395,12 @@ msgid "" "generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 229 +#. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Think practically about the consequence of this extension--practically, as a " -"businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " +"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " +"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " "10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in " "print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available " "to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you " @@ -16193,10 +17414,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " -"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " -"on-line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and " +"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-" +"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and " "authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal " "records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still " "under copyright." @@ -16209,6 +17431,7 @@ msgstr "" "bøker som fortsatt under opphavsrett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" @@ -16217,6 +17440,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett eiere. How 'd du gjøre det?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16228,12 +17452,13 @@ msgstr "" "liste?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " "how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such " -"records--especially since the person who registered is not necessarily the " -"current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" +"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily " +"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" msgstr "" "men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og deretter i 1959, " "pÃ¥ personen som registrerte opphavsretten. men det er bare tenke praktisk " @@ -16241,6 +17466,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike poster--spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er nødvendigvis " "gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " @@ -16251,6 +17477,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiere av opphavsretter?\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -16266,8 +17493,9 @@ msgstr "" "sannsynligvis ditt.) sÃ¥ har formelt eller uformelt, vi en ganske god mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen." -#. PAGE BREAK 230 +#. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16290,6 +17518,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanligvis vet svært godt hvem som eier hva egenskapen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16312,6 +17541,7 @@ msgstr "" "eierens tillatelse, egenskapen er ikke skal brukes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16321,6 +17551,12 @@ msgstr "" "vil bare rot bort pÃ¥ hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er " "mye mer dire." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Agee, Michael" +msgstr "" + +#. f11. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " @@ -16348,6 +17584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16359,31 +17596,32 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett begrepet filtypen act vil, hvis stÃ¥ stÃ¥ende, ødelegge en hel " "generasjon av american film." -#. PAGE BREAK 231 +#. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " -"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at " -"all--sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now " -"commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of the " -"vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " +"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " +"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work " +"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of " +"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " "must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution." msgstr "" "hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi. resten--i den grad det er blitt bevart pÃ¥ " "alle--sitter i vaults samle støv. Det kan være at noe av dette arbeidet ikke " -"nÃ¥ kommersielt verdifull, anses for Ã¥ være verdifulle av eierne av " -"vaults. for at dette skal skje, men mÃ¥ kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet " -"overskride kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." +"nÃ¥ kommersielt verdifull, anses for Ã¥ være verdifulle av eierne av vaults. " +"for at dette skal skje, men mÃ¥ kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet overskride " +"kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." -#. f12. +#. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " "also Brief of Amicus Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet " -"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." +"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16392,11 +17630,12 @@ msgid "" "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " "technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " "$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " -"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16411,6 +17650,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett, du trenger Ã¥ finne eieren av opphavsretten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -16424,17 +17664,18 @@ msgstr "" "kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for Ã¥ være et svært stort tall. dermed " "kostnadene ved Ã¥ fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " -"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " -"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she " -"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have " -"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be " -"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you " -"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you " -"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to " -"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money." +"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a felony. " +"And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she does show " +"up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have made. So, " +"if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be getting a call " +"from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you won't make enough " +"to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you have to talk to a " +"lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to talk to a lawyer is " +"the same as saying you won't make any money." msgstr "" "\"men ikke kan du bare gjenopprette filmen, distribuere den, og deretter " "betale eieren av opphavsretten nÃ¥r hun viser?\" sikker, hvis du vil utføre " @@ -16446,8 +17687,9 @@ msgstr "" "advokat. og som for ofte er tilfellet, sier du har til Ã¥ snakke med en " "advokat er det samme som Ã¥ si du ikke gjøre noen penger." -#. PAGE BREAK 232 +#. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16462,6 +17704,7 @@ msgstr "" "utløper." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16473,6 +17716,7 @@ msgstr "" "tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nÃ¥ lagret bli fylt med " "noe mer enn støv." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " @@ -16488,29 +17732,31 @@ msgstr "" "brøkdel fungerer opphavsretten som en \"motoren i fri ytring.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " -"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and " -"film. Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a " -"creative work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the " -"commercial life ends." +"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. " +"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative " +"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial " +"life ends." msgstr "" "men selv for at liten brøkdel, den faktiske tiden da skapende arbeid har en " "kommersiell levetid er ekstremt kort. som jeg har angitt, vil de fleste " -"bøker gÃ¥ ut av Skriv ut innen ett Ã¥r. det samme gjelder av musikk og " -"film. kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det mÃ¥ bevege. og nÃ¥r en skapende " -"arbeid faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell " -"levetid slutter." +"bøker gÃ¥ ut av Skriv ut innen ett Ã¥r. det samme gjelder av musikk og film. " +"kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det mÃ¥ bevege. og nÃ¥r en skapende arbeid " +"faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid " +"slutter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " "have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending " "Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 " "news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and " -"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for " +"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for " "knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have " "made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." msgstr "" @@ -16523,27 +17769,29 @@ msgstr "" "vi er, og der vi kom fra, og hvordan vi har gjort feil som vi har, trenger " "vi Ã¥ ha tilgang til denne historien." -#. PAGE BREAK 233 +#. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " "context do no good." msgstr "" "opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten Kjør ikke en motor gratis " -"uttrykksmÃ¥ter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv " -"rett. opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." +"uttrykksmÃ¥ter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. " +"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " -"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " -"copyright-related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a " -"book went out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you " -"could still buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells " -"it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner " -"anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended " -"was a use that was independent of copyright law." +"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no copyright-" +"related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a book went " +"out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you could still " +"buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells it, in " +"America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner anything. " +"Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended was a use " +"that was independent of copyright law." msgstr "" "Likevel, for det meste av vÃ¥r historie, de ogsÃ¥ gjorde lite skade. for de " "fleste av vÃ¥r historie, nÃ¥r et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det " @@ -16555,11 +17803,12 @@ msgstr "" "levetid avsluttet en bruk som var uavhengig av lov om opphavsrett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " -"film--the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs--were so high, it was " -"never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains of a " -"great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its " +"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " +"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains " +"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its " "commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end " "of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer." msgstr "" @@ -16571,6 +17820,7 @@ msgstr "" "det var slutten av sitt liv sÃ¥ lenge markedet ikke har mer Ã¥ tilby." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16583,10 +17833,12 @@ msgstr "" "interfered med noe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "men denne situasjonen er nÃ¥ endret." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16608,8 +17860,9 @@ msgstr "" "levetid. Det er nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ bevare og forsikrer særlige til denne kunnskap og " "kultur, mens før det ikke var." -#. PAGE BREAK 234 +#. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16630,6 +17883,7 @@ msgstr "" "skrevet for en radikalt annen sammenheng." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16641,14 +17895,15 @@ msgid "" "expression. Copyright is a brake." msgstr "" "Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkÃ¥r: nÃ¥ som teknologi gjør det " -"mulig for oss Ã¥ gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i " -"veien. og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formÃ¥l, med det " -"formÃ¥l Ã¥ copyright er Ã¥ aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer " -"kultur. Nei, vi snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell " -"levetid. i denne sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formÃ¥l pÃ¥ alle " -"relatert til spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en " -"motor gratis uttrykksmÃ¥ter. Copyright er en brems." +"mulig for oss Ã¥ gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. " +"og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formÃ¥l, med det formÃ¥l Ã¥ " +"copyright er Ã¥ aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer kultur. Nei, vi " +"snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell levetid. i denne " +"sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formÃ¥l pÃ¥ alle relatert til " +"spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis " +"uttrykksmÃ¥ter. Copyright er en brems." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " @@ -16659,6 +17914,7 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ " "ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i Ã¥ spre kultur allment?\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " @@ -16666,8 +17922,8 @@ msgid "" "to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need " "for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve " "what \"the market\" would demand. But if you think the role of a library is " -"bigger than this--if you think its role is to archive culture, whether " -"there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or not--then we " +"bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive culture, whether " +"there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or not—then we " "can't count on the commercial market to do our library work for us." msgstr "" "kanskje. en dag. men det er absolutt ingen bevis som tyder pÃ¥ at utgivere " @@ -16679,12 +17935,12 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørsel etter en bestemt bit av denne kulturen eller ikke-- sÃ¥ vi ikke " "stole pÃ¥ det kommersielle markedet Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet vÃ¥rt bibliotek for oss." -#. f13. +#. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " -"December 2002, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>." +"December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #54</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16696,10 +17952,11 @@ msgid "" "gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " "films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially " "available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " -"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " @@ -16716,12 +17973,13 @@ msgstr "" "krav, og (2) at utvide vilkÃ¥rene ved en annen tjue Ã¥r krenket first endring." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " "claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at " -"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that " -"court. That dissent gave our claims life." +"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. " +"That dissent gave our claims life." msgstr "" "district court avvist pÃ¥stander om vÃ¥re uten Ã¥ selv høre et argument. et " "panel av court of appeals for DC-kretsen ogsÃ¥ oppsagt vÃ¥re krav, men etter " @@ -16729,6 +17987,7 @@ msgstr "" "en av de mest konservative dommerne pÃ¥ at domstolen. at ga dissens livet " "vÃ¥rt krav." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " @@ -16750,6 +18009,7 @@ msgstr "" "sentelle hevdet, ville være Ã¥ nekte Kongressen makt til Ã¥ utvide " "eksisterende vilkÃ¥r." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " @@ -16757,20 +18017,19 @@ msgid "" "cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where " "the court will sit \"en banc\" to hear the case." msgstr "" -"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet Ã¥ høre " -"tilfelle. tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av " -"viktige saker eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for " -"kretsen som helhet, der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for Ã¥ høre " -"tilfelle." +"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet Ã¥ høre tilfelle. " +"tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av viktige saker " +"eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, " +"der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for Ã¥ høre tilfelle." -#. PAGE BREAK 236 +#. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " -"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " -"D.C. Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most " -"liberal judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its " -"bounds." +"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. " +"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal " +"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds." msgstr "" "lagmannsrett avvist vÃ¥r anmodning om Ã¥ høre case no banc. Denne gangen " "vurdere sentelle ble med seg mest liberale medlem av DC-krets, bedømme david " @@ -16778,6 +18037,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen hadde overstepped sin grensene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16786,13 +18046,13 @@ msgid "" "court has yet reviewed the statute." msgstr "" "Det var her at de fleste forventet eldred v. ashcroft ville dø, for " -"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i " -"appeller. (det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et Ã¥r, ut av mer enn fem tusen " -"appeller.) og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som " -"opprettholder en vedtekt nÃ¥r ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgÃ¥tt " -"vedtektene." +"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i appeller. " +"(det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et Ã¥r, ut av mer enn fem tusen appeller.) " +"og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en " +"vedtekt nÃ¥r ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgÃ¥tt vedtektene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16804,6 +18064,7 @@ msgstr "" "forberede for argumentet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -16825,53 +18086,65 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " -"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " -"story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." +"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. " +"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story " +"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." msgstr "" -"men min klient og disse venner var galt. denne saken kunne ha blitt " -"vunnet. Det burde ha blitt vunnet. og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver Ã¥ retell " -"denne historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe Ã¥ tro at min egen feil " -"mistet den." +"Men min klient og disse vennene tok feil. Denne saken kunne vært vunnet. Det " +"burde ha vært vunnet. Og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver Ã¥ fortelle den " +"historien til meg selv, kan jeg aldri unnslippe troen pÃ¥ at det er min feil " +"at vi ikke vant." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" +msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey" -#. PAGE BREAK 237 +#. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " -"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " +"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. " +"Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " "lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, " -"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its " -"copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this " -"pressure (something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout " -"the case, they gave it everything they could." +"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its copyright-" +"protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this pressure " +"(something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout the case, " +"they gave it everything they could." msgstr "" -"feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt det ble Ã¥penbart bare pÃ¥ til slutten. vÃ¥rt " -"tilfelle hadde vært støttes helt fra begynnelsen av en ekstraordinære " -"advokat, geoffrey stewart, og ved advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til " -"jones, dag, reavis og pogue. Jones dag tok mye varme fra klientene " -"copyright-protectionist for Ã¥ støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som " -"noen advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de " -"kunne." +"Feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt den ble først Ã¥penbart pÃ¥ slutten. VÃ¥r sak " +"hadde støtte hos en ekstraordinær advokat, Geoffrey Stewart, helt fra " +"starten, og hos advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til, Jones, Day, Reavis og " +"Pogue. Jones Day mottok mye press fra sine opphavsrettsbeskyttende klienter " +"pÃ¥ grunn av sin støtte til oss. De ignorert dette presset (noe veldig fÃ¥ " +"advokatfirmaer noen sinne ville gjøre), og ga alt de hadde gjennom hele " +"saken." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Ayer, Don" +msgstr "Ayer, Don" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bromberg, Dan" +msgstr "Bromberg, Dan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " -"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " -"involved. Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this " -"case would be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could " -"make the issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if " -"dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, " -"they would never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the " -"world.\"" +"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " +"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would " +"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the " +"issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if dramatic " +"harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, they would " +"never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the world.\"" msgstr "" -"Det var tre viktige advokater tilfelle fra jones dag. Geoff stewart var " -"først, men deretter dan bromberg og don ayer ble ganske involvert. Bromberg " -"og ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan dette tilfellet ville " -"bli vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, de gjentatte ganger fortalte meg, hvis vi " -"kunne gjøre problemet synes \"viktig\" til Høyesterett. det mÃ¥tte synes som " -"om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur; ellers ville " -"de aldri stemt mot \"de kraftigste media selskapene i verden.\"" +"Det var tre viktige advokater pÃ¥ saken fra Jones DaY. Geoff Stewart var den " +"først, men siden ble Dan Bromberg og Don Ayer ganske involvert. Bromberg og " +"Ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan denne saken ville bli " +"vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, fortalte de gjentatte ganger til meg, hvis vi " +"fÃ¥ problemet til Ã¥ virke \"viktig\" for Høyesterett. Det mÃ¥tte synes som om " +"dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de " +"aldri stemt mot \"de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden\"." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " @@ -16891,12 +18164,12 @@ msgid "" "Constitution, not based on whether they liked the values that the framers " "put in the Constitution." msgstr "" -"Jeg hater denne visningen av loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg sonny bono loven " -"var en dramatisk skade pÃ¥ ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror " -"jeg fortsatt det er. men ideen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert pÃ¥ " -"hvor viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som " -"i \"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være " -"den mÃ¥ten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vÃ¥r " +"Jeg hater dette synet pÃ¥ loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg Sonny Bono-loven var " +"en dramatisk skade pÃ¥ ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror jeg " +"fortsatt dette. Men ideen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert pÃ¥ hvor " +"viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som i " +"\"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være den " +"mÃ¥ten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vÃ¥r " "grunnlov gjorde gi konklusjonen at ctea var forfatningsstridig, og som jeg " "mente at alle trofaste tolkning av hva den første endring betyr ville gi " "konklusjonen som strøm for Ã¥ forlenge eksisterende opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene er " @@ -16908,6 +18181,7 @@ msgstr "" "som underskrev de innlegge Grunnloven." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16922,8 +18196,9 @@ msgstr "" "dem at denne loven var ille, vi trengte Ã¥ vise hvorfor det var " "forfatningsstridig." -#. PAGE BREAK 238 +#. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16936,9 +18211,9 @@ msgid "" "against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " "views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not " "politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible " -"critics--credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, " -"in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless " -"of one's politics." +"critics—credible not because they were rich and famous, but because " +"they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional " +"regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" "Det var en mÃ¥te, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde " "et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre vÃ¥re " @@ -16954,20 +18229,20 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at denne " "loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " -"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " -"Mrs. Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, " -"she wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for " -"allowing the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills " -"that create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily " -"through the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the " -"general public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial " -"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's " -"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not " -"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, " -"Schlafly argued." +"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. " +"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she " +"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing " +"the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills that " +"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through " +"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general " +"public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial documented, " +"was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's contributions to the " +"key players on the committees. It was money, not justice, that gave Mickey " +"Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, Schlafly argued." msgstr "" "det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, " "eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly " @@ -16979,10 +18254,10 @@ msgstr "" "fordelen allmennheten synes Ã¥ komme bogged ned?\", som de redaksjonelle " "dokumentert, var svaret strømmen av penger. schlafly nummerert disney's " "bidrag til sentrale aktører pÃ¥ komiteene. Det var penger, ikke " -"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue Ã¥r i disney's kontroll, schlafly " -"hevdet." +"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue Ã¥r i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16996,7 +18271,7 @@ msgstr "" "grense for Kongressens makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. som sterkt konservativ " "argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle." -#. PAGE BREAK 239 +#. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " @@ -17010,6 +18285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -17022,6 +18298,7 @@ msgstr "" "biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -17033,6 +18310,27 @@ msgstr "" "ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre " "gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Akerlof, George" +msgstr "Akerlof, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" +msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Buchanan, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Coase, Ronald" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Friedman, Milton" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " @@ -17041,20 +18339,21 @@ msgid "" "Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their " "conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the " "terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to " -"create. Such extensions were nothing more than \"rent-seeking\"--the fancy " -"term economists use to describe special-interest legislation gone wild." +"create. Such extensions were nothing more than \"rent-seeking\"—the " +"fancy term economists use to describe special-interest legislation gone wild." msgstr "" "Denne økonomer kort ble signert av sytten økonomer, inkludert fem " "Nobelprisen vinnerne, inkludert ronald Coases, james buchanan, milton " "friedman, kenneth pilen og george akerlof. økonomer, spredte som viser " "listen over nobel vinnere, det politiske spektret. deres konklusjoner var " "kraftig: det var ingen sannsynlig hevder at utvide vilkÃ¥rene i eksisterende " -"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for Ã¥ øke insentiver til Ã¥ " -"opprette. slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt " -"økonomer bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." +"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for Ã¥ øke insentiver til Ã¥ opprette. " +"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt økonomer " +"bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." -#. PAGE BREAK 240 +#. