X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/ae4fadae07caba3b86a5b662500c192353c0a76d..eb2d5b5ae66ab7c0a39a9a301080312ef4b04eba:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index f48ebf1..01597e9 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 19:50+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-08 09:38+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"freeculture\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:126 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:180 msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" @@ -63,31 +63,61 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Lessig" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:43 +msgid "Intellectual property—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:46 +msgid "Mass media—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:49 +msgid "Technological innovations—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:52 +msgid "Art—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:59 +#, no-wrap +msgid "New York" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:38 -msgid " 2004 Lawrence Lessig " +#: freeculture.xml:57 +msgid "" +" The Penguin Press 2004 " +"Lawrence Lessig " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:46 +#: freeculture.xml:69 msgid "" -" " +" " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:53 +#: freeculture.xml:76 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:45 +#: freeculture.xml:68 msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:59 +#: freeculture.xml:82 msgid "" "This version of Free Culture is licensed under a " "Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this " @@ -97,12 +127,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:68 +#: freeculture.xml:91 msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> -#: freeculture.xml:70 +#: freeculture.xml:93 msgid "" "LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " "url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " @@ -121,70 +151,101 @@ msgid "" "Appeals." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:94 +#. testing different ways to tag the cover page +# +#. <imageobject remap="s" role="front"> +# +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +# +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject> +#: freeculture.xml:114 +msgid "" +"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"images/cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>" +msgstr "" + +#. LCCN from +#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page +#. +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#: freeculture.xml:112 +msgid "" +" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid " +"class=\"isbn\">1-59420-006-8</biblioid> <biblioid " +"class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</biblioid>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:142 msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:97 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:145 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:146 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:99 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:147 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:106 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:156 msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:109 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:159 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:112 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:162 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:117 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:169 msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:122 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:176 msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:132 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:186 msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:137 +#: freeculture.xml:192 msgid "" "THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " "New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:141 +#: freeculture.xml:196 msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:144 +#: freeculture.xml:199 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright " @@ -192,134 +253,139 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:149 +#: freeculture.xml:204 msgid "" "Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " "Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:153 +#: freeculture.xml:208 msgid "" "Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC " "Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:157 +#: freeculture.xml:212 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:160 +#: freeculture.xml:215 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:165 +#: freeculture.xml:220 msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:168 +#: freeculture.xml:223 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:171 +#: freeculture.xml:226 msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:174 +#: freeculture.xml:230 msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:177 +#: freeculture.xml:233 msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:180 +#: freeculture.xml:236 msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:183 +#: freeculture.xml:239 msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:186 +#: freeculture.xml:242 msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:189 +#: freeculture.xml:245 msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:192 +#: freeculture.xml:248 msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:195 +#: freeculture.xml:251 msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:199 +#: freeculture.xml:255 msgid "&translationblock;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:203 +#: freeculture.xml:259 msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " "system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " "photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " -"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The " -"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via " -"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " +"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:267 +msgid "" +"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " +"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " "punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " "do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:220 +#: freeculture.xml:279 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:228 +#: freeculture.xml:287 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:290 +#: freeculture.xml:349 msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:292 +#: freeculture.xml:351 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:295 +#: freeculture.xml:354 msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws " "of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of " @@ -327,14 +393,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:305 +#: freeculture.xml:364 msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:301 +#: freeculture.xml:360 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -343,7 +409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:310 +#: freeculture.xml:369 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " @@ -353,9 +419,9 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 12 +#. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:319 +#: freeculture.xml:378 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -367,7 +433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:330 +#: freeculture.xml:389 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -376,14 +442,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:342 +#: freeculture.xml:401 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:337 +#: freeculture.xml:396 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " @@ -402,7 +468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:357 +#: freeculture.xml:416 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -413,17 +479,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:365 freeculture.xml:12745 +#: freeculture.xml:424 freeculture.xml:12892 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:376 freeculture.xml:386 freeculture.xml:12758 +#: freeculture.xml:435 freeculture.xml:445 freeculture.xml:12905 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:367 +#: freeculture.xml:426 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -437,14 +503,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:384 +#: freeculture.xml:443 msgid "" "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:380 +#: freeculture.xml:439 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -454,7 +520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:391 +#: freeculture.xml:450 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -472,9 +538,9 @@ msgid "" "\"merely\" derivative." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 14 +#. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:407 +#: freeculture.xml:466 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -492,7 +558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:425 +#: freeculture.xml:484 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -504,12 +570,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:440 +#: freeculture.xml:499 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:442 +#: freeculture.xml:501 msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " "hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " @@ -520,14 +586,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:454 +#: freeculture.xml:513 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:450 +#: freeculture.xml:509 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -540,7 +606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:463 +#: freeculture.xml:522 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -552,17 +618,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:952 freeculture.xml:998 freeculture.xml:8773 freeculture.xml:12145 freeculture.xml:12849 +#: freeculture.xml:530 freeculture.xml:543 freeculture.xml:574 freeculture.xml:593 freeculture.xml:996 freeculture.xml:1013 freeculture.xml:1059 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:12287 freeculture.xml:12996 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:472 freeculture.xml:485 freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:953 freeculture.xml:999 freeculture.xml:8774 freeculture.xml:12146 freeculture.xml:12850 +#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:575 freeculture.xml:594 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1060 freeculture.xml:8893 freeculture.xml:12288 freeculture.xml:12997 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:474 +#: freeculture.xml:533 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -576,7 +642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:487 +#: freeculture.xml:546 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -589,7 +655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:507 +#: freeculture.xml:566 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " @@ -603,7 +669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:498 +#: freeculture.xml:557 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -616,13 +682,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:521 +#: freeculture.xml:580 msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 18 +#. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:524 +#: freeculture.xml:583 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -635,7 +701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:537 +#: freeculture.xml:596 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -655,22 +721,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:566 +#: freeculture.xml:625 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:567 +#: freeculture.xml:626 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:568 +#: freeculture.xml:627 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:555 +#: freeculture.xml:614 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -686,7 +752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:571 +#: freeculture.xml:630 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -698,7 +764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:581 +#: freeculture.xml:640 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -711,32 +777,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:592 +#: freeculture.xml:651 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:603 +#: freeculture.xml:662 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:596 +#: freeculture.xml:655 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " -"like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " -"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " -"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " -"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " +"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " +"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa " +"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " +"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " "heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 20 +#. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:609 +#: freeculture.xml:668 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -747,12 +813,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:623 freeculture.xml:643 +#: freeculture.xml:682 freeculture.xml:702 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:618 +#: freeculture.xml:677 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -762,7 +828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:630 +#: freeculture.xml:689 msgid "" "See \"Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,\" First " "Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at " @@ -770,7 +836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:627 +#: freeculture.xml:686 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -779,7 +845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:639 +#: freeculture.xml:698 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -788,23 +854,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:711 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:647 +#: freeculture.xml:706 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " "threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, " -"posed . . . a complete reordering of radio power . . . and the eventual " -"overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had grown to " -"power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the " +"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had " +"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:657 +#: freeculture.xml:716 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -820,12 +886,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:676 +#: freeculture.xml:735 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:672 +#: freeculture.xml:731 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -834,12 +900,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:680 +#: freeculture.xml:739 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:682 +#: freeculture.xml:741 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -851,7 +917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:692 +#: freeculture.xml:751 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -864,9 +930,9 @@ msgid "" "to his wife and then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 22 +#. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:704 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -882,7 +948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:726 +#: freeculture.xml:785 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " @@ -891,7 +957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:720 +#: freeculture.xml:779 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " "which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " @@ -902,7 +968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:735 +#: freeculture.xml:794 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -916,7 +982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:746 +#: freeculture.xml:805 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -926,9 +992,18 @@ msgid "" "don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 23 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:824 +msgid "Barlow, Joel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:825 +msgid "Webster, Noah" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:755 +#: freeculture.xml:814 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -937,11 +1012,12 @@ msgid "" "rest. When old men sat around parks or on street corners telling stories " "that kids and others consumed, that was noncommercial culture. When Noah " "Webster published his \"Reader,\" or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was " -"commercial culture." +"commercial culture. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:767 +#: freeculture.xml:828 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -955,12 +1031,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:792 freeculture.xml:1807 freeculture.xml:1818 +#: freeculture.xml:853 freeculture.xml:1877 freeculture.xml:1888 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:784 +#: freeculture.xml:845 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -973,7 +1049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:778 +#: freeculture.xml:839 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -986,19 +1062,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:804 freeculture.xml:9315 +#: freeculture.xml:865 freeculture.xml:9434 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:802 +#: freeculture.xml:863 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:800 +#: freeculture.xml:861 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1014,7 +1090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:819 +#: freeculture.xml:880 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1028,7 +1104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:832 +#: freeculture.xml:893 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1049,7 +1125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:851 +#: freeculture.xml:912 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1060,7 +1136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:868 +#: freeculture.xml:929 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York " @@ -1068,7 +1144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:860 +#: freeculture.xml:921 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1083,7 +1159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:877 +#: freeculture.xml:938 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1093,7 +1169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:885 +#: freeculture.xml:946 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1102,12 +1178,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:899 freeculture.xml:14112 +#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:14267 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:897 +#: freeculture.xml:958 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1115,7 +1191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:891 +#: freeculture.xml:952 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1129,7 +1205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:907 +#: freeculture.xml:968 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1142,7 +1218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:919 +#: freeculture.xml:980 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1152,7 +1228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:927 +#: freeculture.xml:988 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1164,7 +1240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:938 +#: freeculture.xml:999 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " @@ -1180,9 +1256,9 @@ msgid "" "that the law should intervene to stop this trespass." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 27 +#. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:955 +#: freeculture.xml:1016 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1192,7 +1268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:965 +#: freeculture.xml:1026 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1205,7 +1281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:975 +#: freeculture.xml:1036 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1214,14 +1290,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:981 +#: freeculture.xml:1042 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:985 +#: freeculture.xml:1046 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1231,7 +1307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:992 +#: freeculture.xml:1053 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1241,7 +1317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1001 +#: freeculture.xml:1062 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1253,7 +1329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1011 +#: freeculture.xml:1072 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " @@ -1261,7 +1337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1016 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1272,7 +1348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1024 +#: freeculture.xml:1085 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1285,7 +1361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1035 +#: freeculture.xml:1096 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1296,17 +1372,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1045 +#: freeculture.xml:1106 msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1049 freeculture.xml:4668 +#: freeculture.xml:1110 freeculture.xml:4759 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1052 +#: freeculture.xml:1113 msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1317,14 +1393,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1064 +#: freeculture.xml:1125 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1060 +#: freeculture.xml:1121 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1333,7 +1409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1070 +#: freeculture.xml:1131 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1344,7 +1420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1079 +#: freeculture.xml:1140 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1354,7 +1430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1087 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1364,7 +1440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1095 +#: freeculture.xml:1156 msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1373,12 +1449,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1101 +#: freeculture.xml:1162 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1105 +#: freeculture.xml:1166 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1388,13 +1464,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1113 +#: freeculture.xml:1174 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1119 +#: freeculture.xml:1180 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 " @@ -1402,12 +1478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1132 freeculture.xml:6765 +#: freeculture.xml:1193 freeculture.xml:6861 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1127 +#: freeculture.xml:1188 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at " @@ -1418,7 +1494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1115 +#: freeculture.xml:1176 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1432,13 +1508,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1137 +#: freeculture.xml:1198 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1139 +#: freeculture.xml:1200 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1448,7 +1524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 +#: freeculture.xml:1208 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1458,7 +1534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1154 +#: freeculture.xml:1215 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1468,7 +1544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1161 +#: freeculture.xml:1222 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1478,12 +1554,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:1196 +#: freeculture.xml:1229 freeculture.xml:1260 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:1261 +msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1189 +#: freeculture.xml:1252 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1491,11 +1572,12 @@ msgid "" "the legal conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I " "certainly agree with him about the importance and significance of this " "change, but I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are " -"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1170 +#: freeculture.xml:1232 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1517,7 +1599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1202 +#: freeculture.xml:1267 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1525,12 +1607,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1210 +#: freeculture.xml:1275 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1212 +#: freeculture.xml:1277 msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane " @@ -1541,7 +1623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1219 +#: freeculture.xml:1284 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1553,7 +1635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1228 +#: freeculture.xml:1293 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1562,7 +1644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1235 +#: freeculture.xml:1300 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1572,14 +1654,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1248 +#: freeculture.xml:1313 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1242 +#: freeculture.xml:1307 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1589,12 +1671,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1257 +#: freeculture.xml:1322 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1254 +#: freeculture.xml:1319 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1603,7 +1685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 +#: freeculture.xml:1325 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1615,7 +1697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1269 +#: freeculture.xml:1334 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1624,7 +1706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1275 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1636,7 +1718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1289 +#: freeculture.xml:1354 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1649,7 +1731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1283 +#: freeculture.xml:1348 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1664,7 +1746,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1310 +#: freeculture.xml:1375 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1672,7 +1754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1306 +#: freeculture.xml:1371 msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -1687,7 +1769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1325 +#: freeculture.xml:1390 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1700,7 +1782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1334 +#: freeculture.xml:1399 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1727,7 +1809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1356 +#: freeculture.xml:1421 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1740,7 +1822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1370 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -1753,7 +1835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1364 +#: freeculture.xml:1429 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1767,7 +1849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1387 +#: freeculture.xml:1452 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1779,7 +1861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1396 +#: freeculture.xml:1461 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1792,7 +1874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1409 +#: freeculture.xml:1474 msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " @@ -1800,7 +1882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1415 +#: freeculture.xml:1480 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -1812,7 +1894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1424 +#: freeculture.xml:1489 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1825,7 +1907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1435 +#: freeculture.xml:1500 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1834,7 +1916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1440 +#: freeculture.xml:1505 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -1851,7 +1933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1455 +#: freeculture.xml:1520 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " @@ -1865,7 +1947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1466 +#: freeculture.xml:1531 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -1881,33 +1963,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1480 +#: freeculture.xml:1545 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1493 +#: freeculture.xml:1558 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1483 +#: freeculture.xml:1548 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " "days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " -"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " -"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " +"now. … American comics were born out of copying each other. … " +"That's how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and " +"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " "them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1498 +#: freeculture.xml:1563 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -1919,7 +2001,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1515 +#: freeculture.xml:1580 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " @@ -1932,7 +2014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1507 +#: freeculture.xml:1572 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -1944,7 +2026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1526 +#: freeculture.xml:1591 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -1957,7 +2039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1537 +#: freeculture.xml:1602 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -1968,7 +2050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1544 +#: freeculture.xml:1609 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -1982,7 +2064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1557 +#: freeculture.xml:1622 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -1990,12 +2072,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1574 freeculture.xml:2759 freeculture.xml:4374 freeculture.xml:4601 freeculture.xml:7160 freeculture.xml:8231 +#: freeculture.xml:1639 freeculture.xml:2835 freeculture.xml:4469 freeculture.xml:4690 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:8356 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1567 +#: freeculture.xml:1632 msgid "" "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -2008,7 +2090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1562 +#: freeculture.xml:1627 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2019,7 +2101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1581 +#: freeculture.xml:1646 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -2036,7 +2118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1596 +#: freeculture.xml:1661 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2045,7 +2127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1605 +#: freeculture.xml:1670 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2056,7 +2138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1613 +#: freeculture.xml:1678 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -2065,7 +2147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1619 +#: freeculture.xml:1684 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2082,7 +2164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1633 +#: freeculture.xml:1698 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2095,7 +2177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1644 +#: freeculture.xml:1709 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2109,7 +2191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1656 +#: freeculture.xml:1721 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2117,17 +2199,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1664 +#: freeculture.xml:1729 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1665 +#: freeculture.xml:1731 +msgid "photography" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1741 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1667 +#: freeculture.xml:1734 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2135,11 +2222,17 @@ msgid "" "and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " "wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " "helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " -"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" +"competition down so as to keep prices up.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1753 +msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1676 +#: freeculture.xml:1744 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2148,17 +2241,18 @@ msgid "" "the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry " "plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture " "from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still " -"not a process within reach of most amateurs." +"not a process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1687 +#: freeculture.xml:1756 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1690 +#: freeculture.xml:1759 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2172,40 +2266,45 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1707 +#: freeculture.xml:1776 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1778 +msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1702 +#: freeculture.xml:1771 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " "of its simplicity. \"You press the button and we do the rest.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in <citetitle>The Kodak " -"Primer</citetitle>:" +"Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1725 freeculture.xml:1748 +#: freeculture.xml:1795 freeculture.xml:1818 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1723 +#: freeculture.xml:1793 msgid "" "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1712 +#: freeculture.xml:1782 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " -"expert can do. . . . We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " +"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " "sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an " "instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the " "necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of " @@ -2215,18 +2314,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1741 +#: freeculture.xml:1811 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1745 +#: freeculture.xml:1815 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1730 +#: freeculture.xml:1800 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2236,19 +2335,19 @@ msgid "" "camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more " "than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial " "production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material " -"sales increased by percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eastman " -"Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual increase " -"of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual " +"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1763 +#: freeculture.xml:1833 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1752 +#: freeculture.xml:1822 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2256,14 +2355,14 @@ msgid "" "record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As " "author Brian Coe notes, \"For the first time the snapshot album provided the " "man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its " -"activities. . . . For the first time in history there exists an authentic " +"activities. … For the first time in history there exists an authentic " "visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made " "without [literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1767 +#: freeculture.xml:1837 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2279,7 +2378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1789 +#: freeculture.xml:1859 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2289,7 +2388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1780 +#: freeculture.xml:1850 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2303,7 +2402,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1797 +#: freeculture.xml:1867 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2314,12 +2413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1819 +#: freeculture.xml:1889 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1816 +#: freeculture.xml:1886 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2327,7 +2426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1809 +#: freeculture.xml:1879 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2342,7 +2441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1836 +#: freeculture.xml:1906 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " @@ -2353,7 +2452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1826 +#: freeculture.xml:1896 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2367,7 +2466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1844 +#: freeculture.xml:1914 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2385,7 +2484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1861 +#: freeculture.xml:1931 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2412,7 +2511,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1893 +#: freeculture.xml:1964 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -2421,7 +2520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1887 +#: freeculture.xml:1958 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2435,22 +2534,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1910 +#: freeculture.xml:1981 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1905 +#: freeculture.xml:1976 msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " -"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " +"puts it, \"is the ability … to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " "media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the way media works, " "the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the way people access " "it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1913 +#: freeculture.xml:1984 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2459,7 +2558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1923 +#: freeculture.xml:1994 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family " @@ -2467,7 +2566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1919 +#: freeculture.xml:1990 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2479,7 +2578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1934 +#: freeculture.xml:2005 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2492,7 +2591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1944 +#: freeculture.xml:2015 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2503,22 +2602,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1951 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1965 freeculture.xml:2025 freeculture.xml:2032 freeculture.xml:2467 +#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:2096 freeculture.xml:2103 freeculture.xml:2538 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1966 +#: freeculture.xml:2037 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1963 +#: freeculture.xml:2034 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2527,7 +2626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1977 +#: freeculture.xml:2048 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -2536,13 +2635,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1953 +#: freeculture.xml:2024 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder " +"of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space " "where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar " "changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques " @@ -2554,12 +2653,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1984 +#: freeculture.xml:2055 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:2057 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2569,7 +2668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1993 +#: freeculture.xml:2064 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2578,7 +2677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2000 +#: freeculture.xml:2071 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2587,25 +2686,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2008 +#: freeculture.xml:2079 msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2024 +#: freeculture.xml:2095 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2029 freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:7955 +#: freeculture.xml:2100 freeculture.xml:3839 freeculture.xml:4878 freeculture.xml:8080 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2013 +#: freeculture.xml:2084 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2619,7 +2718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2034 +#: freeculture.xml:2105 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2633,7 +2732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2046 +#: freeculture.xml:2117 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2644,7 +2743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2054 +#: freeculture.xml:2125 msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2664,7 +2763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2073 +#: freeculture.xml:2144 msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2676,7 +2775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2084 +#: freeculture.xml:2155 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2690,14 +2789,14 @@ msgid "" "do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects " "that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me " "something that reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and " -". . . saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little " +"… saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little " "movie.\" But instead, really help you take these elements that you " "understand, that are your language, and construct meaning about the " -"topic. . . ." +"topic.…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2103 +#: freeculture.xml:2174 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -2708,7 +2807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2110 +#: freeculture.xml:2181 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2717,7 +2816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2119 +#: freeculture.xml:2190 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2730,7 +2829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2130 +#: freeculture.xml:2201 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2741,17 +2840,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:7893 freeculture.xml:8130 +#: freeculture.xml:2208 freeculture.xml:8019 freeculture.xml:8255 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2138 +#: freeculture.xml:2209 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2140 +#: freeculture.xml:2211 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " @@ -2768,7 +2867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2154 +#: freeculture.xml:2225 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2779,7 +2878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2164 +#: freeculture.xml:2235 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2791,7 +2890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2173 +#: freeculture.xml:2244 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2803,7 +2902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2182 +#: freeculture.xml:2253 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2820,7 +2919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2196 +#: freeculture.xml:2267 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2833,7 +2932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2222 +#: freeculture.xml:2293 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -2841,7 +2940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2207 +#: freeculture.xml:2278 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -2860,14 +2959,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2231 +#: freeculture.xml:2302 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " "of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2227 +#: freeculture.xml:2298 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -2879,14 +2978,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2246 +#: freeculture.xml:2317 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2239 +#: freeculture.xml:2310 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -2899,7 +2998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2252 +#: freeculture.xml:2323 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -2910,7 +3009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2263 +#: freeculture.xml:2334 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -2921,12 +3020,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2275 +#: freeculture.xml:2346 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2271 +#: freeculture.xml:2342 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -2936,19 +3035,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2289 +#: freeculture.xml:2360 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2292 +#: freeculture.xml:2363 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2278 +#: freeculture.xml:2349 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -2964,7 +3063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2295 +#: freeculture.xml:2366 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -2973,7 +3072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2302 +#: freeculture.xml:2373 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -2984,13 +3083,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2311 +#: freeculture.xml:2382 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2314 +#: freeculture.xml:2385 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3003,18 +3102,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2324 freeculture.xml:2377 +#: freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2448 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2332 +#: freeculture.xml:2403 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2326 +#: freeculture.xml:2397 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3026,13 +3125,13 @@ msgid "" "uplink with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the " "reporter over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed " "to offer a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't " -"warranted, they told her <emphasis>that</emphasis> they were writing \"the " +"warranted, they told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were writing \"the " "story.\")" msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2350 +#: freeculture.xml:2421 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci " @@ -3042,7 +3141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2342 +#: freeculture.xml:2413 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -3057,7 +3156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2369 +#: freeculture.xml:2440 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all " @@ -3072,7 +3171,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2362 +#: freeculture.xml:2433 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " @@ -3088,7 +3187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2389 +#: freeculture.xml:2460 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " @@ -3105,20 +3204,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2405 +#: freeculture.xml:2476 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2408 +#: freeculture.xml:2479 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " -"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " -"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" +"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and … the creation " +"of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2413 +#: freeculture.xml:2484 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3128,7 +3227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2420 +#: freeculture.xml:2491 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " @@ -3142,7 +3241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2433 +#: freeculture.xml:2504 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3152,10 +3251,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2440 +#: freeculture.xml:2511 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " -"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " +"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you … unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " "your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve " "it.