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -17074,20 +18373,20 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle historie med en rekke banebrytende seire i Høyesterett " "forsvare rettigheter; Min kollega og dean, kathleen sullivan, som hadde " "hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en " -"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles " -"stekt." +"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " "companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only " "one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he " -"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme " -"Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power " -"in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many " -"positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining " -"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument." +"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. " +"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the " +"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in " +"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause " +"was a vote of confidence in our argument." msgstr "" "stekt var en spesiell seier for vÃ¥r side. hver andre tidligere advokat " "generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, Ã¥ forsvare congress's kraft til Ã¥ gi " @@ -17099,6 +18398,7 @@ msgstr "" "posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte Ã¥rsaken " "var en stemme av tilliten i vÃ¥r argumentet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " @@ -17106,29 +18406,31 @@ msgid "" "or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were written " "exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright holders." msgstr "" -"regjeringen, i Ã¥ forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, " -"ogsÃ¥. betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller " +"regjeringen, i Ã¥ forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, ogsÃ¥. " +"betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller " "økonomer. truser pÃ¥ den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av " "store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " -"law. The congressmen were not surprising either--they were defending their " -"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power " +"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " +"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power " "induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders " "would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control " "who did what with content they wanted to control." msgstr "" -"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest Ã¥ tjene pÃ¥ " -"loven. congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var Ã¥ forsvare sin makt, " -"og indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig " -"var det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de " -"bør fortsette Ã¥ ha rett til Ã¥ kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " +"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest Ã¥ tjene pÃ¥ loven. " +"congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var Ã¥ forsvare sin makt, og " +"indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var " +"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de bør " +"fortsette Ã¥ ha rett til Ã¥ kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " "ønsket Ã¥ kontroll." -#. f14. +#. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -17136,6 +18438,8 @@ msgstr "" "kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 " "amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " @@ -17144,22 +18448,23 @@ msgstr "" "dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer " "fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7." -#. PAGE BREAK 241 +#. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " -"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work-- better than " -"allowing it to fall into the public domain--because if this creativity were " -"in the public domain, then people could use it to \"glorify drugs or to " -"create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also " -"the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its \"protection\" of the " -"work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to license Porgy and Bess " -"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American " -"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect " -"that control." +"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " +"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this " +"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to \"glorify " +"drugs or to create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its " +"\"protection\" of the work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to " +"license Porgy and Bess to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the " +"cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this " +"part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to " +"help them effect that control." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " @@ -17173,34 +18478,35 @@ msgid "" "in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is traditionally " "meant to block." msgstr "" -"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne " -"debatten. NÃ¥r Kongressen beslutter Ã¥ forlenge eksisterende " -"opphavsrettigheter, gjør Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det " -"prioriteres. berømte og elskede opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin " -"eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue Ã¥r Ã¥ " -"kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre " -"bedre med dem enn noen andre.\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig Ã¥ belønne de " -"populære og berømte ved Ã¥ gi dem det de ønsker. men nÃ¥r Kongressen gir folk " -"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ snakke pÃ¥ en bestemt mÃ¥te, det er akkurat hva den " -"første endringen er tradisjonelt ment Ã¥ blokkere." +"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne debatten. " +"NÃ¥r Kongressen beslutter Ã¥ forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, gjør " +"Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det prioriteres. berømte og elskede " +"opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til " +"Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue Ã¥r Ã¥ kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av " +"den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre bedre med dem enn noen andre." +"\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig Ã¥ belønne de populære og berømte ved Ã¥ gi " +"dem det de ønsker. men nÃ¥r Kongressen gir folk en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"snakke pÃ¥ en bestemt mÃ¥te, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er " +"tradisjonelt ment Ã¥ blokkere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " -"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " -"copyrights--extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would " -"also mean that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, " -"through copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and " -"October, there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as " -"I said, I set the strategy." +"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—" +"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean " +"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through " +"copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, " +"there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, " +"I set the strategy." msgstr "" "Vi hevdet sÃ¥ mye i en endelige kort. ikke bare vil opprettholde ctea bety at " -"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for Ã¥ forlenge " -"opphavsrett--utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil " -"ogsÃ¥ bety at det var ingen grense congress's kraft til Ã¥ spille favoritter, " -"gjennom opphavsrett, med som har rett til Ã¥ snakke. mellom februar og " -"oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig " -"som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien." +"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for Ã¥ forlenge opphavsrett--" +"utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil ogsÃ¥ bety at " +"det var ingen grense congress's kraft til Ã¥ spille favoritter, gjennom " +"opphavsrett, med som har rett til Ã¥ snakke. mellom februar og oktober var " +"det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig som jeg sa, " +"satt jeg strategien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17208,22 +18514,27 @@ msgid "" "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " "included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, Justice Scalia, Justice " "Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the most consistent in " -"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the " -"Lopez/Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be " +"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the Lopez/" +"Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be " "interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 242 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Breyer, Stephen" +msgstr "Breyer, Stephen" + +#. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " -"Congress's power. These four--Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " -"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer--had repeatedly argued that the Constitution " -"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its " -"powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role " -"should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the " -"votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also " -"the votes that we were least likely to get." +"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " +"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the " +"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement " +"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's " +"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices " +"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they " +"were also the votes that we were least likely to get." msgstr "" "resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger pÃ¥ " "Kongressens makt. disse fire--rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet souter, " @@ -17232,10 +18543,10 @@ msgstr "" "implementere sin myndighet. i sak etter sak, hadde disse to andre " "justiariusene hevdet at retten rolle bør være en av deference. om stemmene " "til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest " -"konsekvent avtalt med, var de ogsÃ¥ stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig Ã¥ " -"fÃ¥." +"konsekvent avtalt med, var de ogsÃ¥ stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig Ã¥ fÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17256,6 +18567,7 @@ msgstr "" "ønsket gjort lite fornuftig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17265,48 +18577,51 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Lukk bak rettferdighet ginsburg var to justiariusene hvem vi ogsÃ¥ sett pÃ¥ " "som usannsynlig allierte, om mulig overraskelser. rettferdighet souter " -"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet " -"breyer. men begge var ogsÃ¥ svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten " -"bekymringer. og som vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten " -"argument mot disse retrospektiv utvidelser." +"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet breyer. " +"men begge var ogsÃ¥ svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten bekymringer. og som " +"vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse " +"retrospektiv utvidelser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " -"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " -"on this Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no " -"simple ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued " -"for limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly " +"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. " +"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this " +"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple " +"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for " +"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly " "confident he would recognize limits here." msgstr "" -"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg pÃ¥ var at for rettferdighet " -"stevens. historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største " -"dommerne pÃ¥ denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare " -"at ingen enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stÃ¥. men han hadde konsekvent " +"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg pÃ¥ var at for rettferdighet stevens. " +"historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største dommerne pÃ¥ " +"denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare at ingen " +"enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stÃ¥. men han hadde konsekvent " "argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var " "ganske trygg pÃ¥ han ville anerkjenne grenser her." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " "get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single overriding argument " "that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' most important " -"jurisprudential innovation--the argument that Judge Sentelle had relied upon " -"in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must be interpreted so that " -"its enumerated powers have limits." +"jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge Sentelle had relied " +"upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must be interpreted so " +"that its enumerated powers have limits." msgstr "" "Denne analysen av \"resten\" viste mest tydelig der vÃ¥rt fokus mÃ¥tte være: " "pÃ¥ høyre. for Ã¥ vinne dette tilfellet, vi hadde Ã¥ sprekk Ã¥pne disse fem og " "fÃ¥ minst et flertall Ã¥ gÃ¥ pÃ¥ vÃ¥r mÃ¥te. dermed enkelt overstyrende argument " "som animert vÃ¥re krav hvilte pÃ¥ Høyres viktigste jurisprudential innovasjon " "- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at " -"Kongressens makt mÃ¥ tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har " -"begrensninger." +"Kongressens makt mÃ¥ tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger." +#. PAGE BREAK 243 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This then was the core of our strategy--a strategy for which I am " +"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " "under the government's argument here, Congress would always have unlimited " "power to extend existing terms. If anything was plain about Congress's power " @@ -17315,16 +18630,17 @@ msgid "" "Lopez: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, too, " "must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited." msgstr "" -"Dette var deretter kjernen i vÃ¥r strategi--en strategi som jeg er " -"ansvarlig. Vi ville fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ se at akkurat som du er med under " -"regjeringens argument her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha " -"ubegrenset makt til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. Hvis noe var vanlig om " -"Kongressens makt under setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var " -"ment for Ã¥ være \"begrenset.\" vÃ¥rt mÃ¥l vil være Ã¥ fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ avstemme " -"eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til Ã¥ regulere handel var begrenset, " -"deretter sÃ¥, ogsÃ¥, congress's makt til Ã¥ regulere copyright skal begrenses." +"Dette var deretter kjernen i vÃ¥r strategi--en strategi som jeg er ansvarlig. " +"Vi ville fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ se at akkurat som du er med under regjeringens argument " +"her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha ubegrenset makt til Ã¥ " +"utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. Hvis noe var vanlig om Kongressens makt under " +"setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var ment for Ã¥ være " +"\"begrenset.\" vÃ¥rt mÃ¥l vil være Ã¥ fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ avstemme eldred med lopez: " +"Hvis Kongressens makt til Ã¥ regulere handel var begrenset, deretter sÃ¥, " +"ogsÃ¥, congress's makt til Ã¥ regulere copyright skal begrenses." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -17334,30 +18650,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "argumentet pÃ¥ regjeringens side kom ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det " "før. det skal være tillatt Ã¥ gjøre det igjen. regjeringen hevdet at helt fra " -"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende " -"opphavsrettigheter. sÃ¥ regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nÃ¥ si at " -"praksis er unconstitutional." +"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter. " +"sÃ¥ regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nÃ¥ si at praksis er " +"unconstitutional." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " -"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly--eleven " -"times in forty years." +"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—" +"eleven times in forty years." msgstr "" "Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt " "at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene i og i 1909. og " -"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende " -"regelmessig--betingelser elleve ganger i førti Ã¥r." +"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende regelmessig--" +"betingelser elleve ganger i førti Ã¥r." +#. PAGE BREAK 244 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " "extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare extensions " -"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing " -"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was " -"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " +"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing terms. " +"Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was now " +"gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " "expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where " "Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it " "couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in " @@ -17377,11 +18696,12 @@ msgstr "" "lignende syklus av filtypen. Det var ingen grunn det ikke kunne gripe inn " "her. muntlig argumentet var planlagt for den første uken i oktober. Jeg " "ankom i DC to uker før argumentet. i løpet av de to ukene, ble jeg gjentatte " -"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til Ã¥ hjelpe i " -"tilfelle. slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " +"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til Ã¥ hjelpe i tilfelle. " +"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " "justiariusene brann spørsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ wannabe vinnere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17398,6 +18718,7 @@ msgstr "" "har funnet mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ta alle spørsmÃ¥l tilbake til dette sentrale ideen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17409,35 +18730,37 @@ msgstr "" "stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin " "bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " "consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the " -"harm--passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see that, " -"then we haven't any chance of winning.\"" +"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see " +"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.\"" msgstr "" "Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være " "villig til Ã¥ opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en " -"konsekvent praksis for to hundre Ã¥r. du har Ã¥ gjøre dem se " -"skade--passionately fÃ¥ dem til Ã¥ se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, sÃ¥ vi " -"har ikke noen sjanse til Ã¥ vinne." +"konsekvent praksis for to hundre Ã¥r. du har Ã¥ gjøre dem se skade--" +"passionately fÃ¥ dem til Ã¥ se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, sÃ¥ vi har " +"ikke noen sjanse til Ã¥ vinne." -#. PAGE BREAK 245 +#. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " -"thing--not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, " -"I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right " -"thing--not because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to " -"Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I " -"rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians " -"learn to see that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line " -"of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " -"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in " -"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the " -"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." +"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law " +"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the " +"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I " +"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his " +"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the " +"politicians learn to see that it was also good. The night before the " +"argument, a line of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The " +"case had become a focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. " +"Hundreds stood in line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent " +"the night on the Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." msgstr "" "han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han " "forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette--ikke pÃ¥ " @@ -17453,6 +18776,7 @@ msgstr "" "være trygg pÃ¥ et sete." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17480,6 +18804,7 @@ msgstr "" "forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17492,6 +18817,7 @@ msgstr "" "grense." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." @@ -17500,6 +18826,7 @@ msgstr "" "plaget henne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17511,6 +18838,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes Ã¥ være en praksis som begynte med " "svært første akt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " @@ -17521,8 +18849,9 @@ msgstr "" "underskrev hadde i tankene.\", men mitt svar var igjen og igjen Ã¥ " "understreke begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt." -#. PAGE BREAK 246 +#. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17533,6 +18862,7 @@ msgstr "" "hadde i tankene, og svaret er Ja." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," @@ -17541,6 +18871,7 @@ msgstr "" "skulle. Først var et spørsmÃ¥l av rettferdighet kennedy, som observert," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17554,12 +18885,15 @@ msgstr "" "og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser ikke noen empiriske bevis for dette." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," -msgstr "Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," +msgstr "" +"Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17574,6 +18908,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke tillates under lover om opphavsrett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17587,25 +18922,28 @@ msgstr "" "ha mattered. Dette var en softball; mitt svar var en swing og en glipp." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " -"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " -"that he would see this case as its second cousin." +"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " +"For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped that he " +"would see this case as its second cousin." msgstr "" "andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for " "justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi hÃ¥pet at ville han " "se denne saken som sin andre fetter." -#. PAGE BREAK 247 +#. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" -"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmÃ¥let at han ikke var pÃ¥ alle " -"sympatisk. til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. sÃ¥ han spurte:" +"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmÃ¥let at han ikke var pÃ¥ alle sympatisk. " +"til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. sÃ¥ han spurte:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" @@ -17614,6 +18952,7 @@ msgstr "" "ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17626,6 +18965,7 @@ msgstr "" "lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17636,6 +18976,7 @@ msgstr "" "generelt olson" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17647,6 +18988,7 @@ msgstr "" "her, det en begrenset periode som er utvidbart er samme en ubegrenset tid." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17654,25 +18996,26 @@ msgid "" "first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause " "power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the " "long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of " -"the Copyright and Patent Clause-- indeed, the very first case striking a law " -"of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon the " -"Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the Court " -"to my side." -msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r olson var ferdig, var det min tur til Ã¥ gi en avsluttende " -"rebuttal. olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede " -"fortsatt ble sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet " -"som om dette var det første tilfellet noensinne Ã¥ vurdere begrensninger pÃ¥ " -"congress's copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke " -"talsmann, jeg lukket noensinne ved Ã¥ peke pÃ¥ den lange historien av " -"domstolen innføre begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt i navnet pÃ¥ opphavsrett " -"og patent-setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov " -"av Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert pÃ¥ " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking " +"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the " +"Court to my side." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r olson var ferdig, var det min tur til Ã¥ gi en avsluttende rebuttal. " +"olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble " +"sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet som om dette " +"var det første tilfellet noensinne Ã¥ vurdere begrensninger pÃ¥ congress's " +"copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke talsmann, jeg " +"lukket noensinne ved Ã¥ peke pÃ¥ den lange historien av domstolen innføre " +"begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt i navnet pÃ¥ opphavsrett og patent-" +"setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov av " +"Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert pÃ¥ " "opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til Ã¥ flytte " "retten til min side." -#. PAGE BREAK 248 +#. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -17684,6 +19027,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg optimistisk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17694,9 +19038,9 @@ msgid "" "often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that " "Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the " "Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe " -"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court--in particular, " -"the Conservatives--would feel itself constrained by the rule of law that it " -"had established elsewhere." +"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in " +"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the " +"rule of law that it had established elsewhere." msgstr "" "regjeringen hadde blitt spurt om og om igjen, hva er grensen? igjen og " "igjen, det hadde besvart det er ingen begrensning. Dette var nettopp svaret " @@ -17712,6 +19056,7 @@ msgstr "" "etablert andre steder." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -17721,11 +19066,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "15. januar 2003, morgenen jeg var fem minutter for sent til kontoret og " "ubesvarte anropet 7: 00 am fra Høyesterett kontorist. lytte til meldingen, " -"jeg kunne fortelle pÃ¥ et øyeblikk at hun hadde dÃ¥rlige nyheter til " -"report.the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " +"jeg kunne fortelle pÃ¥ et øyeblikk at hun hadde dÃ¥rlige nyheter til report." +"the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " "justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17747,6 +19093,7 @@ msgstr "" "jakt etter resonnement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -17758,30 +19105,33 @@ msgstr "" "funnet. saken ble ikke selv sitert. argumentet som ble argumentet kjernen i " "vÃ¥rt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening." -#. PAGE BREAK 249 +#. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " "Congress's power not limited here." msgstr "" -"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert " -"kreftene. konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset " -"Generelt, hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." +"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert kreftene. " +"konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, " +"hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice " -"Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " -"write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had " -"worked so hard to defeat." +"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " +"Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an " +"opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked " +"so hard to defeat." msgstr "" -"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet " -"souter. Ingen av dem tror pÃ¥ lopez. det ville være for mye Ã¥ forvente dem " -"til Ã¥ skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som " -"de hadde arbeidet sÃ¥ hardt for Ã¥ beseire." +"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. " +"Ingen av dem tror pÃ¥ lopez. det ville være for mye Ã¥ forvente dem til Ã¥ " +"skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de " +"hadde arbeidet sÃ¥ hardt for Ã¥ beseire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17794,23 +19144,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg " "hadde sagt det var ingen mÃ¥te denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter " -"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med " -"fremgang-setningsdelen. det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to " -"ved adressering ikke argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke " -"ville snakker om to sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av " -"lopez tilfelle: i den sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, " -"men i denne sammenheng vil det ikke." +"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med fremgang-setningsdelen. " +"det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to ved adressering ikke " +"argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke ville snakker om to " +"sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av lopez tilfelle: i den " +"sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng " +"vil det ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " -"would respect? By what right did they--the silent five--get to select the " -"part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values they thought " -"important? We were right back to the argument that I said I hated at the " -"start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was important, and " -"I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a system in which " -"the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it will respect, that " -"is the system we have." +"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " +"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values " +"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I " +"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was " +"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a " +"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it " +"will respect, that is the system we have." msgstr "" "ennÃ¥ ved hvilken rett de fikk til Ã¥ velge hvilke av de underskrev verdiene " "de ville respekt? ved hvilken rett gjorde de--de stille fem--fÃ¥r Ã¥ velge " @@ -17821,27 +19172,30 @@ msgstr "" "der domstolen fÃ¥r velge konstitusjonelle verdiene som det vil respektere,." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " "intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of " "terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the " "context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the " -"parallel--without explaining how the very same words in the Progress Clause " -"could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether the words " -"were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's charge go " -"unanswered." +"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress " +"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether " +"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's " +"charge go unanswered." msgstr "" -"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk " -"Dissensene. Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at " -"tradisjonen med lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette " -"uberettiget forlengelse av vilkÃ¥rene. han basert hans argument pÃ¥ en " -"parallell analyse som hadde styrt i sammenheng med patenter (sÃ¥ hadde " -"vi). men resten av domstolen nedsatte parallelt--uten Ã¥ forklare hvordan de " -"samme ord i fremgang-setningsdelen kan komme til Ã¥ bety helt forskjellige " -"ting som er avhengig av om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten " -"la rettferdighet stevens kostnad gÃ¥ ubesvart." +"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. " +"Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med " +"lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette uberettiget forlengelse " +"av vilkÃ¥rene. han basert hans argument pÃ¥ en parallell analyse som hadde " +"styrt i sammenheng med patenter (sÃ¥ hadde vi). men resten av domstolen " +"nedsatte parallelt--uten Ã¥ forklare hvordan de samme ord i fremgang-" +"setningsdelen kan komme til Ã¥ bety helt forskjellige ting som er avhengig av " +"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens " +"kostnad gÃ¥ ubesvart." +#. PAGE BREAK 250 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " @@ -17864,6 +19218,7 @@ msgstr "" "forfatningsstridig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -17878,41 +19233,44 @@ msgstr "" "hamlet uten prinsen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " "depression. This anger was of two sorts." msgstr "" "tap bringer depresjon. de sier det er et tegn pÃ¥ helse nÃ¥r depresjon gir " -"mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere " -"depresjon. Dette sinne var inälvor." +"mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " +"Dette sinne var inälvor." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " "this case. That wouldn't have been a very convincing argument, I don't " -"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it " -"myself. But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices " -"in particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " -"Constitution is \"originalism\"--to first understand the framers' text, " -"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the " -"Constitution. That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" " -"rulings. Where was their \"originalism\" now?" +"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. " +"But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in " +"particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " +"Constitution is \"originalism\"—to first understand the framers' text, " +"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. " +"That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " +"was their \"originalism\" now?" msgstr "" "Det var første sinne pÃ¥ fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for " -"dem Ã¥ har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette " -"tilfellet. ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke " -"tror, etter Ã¥ ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd Ã¥ gjøre det " -"selv. men i alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to " -"andre justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke " -"Grunnloven er \"originalism\"--Ã¥ først forstÃ¥ underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin " +"dem Ã¥ har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette tilfellet. " +"ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke tror, etter Ã¥ " +"ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd Ã¥ gjøre det selv. men i " +"alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to andre " +"justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke Grunnloven " +"er \"originalism\"--Ã¥ først forstÃ¥ underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin " "sammenheng, i lys av strukturen av Grunnloven. Denne metoden hadde produsert " "lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" " "nÃ¥?" -#. PAGE BREAK 251 +#. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17937,6 +19295,7 @@ msgstr "" "egen prinsipper." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17946,6 +19305,7 @@ msgstr "" "visning av loven som jeg likte forstyrre en visning av loven som det er." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17967,23 +19327,24 @@ msgstr "" "argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke Ã¥ kaste bort min tid viser " "det bør ogsÃ¥ følge i popularitet." -#. PAGE BREAK 252 +#. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " "different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked " "power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy " -"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his " -"question. Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First " -"Amendment harms. I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the " -"logical point. I had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress " -"if they wanted to. There were a hundred places where I could have helped " -"them want to, yet my stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have " -"stood before hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion " -"in that effort to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and " -"try to persuade with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis " -"on which a court should decide the issue." +"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. " +"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. " +"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I " +"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. " +"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my " +"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before " +"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort " +"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade " +"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court " +"should decide the issue." msgstr "" "som jeg leste tilbake over transkripsjon fra argumentet i oktober, kan jeg " "se hundre steder der svarene kan ha tatt samtalen i forskjellige retninger, " @@ -18001,6 +19362,7 @@ msgstr "" "problemet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -18011,6 +19373,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller kathleen sullivan?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -18023,6 +19386,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjør det, vil vi være i stand til Ã¥ vise at domstolen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -18036,38 +19400,40 @@ msgstr "" "hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate " "rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " -"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " -"intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case " -"was a mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue " -"should not be raised until it is." +"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " +"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual " +"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a " +"mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue should not " +"be raised until it is." msgstr "" "og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i " "januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende " -"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt Ã¥ bringe denne saken var en " -"feil. -domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke " -"heves før det er." +"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt Ã¥ bringe denne saken var en feil. " +"-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves " +"før det er." -#. PAGE BREAK 253 +#. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " "then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter " "was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do " "some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do " -"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case--a decision I had " -"made four years before--was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny Bono Act " -"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " -"was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that extending the " -"term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over ideas. Where " -"the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had been skeptical " -"of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good thing, even if " -"it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was attacked, it was " -"attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. The New York " -"Times wrote in its editorial," +"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I " +"had made four years before—was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny " +"Bono Act itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's " +"decision was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that " +"extending the term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over " +"ideas. Where the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had " +"been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good " +"thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was " +"attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. " +"The New York Times wrote in its editorial," msgstr "" "etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han " "var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, " @@ -18078,14 +19444,14 @@ msgstr "" "beslutning om jeg hadde gjort fire Ã¥r før--var galt. mens reaksjonen til " "sonny bono handle selv var nesten enstemmig negativ, var reaksjonen til " "domstolens avgjørelse blandet. Ingen, minst i pressen, prøvde Ã¥ si at " -"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over " -"ideer. der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært " -"skeptisk til retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om " -"det igjen en dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet " -"fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin " -"redaksjonell," +"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over ideer. " +"der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært skeptisk til " +"retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om det igjen en " +"dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet fordi det igjen " +"en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin redaksjonell," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -18101,11 +19467,12 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " -"images--of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the case, " -"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " +"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " "wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " "that." msgstr "" @@ -18114,6 +19481,7 @@ msgstr "" "bolling, gjengis pÃ¥ neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstÃ¥ende\" er en " "smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sÃ¥nn." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " @@ -18126,25 +19494,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new " "york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? " -"NÃ¥r jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet " -"Grunnloven.\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vÃ¥r " -"grunnlov en engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall " -"Høyesterett effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se " -"annerledes." +"NÃ¥r jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet Grunnloven." +"\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vÃ¥r grunnlov en " +"engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett " +"effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" -msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: eldred ii" +msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " -"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " -"denied--meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I " -"was giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a " -"particularly long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city " -"from Dulles was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and " -"wrote an op-ed piece." +"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied—" +"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was " +"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly " +"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles " +"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-" +"ed piece." msgstr "" "dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var Ã¥ reise til " "washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet--noe som " @@ -18154,6 +19522,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsinket pÃ¥ grunn av trafikk, sÃ¥ jeg Ã¥pnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en " "op-ed brikke." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " @@ -18174,8 +19543,9 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle prinsippet, til slutt, jeg slÃ¥tt til et argument av " "politikk." -#. PAGE BREAK 256 +#. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -18190,6 +19560,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde bestÃ¥tt arbeidet i public domain." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -18199,6 +19570,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred var slag nok Ã¥ la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det " "vil ikke fÃ¥ gÃ¥tt med mindre det er et annet navn." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " @@ -18215,7 +19587,12 @@ msgstr "" "av kunnskap. La det for sÃ¥ lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der " "er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Forbes, Steve" +msgstr "Forbes, Steve" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -18224,20 +19601,21 @@ msgid "" "government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and " "creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is " "blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, " -"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this " -"issue. Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." +"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. " +"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." msgstr "" "reaksjon pÃ¥ denne ideen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en " -"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker " -"støtte. NÃ¥r du fokuserer problemet pÃ¥ tapt kreativitet, kan folk se " -"opphavsretten til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, " -"komme her regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og " -"som en god demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og " -"spredning av kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell " -"forskjell mellom demokratene og republikanerne pÃ¥ dette problemet. noen kan " -"gjenkjenne de dumme skader som dagens ordning." +"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. " +"NÃ¥r du fokuserer problemet pÃ¥ tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten " +"til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her " +"regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og som en god " +"demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og spredning av " +"kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell forskjell mellom " +"demokratene og republikanerne pÃ¥ dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de " +"dumme skader som dagens ordning." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -18248,17 +19626,17 @@ msgid "" "or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing " "at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified." msgstr "" -"faktisk anerkjent mange den Ã¥penbare fordelen med kravet om " -"registrering. for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk " -"som ønsker Ã¥ lisens innholdet er at det er ingen Ã¥penbare sted Ã¥ lete etter " -"gjeldende opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden " -"merking innhold ikke er pÃ¥krevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er " +"faktisk anerkjent mange den Ã¥penbare fordelen med kravet om registrering. " +"for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk som ønsker Ã¥ " +"lisens innholdet er at det er ingen Ã¥penbare sted Ã¥ lete etter gjeldende " +"opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden merking " +"innhold ikke er pÃ¥krevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er " "nødvendig, er det ofte impossibly vanskelig Ã¥ finne eiere av opphavsretter " "for Ã¥ be om tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke eller lisensierer sitt arbeid. Dette " "systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved Ã¥ etablere minst én registret der " "eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18267,49 +19645,48 @@ msgid "" "formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the " "author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text " "of the Convention has provided that \"the enjoyment and the exercise\" of " -"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any " -"formality.\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in " -"Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries " -"continue to impose some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit " -"not as a condition of copyright. French law, for example, requires the " -"deposit of copies of works in national repositories, principally the " -"National Museum. Copies of books published in the United Kingdom must be " -"deposited in the British Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a " -"Registrar of Authors where the author's true name can be filed in the case " -"of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul Goldstein, International " -"Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials (New York: Foundation Press, " -"2001), 153­54." +"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any formality." +"\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) " +"of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose " +"some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition " +"of copyright. French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of " +"works in national repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of " +"books published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British " +"Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where " +"the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous " +"works. Paul Goldstein, International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and " +"Materials (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." msgstr "" "før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett " "lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med " "formaliteter som registrering, innskudd og affixation av forfatterens " "reklamasjon av opphavsrett. imidlertid, starter med 1908 act, hver tekst av " -"konvensjonen gitt som \"fÃ¥ glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres " -"ved konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" " -"forbud mot formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten " -"i berne konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt Ã¥ innføre noen form for innskudd " -"eller registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for " -"opphavsrett. Fransk lov, krever for eksempel innskudd pÃ¥ kopier av works i " -"nasjonale, for, hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i " -"Storbritannia mÃ¥ settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en " -"registrar av forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i " -"tilfelle av anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning " -"for immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), " -"153­54." +"konvensjonen gitt som \"fÃ¥ glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres ved " +"konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" forbud mot " +"formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten i berne " +"konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt Ã¥ innføre noen form for innskudd eller " +"registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for opphavsrett. Fransk " +"lov, krever for eksempel innskudd pÃ¥ kopier av works i nasjonale, for, " +"hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i Storbritannia " +"mÃ¥ settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en registrar av " +"forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i tilfelle av " +"anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for " +"immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 153­54." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the " -"Anglo-American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if " -"their rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " +"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " +"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" +"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " +"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " "respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " "creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " @@ -18325,6 +19702,7 @@ msgstr "" "og hva som ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -18334,15 +19712,16 @@ msgid "" "Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an i or " "cross a t resulted in the loss of widows' only income." msgstr "" -"kampen mot formaliteter oppnÃ¥dde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i " -"1908. internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, " -"til Ã¥ kreve opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene i livet pluss femti Ã¥r, i tillegg til " +"kampen mot formaliteter oppnÃ¥dde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. " +"internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til Ã¥ " +"kreve opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene i livet pluss femti Ã¥r, i tillegg til " "avskaffelse av opphavsrett formaliteter. formaliteter ble hatet fordi " "historiene til utilsiktet tap var stadig vanligere. Det var som om et " "charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av Ã¥ " "dot en i eller pÃ¥ tvers av en t ført til tap av enker eneste inntekt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -18358,6 +19737,7 @@ msgstr "" "system for registrering." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -18365,18 +19745,20 @@ msgid "" "starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden " "imposed upon creators." msgstr "" -"selv som ville har vært motstÃ¥tt, men fordi registrering i 1800 og " -"1900-tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var ogsÃ¥ en problemfri. oppløsning av " +"selv som ville har vært motstÃ¥tt, men fordi registrering i 1800 og 1900-" +"tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var ogsÃ¥ en problemfri. oppløsning av " "formaliteter lovet ikke bare Ã¥ lagre sultende enker, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ lette en " "unødvendig regulatoriske belastning pÃ¥tvang skapere." +#. PAGE BREAK 258 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " -"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " -"second-class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights " -"over the table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has " -"a property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right " +"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-" +"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the " +"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a " +"property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right " "against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has informed the " "government of his ownership of the table." msgstr "" @@ -18389,6 +19771,7 @@ msgstr "" "eierskap av tabellen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -18405,16 +19788,17 @@ msgstr "" "kan være effektivt og ganske spredt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " "effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because " "you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both " "of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure " -"registration--both because it makes the markets more efficient and because " -"it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration system for " -"land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. With " -"registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a " +"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and " +"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration " +"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. " +"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a " "registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a " "registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A " "slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a " @@ -18434,30 +19818,31 @@ msgstr "" "eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av " "beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt." -#. PAGE BREAK 259 +#. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " "makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative " "property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion " -"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular " -"owner. And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " +"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. " +"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " "confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author " "and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without " "formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om " "opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen " -"som gjør det relativt Ã¥penbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av " -"kreative-egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en " -"milliard steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt " -"eieren. og som en bil, det er ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøpe og selge kreative " -"egenskapen med tillit med mindre det er noen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ godkjenne hvem er " -"forfatter og hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en " -"verden uten formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin " -"plass." +"som gjør det relativt Ã¥penbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av kreative-" +"egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en milliard " +"steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt eieren. og " +"som en bil, det er ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøpe og selge kreative egenskapen med " +"tillit med mindre det er noen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ godkjenne hvem er forfatter og " +"hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten " +"formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " @@ -18477,6 +19862,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrolleres. etter fjorten Ã¥r, ville det være presumptively ukontrollerte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18494,10 +19880,11 @@ msgstr "" "det er ingen formaliteter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " -"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " -"term. Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your " +"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. " +"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your " "permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an " "extended copyright term." msgstr "" @@ -18508,6 +19895,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett sikt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18522,6 +19910,7 @@ msgstr "" "basert pÃ¥ den. Det bør bli gratis hvis det ikke er verdt $1 for deg." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18531,8 +19920,9 @@ msgstr "" "mener at $1 er egentlig misvisende? er ikke hassle verdt mer enn $1? er ikke " "det virkelige problemet med registrering?" -#. PAGE BREAK 260 +#. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18555,14 +19945,15 @@ msgstr "" "den virkelige problemet av regjeringer stÃ¥ende i kjernen av et system av " "formaliteter. i denne boken tilby jeg en slik løsning. Denne løsningen " "remakes hovedsak copyright kontoret. for nÃ¥, kan du anta at det var amazon " -"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk " -"registrering. eldred act ville foreslÃ¥ en enkel, ett klikk registrering " -"femti Ã¥r etter et arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert pÃ¥ historiske data, at " -"systemet ville flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle " -"fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen " -"femti Ã¥r. hva tror du?" +"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk registrering. " +"eldred act ville foreslÃ¥ en enkel, ett klikk registrering femti Ã¥r etter et " +"arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert pÃ¥ historiske data, at systemet ville " +"flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle fungerer som " +"ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen femti Ã¥r. " +"hva tror du?