\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " @@ -3163,33 +3262,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2448 +#: freeculture.xml:2519 msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " "and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that you're doing in " -"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. . . . You are " +"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. … You are " "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2457 +#: freeculture.xml:2528 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " "processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than " -"text. \"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you " -"are visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you " -"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " +"text. \"The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if " +"you are visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot " +"you can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " "multiple forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2469 +#: freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3198,7 +3297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2477 +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3211,7 +3310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2493 +#: freeculture.xml:2564 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" " @@ -3220,7 +3319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2486 +#: freeculture.xml:2557 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3233,7 +3332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2501 +#: freeculture.xml:2572 msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " @@ -3241,17 +3340,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2506 +#: freeculture.xml:2577 msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " -"tendencies of today's digital kids. . . . We're building an architecture " +"tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an architecture " "that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system that closes down " "that part of the brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2514 +#: freeculture.xml:2585 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3260,7 +3359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2591 msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " "<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to " @@ -3268,12 +3367,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2527 +#: freeculture.xml:2598 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2599 +msgid "RPI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2599 freeculture.xml:2601 +msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2529 +#: freeculture.xml:2604 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3283,7 +3392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2536 +#: freeculture.xml:2611 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3294,7 +3403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2544 +#: freeculture.xml:2619 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3305,7 +3414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2551 +#: freeculture.xml:2626 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3318,7 +3427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2563 +#: freeculture.xml:2638 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3329,7 +3438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2572 +#: freeculture.xml:2647 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3343,7 +3452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2584 +#: freeculture.xml:2659 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3354,7 +3463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2591 +#: freeculture.xml:2666 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3364,7 +3473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2600 +#: freeculture.xml:2675 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3381,7 +3490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2615 +#: freeculture.xml:2690 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3392,23 +3501,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2624 +#: freeculture.xml:2699 msgid "" -"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " -". . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " -"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a <emphasis>search " -"engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows " -"filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of " -"the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not himself " -"created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do with " -"music." +"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything " +"wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine " +"that I ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it " +"in any way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified " +"the search engine in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a " +"<emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using " +"the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable " +"members of the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not " +"himself created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do " +"with music." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2637 +#: freeculture.xml:2712 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " @@ -3422,7 +3531,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2660 +#: freeculture.xml:2735 msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group " @@ -3430,7 +3539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2648 +#: freeculture.xml:2723 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3445,7 +3554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2666 +#: freeculture.xml:2742 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3454,7 +3563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2673 +#: freeculture.xml:2749 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3468,7 +3577,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2684 +#: freeculture.xml:2760 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3480,7 +3589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2694 +#: freeculture.xml:2770 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -3488,7 +3597,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2706 +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3497,14 +3606,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2714 +#: freeculture.xml:2790 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2698 +#: freeculture.xml:2774 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3518,7 +3627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2719 +#: freeculture.xml:2795 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3526,31 +3635,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2726 +#: freeculture.xml:2802 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " -"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " +"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " "foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the " "RIAA has done." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2733 +#: freeculture.xml:2809 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " -"I. . . . He's not a tree hugger. . . . I think it's bizarre that they would " -"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " -"message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" +"I. … He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they " +"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the " +"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2742 +#: freeculture.xml:2818 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2744 +#: freeculture.xml:2820 msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " @@ -3561,12 +3670,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2752 +#: freeculture.xml:2828 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2756 +#: freeculture.xml:2832 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -3576,7 +3685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2830 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3590,12 +3699,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2772 +#: freeculture.xml:2848 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2776 +#: freeculture.xml:2852 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3607,7 +3716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2796 +#: freeculture.xml:2872 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -3622,17 +3731,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2807 +#: freeculture.xml:2883 +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2884 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2808 freeculture.xml:3053 freeculture.xml:4150 freeculture.xml:9506 +#: freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:3138 freeculture.xml:4244 freeculture.xml:9627 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2785 +#: freeculture.xml:2861 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3644,12 +3758,13 @@ msgid "" "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2818 +#: freeculture.xml:2895 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -3657,7 +3772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2812 +#: freeculture.xml:2889 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -3672,7 +3787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2828 +#: freeculture.xml:2905 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3682,19 +3797,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2839 +#: freeculture.xml:2916 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2841 +#: freeculture.xml:2918 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2922 +msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2924 +msgid "Russel, Phil" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2845 +#: freeculture.xml:2926 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3706,12 +3831,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2998 +#: freeculture.xml:2935 freeculture.xml:3083 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2856 +#: freeculture.xml:2937 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -3729,28 +3854,33 @@ msgid "" "pirate someone else's song without paying its composer anything." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 69 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:2977 +msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2874 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " -"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," +"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2888 +#: freeculture.xml:2971 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " "sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " "chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright " "Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South " -"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2881 +#: freeculture.xml:2964 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3762,7 +3892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2902 +#: freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3770,7 +3900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2908 +#: freeculture.xml:2992 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3778,14 +3908,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2915 +#: freeculture.xml:2999 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2898 +#: freeculture.xml:2982 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -3798,7 +3928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2928 +#: freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3807,15 +3937,20 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2939 +#: freeculture.xml:3023 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " "Graphophone Company Association)." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3027 +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2920 +#: freeculture.xml:3004 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -3828,12 +3963,13 @@ msgid "" "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " "ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by " -"statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2945 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -3848,7 +3984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2960 +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -3859,12 +3995,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2975 freeculture.xml:13782 +#: freeculture.xml:3060 freeculture.xml:13936 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2968 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -3877,7 +4013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2992 +#: freeculture.xml:3077 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -3888,7 +4024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2978 +#: freeculture.xml:3063 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -3905,7 +4041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3001 +#: freeculture.xml:3086 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3914,7 +4050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3023 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -3922,7 +4058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3008 +#: freeculture.xml:3093 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3939,29 +4075,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3030 +#: freeculture.xml:3115 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3035 freeculture.xml:4115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:3120 freeculture.xml:4209 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3037 +#: freeculture.xml:3122 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3052 +#: freeculture.xml:3137 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3043 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" " @@ -3978,7 +4114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3040 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -3988,13 +4124,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:8596 freeculture.xml:9056 freeculture.xml:11961 +#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:8718 freeculture.xml:9176 freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3060 +#: freeculture.xml:3145 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4009,7 +4145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3075 +#: freeculture.xml:3160 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4019,12 +4155,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3083 freeculture.xml:3577 freeculture.xml:5955 +#: freeculture.xml:3168 freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:6048 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3086 +#: freeculture.xml:3171 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4033,7 +4169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3092 +#: freeculture.xml:3177 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4045,7 +4181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3103 +#: freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4055,19 +4191,19 @@ msgid "" "nothing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:4121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:3197 freeculture.xml:4215 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3115 +#: freeculture.xml:3200 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3118 +#: freeculture.xml:3203 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4079,35 +4215,40 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3213 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3129 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" -#. f13 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:3226 +msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3135 +#: freeculture.xml:3221 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " "on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel " -"H. Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)." +"H. Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission). <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3146 +#: freeculture.xml:3233 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3131 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -4122,14 +4263,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3157 +#: freeculture.xml:3244 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3153 +#: freeculture.xml:3240 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4137,13 +4278,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3163 +#: freeculture.xml:3250 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3259 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4151,7 +4292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3167 +#: freeculture.xml:3254 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4159,16 +4300,21 @@ msgid "" "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f17 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:3273 +msgid "Heston, Charlton" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3183 +#: freeculture.xml:3271 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " -"president of the Screen Actors Guild)." +"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3179 +#: freeculture.xml:3267 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " @@ -4176,19 +4322,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3188 +#: freeculture.xml:3278 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:3206 +#: freeculture.xml:3294 freeculture.xml:3296 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3202 +#: freeculture.xml:3292 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4196,26 +4342,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3193 +#: freeculture.xml:3283 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " -"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation " +"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to " "compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3210 +#: freeculture.xml:3300 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3214 +#: freeculture.xml:3304 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4230,7 +4376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3231 +#: freeculture.xml:3321 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4241,25 +4387,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3226 +#: freeculture.xml:3316 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " "creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> " "industry affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a " -"certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is " +"certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. … The list is " "long and could well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from " "the last. Every generation—until now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3248 +#: freeculture.xml:3338 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3250 +#: freeculture.xml:3340 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4270,7 +4416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3258 +#: freeculture.xml:3348 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4282,13 +4428,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3268 +#: freeculture.xml:3358 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3276 +#: freeculture.xml:3366 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4298,7 +4444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3270 +#: freeculture.xml:3360 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4310,7 +4456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3286 +#: freeculture.xml:3376 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4318,7 +4464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3292 +#: freeculture.xml:3382 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4330,7 +4476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3301 +#: freeculture.xml:3391 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4343,23 +4489,28 @@ msgid "" "legal wrong as well." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3312 +#: freeculture.xml:3402 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " -"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " -"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, " -"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." +"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose <beginpage " +"pagenum=\"77\"/> not to protect copyright internationally. We may have been " +"born a pirate nation, but we will not allow any other nation to have a " +"similar childhood." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3430 +msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3339 freeculture.xml:12240 freeculture.xml:12669 freeculture.xml:12676 +#: freeculture.xml:3431 freeculture.xml:12382 freeculture.xml:12816 freeculture.xml:12823 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3325 +#: freeculture.xml:3415 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4374,11 +4525,12 @@ msgid "" "first obtaining the patent holder's permission. Developing nations may be " "able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign patents at lower " "prices. This is a promising strategy for developing nations within the TRIPS " -"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3320 +#: freeculture.xml:3410 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4390,25 +4542,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3359 freeculture.xml:3624 freeculture.xml:14311 +#: freeculture.xml:3451 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:14468 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3352 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " -"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy " -"on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will " -"be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual " -"engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating " -"were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances … the impact of " +"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the " +"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the " +"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if " +"pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3346 +#: freeculture.xml:3438 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4418,7 +4570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3363 +#: freeculture.xml:3455 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4434,7 +4586,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3376 +#: freeculture.xml:3468 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4452,32 +4604,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:3433 freeculture.xml:11098 freeculture.xml:12551 freeculture.xml:13100 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:12697 freeculture.xml:13249 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3406 freeculture.xml:3434 freeculture.xml:11099 freeculture.xml:12552 freeculture.xml:13101 +#: freeculture.xml:3498 freeculture.xml:3528 freeculture.xml:11229 freeculture.xml:12698 freeculture.xml:13250 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3408 +#: freeculture.xml:3500 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3409 +#: freeculture.xml:3501 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3411 +#: freeculture.xml:3503 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3394 +#: freeculture.xml:3486 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4495,7 +4647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3414 +#: freeculture.xml:3506 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4505,8 +4657,18 @@ msgid "" "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3526 +msgid "Internet Explorer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3527 +msgid "Netscape" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3422 +#: freeculture.xml:3514 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4518,12 +4680,14 @@ msgid "" "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " "access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3438 +#: freeculture.xml:3532 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4535,7 +4699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3448 +#: freeculture.xml:3542 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4547,7 +4711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3457 +#: freeculture.xml:3551 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4556,7 +4720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3463 +#: freeculture.xml:3557 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4565,20 +4729,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3469 +#: freeculture.xml:3563 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#: freeculture.xml:3569 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3574 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -4586,7 +4750,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3477 +#: freeculture.xml:3571 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4596,12 +4760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3503 freeculture.xml:8024 +#: freeculture.xml:3597 freeculture.xml:8149 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3494 +#: freeculture.xml:3588 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do " @@ -4615,12 +4779,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3506 +#: freeculture.xml:3600 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3489 +#: freeculture.xml:3583 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4632,7 +4796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3514 +#: freeculture.xml:3608 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " "<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; " @@ -4645,7 +4809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3509 +#: freeculture.xml:3603 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4661,7 +4825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3630 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -4672,14 +4836,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3545 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3530 +#: freeculture.xml:3624 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4695,7 +4859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3554 +#: freeculture.xml:3648 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4707,14 +4871,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3564 +#: freeculture.xml:3658 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3570 +#: freeculture.xml:3664 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4727,7 +4891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3581 +#: freeculture.xml:3675 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4740,7 +4904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3592 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4759,26 +4923,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3609 +#: freeculture.xml:3703 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3615 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3623 +#: freeculture.xml:3717 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3618 +#: freeculture.xml:3712 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4792,7 +4956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3634 +#: freeculture.xml:3728 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4803,7 +4967,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3649 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " "Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " @@ -4819,7 +4983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3642 +#: freeculture.xml:3736 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4834,23 +4998,23 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3675 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3667 +#: freeculture.xml:3761 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " -"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " -"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' … was not the fault " +"of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but " +"had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " "major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3679 +#: freeculture.xml:3773 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4863,7 +5027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3783 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4875,7 +5039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3700 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4884,7 +5048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3709 +#: freeculture.xml:3803 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -4902,12 +5066,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3736 +#: freeculture.xml:3830 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3733 +#: freeculture.xml:3827 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4915,7 +5079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3705 +#: freeculture.xml:3799 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4936,7 +5100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3751 +#: freeculture.xml:3845 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4947,7 +5111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3759 +#: freeculture.xml:3853 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4965,7 +5129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3774 +#: freeculture.xml:3868 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4974,7 +5138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3786 +#: freeculture.xml:3880 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4985,7 +5149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3780 +#: freeculture.xml:3874 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5000,7 +5164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3806 +#: freeculture.xml:3900 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -5014,7 +5178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3800 +#: freeculture.xml:3894 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5029,12 +5193,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3826 +#: freeculture.xml:3920 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3828 +#: freeculture.xml:3922 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5049,7 +5213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3841 +#: freeculture.xml:3935 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5061,7 +5225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3849 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5078,7 +5242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3866 +#: freeculture.xml:3960 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5087,7 +5251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3872 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -5096,7 +5260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3879 +#: freeculture.xml:3973 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -5112,7 +5276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3893 +#: freeculture.xml:3987 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -5120,7 +5284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3910 +#: freeculture.xml:4004 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5131,7 +5295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3897 +#: freeculture.xml:3991 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5144,7 +5308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3921 +#: freeculture.xml:4015 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5158,7 +5322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#: freeculture.xml:4026 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5170,7 +5334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3941 +#: freeculture.xml:4035 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5184,7 +5348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3953 +#: freeculture.xml:4047 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5195,7 +5359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3963 +#: freeculture.xml:4057 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5213,12 +5377,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3978 +#: freeculture.xml:4072 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3980 +#: freeculture.xml:4074 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5234,7 +5398,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3993 +#: freeculture.xml:4087 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5251,7 +5415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4015 +#: freeculture.xml:4109 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5261,13 +5425,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4032 +#: freeculture.xml:4126 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5275,14 +5439,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4043 +#: freeculture.xml:4137 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4008 +#: freeculture.xml:4102 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5308,14 +5472,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4060 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4157 +msgid "Kozinski, Alex" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4048 +#: freeculture.xml:4142 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5326,12 +5495,12 @@ msgid "" "Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry\" " "(worse yet, it was a <emphasis>Japanese</emphasis> Boston Strangler of the " "American film industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4065 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5340,14 +5509,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4084 +#: freeculture.xml:4179 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4074 +#: freeculture.xml:4169 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5358,7 +5527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4089 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5367,83 +5536,78 @@ msgid "" "clear:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4097 -msgid "Pattern of Court and Congress response" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4101 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4195 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4102 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4196 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4103 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4197 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4104 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4198 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4109 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4203 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4204 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4111 freeculture.xml:4123 freeculture.xml:4129 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4205 freeculture.xml:4217 freeculture.xml:4223 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4112 freeculture.xml:4124 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:4218 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4116 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4210 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4117 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4211 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4118 freeculture.xml:4130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4224 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4216 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4127 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4221 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:4222 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4140 +#: freeculture.xml:4234 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5460,7 +5624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4137 +#: freeculture.xml:4231 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5470,7 +5634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4157 +#: freeculture.xml:4251 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5483,7 +5647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4169 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5497,14 +5661,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 +#: freeculture.xml:4280 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4181 +#: freeculture.xml:4275 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5518,7 +5682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4197 +#: freeculture.xml:4291 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5535,7 +5699,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4221 +#: freeculture.xml:4315 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, " @@ -5543,7 +5707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4213 +#: freeculture.xml:4307 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5563,20 +5727,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4235 +#: freeculture.xml:4329 msgid "" "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " "should be protected just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4243 +#: freeculture.xml:4337 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4248 +#: freeculture.xml:4342 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5585,7 +5749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4255 +#: freeculture.xml:4349 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5600,7 +5764,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4280 +#: freeculture.xml:4374 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -5608,7 +5772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4267 +#: freeculture.xml:4361 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5624,7 +5788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4286 +#: freeculture.xml:4380 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5634,7 +5798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4299 +#: freeculture.xml:4393 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5646,7 +5810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4294 +#: freeculture.xml:4388 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5655,7 +5819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4309 +#: freeculture.xml:4403 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5667,12 +5831,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4322 +#: freeculture.xml:4416 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4417 +msgid "Henry V" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4324 +#: freeculture.xml:4419 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in " "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play " @@ -5686,7 +5855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4339 +#: freeculture.xml:4434 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5700,7 +5869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4350 +#: freeculture.xml:4445 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -5709,7 +5878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4335 +#: freeculture.xml:4430 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " @@ -5725,7 +5894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4372 +#: freeculture.xml:4467 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -5733,7 +5902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4363 +#: freeculture.xml:4458 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5748,12 +5917,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4389 +#: freeculture.xml:4484 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5766,7 +5935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4392 +#: freeculture.xml:4487 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -5782,7 +5951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4404 +#: freeculture.xml:4499 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5794,7 +5963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4416 +#: freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5805,7 +5974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4425 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5814,7 +5983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4431 +#: freeculture.xml:4526 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -5828,7 +5997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4442 +#: freeculture.xml:4537 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5837,7 +6006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4448 +#: freeculture.xml:4543 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5853,7 +6022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4558 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5865,8 +6034,13 @@ msgid "" "course, but also no more." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4567 +msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4475 +#: freeculture.xml:4569 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5881,7 +6055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4491 +#: freeculture.xml:4582 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5894,14 +6068,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4517 +#: freeculture.xml:4606 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4502 +#: freeculture.xml:4591 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5917,7 +6091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4522 +#: freeculture.xml:4611 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5927,7 +6101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4530 +#: freeculture.xml:4619 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5941,7 +6115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#: freeculture.xml:4631 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5953,7 +6127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4551 +#: freeculture.xml:4640 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -5961,7 +6135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4566 +#: freeculture.xml:4655 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5973,7 +6147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4556 +#: freeculture.xml:4645 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5985,7 +6159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4577 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6002,7 +6176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4598 +#: freeculture.xml:4687 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -6011,12 +6185,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4592 +#: freeculture.xml:4681 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " "then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " -". . . had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for " +"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for " "cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't " "care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly " "profit that the author's work gave." @@ -6024,41 +6198,50 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4611 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4607 +#: freeculture.xml:4696 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:14559 +msgid "Rose, Mark" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4621 +#: freeculture.xml:4710 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " -"University Press, 1993), 92." +"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4631 +#: freeculture.xml:4721 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4633 +#: freeculture.xml:4723 +msgid "Boswell, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4724 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4616 +#: freeculture.xml:4705 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -6068,19 +6251,20 @@ msgid "" "Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young " "James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an " "anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4642 +#: freeculture.xml:4733 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4636 +#: freeculture.xml:4727 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6092,7 +6276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4650 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -6102,7 +6286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4662 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6110,7 +6294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4655 +#: freeculture.xml:4746 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -6121,7 +6305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4671 +#: freeculture.xml:4762 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6135,7 +6319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4682 +#: freeculture.xml:4773 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6150,25 +6334,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:4788 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 +#: freeculture.xml:4791 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4706 +#: freeculture.xml:4797 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4702 +#: freeculture.xml:4793 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6182,7 +6366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4716 +#: freeculture.xml:4807 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6195,7 +6379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4726 +#: freeculture.xml:4817 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6205,7 +6389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4733 +#: freeculture.xml:4824 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6217,32 +6401,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4751 +#: freeculture.xml:4842 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4752 +#: freeculture.xml:4843 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:4844 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4754 +#: freeculture.xml:4845 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4755 +#: freeculture.xml:4846 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4743 +#: freeculture.xml:4834 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " @@ -6259,12 +6443,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4768 +#: freeculture.xml:4859 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4758 +#: freeculture.xml:4849 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6278,7 +6462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4772 +#: freeculture.xml:4863 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6286,20 +6470,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4778 +#: freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "" -"By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " -"purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " -"reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many of whom " -"sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner ruined, and " -"those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a competency " -"to provide for their families now find themselves without a shilling to " -"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " +"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " +"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many " +"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner " +"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a " +"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a " +"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4793 +#: freeculture.xml:4884 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6321,7 +6506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4814 +#: freeculture.xml:4905 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6329,12 +6514,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 +#: freeculture.xml:4913 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4824 +#: freeculture.xml:4915 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6343,19 +6528,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4831 +#: freeculture.xml:4922 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 freeculture.xml:4911 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 freeculture.xml:5002 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 +#: freeculture.xml:4927 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6367,7 +6552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4845 +#: freeculture.xml:4936 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6378,7 +6563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4854 +#: freeculture.xml:4945 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6388,12 +6573,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4866 freeculture.xml:4874 +#: freeculture.xml:4957 freeculture.xml:4965 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4861 +#: freeculture.xml:4952 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -6404,7 +6589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4869 +#: freeculture.xml:4960 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6415,29 +6600,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4877 +#: freeculture.xml:4968 msgid "" -"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " -"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered … " +"that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that " +"someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " "\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this " -"four-point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited " +"four-point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited " "<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4885 +#: freeculture.xml:4976 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " -"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. . . . We're asking for your " +"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for your " "educational rate on this.