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -18574,6 +19965,7 @@ msgstr "" "villig til Ã¥ introdusere eldred act. og jeg hadde noen som direkte foreslo " "at de kan være villige til Ã¥ ta det første skrittet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " @@ -18591,6 +19983,7 @@ msgstr "" "noe godt kan skje her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18606,24 +19999,26 @@ msgstr "" "viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig " "om." +#. PAGE BREAK 261 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " -"concept in the proposed bill\"--that copyrights be renewed. That was true, " -"but irrelevant, as Congress's \"firm rejection\" had occurred long before " -"the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. Second, they argued " -"that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners--apparently those who " -"could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that Congress had determined " -"that extending a copyright term would encourage restoration work. Maybe in " -"the case of the small percentage of work covered by copyright law that is " -"still commercially valuable, but again this was irrelevant, as the proposal " -"would not cut off the extended term unless the $1 fee was not paid. Fourth, " -"the MPAA argued that the bill would impose \"enormous\" costs, since a " -"registration system is not free. True enough, but those costs are certainly " -"less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose owner is " -"not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to a story " -"underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk is " -"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative " +"concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " +"true, but irrelevant, as Congress's \"firm rejection\" had occurred long " +"before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. Second, they " +"argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—apparently " +"those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that Congress had " +"determined that extending a copyright term would encourage restoration work. " +"Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered by copyright law " +"that is still commercially valuable, but again this was irrelevant, as the " +"proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the $1 fee was not paid. " +"Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose \"enormous\" costs, since " +"a registration system is not free. True enough, but those costs are " +"certainly less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose " +"owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to " +"a story underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk " +"is that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative " "use." msgstr "" "mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i " @@ -18645,12 +20040,14 @@ msgstr "" "filmen en gyldig avledet bruk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " "copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether " -"they are free to give away their copyright or not--a controversial claim in " -"any case--unless they know about a copyright, they're not likely to." +"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial " +"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not " +"likely to." msgstr "" "Endelig, mpaa hevdet at eksisterende lov aktivert opphavsrett eiere til Ã¥ " "gjøre dette hvis de ville. men hele poenget er at det er tusenvis av " @@ -18659,14 +20056,15 @@ msgstr "" "fall--hvis de ikke kjenner om opphavsretten, sannsynligvis de ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " "common sense was delayed. The difference between the two stories was the " -"power of the opposition--the power of the side that fought to defend the " -"status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. But in " -"only one case did those interest's have the power to protect themselves " -"against this new competitive threat." +"power of the opposition—the power of the side that fought to defend " +"the status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. " +"But in only one case did those interest's have the power to protect " +"themselves against this new competitive threat." msgstr "" "i begynnelsen av denne boken fortalte jeg to historier om loven reagerer pÃ¥ " "endringer i teknologi. i den prevailed sunn fornuft. i den andre, ble sunn " @@ -18677,6 +20075,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransedyktig trusselen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18688,8 +20087,9 @@ msgstr "" "her vi bør spørre, ogsÃ¥, er loven etter eller motsette sunn fornuft? Hvis " "sunn fornuft støtter loven, forklarer hva denne sunn fornuft?" -#. PAGE BREAK 262 +#. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18710,6 +20110,7 @@ msgstr "" "hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner Ã¥rsakene til Ã¥ begrense " "opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig Ã¥ se god tro i motstanden." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " @@ -18731,10 +20132,12 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥l:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "Hva denne industrien virkelig vil?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18752,6 +20155,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen " "kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " @@ -18760,14 +20164,15 @@ msgid "" "is not simply to protect what is theirs. Their aim is to assure that all " "there is is what is theirs." msgstr "" -"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden " -"er. mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som mÃ¥let ikke " +"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. " +"mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som mÃ¥let ikke " "beskyttelse av \"property\" men avvisningen av en tradisjon. deres mÃ¥l er " "ikke bare Ã¥ beskytte hva er deres. deres mÃ¥l er Ã¥ sikre at alt er det er hva " "er deres." -#. PAGE BREAK 263 +#. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18784,6 +20189,7 @@ msgstr "" "dele sin egen etablering." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18797,6 +20203,7 @@ msgstr "" "at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften " "for andre." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " @@ -18816,21 +20223,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "CONCLUSION" -msgstr "konklusjon" +msgstr "Konklusjon" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " -"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " -"Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million Africans is " -"proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More importantly, " -"it is seventeen million Africans." +"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-" +"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have " +"already died. Seventeen million Africans is proportional percentage-wise to " +"seven million Americans. More importantly, it is seventeen million Africans." msgstr "" -"Det er mer enn 35 millioner mennesker med aids-viruset over hele " -"verden. tyve - fem millioner av dem bor i Subsaharisk Afrika. sytten " -"millioner har allerede døde. sytten millioner afrikanere er proporsjonal " -"percentage-wise syv millioner amerikanere. enda viktigere er det 17 " -"millioner afrikanere." +"Det er mer enn trettifem millioner mennesker over hele verden med AIDS-" +"viruset. Tjuefem millioner av dem bor i Afrika sør for Sahara. Sytten " +"millioner har allerede dødd. Sytten millioner afrikanere er prosentvis " +"proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er " +"17 millioner afrikanere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -18840,21 +20246,22 @@ msgid "" "take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to " "twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible." msgstr "" -"Det er ingen kur for aids, men det er narkotika Ã¥ redusere sin " -"progresjon. disse antiretroviral terapi er fortsatt eksperimentelle, men de " -"har allerede hatt en dramatisk effekt. i USA øke aids-pasienter som " -"regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til " -"tjue Ã¥r. for noen gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig." +"Det finnes ingen kur for AIDS, men det finnes medisiner som kan hemme " +"sykdommens utvikling. Disse antiretrovirale terapiene er fortsatt " +"eksperimentelle, men de har hatt en dramatisk effekt allerede. I USA øker " +"AIDS-pasienter som regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse medisinene sin " +"levealder med ti til tjue Ã¥r. For noen gjøre medisinene sykdommen nesten " +"usynlig." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#55</ulink>. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 " -"July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing " -"world receive them--and half of them are in Brazil." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. " +"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, " +"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive " +"them—and half of them are in Brazil." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -18864,25 +20271,33 @@ msgid "" "some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation " "can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is " "thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these " -"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. PAGE BREAK 265 +"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse medisinene er dyre. Da de ble først introdusert i USA, kostet de " +"mellom $10 000 og $15 000 pr. person hvert Ã¥r. I dag koster noen av dem $25 " +"000 pr. Ã¥r. Med disse prisene har, selvfølgelig, ingen afrikansk stat rÃ¥d " +"til medisinen for det store flertall av sine innbyggere: $15 000 er tredve " +"ganger brutto nasjonalprodukt pr. innbygger i Zimbabwe. Med slike priser er " +"disse medisinene fullstendig utilgjengelig.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " -"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " -"patents. The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at " -"least a twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly " -"power to extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn " -"used to keep the prices high." -msgstr "" -"disse prisene er ikke høy fordi ingrediensene av narkotika er dyrt. disse " -"prisene er høy fordi narkotika er beskyttet av patenter. stoffet selskaper " -"som produsert disse livreddende blander nyte minst tjue Ã¥r monopol pÃ¥ sine " -"oppfinnelser. de bruker den monopol makten til Ã¥ trekke ut mest de kan fra " -"markedet. den kraften i sin tur til Ã¥ holde prisene som er høy." +"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " +"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a " +"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to " +"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to " +"keep the prices high." +msgstr "" +"Disse prisene er ikke høye fordi ingrediensene til medisinene er dyre. " +"Disse prisene er høye fordi medisinene er beskyttet av patenter. " +"Farmasiselskapene som produserer disse livreddende blandingene nyter minst " +"tjue Ã¥rs monopol pÃ¥ sine oppfinnelser. De bruker denne monopolmakten til Ã¥ " +"hente ut sÃ¥ mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de " +"prisene høye." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -18895,14 +20310,15 @@ msgid "" "incentive. I am the last person who would argue that the law should abolish " "it, at least without other changes." msgstr "" -"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, spesielt narkotika patenter. jeg " -"er ikke. faktisk av alle omrÃ¥der av forskning som kan være støttet av " -"patenter, er drug research, etter min mening, klareste tilfelle der patenter " -"er nødvendig. patent gir farmasøytisk firma noen forsikring om at hvis det " -"er vellykket i inventing et nytt medikament for Ã¥ behandle en sykdom, vil " -"det kunne tjene tilbake sine investeringer og mer. Dette er sosialt et " -"ekstremt verdifullt insentiv. Jeg er den siste personen som vil hevde at " -"loven skal avskaffe det, i det minste uten andre endringer." +"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, spesielt patenter pÃ¥ medisiner. " +"Det er ikke jeg. Faktisk av alle forskningsomrÃ¥der som kan være støttet av " +"patenter, er forskning pÃ¥ medisiner, etter min mening, det klareste tilfelle " +"der patenter er nødvendig. Patenter gir et farmasøytiske firma en viss " +"forsikring om at hvis det lykkes i Ã¥ finne opp et nytt medikament som kan " +"behandle en sykdom, vil det kunne tjene tilbake investeringen og mer til. " +"Dette ber sosialt et ekstremt verdifullt insentiv. Jeg er den siste personen " +"som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten " +"andre endringer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -18912,20 +20328,24 @@ msgid "" "looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the " "market price." msgstr "" -"men det er én ting Ã¥ støtte patenter, selv stoffet patenter. Det er en annen " -"ting Ã¥ vurdere den beste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere en krise. og som afrikanske ledere " -"begynte Ã¥ gjenkjenne ødeleggelsen aids var bringe, de begynte pÃ¥ utkikk " -"etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere hiv behandlinger pÃ¥ kostnader betydelig under " +"Men det er én ting Ã¥ støtte patenter, selv patenter pÃ¥ medisiner. Det er en " +"annen ting Ã¥ avgjøre hvordan en best skal hÃ¥ndtere en krise. Og i det " +"afrikanske ledere begynte Ã¥ erkjenne ødeleggelsen AIDS brakte, begynte de Ã¥ " +"se etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under " "markedspris." -#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Braithwaite, John" +msgstr "Braithwaite, John" + +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37." msgstr "" -"se peter drahos med john braithwaite, informasjon Føydalisme: hvem som eier " -"knowledge economy? (new york: ny press, 2003), 37." +"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " +"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -18938,20 +20358,20 @@ msgid "" "Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " "for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " -"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see " +"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</" +"ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see " "Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human " -"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., " -"Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150­57 (statement of James Love)." +"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., Ser. " +"No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James Love)." msgstr "" -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " @@ -18959,26 +20379,31 @@ msgid "" "for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " "15." msgstr "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " +"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en rapport " +"forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D." +"C., 2000), 15." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " "characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " -"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law--and to " -"add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa for " -"possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty pharmaceutical " -"companies began proceedings in the South African courts to challenge the " -"government's actions. The United States was then joined by other governments " -"from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the pharmaceutical companies, was " -"that South Africa was violating its obligations under international law by " -"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical " -"patents. The demand of these governments, with the United States in the " -"lead, was that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other " -"patent, regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South " -"Africa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " +"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" +"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " +"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty " +"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to " +"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by " +"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the " +"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its " +"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular " +"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these " +"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa " +"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any " +"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -18991,13 +20416,13 @@ msgid "" "affect price. And so, whether massive or marginal, there was an effect from " "our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa." msgstr "" -"Vi bør sette intervensjon av USA i sammenheng. ingen tvil om er patenter " -"ikke den viktigste grunnen at afrikanere ikke har tilgang til " -"narkotika. fattigdom og det totale fraværet av en effektiv helsevesenet " -"infrastruktur saken mer. men om patenter er den viktigste Ã¥rsaken eller " -"ikke, prisen pÃ¥ narkotika har en effekt pÃ¥ deres behov, og patenter pÃ¥virker " -"prisen. og sÃ¥, om massiv eller marginale, det var en effekt fra vÃ¥r " -"regjering intervensjon til Ã¥ stoppe flyten av medikamenter i Afrika." +"Vi bør sette intervensjonen til USA i sammenheng. Det er ingen tvil om at " +"patenter ikke er den viktigste Ã¥rsaken til at Afrikanere ikke har tilgang " +"til medisiner. Fattigdom og den totale mangel pÃ¥ effektivt helsevesen betyr " +"mer. Men uansett om patenter er en viktigste grunnen eller ikke, sÃ¥ har " +"prisen pÃ¥ medisiner en effekt pÃ¥ etterspørselen, og patenter pÃ¥virker " +"prisen. SÃ¥ uansett, massiv eller marginal, sÃ¥ var det en effekt av vÃ¥re " +"myndigheters intervensjon for Ã¥ stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19008,31 +20433,33 @@ msgid "" "about how to take chemicals that exist within Africa, and turn those " "chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives." msgstr "" -"ved Ã¥ stoppe flyten av hiv-behandling i Afrika, var myndighetene i USA ikke " -"redde narkotika for USA borgere. Dette er ikke som hvete (Hvis de spise det, " -"kan vi ikke); i stedet, som USA intervenerte for Ã¥ stoppe flyten var " -"faktisk, en flyt av kunnskap: informasjon om hvordan du ta kjemikalier som " -"finnes i Afrika, og slÃ¥ disse kjemikalier i stoffer som vil spare 15 til 30 " -"millioner liv." +"Ved Ã¥ stoppe flyten av HIV-behandling til Afrika, sikret ikke myndighetene i " +"USA medisiner til USA borgere. Dette er ikke som hvete (hvis de spise det sÃ¥ " +"kan ikke vi spise det). Det som USA i effekt intervenerte for Ã¥ stoppe, var " +"flyten av kunnskap: Informasjon om hvordan en kan ta kjemikalier som finnes " +"i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til " +"30 millioner liv." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " -"of United States drug companies--at least, not substantially. It was not as " -"if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the prices the " -"drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too poor to " -"afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel import of " -"these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. companies." +"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " +"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the " +"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too " +"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel " +"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. " +"companies." msgstr "" "heller ikke var intervensjon av den USA kommer til Ã¥ beskytte fortjeneste av " -"USA stoffet selskaper--minst, ikke betydelig. Det var ikke som om disse " +"USA stoffet selskaper—minst, ikke betydelig. Det var ikke som om disse " "landene var i posisjon til Ã¥ kjøpe narkotika for prisene stoffet selskaper " "ble lading. igjen er afrikanere vill for dÃ¥rlig til Ã¥ ha rÃ¥d til disse " "stoffene til tilbys priser. stoppe parallellimport av disse stoffene ville " "ikke øke betydelig salg etter amerikanske selskaper." -#. f5. -#. PAGE BREAK 333 +#. f5. +#. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " @@ -19041,12 +20468,11 @@ msgid "" "(\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a threat to the entire system " "of intellectual property protection\"); Robert Weissman, \"AIDS and " "Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,\" Foreign " -"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing " -"U.S. policy); John A. Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the " -"HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property " -"Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring " -"2001): 175." +"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. " +"Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding " +"the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a " +"Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19060,6 +20486,7 @@ msgid "" "against the South African response to AIDS." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " @@ -19085,31 +20512,34 @@ msgid "" "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " "certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy " "that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money " -"because of a certain corruption within our political system-- a corruption " -"the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." +"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a " +"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." msgstr "" -"Noen skylden stoffet selskaper. jeg gjør ikke. de er selskaper. deres ledere " -"er organisert etter loven, Ã¥ tjene penger for corporation. de push en " -"bestemt patent policy ikke pÃ¥ grunn av idealer, men fordi det er politikken " -"som gjør dem mest penger. og det bare gjør dem mest penger pÃ¥ grunn av en " -"bestemt korrupsjon i vÃ¥re politiske systemet--en skade stoffet selskaper " -"ikke er absolutt ansvarlige for." +"Noen skylder pÃ¥ farmasiselskapene. Det gjør ikke jeg. De er selskaper, og " +"deres ledere er lovpÃ¥lagt Ã¥ sikre at selskapene tjener penger. De presser " +"pÃ¥ for en bestemt patentpolitikk, ikke pÃ¥ grunn av idealer, men fordi det er " +"dette som gjør at de tjener mest penger. Og dete gjør kun at de tjener mest " +"penger pÃ¥ grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vÃ¥rt politiske system— en " +"korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " -"companies would love--they say, and I believe them--to sell their drugs as " -"cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There are issues " -"they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back into the " -"United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They could be " -"overcome." +"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " +"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There " +"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back " +"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They " +"could be overcome." msgstr "" "korrupsjon er vÃ¥r egen politikeres svikt i integritet. for stoffet selskaper " -"ville elske--de sier, og jeg tror dem – Ã¥ selge sine narkotika sÃ¥ billig som " -"de kan til land i Afrika og andre steder. Det er problemer de mÃ¥ løse Ã¥ " -"sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer av " -"teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet." +"ville elske—de sier, og jeg tror dem — Ã¥ selge sine narkotika sÃ¥ " +"billig som de kan til land i Afrika og andre steder. Det er problemer de mÃ¥ " +"løse Ã¥ sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer " +"av teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet." +#. PAGE BREAK 268 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " @@ -19122,7 +20552,7 @@ msgid "" "the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a rational strategy in " "an irrational context, with the unintended consequence that perhaps millions " "die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this " -"ideal--the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" +"ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" msgstr "" "et annet problem, men kunne ikke bli overvunnet. Dette er frykt for den " "grandstanding politikeren som ville kalle presidenter av stoffet selskaper " @@ -19142,21 +20572,22 @@ msgid "" "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " "done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?" msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ nÃ¥r at sunn fornuft til ditt barns konfronterer du, hva vil du si? NÃ¥r " -"felles-følelse av en generasjon endelig opprør mot hva vi har gjort, hvordan " -"vil vi rettferdiggjøre hva vi har gjort? Hva er argumentet?" +"SÃ¥ nÃ¥r du konfronteres av den sunne fornuften til ditt barn, hva vil du si? " +"NÃ¥r den sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har " +"gjort, hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre hva vi har gjort? Hva er argumentet?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " -"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " -"way. Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support " -"a copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture " -"perfectly and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly " -"support a patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a " -"country not rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible " -"policy, in other words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, " -"both copyright and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." +"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " +"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a " +"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly " +"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a " +"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not " +"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other " +"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright " +"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." msgstr "" "en fornuftig patent policy kan godkjenner og støtter patentsystemet uten Ã¥ " "nÃ¥ alle overalt pÃ¥ nøyaktig samme mÃ¥te. akkurat som en fornuftig copyright " @@ -19168,24 +20599,25 @@ msgstr "" "policy. for de fleste av vÃ¥r historie, var bÃ¥de om opphavsrett og patent " "politikk balansert i bare denne forstand." -#. PAGE BREAK 269 +#. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " "A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, " -"now reigns in this culture--bizarrely, and with consequences more grave to " -"the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy decision " -"that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and under the " -"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " -"looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas that we " -"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are " -"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " +"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave " +"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy " +"decision that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and " +"under the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if " +"any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas " +"that we don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who " +"are dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " "culture that we don't even question when the control of that property " -"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture " -"democratically. Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for " -"anyone who would reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way " -"to make this common sense open its eyes." +"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. " +"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would " +"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this " +"common sense open its eyes." msgstr "" "men vi som en kultur har mistet denne følelse av balanse. Vi har mistet blir " "kritisk blikk som hjelper oss med Ã¥ se forskjellen mellom sannheten og " @@ -19203,6 +20635,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gjøre " "dette sunn fornuft Ã¥pne sine øyne." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " @@ -19210,13 +20643,12 @@ msgid "" "this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by " "the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight \"piracy,\" and " "devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of \"creative " -"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day " -"sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, " -"even though each of the major players in this content war was itself a " -"beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city " -"like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex " -"issues, and MTV attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free " -"culture." +"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day sharecroppers. " +"They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, even though " +"each of the major players in this content war was itself a beneficiary of a " +"more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, " +"hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV " +"attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free culture." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ langt, sunn fornuft sover. Det er ingen opprør. sunn fornuft ser ennÃ¥ " "ikke hva det kunne til opprør om. ekstremisme som dominerer nÃ¥ denne " @@ -19230,7 +20662,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke engang merke til. kraftig lobbies, komplekse problemer og mtv " "oppmerksomhet spenn produsere \"perfect storm\" gratis kultur." -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " @@ -19239,17 +20671,17 @@ msgid "" "Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William " "New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" National " -"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 270 +#. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " -"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " -"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide " -"range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and " +"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range of " +"interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and " "collaborative projects to create public goods.\" These are projects that " "have been successful in producing public goods without relying exclusively " "upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples include the " @@ -19268,6 +20700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -19281,23 +20714,25 @@ msgstr "" "holde access Ã¥pne, eller for Ã¥ angi begrensninger for hvordan proprietære " "krav kan brukes." -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." -msgstr "Jeg skal formidle at jeg var en av folk som ba wipo for møtet." +msgstr "Jeg bør avsløre at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " -"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " -"scope included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily " -"involved science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue " -"for this discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing " -"with intellectual property issues." +"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " +"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved " +"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this " +"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with " +"intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 271 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " @@ -19308,8 +20743,8 @@ msgid "" "in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The " "moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the " "assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be " -"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of " -"WIPO. In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of " +"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. " +"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of " "intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing " "statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was " "no way to talk about an \"Information Society\" unless one also talked about " @@ -19323,15 +20758,15 @@ msgstr "" "faktisk var jeg en gang offentlig scolded for ikke Ã¥ kjenne igjen dette " "faktum om wipo. i februar 2003 leveres jeg en keynote-adressen til en " "forberedende konferanse for toppmøtet i verden pÃ¥ informasjonssamfunnet " -"(wsis). pÃ¥ en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil " -"si. Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i " +"(wsis). pÃ¥ en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil si. " +"Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i " "immaterielle for utviklingen av en informasjonssamfunn. moderator for " "hendelsen deretter umiddelbart avbrutt for Ã¥ informere meg og sammensatte " "journalister at ingen tvil om immaterielle vil bli diskutert av wsis, siden " "disse spørsmÃ¥lene var at et eksklusivt domene av wipo. i talk at jeg hadde " -"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av Ã¥ndsverk som er relativt " -"smÃ¥. men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle " -"eneste fokus pÃ¥ mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig Ã¥ snakke om en " +"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av Ã¥ndsverk som er relativt smÃ¥. " +"men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle eneste " +"fokus pÃ¥ mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig Ã¥ snakke om en " "\"informasjonssamfunnet\", med mindre en ogsÃ¥ snakket om omfanget av " "informasjon og kultur som vil være gratis. min snakk gjorde ikke min " "immoderate moderator veldig glad. og hun var uten tvil riktig at omfanget av " @@ -19340,6 +20775,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle er nødvendig, siden etter mitt syn er selve ideen om balanse i " "immaterielle hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " @@ -19352,6 +20788,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosjekter til Ã¥ opprette offentlige varer\" virket perfekt passende innen " "wipo-agendaen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " @@ -19374,7 +20811,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥pen kildekode eller gratis programvare, snarere enn \"proprietær " "programvare,\" for sine egne interne bruk." -#. f8. +#. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " @@ -19386,32 +20823,33 @@ msgid "" "the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software " "(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, " "American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The " -"Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of " -"Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. " +"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial " +"Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of Business " +"(3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#63</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " -"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " -"software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon " -"open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is " -"increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most " -"famous bit of \"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial " -"entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose " -"commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software " -"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. " +"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open " +"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly " +"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of " +"\"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, " +"to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " +"entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " +"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 272 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " -"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " -"not software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the " +"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" +"\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not " +"software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the " "copyright owners of free and open source software insist quite strongly that " "the terms of their software license be respected by adopters of free and " "open source software. The terms of that license are no doubt different from " @@ -19429,32 +20867,33 @@ msgstr "" "programvare, opphavsrett eierne av gratis og Ã¥pen kildekode programvare " "insistere ganske sterkt at vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens respekteres " "av adoptert av ledig og Ã¥pen kilde-programvare. vilkÃ¥rene i denne lisensen " -"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær " -"programvare-lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license " -"(gpl), krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres " -"tilgjengelig av alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at " -"kravet er effektivt bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright " -"ikke styre programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pÃ¥legge samme type " -"krav pÃ¥ sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te " -"som microsoft." - -#. f9. +"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvare-" +"lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license (gpl), " +"krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig av " +"alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at kravet er effektivt " +"bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright ikke styre " +"programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pÃ¥legge samme type krav pÃ¥ " +"sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " +"microsoft." + +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " -"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as " -"well. And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According " -"to Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in " -"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was " -"canceled." +"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. " +"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to " +"Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in " +"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19465,12 +20904,13 @@ msgid "" "terribly surprising about the most powerful software producer in the United " "States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts." msgstr "" -"jeg klandre ikke microsoft for Ã¥ gjøre det den kan for Ã¥ fremme sine egne " -"interesser, i samsvar med loven. og lobbyvirksomhet regjeringer er tydelig i " -"samsvar med loven. Det var ikke noe overraskende om sin lobbyvirksomhet her, " -"og ingenting veldig overraskende om den mektigste programvare produsenten i " -"USA har lyktes i sin lobbyvirksomhet innsats." +"Jeg klandrer ikke Microsoft for Ã¥ gjøre det de kan for Ã¥ fremme sine egne " +"interesser i samsvar med loven. Og lobbyvirksomhet mot myndighetene er " +"Ã¥penbart i samsvar med loven. Det er ikke noe overraskende her med deres " +"lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste " +"programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " @@ -19491,27 +20931,30 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." -msgstr "disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." +msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " -"\"copyright.\" Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't " +"\"copyright\". Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't " "work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of promoting " "intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in " -"understanding--the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law " -"student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing with " -"intellectual property issues." +"understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year " +"law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing " +"with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" -"først, de er bare flatt feil. som jeg beskrevet, mest Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare avhengig fundamentalt immaterielle rett kalt \"copyright.\" uten " -"den, restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av disse lisensene ikke ville fungere. Derfor, for " -"Ã¥ si det \"kjører teller\" til mission for Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter " -"avslører en ekstraordinære gapet i forstÃ¥else--slags feil som er " -"unnskyldelig i jus første Ã¥ret, men en forlegenhet fra en høy " -"statstjenesteperson hÃ¥ndtere intellektuell eiendom problemer." +"For det første er de ganske enkelt greit feil. Som jeg beskrev, er det " +"meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " +"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt " +"av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si at det \"gÃ¥r imot\" " +"formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær " +"mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs " +"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenesteperson som " +"hÃ¥ndterer utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " @@ -19520,34 +20963,35 @@ msgid "" "intellectual property, but also what the best balance of intellectual " "property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard question in " "intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that there should be " -"limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. Boland, are " +"limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. Boland, are " "generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) contrary to " "the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual property? Would " "it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had been patented?" msgstr "" -"sekund, som noen gang sa at wipo eksklusive mÃ¥let var Ã¥ \"fremme\" " -"immaterielle maksimalt? som jeg hadde vært scolded pÃ¥ forberedende " -"konferansen av wsis, wipo er Ã¥ vurdere hvordan man best kan beskytte " -"Ã¥ndsverk, men ogsÃ¥ hva beste balanse av Ã¥ndsverk. som alle økonom og advokat " -"vet, er det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i lovgivning for immaterielle Ã¥ finne " -"denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, " +"For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mÃ¥l var Ã¥ " +"\"fremme\" immaterielle maksimalt? som jeg hadde vært scolded pÃ¥ " +"forberedende konferansen av WSIS, WIPO er Ã¥ vurdere hvordan man best kan " +"beskytte Ã¥ndsverk, men ogsÃ¥ hva beste balanse av Ã¥ndsverk. som alle økonom " +"og advokat vet, er det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i lovgivning for immaterielle Ã¥ " +"finne denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, " "ubestridt. man ønsker Ã¥ spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler " -"(legemidler basert pÃ¥ narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med " -"wipo-oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis " +"(legemidler basert pÃ¥ narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med wipo-" +"oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis " "protokoller av Internett hadde vært patenterte?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " "are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with " -"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to " -"\"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, " -"totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do " -"good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the " -"property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is " -"supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with " -"their property." +"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to \"waive" +"\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, totally " +"appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do good in " +"the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the property " +"system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is supposed to " +"be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with their " +"property." msgstr "" "tredje, selv om en antatt at hensikten med wipo var Ã¥ maksimere immaterielle " "rettigheter, i vÃ¥r tradisjon, immaterielle rettigheter er holdt av individer " @@ -19560,6 +21004,8 @@ msgstr "" "være om: Ã¥ gi enkeltpersoner retten til Ã¥ avgjøre hva Ã¥ gjøre med deres " "eiendom." +#. PAGE BREAK 274 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " @@ -19579,6 +21025,7 @@ msgstr "" "at immaterielle rettigheter er maksimert, men at de ogsÃ¥ kan vere mest " "ekstreme og restriktiv mulig." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " @@ -19591,32 +21038,36 @@ msgid "" "depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any freedom that " "might interfere with that control." msgstr "" -"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i " -"anglo-amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, " -"ikke bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og " -"entiteter. og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen " -"kraftig og omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for Ã¥ " -"sikre at eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av " -"frigjørende personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie " -"markedet. Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det " -"kjempet noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen." - -#. f10. +"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i anglo-" +"amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, ikke " +"bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og entiteter. " +"og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen kraftig og " +"omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for Ã¥ sikre at " +"eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av frigjørende " +"personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie markedet. " +"Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det kjempet " +"noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Drahos, Peter" +msgstr "Drahos, Peter" + +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210­20." -msgstr "se drahos med braithwaite, informasjon føydalisme, 210­20." +msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20." +msgstr "Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–­20." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " -"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our " -"only choice now is whether that information society will be free or " -"feudal. The trend is toward the feudal." +"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only " +"choice now is whether that information society will be free or feudal. The " +"trend is toward the feudal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19628,16 +21079,17 @@ msgstr "" "hennes Kommentarer gjort forstand. men det var en kommentar som var spesielt " "deprimerende for meg. skrev en anonym plakat," +#. PAGE BREAK 275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " "promote the right balance of intellectualproperty rights, not simply to " "promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were talking " -"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything " -"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she " -"did. Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and " -"ours." +"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything wrong. " +"But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. Always pay " +"attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours." msgstr "" "George, du misforstÃ¥ lessig: han bare snakker om verden som den skal " "(\"MÃ¥let med wipo og mÃ¥l av enhver regjering, bør være Ã¥ fremme den rette " @@ -19648,6 +21100,7 @@ msgstr "" "mellom lessig's verden og vÃ¥r." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19666,6 +21119,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjering om republikaner eller demokrat. min eneste illusjon angivelig er " "om om vÃ¥r regjering bør snakke sannheten eller ikke.)" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " @@ -19682,6 +21136,7 @@ msgstr "" "utopianism. \"typisk for en akademiker,\" plakaten kan godt har fortsatt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19700,31 +21155,31 @@ msgid "" "everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the government is " "simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the idea of holding the " "government to a different standard is absurd, that the idea of demanding of " -"the government that it speak truth and not lies is just naïve, then who have " -"we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?" +"the government that it speak truth and not lies is just naïve, then who " +"have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?" msgstr "" "men nÃ¥r det har blitt dum Ã¥ anta at rollen som vÃ¥r regjering bør være Ã¥ " -"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette " -"har blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at " +"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette har " +"blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at " "regjeringen ikke søker balanse, at regjeringen er ganske enkelt de mektigste " "lobbyister verktøyet, at ideen om Ã¥ holde regjeringen Ã¥ en annen standard er " "absurd, at ideen om krevende av regjeringen at det taler sannheten og ikke " "løgn er bare naiv, og som har vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, bli?" -#. PAGE BREAK 276 +#. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " -"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " -"more than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy " -"to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " -"tradition for most of our history--free culture." +"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " +"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " +"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to " +"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " +"tradition for most of our history—free culture." msgstr "" -"Det kan være gal Ã¥ forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle Ã¥ si " -"sannheten. Det kan være gal Ã¥ tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn " -"handmaiden av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal Ã¥ argumentere at vi " -"skal bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for de fleste " -"av vÃ¥r historie--fri kultur." +"Det kan være galskap Ã¥ forvente at en mektig myndigshetsperson skal si " +"sannheten. Det kan være galskap Ã¥ tro at myndighetenes politikk skal gjøre " +"mer enn Ã¥ tjene de mektigste interesser. Det kan være galskap Ã¥ argumentere " +"for Ã¥ bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for " +"mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie—fri kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19738,15 +21193,15 @@ msgid "" "policy. An astonishing 700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more " "hearings and a different result." msgstr "" -"Hvis dette er gal, sÃ¥ la det være mer crazies. snart. Det er øyeblikk av hÃ¥p " -"i denne kampen. og øyeblikk som overraske. NÃ¥r fcc var vurderer avslappende " -"eierskap regler, som ville dermed ytterligere øke konsentrasjon i media " -"eierskap, en ekstraordinære bipartisan koalisjon dannet for Ã¥ bekjempe denne " -"endringen. for kanskje første gang i historien, interesser sÃ¥ forskjellige " -"som nra, aclu, moveon.org, william safire, ted turner og codepink kvinner " -"for fred organisert til Ã¥ motsette seg denne endringen i fcc-policyen. en " -"forbløffende 700.000 bokstaver ble sendt til fcc, krever mer hearings og et " -"annet resultat." +"Hvis dette er galskap, sÃ¥ la det være mer gærninger. Snart. Det finnes " +"øyeblikk av hÃ¥p i denne kampen. Og øyeblikk som overrasker. Da FCC vurderte " +"mindre strenge eierskapregler, som ville ytterligere konsentrere " +"mediaeierskap, dannet det seg en en ekstraordinær koalisjon pÃ¥ tvers av " +"partiene for Ã¥ bekjempe endringen. For kanskje første gang i historien " +"organiserte interesser sÃ¥ forskjellige som NRA, ACLU, moveon.org, William " +"Safire, Ted Turner og Codepink Women for Piece seg for Ã¥ protestere pÃ¥ denne " +"endringen i FCC-reglene. SÃ¥ mange som 700 000 brev ble sendt til FCC med " +"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19756,11 +21211,11 @@ msgid "" "substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and " "sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media." msgstr "" -"Denne aktivisme stoppe ikke fcc, men snart etter en bred koalisjon i Senatet " -"stemte for Ã¥ reversere fcc-beslutning. fiendtlige hearings fører opp til at " -"stemme avslørte hvor kraftig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var ingen " -"betydelig støtte for fcc beslutning, og det var bred og vedvarende støtte " -"for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." +"Denne aktivismen stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i " +"senatet for Ã¥ reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fientlige høringene som ledet " +"til avstemmingen avslørte hvor mektig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var " +"ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " +"vedvarende støtte for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19770,11 +21225,11 @@ msgid "" "of Big Macs or Quarter Pounders does not mean that you can't get a good " "hamburger from somewhere else." msgstr "" -"men selv denne bevegelsen savner en viktig brikke i puslespillet. largeness " -"er som sÃ¥dan ikke ille. frihet er ikke truet bare fordi noen blir veldig " -"rik, eller fordi det er bare en hÃ¥ndfull store spillere. den dÃ¥rlige " -"kvaliteten pÃ¥ big Mac eller kvartal pounders betyr ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en " -"god hamburger fra et annet sted." +"Men selv denne bevegelsen gÃ¥r glipp av en viktig brikke i puslespillet. Å " +"være stor er ikke ille i seg selv. Frihet er ikke truet bare pÃ¥ grunn av at " +"noen blir veldig rik, eller pÃ¥ grunn av at det bare er en hÃ¥ndfull store " +"aktører. Den dÃ¥rlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr " +"ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en god hamburger andre steder." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19782,17 +21237,19 @@ msgid "" "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " "copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies " "that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this " -"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights--property " -"rights of a historically extreme form--that makes their bigness bad." -msgstr "" -"faren i media konsentrasjon kommer ikke fra konsentrasjonen, men i stedet " -"fra føydalisme som denne konsentrasjonen knyttet til endring i copyright, " -"produserer. Det er ikke bare at det er noen kraftige selskaper som styrer en " -"stadig voksende stykke media. Det er at denne konsentrasjonen kan pÃ¥kalle en " -"like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter--eiendomsrettighetene til en historisk " -"ekstrem form--som gjør deres bigness dÃ¥rlig." +"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—" +"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " +"bigness bad." +msgstr "" +"Faren i mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men i " +"stedet fra føydalisme som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles til " +"endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige selskaper " +"som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " +"konsentrasjonen kan pÃ¥kalle en like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter—" +"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør deres storhet " +"ille." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19800,13 +21257,13 @@ msgid "" "history of fighting \"big,\" wisely or not. That we could be motivated to " "fight \"big\" again is not something new." msgstr "" -"Det er derfor viktig at sÃ¥ mange vil rally til etterspørselen konkurranse og " -"økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis rally er forstÃ¥tt som om bigness alene, det er " -"ikke veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss " -"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss er " -"\"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." +"Det er derfor betydningsfullt at sÃ¥ mange vil kjempe for Ã¥ kreve konkurranse " +"og økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis kampanjen blir forstÃ¥tt til Ã¥ kun gjelde " +"størrelse, sÃ¥ er ikke det veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang " +"historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være " +"motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19815,121 +21272,165 @@ msgid "" "think critically about the scope of anything called \"property\" is not well " "exercised within this tradition anymore." msgstr "" -"det ville være noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være " -"rallied for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget i ideen om \"intellektuelle " -"eiendom.\" ikke fordi balanse er alien til vÃ¥r tradisjon; som jeg har " -"hevdet, er faktisk vÃ¥r tradisjon i balanse. men fordi muskler til Ã¥ tenke " -"kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av noe kalt \"property\" ikke er frisk trenet i denne " -"tradisjonen lenger." +"Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med " +"pÃ¥ en kampanje for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i ideen om " +"\"intellektuell eiendom\". Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon. " +"Jeg agumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til Ã¥ " +"tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " +"godt trent i denne tradisjonen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" -"Hvis vi var achilles, ville dette være vÃ¥re hæl. Dette ville være stedet for " -"vÃ¥re tragedie." +"Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ ville dette være vÃ¥r hæl. Dette ville være stedet " +"for vÃ¥re tragedie." -#. f11. +#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " -"8 September 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and " -"Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, \"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among " -"261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank " -"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " -"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September " -"2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." -msgstr "" - -#. f12. +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" +"ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " +"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " +"Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " +"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " +"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " +"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." +"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #68</ulink>." -#. f13. -#. PAGE BREAK 334 +#. f13. +#. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " -"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." +"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " +"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " -"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" " -"someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story " -"about Bob Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making " -"the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from " -"Hollywood--who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing " -"conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content " -"that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the " -"rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the " +"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" someone " +"else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob " +"Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making the " +"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from " +"Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—reports \"an " +"amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] " +"content that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear " +"the rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the " "content, but it would take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" " "Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer viruses to bring down " "computers thought to violate the law. Universities are threatening expulsion " "for kids who use a computer to share content." msgstr "" - -#. f14. +"Mens jeg skriver disse avsluttende ordene, er nyhetene fylt med historier om " +"at RIAA saksøker nesten tre hundre individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for Ã¥ ha \"samplet\" noen " +"andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om " +"hvordan Bob Dylan har \"stjÃ¥let\" fra en japansk forfatter har nettopp gÃ¥tt " +"verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En pÃ¥ innsiden i " +"Hollywood—som insisterer pÃ¥ at han mÃ¥ forbli anonym—rapporterer " +"\"en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har fantastisk [gammelt] " +"innhold som de ville elske Ã¥ bruke, men det kan de ikke pÃ¥ grunn av at de " +"først mÃ¥ klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med ungdommer som kunne gjøre " +"fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først kreve hauger med advokater " +"for Ã¥ klarere det først\". Kongressrepresentanter snakker om Ã¥ gi datavirus " +"politimyndighet for Ã¥ ta ned datamaskiner som antas Ã¥ bryte loven. " +"Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " +"dele innhold." + +#. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#70</ulink>." msgstr "" +"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" pressemelding fra BBC, " +"24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #70</ulink>." -#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gil, Gilberto" +msgstr "" + +#. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." msgstr "" +"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6. august 2003, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</" +"ulink>." -#. PAGE BREAK 278 +#. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " -"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk " -"hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to release content " -"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more " -"mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to " -"understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free " -"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without " -"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some " -"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs " -"of our day into the Causbys." -msgstr "" - -#. PAGE BREAK 279 +"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> And in Brazil, the " +"culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has " +"joined with Creative Commons to release content and free licenses in that " +"Latin American country.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> I've told a " +"dark story. The truth is more mixed. A technology has given us a new " +"freedom. Slowly, some begin to understand that this freedom need not mean " +"anarchy. We can carry a free culture into the twenty-first century, without " +"artists losing and without the potential of digital technology being " +"destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, it will take " +"some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." +msgstr "" +"I mens pÃ¥ andre siden av atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil " +"bygge opp et \"kreativt arkiv\" som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-" +"innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> Og i Brasil har " +"kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en folkehelt i brasiliansk " +"musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative Commons for Ã¥ gi ut innhold og frie " +"lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"2\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten mer mer blandet. En " +"teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne " +"friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss fri kultur inn i det " +"tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister taper og uten at potensialet for " +"digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og viktigere, det vil " +"kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" -"sunn fornuft mÃ¥ opprør. Det mÃ¥ handle til fri kultur. snart, hvis dette " -"potensialet er stadig Ã¥ bli realisert." +"Sunn fornuft mÃ¥ gjøre opprør. Den mÃ¥ handle for Ã¥ frigjøre kulturen. Og " +"snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "AFTERWORD" -msgstr "etterordet" +msgstr "Etterord" -#. PAGE BREAK 280 +#. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -19940,6 +21441,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan gjøres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19952,10 +21454,11 @@ msgstr "" "tenker om det samme problemet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " -"musicians, filmmakers, scientists--all to tell this story in their own " +"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own " "words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important." msgstr "" "Det betyr at denne bevegelsen mÃ¥ begynne i gatene. Det mÃ¥ rekruttere et " @@ -19964,6 +21467,7 @@ msgstr "" "og Ã¥ fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er sÃ¥ viktig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19978,36 +21482,41 @@ msgstr "" "kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "oss nÃ¥" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " -"been framed at the extremes--as a grand either/or: either property or " +"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " "anarchy, either total control or artists won't be paid. If that really is " "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " -"believe in maximal copyright--\"All Rights Reserved\"-- and those who reject " -"copyright--\"No Rights Reserved.\" The \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts believe " -"that you should ask permission before you \"use\" a copyrighted work in any " -"way. The \"No Rights Reserved\" sorts believe you should be able to do with " -"content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." +"believe in maximal copyright—\"All Rights Reserved\"— and those " +"who reject copyright—\"No Rights Reserved.\" The \"All Rights Reserved" +"\" sorts believe that you should ask permission before you \"use\" a " +"copyrighted work in any way. The \"No Rights Reserved\" sorts believe you " +"should be able to do with content as you wish, regardless of whether you " +"have permission or not." msgstr "" "feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne " "debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror pÃ¥ " -"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser " -"copyright--\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer " -"mener at du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig " -"beskyttede verk som pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥te. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer " -"tror du burde være i stand til Ã¥ gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig " -"av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." +"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser copyright--" +"\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer mener at " +"du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig beskyttede verk " +"som pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥te. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer tror du burde " +"være i stand til Ã¥ gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har " +"tillatelse eller ikke." +#. PAGE BREAK 282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -20024,6 +21533,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -20050,13 +21560,14 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle--neither \"all rights " -"reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved\"-- and " -"thus a way to respect copyrights but enable creators to free content as they " -"see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we " -"could just take for granted before." +"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " +"rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved" +"\"— and thus a way to respect copyrights but enable creators to free " +"content as they see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of " +"freedoms that we could just take for granted before." msgstr "" "Hva trenger er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ si noe i midten--verken \"all rights reserved\" " "eller \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" men \"noen rettigheter reservert\"- og " @@ -20065,9 +21576,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Ã¥ gjenoppbygge friheter tidligere antatt: eksempler" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -20087,9 +21600,11 @@ msgstr "" "var trygg pÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde det forsikret?" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " @@ -20119,6 +21634,11 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Amazon" +msgstr "Amazon" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -20138,6 +21658,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -20156,25 +21677,25 @@ msgstr "" "sortere hvem gjør hva i elektronisk mellomrom, forsvinner personvern " "friksjon i gÃ¥r." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " -"Review 1 (2001): par. 6­18, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples " -"in which technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The " -"Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: " -"Random House, 2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." +"Review 1 (2001): par. 6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples in which " +"technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: " +"Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, " +"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 284 +#. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " -"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction " -"did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of " +"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction did." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of " "those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We must take " "affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively provided " "before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in privacy to " @@ -20182,22 +21703,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " -"movement. When computers with software were first made available " -"commercially, the software--both the source code and the binaries-- was " -"free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an " -"IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling " -"their software." +"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " +"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " +"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You " +"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, " +"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." msgstr "" -"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri " -"programvare-bevegelsen. NÃ¥r datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort " -"tilgjengelig kommersielt, var programvaren--bÃ¥de kildekoden og " -"binærfiler--gratis. Du kan ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en " -"generell data-maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke " -"vare mye om hvordan du styrer deres programvare." +"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-" +"bevegelsen. NÃ¥r datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig " +"kommersielt, var programvaren--bÃ¥de kildekoden og binærfiler--gratis. Du kan " +"ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en generell data-maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-" +"maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om hvordan du styrer " +"deres programvare." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -20212,6 +21734,7 @@ msgstr "" "frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre andre personers arbeid." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -20224,16 +21747,16 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" "i akademiske omgivelser, minst, er det ikke en veldig radikale idé. noen " -"ville være gratis Ã¥ tinker med et bevis pÃ¥ at noen tilbys i en " -"matematikk-avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre mÃ¥te Ã¥ bevise en " -"teorem, kan du ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere " -"avdeling, hvis du trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst " -"var feil, var du fri til Ã¥ forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det " -"Ã¥penbart at du bør være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en " -"maskin. Dette, ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk " -"som noe annet?" +"ville være gratis Ã¥ tinker med et bevis pÃ¥ at noen tilbys i en matematikk-" +"avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre mÃ¥te Ã¥ bevise en teorem, kan du " +"ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere avdeling, hvis du " +"trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst var feil, var du " +"fri til Ã¥ forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det Ã¥penbart at du bør " +"være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " +"ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -20251,8 +21774,9 @@ msgstr "" "skriverdriveren og kopiere den, og deretter som ville gjøre det enklere for " "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." -#. PAGE BREAK 285 +#. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -20262,9 +21786,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "dermed praksisen med proprietære koden begynte Ã¥ spre seg, og 1980-tallet, " "stallman fant seg selv omringet av proprietære koden. verden av fri " -"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i " -"databehandling. og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet " -"til Ã¥ endre og dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." +"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i databehandling. " +"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " +"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20275,6 +21799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -20295,6 +21820,7 @@ msgstr "" "koden var en byproduct." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -20311,6 +21837,7 @@ msgstr "" "beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -20320,36 +21847,37 @@ msgstr "" "historien om denne boken. Dette er skiftet i mÃ¥ten faglige og vitenskapelige " "journaler er produsert." -#. PAGE BREAK 286 +#. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " -"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute " -"knowledge. Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and " -"libraries and their users are given access to these electronic journals " -"through password-protected sites. Something similar to this has been " -"happening in law for almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had " -"electronic versions of case reports available to subscribers to their " -"service. Although a Supreme Court opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is " -"free to go to a library and read it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to " -"charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme Court " -"opinion through their respective services." +"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. " +"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and " +"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-" +"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for " +"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case " +"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court " +"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read " +"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of " +"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective " +"services." msgstr "" "som digitale teknologien blir bedre, blir det Ã¥penbart for mange som skriver " "ut tusenvis av kopier av journaler hver mÃ¥ned og sende dem til biblioteker " "ikke er kanskje den mest effektive mÃ¥ten Ã¥ distribuere kunnskap. i stedet, " "journaler er stadig Ã¥ bli elektronisk, og biblioteker og deres brukere gis " -"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede " -"omrÃ¥der. noe som ligner pÃ¥ dette har foregÃ¥tt i loven for nesten tretti Ã¥r: " -"lexis og westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er " -"tilgjengelig for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett " -"mening ikke er beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til Ã¥ gÃ¥ til et " -"bibliotek og lese den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for " -"privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine " -"respektive tjenester." +"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede omrÃ¥der. " +"noe som ligner pÃ¥ dette har foregÃ¥tt i loven for nesten tretti Ã¥r: lexis og " +"westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er tilgjengelig " +"for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett mening ikke er " +"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til Ã¥ gÃ¥ til et bibliotek og lese " +"den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -20367,6 +21895,7 @@ msgstr "" "med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -20377,6 +21906,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -20386,8 +21916,8 @@ msgid "" "certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available " "articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the " "institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals " -"(architecture)--namely, that it was very hard to control access to a paper " -"journal." +"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a " +"paper journal." msgstr "" "som mange begynner Ã¥ legge merke til, er dette stadig virkeligheten med " "vitenskapelige journaler. NÃ¥r disse kladdene ble distribuert i papirskjema, " @@ -20401,6 +21931,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangen til en papir-journal." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -20410,12 +21941,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "NÃ¥r journaler blir elektronisk, men er utgivere krevende at biblioteker ikke " "gir generell offentlig tilgang til journalene. Dette betyr at frihetene som " -"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner Ã¥ " -"forsvinne. SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende " -"teknologi og markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." +"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner Ã¥ forsvinne. " +"SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " +"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. PAGE BREAK 287 +#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -20430,23 +21962,23 @@ msgstr "" "Denne krympende friheten har ført mange Ã¥ ta bekreftende trinnene for Ã¥ " "gjenopprette frihet som har gÃ¥tt tapt. public library of science (plos), for " "eksempel er en nonprofit aksjeselskap som er dedikert til Ã¥ gjøre " -"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en " -"Webtilkobling. forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til " -"public library of science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer " -"review. Dersom de blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et " -"offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs " -"selger ogsÃ¥ en utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for " -"utskrift journal forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere " -"arbeidet gratis." +"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en Webtilkobling. " +"forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til public library of " +"science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer review. Dersom de " +"blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et offentlig, elektronisk " +"arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs selger ogsÃ¥ en " +"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " +"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " "doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and " "their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But " -"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good--especially when it " -"helps spread knowledge and science." +"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when " +"it helps spread knowledge and science." msgstr "" "Dette er ett av mange slike anstrengelser til Ã¥ gjenopprette en frihet tatt " "for gitt før, men nÃ¥ truet av skiftende teknologi og markeder. Det er ingen " @@ -20456,10 +21988,12 @@ msgstr "" "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "Ã¥ gjenoppbygge fri kultur: en idé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." @@ -20468,39 +22002,41 @@ msgstr "" "berørt gjennom lov og teknologi." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " "aim is to build a layer of reasonable copyright on top of the extremes that " "now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to build upon other " "people's work, by making it simple for creators to express the freedom for " -"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to " -"human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this " -"possible." +"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to human-" +"readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this possible." msgstr "" "Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i " "massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ bygge " -"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett pÃ¥ toppen av den ekstreme som nÃ¥ " -"regjere. Dette gjøres ved Ã¥ gjøre det lett for folk Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ andres " -"arbeid, ved Ã¥ gjøre det enkelt for skaperne Ã¥ uttrykke frihet for andre Ã¥ " -"ta, og bygge pÃ¥ sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, " -"knyttet til vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." - -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Simple--which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By developing " -"a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, Creative " -"Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and reliably, be " -"built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable versions of the " -"license that enable computers automatically to identify content that can " -"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a " -"human-readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative " -"Commons license. A Creative Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom " -"to anyone who accesses the license, and more importantly, an expression of " -"the ideal that the person associated with the license believes in something " -"different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. Content is marked with the CC " -"mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain " -"freedoms are given." +"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett pÃ¥ toppen av den ekstreme som nÃ¥ regjere. " +"Dette gjøres ved Ã¥ gjøre det lett for folk Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ andres arbeid, ved Ã¥ " +"gjøre det enkelt for skaperne Ã¥ uttrykke frihet for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥ " +"sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til " +"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." + +#. PAGE BREAK 288 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " +"developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " +"Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and " +"reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable " +"versions of the license that enable computers automatically to identify " +"content that can easily be shared. These three expressions together—a " +"legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-readable tags—" +"constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license " +"constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the license, and more " +"importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person associated with the " +"license believes in something different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. " +"Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is " +"waived, but that certain freedoms are given." msgstr "" "enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved Ã¥ " "utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, " @@ -20515,6 +22051,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-merket, som " "ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -20537,15 +22074,16 @@ msgstr "" "bruk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " "use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that " -"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a " -"lawyer. Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by " -"a layer of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary " -"choice of individuals and creators will make this content available. And " -"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." +"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. " +"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer " +"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of " +"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content " +"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." msgstr "" "disse valgene dermed etablere en rekke friheter utover standard om " "opphavsrett. de har ogsÃ¥ aktivere friheter som gÃ¥r utover tradisjonelle fair " @@ -20556,6 +22094,8 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." +#. PAGE BREAK 289 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -20577,6 +22117,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -20585,21 +22126,22 @@ msgid "" "ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have imagined. The " "rules may well have made sense against a background of technologies from " "centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the background of digital " -"technologies. New rules--with different freedoms, expressed in ways so that " -"humans without lawyers can use them--are needed. Creative Commons gives " -"people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." -msgstr "" -"MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ utfylle " -"dem. problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av " -"galskap og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet Ã¥rhundrer siden, brukt " -"til en teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt " -"ha gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra Ã¥rhundrer siden, men de " -"gjør ikke fornuftig pÃ¥ bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med " +"technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, expressed in ways so " +"that humans without lawyers can use them—are needed. Creative Commons " +"gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ utfylle dem. " +"problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap " +"og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet Ã¥rhundrer siden, brukt til en " +"teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt ha " +"gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra Ã¥rhundrer siden, men de gjør " +"ikke fornuftig pÃ¥ bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med " "forskjellige friheter, uttrykt i mÃ¥ter slik at mennesker uten advokater kan " "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " "begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -20608,20 +22150,21 @@ msgid "" "day that it went on sale in bookstores." msgstr "" "Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i Ã¥ gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for Ã¥ " -"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science " -"fiction-forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble " -"utgitt pÃ¥ nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag " -"som det gikk pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." +"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-" +"forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble utgitt pÃ¥ " +"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " +"pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " "Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may " "never hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the " -"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying " -"it. Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, " -"and then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods " +"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. " +"Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and " +"then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods " "than bad-(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will " "probably increase sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" @@ -20629,13 +22172,14 @@ msgstr "" "hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der " "ute: (1) de som vil kjøpe cory bok om det er pÃ¥ Internett, og (2) de som kan " "aldri høre av cory's bok, hvis det ikke er gjort tilgjengelig gratis pÃ¥ " -"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe " -"den. ringe dem dÃ¥rlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker " -"det, og deretter bestemmer deg for Ã¥ kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis " -"det er mer (2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok " -"gratis on-line trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." +"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe den. " +"ringe dem dÃ¥rlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker det, og " +"deretter bestemmer deg for Ã¥ kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis det er mer " +"(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " +"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20645,8 +22189,9 @@ msgstr "" "første utskrift er oppbrukt mÃ¥neder før utgiveren hadde forventet. denne " "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." -#. PAGE BREAK 290 +#. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20660,11 +22205,11 @@ msgstr "" "opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri " "programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon " "av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken " -"gikk ut av print. han overvÃ¥ket deretter brukt boka store priser for " -"boken. som spÃ¥dd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok " -"øker ogsÃ¥." +"gikk ut av print. han overvÃ¥ket deretter brukt boka store priser for boken. " +"som spÃ¥dd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker " +"ogsÃ¥." -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " @@ -20678,28 +22223,29 @@ msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " "are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use " -"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be " -"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial " -"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they " -"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to " -"others. This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from " -"others. Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, " -"manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of " -"others, has stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample " -"anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative environment content " -"that others can build upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." +"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be hypocritical. " +"The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial or " +"noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are " +"just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. " +"This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from others. " +"Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of " +"the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has " +"stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because " +"the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these " +"artists release into the creative environment content that others can build " +"upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " "balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you " -"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" " -"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate " -"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description " -"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The " +"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" model. " +"Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate that " +"rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description of " +"how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The " "Creative Commons license expresses this notion of \"Some Rights Reserved,\" " "and gives many the chance to say it to others." msgstr "" @@ -20713,8 +22259,9 @@ msgstr "" "dette begrepet \"noen rettigheter reservert\", og gir mange sjansen til Ã¥ si " "det til andre." -#. PAGE BREAK 291 +#. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20731,13 +22278,13 @@ msgstr "" "som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " -"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and " -"innovation. Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this " -"rebuilding. They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are " -"possible." +"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. " +"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. " +"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible." msgstr "" "Dette er første trinn Ã¥ gjenoppbygge et frivare. de er ikke bare argumenter; " "de er handlingen. bygge et offentlig-domene er det første skrittet til viser " @@ -20746,6 +22293,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20755,17 +22303,19 @@ msgid "" "difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily." msgstr "" "Creative commons er bare ett eksempel pÃ¥ frivillig innsats av enkeltpersoner " -"og skaperne Ã¥ endre blanding av rettigheter som nÃ¥ styrer feltet " -"kreative. prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller " -"det. MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men Ã¥ gjøre det " -"enklere for forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt " -"og billig. at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." +"og skaperne Ã¥ endre blanding av rettigheter som nÃ¥ styrer feltet kreative. " +"prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller det. MÃ¥let er " +"ikke Ã¥ beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men Ã¥ gjøre det enklere for " +"forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " +"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "dem snart" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -20779,6 +22329,7 @@ msgstr "" "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20791,10 +22342,12 @@ msgstr "" "til vÃ¥r side." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "1. mer formaliteter" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20806,8 +22359,9 @@ msgstr "" "en bil, kan du fÃ¥ en regning for salg og registrere bilen. Hvis du kjøper en " "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." -#. PAGE BREAK 293 +#. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." @@ -20815,6 +22369,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -20828,10 +22383,12 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why?" msgstr "hvorfor?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -20846,16 +22403,17 @@ msgstr "" "beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " -"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " -"creativity. Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with " -"whom one must deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of " -"others. There are no records, there is no system to trace-- there is no " -"simple way to know how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in " -"the scope of copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for " -"any work that builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces " -"many into silence where they otherwise could speak." +"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " +"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. " +"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must " +"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no " +"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know " +"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of " +"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that " +"builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into " +"silence where they otherwise could speak." msgstr "" "men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en " "byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i " @@ -20867,8 +22425,9 @@ msgstr "" "som bygger pÃ¥ vÃ¥r fortid. og dermed mangel pÃ¥ formaliteter styrker mange i " "stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." -#. f1. +#. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20880,14 +22439,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to " -"the old, broken system. We should require formalities, but we should " -"establish a system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of " -"these formalities." +"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " +"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a " +"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these " +"formalities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20903,10 +22463,12 @@ msgstr "" "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "registrering og fornyelse" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20916,21 +22478,22 @@ msgid "" "the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the " "office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who " "know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their " -"first reaction is panic--nothing could be worse than forcing people to deal " -"with the mess that is the Copyright Office." +"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to " +"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office." msgstr "" "under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en " -"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye " -"opphavsretten. NÃ¥r innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av " -"opphavsretten en avgift. som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett " -"kontoret fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde ogsÃ¥ " -"fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ minimere gebyret. og sÃ¥ opphavsrett kontoret ikke er " -"hovedmÃ¥let for regjeringen policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært " -"veldig underfunded. SÃ¥ledes, nÃ¥r folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne " -"ideen om formaliteter, deres første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være " -"verre enn tvinge folk til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." +"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. " +"NÃ¥r innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av opphavsretten en avgift. " +"som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett kontoret fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ " +"minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde ogsÃ¥ fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ minimere " +"gebyret. og sÃ¥ opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmÃ¥let for regjeringen " +"policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. SÃ¥ledes, " +"nÃ¥r folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne ideen om formaliteter, deres " +"første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk til Ã¥ " +"hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20949,6 +22512,7 @@ msgstr "" "angir." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20961,14 +22525,15 @@ msgstr "" "i sammenheng med registrering er en opplagt modell Internett. Det finnes " "minst 32 millioner web-omrÃ¥der som er registrert i verden. domeneeiere navn " "for disse web-omrÃ¥der mÃ¥ betale en avgift for Ã¥ holde sine registrering " -"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, " -".net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende " +"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, ." +"net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende " "registrarer. at konkurransen stasjoner kostnadene for Ã¥ registrere ned, og " "enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstÃ¥r " "opp." -#. PAGE BREAK 295 +#. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20977,8 +22542,8 @@ msgid "" "registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with " "one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and " "renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden " -"of this formality--while producing a database of registrations that would " -"facilitate the licensing of content." +"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that " +"would facilitate the licensing of content." msgstr "" "vi alle bør vedtas en lignende modell for registrering og fornying av " "opphavsretten. opphavsrett kontoret kan ogsÃ¥ tjene som sentrale registret, " @@ -20991,18 +22556,20 @@ msgstr "" "ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "MARKING" msgstr "merking" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " -"failing to comply with a regulatory rule--akin to imposing the death penalty " -"for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, there is " -"no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this way. And " -"more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to be " -"enforced uniformly across all media." +"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death " +"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, " +"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this " +"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to " +"be enforced uniformly across all media." msgstr "" "Det pleide Ã¥ være at Ã¥ inkludere en opphavsrett pÃ¥ en skapende arbeid " "betydde at opphavsretten ble forkastet. Det var en streng straff for ikke Ã¥ " @@ -21013,17 +22580,19 @@ msgstr "" "alle medier." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " "to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work." msgstr "" "MÃ¥let med merking er med signal til publikum at dette arbeidet er " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve sine " -"rettigheter. mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har " -"opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve sine rettigheter. " +"mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " +"tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -21031,8 +22600,8 @@ msgid "" "marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the " "differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as " "technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the " -"failure to mark--not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the right to " -"punish someone for failing to get permission first." +"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the " +"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first." msgstr "" "ett av problemene opphavsretten til systemet konfrontert tidlig var at ulike " "opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk mÃ¥tte være annerledes merket. Det var ikke " @@ -21043,8 +22612,9 @@ msgstr "" "spesiell signalet fra Ã¥ merke--ikke tap av opphavsretten, men tap av retten " "til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." -#. f2. +#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -21054,23 +22624,23 @@ msgstr "" "her. etter mitt syn er oppretter loven av derivater et mer komplisert system " "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." -#. PAGE BREAK 296 +#. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " "not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that " "anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains " -"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give " -"permission.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an " -"unmarked work would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If " -"someone does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work " -"in any new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing " -"uses. This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark " -"their work." +"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work " +"would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If someone does " +"complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any new " +"work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. This " +"would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -21078,13 +22648,14 @@ msgid "" "that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted " "elsewhere." msgstr "" -"som i sin tur reiser spørsmÃ¥let om hvordan arbeidet best bør være " -"merket. Her igjen, mÃ¥ systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den " -"beste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ sikre at systemet utvikler seg er Ã¥ begrense opphavsrett " -"kontorets rolle for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært " -"laget andre steder." +"som i sin tur reiser spørsmÃ¥let om hvordan arbeidet best bør være merket. " +"Her igjen, mÃ¥ systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den beste mÃ¥ten " +"Ã¥ sikre at systemet utvikler seg er Ã¥ begrense opphavsrett kontorets rolle " +"for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " +"steder." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -21106,6 +22677,7 @@ msgstr "" "innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -21118,10 +22690,10 @@ msgstr "" "fotografier var preget av forfatteren og Ã¥r, ville det være liten grunn til " "ikke Ã¥ tillate en fotograf Ã¥ registrere pÃ¥ nytt, for eksempel alle bildene " "som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " -"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som " -"mulig." +"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -21132,6 +22704,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er uklart." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -21148,10 +22721,12 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "2. kortere vilkÃ¥r" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -21161,7 +22736,7 @@ msgstr "" "corporate forfattere og livet forfatter pluss sytti Ã¥r for naturlig " "forfattere." -#. f3. +#. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " @@ -21170,15 +22745,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " -"five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " -"seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, " -"the proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal " -"for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in five-" +"year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That seemed " +"radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, the " +"proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal for a " +"fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -21188,8 +22764,9 @@ msgstr "" "sikt. men om fjorten Ã¥r eller sytti-fem, finnes det fire prinsipper som er " "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." -#. (1) +#. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -21205,8 +22782,8 @@ msgstr "" "(ikke avledede) utvides ytterligere. nøkkelen er ikke Ã¥ knytte arbeidet opp " "med forskrifter nÃ¥r det ikke lenger fordeler en forfatter." -#. (2) -#. PAGE BREAK 298 +#. (2) +#. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " @@ -21219,12 +22796,12 @@ msgid "" "and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." msgstr "" -#. f4. +#. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " -"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" +"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -21239,8 +22816,9 @@ msgid "" "minutes every fifty years to file a single form." msgstr "" -#. (4) +#. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -21260,15 +22838,15 @@ msgstr "" "kan ha vært en feil i 1923 for lov Ã¥ tilby forfattere bare en femti-seks Ã¥rs " "sikt. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er mulig. Hvis det var en feil, da var " "konsekvensen at vi fikk færre forfattere Ã¥ opprette i 1923 enn vi ellers " -"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved Ã¥ øke " -"begrepet. Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som " -"skrev i 1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nÃ¥ fÃ¥ " -"(eller eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i " -"dag er usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i " -"1923. Hva er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med " -"det nÃ¥." +"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved Ã¥ øke begrepet. " +"Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som skrev i " +"1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nÃ¥ fÃ¥ (eller " +"eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i dag er " +"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " +"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -21278,6 +22856,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er mye kortere enn gjeldende begrepet. frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig " "begrepet bare 32.2 Ã¥r. Vi bør være sikter for samme." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " @@ -21291,10 +22870,12 @@ msgstr "" "om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn richard nixon presided over?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "3. gratis bruk vs. fair use" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -21310,11 +22891,12 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " -"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " -"to \"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are " +"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" +"\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right to " +"\"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are " "sufficiently close to the author's original work. Thus, if I write a book, " "and you base a movie on that book, I have the power to deny you the right to " "release that movie, even though that movie is not \"my writing.\"" @@ -21326,8 +22908,9 @@ msgstr "" "skrive en bok og en film basert pÃ¥ boken, jeg har makt til Ã¥ nekte deg rett " "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" -#. f5. +#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." @@ -21340,13 +22923,14 @@ msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " -"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever " -"since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest " -"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan." +"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. " +"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, " +"Judge Benjamin Kaplan." msgstr "" -#. f6. +#. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "ibid., 56." @@ -21359,21 +22943,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " -"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " -"sense. More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a " +"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. " +"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a " "copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider " "each limitation in turn." msgstr "" "Jeg tror det er pÃ¥ tide Ã¥ anerkjenne at det er fly i dette feltet og " -"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger " -"fornuftig. mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright " -"kjører. og de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver " -"begrensning igjen." +"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger fornuftig. " +"mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright kjører. og " +"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " +"igjen." -#. PAGE BREAK 300 +#. PAGE BREAK 300 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -21391,6 +22977,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " @@ -21400,41 +22987,42 @@ msgid "" "material was within the control of businesses, perhaps it made sense to " "require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes sense for lawyers " "to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative possibilities that " -"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the " -"machines. That's what this general requirement of permission does to the " -"creative process. Smothers it." +"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the machines. " +"That's what this general requirement of permission does to the creative " +"process. Smothers it." msgstr "" -"omrÃ¥de: pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli " -"innsnevret. igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er " -"viktig. de skal angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og " -"unregulated bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. NÃ¥r alle \"gjenbruk\" " -"av kreative materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det " -"fornuftig Ã¥ kreve advokater Ã¥ forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger " -"fornuftig for jurister Ã¥ forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative " -"mulighetene som digital teknologi aktivere; NÃ¥ forestille pouring molasses " -"til maskinene. Det er hva denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den " -"kreative prosessen. Smothers det." +"omrÃ¥de: pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. " +"igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal " +"angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og unregulated bruk " +"av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. NÃ¥r alle \"gjenbruk\" av kreative " +"materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det fornuftig Ã¥ " +"kreve advokater Ã¥ forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger fornuftig for " +"jurister Ã¥ forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative mulighetene som digital " +"teknologi aktivere; NÃ¥ forestille pouring molasses til maskinene. Det er hva " +"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " +"Smothers det." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " -"derivative rights--turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a musical " -"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the " +"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a " +"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the " "unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." msgstr "" -"Dette var poenget som alben gjort nÃ¥r beskriver inngÃ¥else av clint " -"eastwood-cd. mens det er fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for overskuelig " -"avledede rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk " -"poengsum--det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, " -"ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." +"Dette var poenget som alben gjort nÃ¥r beskriver inngÃ¥else av clint eastwood-" +"cd. mens det er fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede " +"rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk poengsum--det " +"ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, ville en " +"lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. f7. +#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " -"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187­216." +"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216." msgstr "" "Paul goldstein, copyright's highway: fra gutenberg til den himmelske " "jukeboksen (stanford: stanford university press, 2003), 187­216." @@ -21449,6 +23037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -21462,8 +23051,9 @@ msgstr "" "arkitekturer av inntekt, kombinert med en sterk copyright svekke prosessen " "med innovasjon." -#. PAGE BREAK 301 +#. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -21478,15 +23068,18 @@ msgstr "" "gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -msgid "4. Liberate the Music--Again" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. frigjøre musikk--pÃ¥ nytt" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " -"most pressing--music. There is no other policy issue that better teaches the " -"lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of music." +"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better " +"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of " +"music." msgstr "" "Slaget som fikk dette hele krigen gÃ¥r var om musikk, sÃ¥ det ikke ville være " "rettferdig Ã¥ avslutte denne boken uten Ã¥ ta opp problemet som er, for " @@ -21494,13 +23087,14 @@ msgstr "" "lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " -"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app--possibly in two " -"senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand for " -"bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for regulations " -"that in the end kill innovation on the network." +"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in " +"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand " +"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for " +"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network." msgstr "" "Anken av fildelings-musikken var crack-kokain av internetts vekst. den " "kjørte behov for tilgang til Internett mer kraftfullt enn andre enkelt " @@ -21510,6 +23104,7 @@ msgstr "" "forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ nettverket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -21524,6 +23119,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -21535,15 +23131,18 @@ msgstr "" "alle fildeling nettverk gjør. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 5, aktivere de " "fire forskjellige typer deling:" -#. A. +#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." -msgstr "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." +msgstr "" +"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." -#. B. +#. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -21551,9 +23150,10 @@ msgstr "" "Det er ogsÃ¥ noen som bruker deling nettverk for Ã¥ prøve, pÃ¥ vei til Ã¥ kjøpe " "CDer." -#. PAGE BREAK 302 -#. C. +#. PAGE BREAK 302 +#. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -21563,8 +23163,9 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som selges ikke lenger, men er fortsatt under opphavsrett eller som " "ville ha vært altfor tunge Ã¥ kjøpe fra nettet." -#. D. +#. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -21575,22 +23176,22 @@ msgstr "" "eieren av opphavsretten tydelig godkjenner." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " "with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon " "the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is " -"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly " -"weakened." +"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened." msgstr "" "noen reform av loven behov for Ã¥ holde disse ulike bruksomrÃ¥der i fokus. den " "mÃ¥ unngÃ¥ bebyrde type d selv om formÃ¥let er Ã¥ eliminere type a. den iver " "etter med som loven sikte pÃ¥ Ã¥ eliminere type a, videre bør avhenger " "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " -"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig " -"svekket." +"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -21598,44 +23199,45 @@ msgid "" "type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" "som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forÃ¥rsaket av deling " -"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er " -"reell. Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større " -"enn type b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." +"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " +"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " +"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " -"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " -"respond." +"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." msgstr "" "Likevel, det er en avgjørende faktor om gjeldende teknologiske kontekst som " "vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ at vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven skal reagere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " "content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of " "content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and " -"slow--we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 " -"MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and " -"down. Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access " -"across wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The " -"idea of the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." +"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at " +"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. " +"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across " +"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of " +"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." msgstr "" "i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti Ã¥r, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive " "i dag fordi det er den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til et bredt spekter av " "innhold. det vil ikke være den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til et bredt " -"spekter av innhold i ti Ã¥r. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og " -"sakte--vi i USA er heldig Ã¥ ha bredbÃ¥ndstjeneste pÃ¥ 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden " -"fÃ¥r vi service pÃ¥ den hastigheten som er bÃ¥de opp og ned. Selv om trÃ¥dløs " -"tilgang er økende, fÃ¥ de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang pÃ¥ tvers av " -"ledninger. de fleste bare fÃ¥ tilgang gjennom en maskin med et " -"tastatur. ideen om den alltid pÃ¥, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig " -"bare en idé." +"spekter av innhold i ti Ã¥r. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og sakte--" +"vi i USA er heldig Ã¥ ha bredbÃ¥ndstjeneste pÃ¥ 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden fÃ¥r vi " +"service pÃ¥ den hastigheten som er bÃ¥de opp og ned. Selv om trÃ¥dløs tilgang " +"er økende, fÃ¥ de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang pÃ¥ tvers av ledninger. de " +"fleste bare fÃ¥ tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. ideen om den " +"alltid pÃ¥, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en idé." -#. PAGE BREAK 303 +#. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -21644,10 +23246,10 @@ msgid "" "should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what " "law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly " "becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is " -"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are--except maybe the desert or " -"the Rockies--you can instantaneously be connected to the Internet. Imagine " -"the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, where with the " -"flip of a device, you are connected." +"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the " +"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the " +"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, " +"where with the flip of a device, you are connected." msgstr "" "men det vil bli en realitet, og det betyr at mÃ¥ten vi fÃ¥r tilgang til " "Internett i dag er en teknologi i overgangen. beslutningstakere mÃ¥ ikke " @@ -21660,19 +23262,19 @@ msgstr "" "Internett. Tenk deg sÃ¥ allestedsnærværende som beste mobiltelefonen " "tjenesten, der med flippen pÃ¥ en enhet, du er tilkoblet Internett." -#. f8. +#. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " -"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#76</ulink>." +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" +"ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " -"you access to content on the fly--such as Internet radio, content that is " -"streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " +"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " +"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " "point: When it is extremely easy to connect to services that give access to " "content, it will be easier to connect to services that give you access to " "content than it will be to download and store content on the many devices " @@ -21682,24 +23284,26 @@ msgid "" "services will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge " "money for the content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in " "Japan offer music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs " -"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though " -"\"free\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the " -"Web.