\" That was the educational rate, Herrera told " "Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he had been told." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4893 +#: freeculture.xml:4984 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6449,12 +6634,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4912 +#: freeculture.xml:5003 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4905 +#: freeculture.xml:4996 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6466,7 +6651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4915 +#: freeculture.xml:5006 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -6480,7 +6665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:5017 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -6493,7 +6678,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4938 +#: freeculture.xml:5029 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6503,7 +6688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4935 +#: freeculture.xml:5026 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6514,12 +6699,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4950 +#: freeculture.xml:5041 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4954 +#: freeculture.xml:5045 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -6531,7 +6716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4964 +#: freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6541,12 +6726,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 +#: freeculture.xml:5072 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:5063 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6562,25 +6747,25 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4985 +#: freeculture.xml:5076 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " -". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " -"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless of " -"the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had the " -"bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." +"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " +"of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " +"the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:5086 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5002 +#: freeculture.xml:5093 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6591,7 +6776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5010 +#: freeculture.xml:5101 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6600,22 +6785,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5019 +#: freeculture.xml:5110 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5020 +#: freeculture.xml:5111 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5021 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5069 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5137 freeculture.xml:5160 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:9609 +#: freeculture.xml:5112 freeculture.xml:5120 freeculture.xml:5131 freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:5155 freeculture.xml:5160 freeculture.xml:5212 freeculture.xml:5228 freeculture.xml:5251 freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:9730 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5023 +#: freeculture.xml:5114 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6625,7 +6810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5031 +#: freeculture.xml:5122 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6637,7 +6822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 +#: freeculture.xml:5133 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6647,7 +6832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5049 +#: freeculture.xml:5140 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6657,7 +6842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5057 +#: freeculture.xml:5148 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6667,24 +6852,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5066 +#: freeculture.xml:5157 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5173 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5083 +#: freeculture.xml:5174 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#: freeculture.xml:5168 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6693,7 +6878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5071 +#: freeculture.xml:5162 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6702,7 +6887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5088 +#: freeculture.xml:5179 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6712,7 +6897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5095 +#: freeculture.xml:5186 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6720,7 +6905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5192 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6732,7 +6917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5201 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6745,7 +6930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5123 +#: freeculture.xml:5214 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6758,14 +6943,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5134 +#: freeculture.xml:5225 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " "sure whether we were totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5139 +#: freeculture.xml:5230 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6773,33 +6958,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5236 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " "there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.\" But we " "just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts and said, " -"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, . . . this many " +"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, … this many " "musicians,\" and we just went at it very systematically and cleared the " "rights." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5157 +#: freeculture.xml:5248 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5161 +#: freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5169 +#: freeculture.xml:5260 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -6808,7 +6993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5163 +#: freeculture.xml:5254 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6819,26 +7004,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5177 +#: freeculture.xml:5268 msgid "" -"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " +"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few … have the time and resources, " +"and the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " "made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody " "really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would " "have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5185 +#: freeculture.xml:5276 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " -"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " -"used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I don't " -"think that that person . . . should be compensated for that." +"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " +"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I " +"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5193 +#: freeculture.xml:5284 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -6851,7 +7036,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5204 +#: freeculture.xml:5295 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6871,7 +7056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5225 +#: freeculture.xml:5316 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6891,7 +7076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5242 +#: freeculture.xml:5333 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6902,7 +7087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5252 +#: freeculture.xml:5343 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -6911,12 +7096,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5257 +#: freeculture.xml:5348 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5259 +#: freeculture.xml:5350 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6927,12 +7112,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5266 +#: freeculture.xml:5357 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5268 +#: freeculture.xml:5359 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6949,7 +7134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5283 +#: freeculture.xml:5374 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6959,12 +7144,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5299 +#: freeculture.xml:5390 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5290 +#: freeculture.xml:5381 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6977,7 +7162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5302 +#: freeculture.xml:5393 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6987,7 +7172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5309 +#: freeculture.xml:5400 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7004,7 +7189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5324 +#: freeculture.xml:5415 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7014,7 +7199,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5330 +#: freeculture.xml:5421 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " @@ -7027,7 +7212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5433 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -7038,7 +7223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5351 +#: freeculture.xml:5442 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7051,7 +7236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5361 +#: freeculture.xml:5452 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -7067,12 +7252,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5376 +#: freeculture.xml:5467 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5378 +#: freeculture.xml:5469 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -7084,7 +7269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5387 +#: freeculture.xml:5478 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7095,7 +7280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5395 +#: freeculture.xml:5486 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7105,7 +7290,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5403 +#: freeculture.xml:5494 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7113,7 +7298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5499 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7124,7 +7309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5421 +#: freeculture.xml:5512 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -7134,7 +7319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5415 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7144,7 +7329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5429 +#: freeculture.xml:5520 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -7157,7 +7342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5440 +#: freeculture.xml:5531 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7170,7 +7355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5449 +#: freeculture.xml:5540 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7182,7 +7367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5460 +#: freeculture.xml:5551 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7195,7 +7380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5470 +#: freeculture.xml:5561 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -7213,21 +7398,26 @@ msgid "" "are just a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it," msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5578 +msgid "Quayle, Dan" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5488 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " "fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " "study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " "between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " -"after it . . . it would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are " -"almost unfindable. . . ." +"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials " +"are almost unfindable. …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5500 +#: freeculture.xml:5592 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7238,7 +7428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5508 +#: freeculture.xml:5600 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7249,7 +7439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5525 +#: freeculture.xml:5617 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 " @@ -7259,7 +7449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5516 +#: freeculture.xml:5608 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7272,7 +7462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5533 +#: freeculture.xml:5625 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7286,7 +7476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5544 +#: freeculture.xml:5636 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7298,12 +7488,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5571 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5555 +#: freeculture.xml:5647 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7324,7 +7514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5574 +#: freeculture.xml:5666 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7334,7 +7524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5582 +#: freeculture.xml:5674 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7345,7 +7535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5590 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7357,7 +7547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5602 +#: freeculture.xml:5694 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7369,7 +7559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5614 +#: freeculture.xml:5706 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago " @@ -7380,7 +7570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5611 +#: freeculture.xml:5703 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7392,7 +7582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5628 +#: freeculture.xml:5720 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7406,7 +7596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5639 +#: freeculture.xml:5731 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7418,7 +7608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5651 +#: freeculture.xml:5743 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7429,7 +7619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5659 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7438,16 +7628,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5666 +#: freeculture.xml:5758 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " -". . . and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " -"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " -"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " -"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our " -"history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a " -"different life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the " +"… and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the " +"twentieth century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of " +"books. All of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and " +"be able to be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in " +"our history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a " +"different life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the " "things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of " "Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing " "press." @@ -7455,7 +7645,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5680 +#: freeculture.xml:5772 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7471,7 +7661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5695 +#: freeculture.xml:5787 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7482,17 +7672,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5705 +#: freeculture.xml:5797 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5714 +#: freeculture.xml:5806 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5807 freeculture.xml:9502 +msgid "Kennedy, John F." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5707 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7500,46 +7695,47 @@ msgid "" "on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " "the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " "established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " -"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5727 +#: freeculture.xml:5820 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5728 +#: freeculture.xml:5821 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5729 +#: freeculture.xml:5822 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5730 +#: freeculture.xml:5823 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5731 +#: freeculture.xml:5824 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5732 +#: freeculture.xml:5825 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5733 freeculture.xml:7138 +#: freeculture.xml:5826 freeculture.xml:7220 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5717 +#: freeculture.xml:5810 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7558,7 +7754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5737 +#: freeculture.xml:5830 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7572,7 +7768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5749 +#: freeculture.xml:5842 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7584,13 +7780,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5758 +#: freeculture.xml:5851 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5772 +#: freeculture.xml:5865 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7600,7 +7796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5763 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7614,7 +7810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 +#: freeculture.xml:5875 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7626,7 +7822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5793 +#: freeculture.xml:5886 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7642,7 +7838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5808 +#: freeculture.xml:5901 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7654,7 +7850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5805 +#: freeculture.xml:5898 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7666,7 +7862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5823 +#: freeculture.xml:5916 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7677,7 +7873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5831 +#: freeculture.xml:5924 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7691,7 +7887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5846 +#: freeculture.xml:5939 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7705,7 +7901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5858 +#: freeculture.xml:5951 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7720,7 +7916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5869 +#: freeculture.xml:5962 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7736,7 +7932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5884 +#: freeculture.xml:5977 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7747,7 +7943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:5986 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7761,7 +7957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -7771,7 +7967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5913 +#: freeculture.xml:6006 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7787,7 +7983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:6021 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7799,19 +7995,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:6030 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5938 freeculture.xml:6113 freeculture.xml:6415 +#: freeculture.xml:6031 freeculture.xml:6208 freeculture.xml:6511 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5941 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7828,7 +8024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5958 +#: freeculture.xml:6051 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7841,7 +8037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5969 +#: freeculture.xml:6062 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7853,7 +8049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:6072 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7871,7 +8067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5996 +#: freeculture.xml:6089 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -7879,7 +8075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6002 +#: freeculture.xml:6095 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7891,12 +8087,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6011 +#: freeculture.xml:6104 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6014 +#: freeculture.xml:6107 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7913,7 +8109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6125 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7927,7 +8123,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6028 +#: freeculture.xml:6121 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7944,22 +8140,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6056 +#: freeculture.xml:6149 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6057 +#: freeculture.xml:6150 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6096 +#: freeculture.xml:6190 +msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6191 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6161 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7988,11 +8189,11 @@ msgid "" "conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those " "interventions should be accounted for in order to understand the effective " "liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6060 +#: freeculture.xml:6153 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8003,12 +8204,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6100 +#: freeculture.xml:6195 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6102 +#: freeculture.xml:6197 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8017,18 +8218,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6203 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6112 freeculture.xml:6414 +#: freeculture.xml:6207 freeculture.xml:6510 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6117 +#: freeculture.xml:6212 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8042,7 +8243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6129 +#: freeculture.xml:6224 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8054,7 +8255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6137 +#: freeculture.xml:6232 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8065,17 +8266,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6147 +#: freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6148 +#: freeculture.xml:6243 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6151 +#: freeculture.xml:6246 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -8090,7 +8291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6163 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8107,7 +8308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6180 +#: freeculture.xml:6275 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8117,9 +8318,14 @@ msgid "" "\"architecture of revenue.