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free" +"\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 304 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " -"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file sharing--to " -"the extent there is a real problem--is a problem that will increasingly " -"disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the Internet. And thus it is " -"an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today to be \"solving\" this " -"problem in light of a technology that will be gone tomorrow. The question " -"should not be how to regulate the Internet to eliminate file sharing (the " -"Net will evolve that problem away). The question instead should be how to " -"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between " -"twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-first-century " -"technologies." +"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " +"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that " +"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the " +"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today " +"to be \"solving\" this problem in light of a technology that will be gone " +"tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet to " +"eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The question " +"instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this " +"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-" +"first-century technologies." msgstr "" "dette punktet om fremtiden er ment Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ et perspektiv pÃ¥ stede: det er " "spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling--i den grad det er et " @@ -21712,13 +23316,14 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " -"here to solve. Let's start with type D content--uncopyrighted content or " -"copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The \"problem\" with this " -"content is to make sure that the technology that would enable this kind of " -"sharing is not rendered illegal. You can think of it this way: Pay phones " +"here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " +"or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The \"problem\" with " +"this content is to make sure that the technology that would enable this kind " +"of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can think of it this way: Pay phones " "are used to deliver ransom demands, no doubt. But there are many who need " "to use pay phones who have nothing to do with ransoms. It would be wrong to " "ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping." @@ -21729,10 +23334,10 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet er Ã¥ sørge for at teknologien som ville gjøre det mulig for denne " "type deling ikke gjengis ulovlig. Du kan tenke pÃ¥ det pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten: betal " "telefoner brukes til Ã¥ levere løsepenger krav, ingen tvil. men det er mange " -"som trenger Ã¥ bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting Ã¥ gjøre med " -"ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ eliminere " -"kidnapping." +"som trenger Ã¥ bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting Ã¥ gjøre med ransoms. " +"det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ eliminere kidnapping." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -21749,6 +23354,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -21768,12 +23374,13 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " -"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " -"music available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would " -"be free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing " +"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" +"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music " +"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be " +"free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing " "involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the trade; in a " "context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music should be as " "free as trading books." @@ -21786,8 +23393,9 @@ msgstr "" "sammenheng der kommersielle publisering er avsluttet, bør handel musikk være " "gratis som handel bøker." -#. PAGE BREAK 305 +#. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -21806,15 +23414,15 @@ msgstr "" "denne handelen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " "subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge " -"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially " -"available. But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer " -"hard disks of fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for " -"such copying should be much less than the amount owed a commercial " -"publisher." +"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. " +"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of " +"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying " +"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher." msgstr "" "Dette systemet vil ogsÃ¥ skape et insentiv for utgivere Ã¥ holde works " "tilgjengelig kommersielt. verk som er kommersielt tilgjengelige ville ikke " @@ -21826,6 +23434,7 @@ msgstr "" "en kommersiell utgiver." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21841,6 +23450,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." @@ -21849,6 +23459,7 @@ msgstr "" "krigen, men som pÃ¥ refleksjon, jeg foreslÃ¥, bør gjøre noe fornuftig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21868,8 +23479,9 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ har ogsÃ¥, teknologien for digitale nettverk skadet interessene til " "innhold industrien." -#. PAGE BREAK 306 +#. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21880,60 +23492,60 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg elsker Internett, og sÃ¥ jeg ikke liker likening det til tobakk eller " "asbest. men analogien er en rettferdig en fra et perspektiv av loven. og det " -"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker Ã¥ ødelegge Internett eller " -"p2p-teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ Internett, mÃ¥ vi " +"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker Ã¥ ødelegge Internett eller p2p-" +"teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ Internett, mÃ¥ vi " "finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som er skadet." -#. f9. +#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " -"October 2000), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " -"Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment " -"(forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor " -"Netanel has proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing " -"from the reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to " -"balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use " -"Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, " -"see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" Washington Post, 8 " -"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter " -"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations " -"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A " -"Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " +"October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and " +"the Future of Entertainment (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " +"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that " +"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would " +"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock " +"Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. " +"For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" " +"Washington Post, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman " +"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate " +"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A Quick " +"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " "Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, 13 " "May 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum " -"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, " -"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's " -"proposal is very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike " -"Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, " -"though more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is " -"typical with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a " -"decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>." +"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" " +"CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " +"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not " +"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get " +"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal " +"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " -"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of " -"the Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission " -"would (1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it " -"is to evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade " -"them). Once the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) " -"systems to monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the " -"basis of those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The " -"compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." +"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the " +"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would " +"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to " +"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once " +"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to " +"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of " +"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would " +"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -21949,28 +23561,30 @@ msgid "" "system of controlling access." msgstr "" "fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million " -"spørsmÃ¥lene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover Ã¥ " -"holde. endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans " -"forslag erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det " -"utfyller det eksisterende systemet. MÃ¥let med forslaget vil være Ã¥ forenkle " -"kompensasjon i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle " -"være midlertidig, som tar sikte pÃ¥ Ã¥ lette en overgang mellom regimer. og " -"det ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med Ã¥rene. Hvis den fortsetter Ã¥ " -"gi mening Ã¥ forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en " +"spørsmÃ¥lene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover Ã¥ holde. " +"endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans forslag " +"erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det utfyller det " +"eksisterende systemet. MÃ¥let med forslaget vil være Ã¥ forenkle kompensasjon " +"i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle være " +"midlertidig, som tar sikte pÃ¥ Ã¥ lette en overgang mellom regimer. og det " +"ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med Ã¥rene. Hvis den fortsetter Ã¥ gi " +"mening Ã¥ forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en " "skattesystemet, sÃ¥ det kan fortsettes. Hvis denne typen beskyttelse ikke " "lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen." +#. PAGE BREAK 307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " "supports the widest range of \"semiotic democracy\" possible. But the aims " "of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I described " -"were accomplished--in particular, the limits on derivative uses. A system " -"that simply charges for access would not greatly burden semiotic democracy " -"if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with the content " -"itself." +"were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative uses. A " +"system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden semiotic " +"democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with " +"the content itself." msgstr "" "Fisher vil balk pÃ¥ ideen om Ã¥ la systemet synker. hans mÃ¥l er ikke bare for " "Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere er betalt, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ sikre at systemet støtter en " @@ -21980,6 +23594,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -21991,23 +23606,24 @@ msgid "" "proven correct: Apple has sold millions of songs at even the very high price " "of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost is the equivalent of a per-song " "CD price, though the labels have none of the costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's " -"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a " -"song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and " -"sell music on-line." +"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a song. " +"And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and sell " +"music on-line." msgstr "" "ingen tvil om ville det være vanskelig Ã¥ beregne riktig mÃ¥l for \"skade\" " "til en industri. men vanskeligheten av Ã¥ gjøre multiplikasjonene ville være " "oppveies av fordel for tilrettelegging innovasjon. Dette bakgrunn-systemet " "for Ã¥ kompensere ville ikke mÃ¥ ogsÃ¥ forstyrre nyskapende forslag for " "eksempel Apples musicstore. som eksperter spÃ¥dd nÃ¥r apple lanserte " -"musicstore, vil det kunne slÃ¥ \"gratis\" ved Ã¥ være enklere enn er " -"gratis. Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger pÃ¥ " -"selv svært høy pris pÃ¥ 99 cents en sang. (pÃ¥ 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer " -"en per sang cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for Ã¥ " -"betale.) Apple nÃ¥ gÃ¥r ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk pÃ¥ bare " -"79 cents en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og " -"selge musikk pÃ¥ nettet." +"musicstore, vil det kunne slÃ¥ \"gratis\" ved Ã¥ være enklere enn er gratis. " +"Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger pÃ¥ selv svært " +"høy pris pÃ¥ 99 cents en sang. (pÃ¥ 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer en per sang " +"cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for Ã¥ betale.) " +"Apple nÃ¥ gÃ¥r ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk pÃ¥ bare 79 cents " +"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " +"musikk pÃ¥ nettet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -22015,10 +23631,10 @@ msgid "" "thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, " "there is nothing impossible at all about \"competing with free.\" Indeed, if " "anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and better " -"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be " -"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " -"luxurious--with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch a " -"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with " +"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be about. " +"Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " +"luxurious—with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch " +"a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with " "\"free.\"" msgstr "" "Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd pÃ¥ bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra " @@ -22032,11 +23648,12 @@ msgstr "" "finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " "content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would " -"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators--ones who would have a " +"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a " "right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and " "barbarically severe punishments of the law." msgstr "" @@ -22051,8 +23668,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er mitt forslag dette:" -#. PAGE BREAK 308 +#. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -22065,16 +23683,20 @@ msgstr "" "effektive teknologien vi kan opprette." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" -msgstr "Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" +msgstr "" +"Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" -#. 1. +#. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-d dele;" -#. 2. +#. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -22082,8 +23704,9 @@ msgstr "" "tillater ikke-kommersiell type c deling uten erstatningsansvar og " "kommersielle type c deling med en lav og fast hastighet ved lov;" -#. 3. +#. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." @@ -22091,6 +23714,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens du er i denne overgangen, taxing og kompensere for typen en deling, i " "grad er faktiske skade vist." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " @@ -22104,6 +23728,7 @@ msgstr "" "deretter?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -22128,8 +23753,9 @@ msgstr "" "sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten Ã¥ bryte Internett. NÃ¥r som er trygg, kan " "deretter det godt være riktig Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp smÃ¥lig pirates." -#. PAGE BREAK 309 +#. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -22145,7 +23771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" -msgstr "5. brann masse advokater" +msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -22154,12 +23780,13 @@ msgid "" "not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at " "the end that I would love to live." msgstr "" -"Jeg er en advokat. jeg gjøre advokater for en lever. Jeg tror pÃ¥ loven. Jeg " -"tror pÃ¥ loven om opphavsrett. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til arbeider i lov, " -"ikke fordi det er stor bukk pÃ¥ slutten, men fordi det er idealer pÃ¥ slutten " -"som jeg ville elske Ã¥ leve." +"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever av Ã¥ lage advokater. Jeg tror pÃ¥ loven. Jeg " +"tror pÃ¥ opphavsrettsloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til Ã¥ jobbe med loven, " +"ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " +"jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -22173,15 +23800,14 @@ msgstr "" "rike klientene har en sterk visning, yrke Ã¥ spørsmÃ¥let eller telleren uvilje " "mot en sterk visningen queers loven." -#. f10. +#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " -"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069­70." +"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" -"Lawrence lessig, \"copyright's first endring\" (melville b. nimmer " -"memorial lecture), ucla lov gÃ¥ gjennom 48 (2001): 1057, 1069­70." +"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " +"Memorial Lecture), UCLA law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -22191,8 +23817,8 @@ msgid "" "in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for example, thought crazy " "the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term Extension Act. Yet just " "thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and practitioner in the field of " -"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22201,26 +23827,27 @@ msgid "" "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " "to actually reckon the costs of the law." msgstr "" -"min kritikk av rollen som advokater har spilt i denne debatten er imidlertid " -"ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det er enda viktigere om vÃ¥r " -"manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk regner med kostnadene for loven." +"Min kritikk av rollen som advokater har spilt i denne debatten handler " +"imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " +"om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. f11. +#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " -"question his own publicly stated position--twice. He initially predicted " -"that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then revised his " -"view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view again. Compare " -"Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True Forces That " -"Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his " -"original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will " -"MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. " -"Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating the effect " -"of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs " -"of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, 174­76." +"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially " +"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then " +"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view " +"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True " +"Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " +"(reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. " +"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</" +"ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating " +"the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he " +"underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, " +"174–76." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22233,8 +23860,9 @@ msgid "" "the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 310 +#. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -22249,6 +23877,7 @@ msgstr "" "astonishingly høyt som rettferdighet praktisk talt aldri kan gjøres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -22269,13 +23898,14 @@ msgstr "" "høyprofilerte og kostbare tilfeller." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " -"to change the way the law works--or better, to change the law so that it " -"works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent of " -"the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, and " -"hence radically more just." +"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that " +"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent " +"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, " +"and hence radically more just." msgstr "" "costliness og clumsiness og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet hÃ¥ne vÃ¥r " "tradisjon. og advokater, samt akademikere, bør vurdere det deres plikt til Ã¥ " @@ -22285,6 +23915,7 @@ msgstr "" "radikalt mer rettferdig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -22295,14 +23926,15 @@ msgstr "" "altfor ofte gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er igjen til gjennomgangen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " -"technology--the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about the " -"amazing things your community could facilitate with digital technology--a " -"wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. Think about all those " -"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the " -"machines. This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, " -"this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." +"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " +"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital " +"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. " +"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured " +"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission " +"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." msgstr "" "Tenk pÃ¥ de fantastiske tingene barnet kan gjøre eller gjøre med digital " "teknologi--filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. eller Tenk pÃ¥ de " @@ -22312,13 +23944,15 @@ msgstr "" "hva noen regime som krever tillatelse produserer. igjen, dette er " "virkeligheten av brezhnev's Russland." +#. PAGE BREAK 311 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture--but it should regulate " -"culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely test their " -"power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic question: " -"\"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the expanding reach of the law, " -"the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" +"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " +"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " +"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic " +"question: \"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the expanding reach of " +"the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" msgstr "" "loven skal regulere i visse omrÃ¥der av kultur-- men det skal regulere kultur " "bare der den reguleringen gjør bra. men advokater sjelden teste deres makt, " @@ -22326,24 +23960,24 @@ msgstr "" "det gjøre gode?\" nÃ¥r utfordret om det utvider nÃ¥ av loven, advokat-svar, " "\"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " -"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " -"lawyers away." +"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " +"Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers " +"away." msgstr "" -"Vi bør spørre: \"Hvorfor?\" Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er " -"nødvendig. Vis meg hvordan det fungerer bra. og før du kan vise meg begge, " -"holde advokater din unna." +"Vi burde spørre: \"Hvorfor?\" Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er " +"nødvendig og vis meg hvordan reguleringen fungerer bra. Før du kan vise meg " +"begge, holde advokatene din unna." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "NOTES" -msgstr "notater" +msgstr "Notater" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " -"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " +"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. " +"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " "unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to " "the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each " "link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the " @@ -22352,10 +23986,19 @@ msgid "" "link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for " "the material." msgstr "" +"I denne teksten er det referanser til lenker pÃ¥ verdensveven. Og som alle " +"som har forsøkt Ã¥ bruke nettet vet, sÃ¥ vil disse lenkene være svært " +"ustabile. Jeg har forsøkt Ã¥ motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved Ã¥ omdirigere " +"lesere til den originale kilden gjennom en nettside som hører til denne " +"boken. For hver lenke under, sÃ¥ kan du gÃ¥ til http://free-culture.cc/notes " +"og finne den originale kilden ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ nummeret etter #-tegnet. If " +"den originale lenken fortsatt er i live, sÃ¥ vil du bli omdirigert til den " +"lenken. Hvis den originale lenken har forsvunnet, sÃ¥ vil du bli omdirigert " +"til en passende referanse til materialet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" -msgstr "bekreftelser" +msgstr "Takk til" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22364,12 +24007,13 @@ msgid "" "helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that " "this book is dedicated." msgstr "" -"Denne boken er produktet av en lang og ennÃ¥ mislykkede kamp som begynte da " -"jeg leste av eric eldred krig Ã¥ holde bøker gratis. eldred's arbeid bidro " -"til Ã¥ lansere en bevegelse, fri kultur, og det er til ham at denne boken er " -"dedikert." +"Denne boken er produktet av en lang og sÃ¥ langt mislykket kamp som begynte " +"da jeg leste om Eric Eldreds krig for Ã¥ sørge for at bøker forble frie. " +"Eldreds innsats bidro til Ã¥ lansere en bevegelse, fri kultur-bevegelsen, og " +"denne boken er tilegnet ham." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -22385,16 +24029,17 @@ msgstr "" "Jeg fikk veiledning i forskjellige steder fra venner og akademikere, " "inkludert glenn brun, peter dicola, jennifer mnookin, richard posner, " "markere rose og kathleen sullivan. og jeg fikk korreksjon og veiledning fra " -"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford " -"university. de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, " -"christopher guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew " -"kahn, brian-kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig " -"takknemlig overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres " -"forskning og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga " -"sin egen kritisk blikk pÃ¥ mye av dette." - -#. PAGE BREAK 337 +"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford university. " +"de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, christopher " +"guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew kahn, brian-" +"kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig takknemlig " +"overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres forskning " +"og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga sin egen " +"kritisk blikk pÃ¥ mye av dette." + +#. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -22405,7 +24050,7 @@ msgid "" "Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was " "there." msgstr "" -"Yuko noguchi hjalp meg Ã¥ forstÃ¥ lovene i japan, sÃ¥ vel som sin kultur. Jeg " +"Yuko Noguchi hjalp meg Ã¥ forstÃ¥ lovene i japan, sÃ¥ vel som sin kultur. Jeg " "er takknemlig til henne, og til mange i japan som hjalp meg med Ã¥ forberede " "denne boken: joi ito, alt matsutani, naoto misaki, michihiro sasaki " "hiromichi tanaka, hiroo yamagata og yoshihiro yonezawa. Jeg er takknemlig sÃ¥ " @@ -22413,14 +24058,15 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ gi meg muligheten til Ã¥ bruke tid i japan, og tadashi shiraishi og " "kiyokazu yamagami for deres sjenerøs hjelp mens jeg var der." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " -"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " -"advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who " -"have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about " -"the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as " -"well as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my " +"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. " +"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice " +"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have " +"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the " +"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well " +"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my " "argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik " "Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, " "Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James " @@ -22435,8 +24081,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er de tradisjonelle former for hjelp som akademikere regelmessig " "trekke pÃ¥. men i tillegg til dem, Internett har gjort det mulig Ã¥ motta rÃ¥d " "og korrigering fra mange hvem jeg har aldri møtt. blant de som har svart med " -"svært nyttig rÃ¥d til forespørsler pÃ¥ bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed " -"al-ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som " +"svært nyttig rÃ¥d til forespørsler pÃ¥ bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed al-" +"ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som " "hadde spesifikke ideer om mÃ¥ter Ã¥ utvikle mitt argument. de inkludert " "richard bondi, steven cherry, david coe, nik cubrilovic, bob devine, charles " "eicher, thomas fjord, elihu m gerson, jeremy hunsinger, vaughn iverson, john " @@ -22450,6 +24096,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg mistet en haug med stor svar.)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -22458,11 +24105,12 @@ msgid "" "in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important " "places throughout this book." msgstr "" -"Richard stallman og michael carroll hver lese hele boken i utkast, og hver " -"forutsatt svært nyttig korreksjon og rÃ¥d. Michael hjalp meg Ã¥ se mer tydelig " -"betydningen av regulering av derivitive works. og richard rettet en " -"embarrassingly stort antall feil. mens mitt arbeid er delvis inspirert av " -"Stallmans, enig han ikke med meg viktige steder i denne boken." +"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge lest utkast av hele denne " +"boken, og hver av dem har bidratt med svært nyttige korreksjoner og rÃ¥d " +"Michael hjalp meg Ã¥ se mer tydelig betydningen av regulering av avledede " +"verk. og Richard korrigerte en pinlig stor mengde feil. Selv om mitt " +"arbeid er delvis inspirert av Stallmans, enig han ikke med meg viktige " +"steder i denne boken." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22471,7 +24119,7 @@ msgid "" "always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual " "patience and love." msgstr "" -"til slutt, og for evig, jeg er takknemlig til bettina, som har alltid " -"insisterte pÃ¥ at det ville være unending lykke fra disse kampene, og som har " -"alltid vært riktig. Denne slow elev er som alltid takknemlig for hennes " +"Til slutt, og for evig, er jeg Bettina takknemlig, som alltid har insistert " +"pÃ¥ at det ville være endeløs lykke utenfor disse kampene, og som alltid har " +"hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes " "evigvarende tÃ¥lmodighet og kjærlighet."