\"" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6282 +msgid "railroad industry" +msgstr "" + #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6196 +#: freeculture.xml:6292 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8130,7 +8336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6188 +#: freeculture.xml:6284 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8153,19 +8359,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6228 +#: freeculture.xml:6324 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6237 freeculture.xml:12643 +#: freeculture.xml:6333 freeculture.xml:12790 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6218 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8184,7 +8390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6240 +#: freeculture.xml:6336 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8196,7 +8402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6250 +#: freeculture.xml:6346 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8205,7 +8411,7 @@ msgid "" "wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " "the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " "game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " -"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " +"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of " "speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would " "\"abridge\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— " "carefully—whether such regulation is justified." @@ -8213,7 +8419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6264 +#: freeculture.xml:6360 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -8224,22 +8430,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6273 +#: freeculture.xml:6369 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6276 +#: freeculture.xml:6372 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6284 +#: freeculture.xml:6380 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6279 +#: freeculture.xml:6375 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8249,7 +8455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6287 +#: freeculture.xml:6383 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -8257,17 +8463,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6291 freeculture.xml:6297 +#: freeculture.xml:6387 freeculture.xml:6393 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6394 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6293 +#: freeculture.xml:6389 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -8277,7 +8483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6301 +#: freeculture.xml:6397 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8290,7 +8496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6410 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " @@ -8299,7 +8505,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6310 +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8317,7 +8523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6331 +#: freeculture.xml:6427 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8331,19 +8537,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6342 +#: freeculture.xml:6438 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6349 +#: freeculture.xml:6445 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6351 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8352,7 +8558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6357 +#: freeculture.xml:6453 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8361,7 +8567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6362 +#: freeculture.xml:6458 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8375,7 +8581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6375 +#: freeculture.xml:6471 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -8388,7 +8594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6385 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8405,7 +8611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6400 +#: freeculture.xml:6496 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8416,7 +8622,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6407 +#: freeculture.xml:6503 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8424,38 +8630,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6418 +#: freeculture.xml:6514 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6421 +#: freeculture.xml:6517 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6422 +#: freeculture.xml:6518 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6425 +#: freeculture.xml:6521 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6430 +#: freeculture.xml:6526 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6446 +#: freeculture.xml:6542 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6440 +#: freeculture.xml:6536 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -8466,7 +8672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6432 +#: freeculture.xml:6528 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8482,7 +8688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6456 +#: freeculture.xml:6552 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8493,7 +8699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6464 +#: freeculture.xml:6560 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8504,7 +8710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6479 +#: freeculture.xml:6575 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -8523,7 +8729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6471 +#: freeculture.xml:6567 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8536,7 +8742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6495 +#: freeculture.xml:6591 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8547,7 +8753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6510 +#: freeculture.xml:6606 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8561,7 +8767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6504 +#: freeculture.xml:6600 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8572,12 +8778,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6525 +#: freeculture.xml:6621 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6521 +#: freeculture.xml:6617 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8590,7 +8796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6533 +#: freeculture.xml:6629 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8601,7 +8807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6541 +#: freeculture.xml:6637 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8615,7 +8821,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6551 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8627,7 +8833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6562 +#: freeculture.xml:6658 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8639,7 +8845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6572 +#: freeculture.xml:6668 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8651,7 +8857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6582 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8663,7 +8869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6599 +#: freeculture.xml:6695 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8672,7 +8878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6591 +#: freeculture.xml:6687 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8684,12 +8890,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6608 +#: freeculture.xml:6704 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6610 +#: freeculture.xml:6706 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8698,7 +8904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6616 +#: freeculture.xml:6712 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8714,7 +8920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6629 +#: freeculture.xml:6725 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8732,7 +8938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6644 +#: freeculture.xml:6740 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8747,7 +8953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6658 +#: freeculture.xml:6754 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8763,7 +8969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6672 +#: freeculture.xml:6768 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8774,13 +8980,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6680 +#: freeculture.xml:6776 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6691 +#: freeculture.xml:6787 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " @@ -8789,7 +8995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6684 +#: freeculture.xml:6780 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8803,7 +9009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6703 +#: freeculture.xml:6799 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8814,7 +9020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6712 +#: freeculture.xml:6808 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8825,7 +9031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6721 +#: freeculture.xml:6817 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8833,7 +9039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6726 +#: freeculture.xml:6822 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8848,7 +9054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6740 +#: freeculture.xml:6836 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8860,7 +9066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6762 +#: freeculture.xml:6858 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -8869,7 +9075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6752 +#: freeculture.xml:6848 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8883,20 +9089,24 @@ msgid "" "involved is fundamentally different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" -#. f15 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6880 +msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6777 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " "First Amendment) between mere \"copies\" and derivative works. See Jed " "Rubenfeld, \"The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality,\" " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 (2002): 1–60 (see " -"especially pp. 53–59)." +"especially pp. 53–59). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6772 +#: freeculture.xml:6868 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8906,7 +9116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6788 +#: freeculture.xml:6885 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8916,7 +9126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6797 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8925,13 +9135,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6805 +#: freeculture.xml:6900 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6812 +#: freeculture.xml:6907 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8944,7 +9154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6807 +#: freeculture.xml:6902 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8955,7 +9165,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6824 +#: freeculture.xml:6919 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -8971,7 +9181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6842 +#: freeculture.xml:6937 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8980,7 +9190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6837 +#: freeculture.xml:6932 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8992,25 +9202,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6853 +#: freeculture.xml:6948 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6857 +#: freeculture.xml:6952 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6858 +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#: freeculture.xml:6957 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9025,17 +9235,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6875 +#: freeculture.xml:6970 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6876 +#: freeculture.xml:6971 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6879 +#: freeculture.xml:6974 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9046,26 +9256,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6887 +#: freeculture.xml:6982 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#: freeculture.xml:6987 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6893 +#: freeculture.xml:6988 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6896 +#: freeculture.xml:6991 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9078,30 +9288,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6907 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6908 +#: freeculture.xml:7002 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:7006 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:7007 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6917 +#: freeculture.xml:7011 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9110,7 +9320,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6925 +#: freeculture.xml:7019 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -9120,7 +9330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6922 +#: freeculture.xml:7016 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9137,7 +9347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6946 +#: freeculture.xml:7037 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9150,7 +9360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6959 +#: freeculture.xml:7049 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9164,7 +9374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6971 +#: freeculture.xml:7061 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9173,7 +9383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 +#: freeculture.xml:7067 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9184,7 +9394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:7075 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9199,7 +9409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6997 +#: freeculture.xml:7087 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -9213,7 +9423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7012 +#: freeculture.xml:7101 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9225,7 +9435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7022 +#: freeculture.xml:7111 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -9235,7 +9445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7029 +#: freeculture.xml:7118 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9247,7 +9457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7041 +#: freeculture.xml:7127 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9263,7 +9473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7058 +#: freeculture.xml:7142 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -9276,7 +9486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7070 +#: freeculture.xml:7152 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9288,7 +9498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7079 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9305,7 +9515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7094 +#: freeculture.xml:7176 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9322,7 +9532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7109 +#: freeculture.xml:7191 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9333,12 +9543,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7118 +#: freeculture.xml:7200 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7120 +#: freeculture.xml:7202 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9347,7 +9557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7126 +#: freeculture.xml:7208 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9357,25 +9567,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7133 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 freeculture.xml:7314 +#: freeculture.xml:7217 freeculture.xml:7396 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7149 +#: freeculture.xml:7231 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7141 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9386,7 +9596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7158 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -9394,7 +9604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7154 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9405,7 +9615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7168 +#: freeculture.xml:7250 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9414,7 +9624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7174 +#: freeculture.xml:7256 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9426,17 +9636,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7187 +#: freeculture.xml:7269 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7190 +#: freeculture.xml:7272 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7193 +#: freeculture.xml:7275 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9445,13 +9655,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7200 +#: freeculture.xml:7282 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7204 +#: freeculture.xml:7286 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9464,35 +9674,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7299 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 +#: freeculture.xml:7300 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7221 +#: freeculture.xml:7303 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7225 +#: freeculture.xml:7307 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7226 +#: freeculture.xml:7308 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7230 +#: freeculture.xml:7312 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9503,17 +9713,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7322 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7323 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7238 +#: freeculture.xml:7320 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -9521,57 +9731,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7244 +#: freeculture.xml:7326 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7245 +#: freeculture.xml:7327 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#: freeculture.xml:7330 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7253 +#: freeculture.xml:7335 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7254 +#: freeculture.xml:7336 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 +#: freeculture.xml:7339 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7263 +#: freeculture.xml:7345 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7264 +#: freeculture.xml:7346 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7267 +#: freeculture.xml:7349 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7277 +#: freeculture.xml:7359 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9582,7 +9792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7352 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9597,7 +9807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7292 +#: freeculture.xml:7374 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9616,7 +9826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7310 +#: freeculture.xml:7392 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -9625,7 +9835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7317 +#: freeculture.xml:7399 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9637,7 +9847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7408 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9647,19 +9857,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7333 +#: freeculture.xml:7415 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7343 +#: freeculture.xml:7425 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7337 +#: freeculture.xml:7419 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9670,18 +9880,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7346 +#: freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7348 +#: freeculture.xml:7430 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7352 +#: freeculture.xml:7434 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9689,7 +9898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7357 +#: freeculture.xml:7439 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9700,7 +9909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7365 +#: freeculture.xml:7447 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9715,7 +9924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7378 +#: freeculture.xml:7460 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9725,39 +9934,53 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7387 +#: freeculture.xml:7469 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7391 +#: freeculture.xml:7473 freeculture.xml:7622 freeculture.xml:7693 freeculture.xml:7799 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7476 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:7694 freeculture.xml:7800 +msgid "robotic dog" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7479 freeculture.xml:7628 freeculture.xml:7696 freeculture.xml:7802 +msgid "Sony" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:7629 freeculture.xml:7697 freeculture.xml:7803 +msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7394 +#: freeculture.xml:7483 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " "doesn't leave that much of a mess (at least in your house)." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7399 +#: freeculture.xml:7488 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " -"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set up aibopet.com " -"(and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the same site), and on that site he " -"provided information about how to teach an Aibo to do tricks in addition to " -"the ones Sony had taught it." +"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set <beginpage " +"pagenum=\"165\"/> up aibopet.com (and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the " +"same site), and on that site he provided information about how to teach an " +"Aibo to do tricks in addition to the ones Sony had taught it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7408 +#: freeculture.xml:7497 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9768,7 +9991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7416 +#: freeculture.xml:7505 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -9784,7 +10007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7428 +#: freeculture.xml:7519 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9794,7 +10017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7435 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9805,7 +10028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7443 +#: freeculture.xml:7536 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9820,7 +10043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:7552 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9834,12 +10057,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7482 freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:10045 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -9856,7 +10079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7470 +#: freeculture.xml:7563 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9866,7 +10089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7490 +#: freeculture.xml:7583 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9878,7 +10101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7500 +#: freeculture.xml:7593 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9888,7 +10111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7507 +#: freeculture.xml:7600 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9897,7 +10120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7513 +#: freeculture.xml:7606 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9908,7 +10131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7521 +#: freeculture.xml:7614 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9918,7 +10141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7529 +#: freeculture.xml:7632 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9926,7 +10149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7536 +#: freeculture.xml:7639 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9934,7 +10157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7542 +#: freeculture.xml:7648 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9943,7 +10166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7548 +#: freeculture.xml:7654 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9952,7 +10175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7556 +#: freeculture.xml:7662 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9960,7 +10183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7561 +#: freeculture.xml:7667 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9973,7 +10196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7572 +#: freeculture.xml:7678 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -9983,7 +10206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7579 +#: freeculture.xml:7685 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9995,7 +10218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7588 +#: freeculture.xml:7700 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10009,7 +10232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7600 +#: freeculture.xml:7712 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10019,8 +10242,18 @@ msgid "" "others to infringe others' copyright." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7752 +msgid "Rogers, Fred" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7729 freeculture.xml:7765 freeculture.xml:7797 +msgid "Conrad, Paul" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7608 +#: freeculture.xml:7721 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10028,22 +10261,23 @@ msgid "" "consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " "doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " "\"<citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,\" for example, had testified in that " -"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." +"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7634 +#: freeculture.xml:7748 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " "never changed his view about the VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast " "Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> " -"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71." +"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7619 +#: freeculture.xml:7733 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -10062,7 +10296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:7758 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10070,17 +10304,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7648 -msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +#: freeculture.xml:7763 +msgid "" +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7652 +#: freeculture.xml:7768 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7655 +#: freeculture.xml:7771 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10092,7 +10328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10101,28 +10337,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7671 +#: freeculture.xml:7787 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7788 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7675 +#: freeculture.xml:7791 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " "technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " "circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " "absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " -"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7683 +#: freeculture.xml:7806 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10133,7 +10370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 +#: freeculture.xml:7814 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10147,7 +10384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7703 +#: freeculture.xml:7826 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10162,7 +10399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7722 +#: freeculture.xml:7845 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " @@ -10170,7 +10407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7716 +#: freeculture.xml:7839 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10180,7 +10417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7728 +#: freeculture.xml:7851 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10190,7 +10427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7735 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10203,7 +10440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7745 +#: freeculture.xml:7868 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10214,13 +10451,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7754 +#: freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7756 +#: freeculture.xml:7879 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10238,7 +10475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7774 +#: freeculture.xml:7897 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10248,7 +10485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7904 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10261,18 +10498,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7792 +#: freeculture.xml:7915 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7795 -msgid "BMG" -msgstr "" - #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:7923 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10281,7 +10513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7808 +#: freeculture.xml:7930 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10289,19 +10521,39 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7814 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7817 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7940 freeculture.xml:9279 +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7941 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7942 freeculture.xml:9280 +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7943 +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7797 +#: freeculture.xml:7919 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10311,12 +10563,15 @@ msgid "" "84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent " "of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"7\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7820 +#: freeculture.xml:7946 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10329,7 +10584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7831 +#: freeculture.xml:7957 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10343,12 +10598,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7845 freeculture.xml:7862 +#: freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:7988 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7842 +#: freeculture.xml:7968 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10356,7 +10611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7860 +#: freeculture.xml:7986 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10364,13 +10619,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7849 +#: freeculture.xml:7975 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " -". . . Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell " -"the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " -"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " "distribution system through which the content reaches the " "customers. Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in " "Europe and Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that " @@ -10379,7 +10634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7867 +#: freeculture.xml:7993 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10388,18 +10643,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7999 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7874 +#: freeculture.xml:8000 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7878 +#: freeculture.xml:8004 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10407,7 +10662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7883 +#: freeculture.xml:8009 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10416,24 +10671,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7889 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7892 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:7958 +#: freeculture.xml:8020 freeculture.xml:8083 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7896 +#: freeculture.xml:8022 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10444,7 +10699,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7908 +#: freeculture.xml:8034 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10455,7 +10710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7903 +#: freeculture.xml:8029 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10465,7 +10720,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7920 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10477,7 +10732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7939 +#: freeculture.xml:8064 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10489,7 +10744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7929 +#: freeculture.xml:8054 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10508,7 +10763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 +#: freeculture.xml:8085 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10517,17 +10772,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7969 +#: freeculture.xml:8094 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7970 +#: freeculture.xml:8095 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7966 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10537,7 +10792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7983 +#: freeculture.xml:8108 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " @@ -10545,7 +10800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7974 +#: freeculture.xml:8099 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10556,7 +10811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7990 +#: freeculture.xml:8115 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10570,13 +10825,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8001 +#: freeculture.xml:8126 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8010 +#: freeculture.xml:8135 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10592,7 +10847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8003 +#: freeculture.xml:8128 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10606,7 +10861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8027 +#: freeculture.xml:8152 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10614,14 +10869,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8033 +#: freeculture.xml:8158 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8037 +#: freeculture.xml:8162 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10630,7 +10885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8042 +#: freeculture.xml:8167 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10648,7 +10903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8061 +#: freeculture.xml:8186 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10656,7 +10911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8067 +#: freeculture.xml:8192 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10671,14 +10926,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8079 +#: freeculture.xml:8204 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8083 +#: freeculture.xml:8208 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10688,7 +10943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10697,32 +10952,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8131 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8132 +#: freeculture.xml:8257 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 +#: freeculture.xml:8258 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8259 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8135 +#: freeculture.xml:8260 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8106 +#: freeculture.xml:8231 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10755,7 +11010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8096 +#: freeculture.xml:8221 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10769,7 +11024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8139 +#: freeculture.xml:8264 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10782,12 +11037,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 +#: freeculture.xml:8276 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8153 +#: freeculture.xml:8278 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10797,7 +11052,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8159 +#: freeculture.xml:8284 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10812,7 +11067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8175 +#: freeculture.xml:8300 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10821,7 +11076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8181 +#: freeculture.xml:8306 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10835,7 +11090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8193 +#: freeculture.xml:8318 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10850,7 +11105,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 +#: freeculture.xml:8330 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10861,7 +11116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8229 +#: freeculture.xml:8354 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " @@ -10869,7 +11124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8214 +#: freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10887,12 +11142,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8235 +#: freeculture.xml:8360 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8238 +#: freeculture.xml:8363 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10901,44 +11156,39 @@ msgid "" "undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8246 -msgid "Law status in 1790" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8251 freeculture.xml:8289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8412 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8329 freeculture.xml:8362 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8376 freeculture.xml:8413 freeculture.xml:8451 freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8381 freeculture.xml:8418 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:8488 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8296 freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8335 freeculture.xml:8336 freeculture.xml:8368 freeculture.xml:8369 freeculture.xml:8373 freeculture.xml:8374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8382 freeculture.xml:8419 freeculture.xml:8420 freeculture.xml:8457 freeculture.xml:8458 freeculture.xml:8489 freeculture.xml:8490 freeculture.xml:8494 freeculture.xml:8495 msgid "©" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8259 freeculture.xml:8263 freeculture.xml:8264 freeculture.xml:8301 freeculture.xml:8302 freeculture.xml:8341 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8383 freeculture.xml:8387 freeculture.xml:8388 freeculture.xml:8424 freeculture.xml:8425 freeculture.xml:8463 msgid "Free" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8262 freeculture.xml:8300 freeculture.xml:8339 freeculture.xml:8372 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8386 freeculture.xml:8423 freeculture.xml:8461 freeculture.xml:8493 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8271 +#: freeculture.xml:8395 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10948,17 +11198,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8280 +#: freeculture.xml:8404 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 -msgid "Law status at the end of ninetheenth centory" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8309 +#: freeculture.xml:8432 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10967,7 +11212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8315 +#: freeculture.xml:8438 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10976,23 +11221,18 @@ msgid "" "look like this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 -msgid "Law status in 1975" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8328 freeculture.xml:8361 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8450 freeculture.xml:8482 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8340 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#: freeculture.xml:8462 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8348 +#: freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11001,14 +11241,9 @@ msgid "" "like this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8356 -msgid "Law status now" -msgstr "" - #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8381 +#: freeculture.xml:8502 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11017,7 +11252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8389 +#: freeculture.xml:8510 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11026,7 +11261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8395 +#: freeculture.xml:8516 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11039,20 +11274,24 @@ msgid "" "derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" -#. f36 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8540 +msgid "legal realist movement" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8413 +#: freeculture.xml:8534 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " "and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of " "Property,\" in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland " "Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, " -"1980)." +"1980). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8407 +#: freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -11070,7 +11309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8430 +#: freeculture.xml:8552 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -11089,7 +11328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8449 +#: freeculture.xml:8571 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11104,33 +11343,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8466 +#: freeculture.xml:8588 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8470 +#: freeculture.xml:8592 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8472 +#: freeculture.xml:8594 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8475 +#: freeculture.xml:8597 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8478 +#: freeculture.xml:8600 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8486 +#: freeculture.xml:8608 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " @@ -11138,7 +11377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8482 +#: freeculture.xml:8604 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11152,7 +11391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8498 +#: freeculture.xml:8620 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -11166,7 +11405,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8510 +#: freeculture.xml:8632 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11180,7 +11419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8521 +#: freeculture.xml:8643 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -11189,21 +11428,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8527 +#: freeculture.xml:8649 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8531 +#: freeculture.xml:8653 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " -"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" +"the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to affect his " +"brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8536 +#: freeculture.xml:8658 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -11213,7 +11453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8542 +#: freeculture.xml:8664 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -11224,11 +11464,11 @@ msgid "" "DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of " "the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But " "the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose " -"blood was at the scene. . . .\"" +"blood was at the scene. …\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8559 +#: freeculture.xml:8681 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11239,7 +11479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8567 +#: freeculture.xml:8689 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11256,7 +11496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8581 +#: freeculture.xml:8703 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11268,7 +11508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8590 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -11280,7 +11520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8601 +#: freeculture.xml:8723 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11292,7 +11532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:8733 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11301,13 +11541,18 @@ msgid "" "rules should govern it?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8779 +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8657 freeculture.xml:9365 +#: freeculture.xml:8780 freeculture.xml:9484 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8627 +#: freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11337,11 +11582,11 @@ msgid "" "see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8618 +#: freeculture.xml:8740 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11354,7 +11599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8663 +#: freeculture.xml:8786 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11364,7 +11609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8670 +#: freeculture.xml:8793 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11378,7 +11623,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8682 +#: freeculture.xml:8805 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11389,7 +11634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8690 +#: freeculture.xml:8813 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11403,14 +11648,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8703 +#: freeculture.xml:8826 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8707 +#: freeculture.xml:8830 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11421,7 +11666,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8725 +#: freeculture.xml:8847 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11432,7 +11677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8715 +#: freeculture.xml:8837 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11445,12 +11690,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8739 freeculture.xml:9092 +#: freeculture.xml:8861 freeculture.xml:9212 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8736 +#: freeculture.xml:8858 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " @@ -11458,7 +11703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8742 +#: freeculture.xml:8864 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11466,12 +11711,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8750 +#: freeculture.xml:8872 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8753 +#: freeculture.xml:8874 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11481,7 +11726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8761 +#: freeculture.xml:8881 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11490,7 +11735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8768 +#: freeculture.xml:8887 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11499,7 +11744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8776 +#: freeculture.xml:8895 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11509,7 +11754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8783 +#: freeculture.xml:8902 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11519,12 +11764,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8790 +#: freeculture.xml:8909 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8792 +#: freeculture.xml:8911 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11541,7 +11786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8807 +#: freeculture.xml:8926 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11556,7 +11801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8818 +#: freeculture.xml:8937 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11566,7 +11811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8828 +#: freeculture.xml:8947 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11580,12 +11825,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 freeculture.xml:8877 +#: freeculture.xml:8975 freeculture.xml:8996 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8851 +#: freeculture.xml:8970 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11596,12 +11841,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8872 +#: freeculture.xml:8991 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8863 +#: freeculture.xml:8982 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11615,7 +11860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8839 +#: freeculture.xml:8958 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11637,7 +11882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8899 +#: freeculture.xml:9018 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11647,7 +11892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8880 +#: freeculture.xml:8999 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11667,7 +11912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8909 +#: freeculture.xml:9028 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -11681,7 +11926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8921 +#: freeculture.xml:9040 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11695,7 +11940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8932 +#: freeculture.xml:9051 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -11706,7 +11951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8943 +#: freeculture.xml:9062 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11719,7 +11964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8953 +#: freeculture.xml:9072 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11732,7 +11977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8964 +#: freeculture.xml:9083 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11745,31 +11990,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8975 +#: freeculture.xml:9094 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8979 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " "expressed. And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't " -"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get " -"it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from " -"a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it " -"on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they " -"control it." +"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to " +"get it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note " +"from a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to " +"get it on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which " +"they control it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8992 +#: freeculture.xml:9111 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8994 +#: freeculture.xml:9113 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11780,7 +12025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9002 +#: freeculture.xml:9121 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11792,7 +12037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9011 +#: freeculture.xml:9130 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11807,13 +12052,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9023 freeculture.xml:9130 +#: freeculture.xml:9142 freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9025 +#: freeculture.xml:9144 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -11828,15 +12073,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9038 +#: freeculture.xml:9157 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " "that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9161 +msgid "Roberts, Michael" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9043 +#: freeculture.xml:9163 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11847,7 +12097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9051 +#: freeculture.xml:9171 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11857,7 +12107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9059 +#: freeculture.xml:9179 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11872,7 +12122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9071 +#: freeculture.xml:9191 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11882,7 +12132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9080 +#: freeculture.xml:9200 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11896,7 +12146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:9215 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11908,12 +12158,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9105 +#: freeculture.xml:9225 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9108 +#: freeculture.xml:9228 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11926,7 +12176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9118 +#: freeculture.xml:9238 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11938,13 +12188,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9129 +#: freeculture.xml:9249 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9251 +msgid "Hummer Winblad" +msgstr "" + #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9138 +#: freeculture.xml:9259 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -11956,7 +12211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9132 +#: freeculture.xml:9253 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11972,21 +12227,22 @@ msgid "" "buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " -"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9159 +#: freeculture.xml:9283 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9174 +#: freeculture.xml:9298 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9170 +#: freeculture.xml:9294 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business " "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11996,19 +12252,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9161 +#: freeculture.xml:9285 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " "had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " "but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " "with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " -"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. . . . <placeholder " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9179 +#: freeculture.xml:9303 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -12020,7 +12276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9189 +#: freeculture.xml:9313 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -12036,7 +12292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9204 +#: freeculture.xml:9327 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -12051,7 +12307,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9216 +#: freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12074,7 +12330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9361 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12088,7 +12344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9252 +#: freeculture.xml:9375 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -12098,12 +12354,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9268 +#: freeculture.xml:9388 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9248 +#: freeculture.xml:9371 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12121,7 +12377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9273 +#: freeculture.xml:9392 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12132,24 +12388,30 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9287 +#: freeculture.xml:9406 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9412 freeculture.xml:11228 +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9402 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " "impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was " "obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, " -"any protection should not do more harm than good." +"any protection should not do more harm than good. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9295 +#: freeculture.xml:9415 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -12157,7 +12419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9301 +#: freeculture.xml:9420 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12166,14 +12428,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9313 +#: freeculture.xml:9432 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9307 +#: freeculture.xml:9426 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -12187,7 +12449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9324 +#: freeculture.xml:9443 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12198,7 +12460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9333 +#: freeculture.xml:9452 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12215,8 +12477,13 @@ msgid "" "distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement liability." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9485 +msgid "Hollings, Fritz" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9351 +#: freeculture.xml:9470 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12231,11 +12498,11 @@ msgid "" "devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " "World,\" 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9331 +#: freeculture.xml:9450 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12245,9 +12512,8 @@ msgid "" "demise of Internet radio." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9373 +#: freeculture.xml:9493 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -12256,11 +12522,12 @@ msgid "" "of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before " "President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " -"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." +"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9384 +#: freeculture.xml:9505 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12273,7 +12540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9395 +#: freeculture.xml:9516 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12284,7 +12551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9404 +#: freeculture.xml:9525 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12300,7 +12567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9419 +#: freeculture.xml:9540 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12312,18 +12579,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9443 +#: freeculture.xml:9564 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " "longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " "limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " -"restrictions. . . . Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " "radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " "governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " "mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " @@ -12335,12 +12602,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9453 +#: freeculture.xml:9574 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9448 +#: freeculture.xml:9569 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12350,7 +12617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9458 +#: freeculture.xml:9579 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12361,7 +12628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9466 +#: freeculture.xml:9587 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12376,12 +12643,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9505 +#: freeculture.xml:9626 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9488 +#: freeculture.xml:9609 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12403,7 +12670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9481 +#: freeculture.xml:9602 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12414,7 +12681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9512 +#: freeculture.xml:9633 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12423,57 +12690,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9520 +#: freeculture.xml:9641 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9523 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9526 +#: freeculture.xml:9647 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9529 +#: freeculture.xml:9650 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9532 +#: freeculture.xml:9653 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9535 +#: freeculture.xml:9656 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9538 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9541 +#: freeculture.xml:9662 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9544 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9547 +#: freeculture.xml:9668 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9550 +#: freeculture.xml:9671 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12481,77 +12748,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9553 +#: freeculture.xml:9674 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9556 +#: freeculture.xml:9677 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9559 +#: freeculture.xml:9680 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9683 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9565 +#: freeculture.xml:9686 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:9689 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9571 +#: freeculture.xml:9692 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9574 +#: freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9577 +#: freeculture.xml:9698 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9580 +#: freeculture.xml:9701 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9583 +#: freeculture.xml:9704 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9586 +#: freeculture.xml:9707 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9589 -msgid "Unique User identifier;" +#: freeculture.xml:9710 +msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9713 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9597 +#: freeculture.xml:9718 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12562,15 +12829,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9605 +#: freeculture.xml:9726 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " "the motive to protect artists against piracy?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9731 freeculture.xml:14309 +msgid "Real Networks" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9611 +#: freeculture.xml:9733 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12579,21 +12851,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9617 +#: freeculture.xml:9739 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " "it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " "perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " -"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, . . . \"How do you come up with " -"a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because here " -"we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that should " -"establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're going to " -"drive the small webcasters out of business. . . .\"" +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … \"How do you come up " +"with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because " +"here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that " +"should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're " +"going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9633 +#: freeculture.xml:9754 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " @@ -12602,7 +12874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9641 +#: freeculture.xml:9762 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12613,12 +12885,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9651 +#: freeculture.xml:9772 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9653 +#: freeculture.xml:9774 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12626,7 +12898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9659 +#: freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12635,7 +12907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9668 +#: freeculture.xml:9789 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12646,7 +12918,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9664 +#: freeculture.xml:9785 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12664,14 +12936,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9702 +#: freeculture.xml:9823 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9689 +#: freeculture.xml:9810 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12694,7 +12966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9724 +#: freeculture.xml:9845 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " @@ -12703,7 +12975,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9732 +#: freeculture.xml:9853 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12712,7 +12984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9742 +#: freeculture.xml:9863 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " @@ -12720,12 +12992,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9749 +#: freeculture.xml:9870 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9714 +#: freeculture.xml:9835 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12747,8 +13019,13 @@ msgid "" "law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9888 +msgid "law schools" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9752 +#: freeculture.xml:9873 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12763,11 +13040,11 @@ msgid "" "over. Generations of Americans—more significantly in some parts of " "America than in others, but still, everywhere in America today—can't " "live their lives both normally and legally, since \"normally\" entails a " -"certain degree of illegality." +"certain degree of illegality. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9769 +#: freeculture.xml:9891 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12781,7 +13058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9904 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12791,7 +13068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9789 +#: freeculture.xml:9911 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12808,7 +13085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:9925 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12822,13 +13099,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#: freeculture.xml:9937 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:9940 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12839,7 +13116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9829 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12850,12 +13127,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9837 +#: freeculture.xml:9959 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9839 +#: freeculture.xml:9961 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12869,7 +13146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9850 +#: freeculture.xml:9972 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12882,7 +13159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9860 +#: freeculture.xml:9982 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12896,7 +13173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9874 +#: freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12908,7 +13185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9883 +#: freeculture.xml:10005 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12921,7 +13198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9894 +#: freeculture.xml:10016 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12933,7 +13210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9903 +#: freeculture.xml:10025 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12942,7 +13219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9909 +#: freeculture.xml:10031 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12957,32 +13234,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:10037 +#: freeculture.xml:10050 freeculture.xml:10159 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:10048 msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9932 +#: freeculture.xml:10054 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " -"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " "hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " "you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " -"continue to receive Internet access? . . . Our sensibilities change as soon " -"as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" Well, " -"what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" " +"Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " "percentage of the American Internet-using population into \"lawbreakers.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9944 +#: freeculture.xml:10066 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12990,7 +13267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9949 +#: freeculture.xml:10071 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13002,7 +13279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9967 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " @@ -13018,7 +13295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9958 +#: freeculture.xml:10080 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -13032,7 +13309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9985 +#: freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13040,7 +13317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:10103 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13052,7 +13329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10006 +#: freeculture.xml:10128 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -13073,7 +13350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:10116 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13090,7 +13367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10025 +#: freeculture.xml:10147 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13104,7 +13381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10041 +#: freeculture.xml:10163 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13118,14 +13395,14 @@ msgid "" "closest analog, [but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded " "all of our civil liberties because it's treated so many Americans as " "criminals. Well, I think it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of " -"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty " -"million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery " -"slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of " -"them." +"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. … If forty to " +"sixty million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a " +"slippery slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty " +"million of them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10061 +#: freeculture.xml:10183 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -13136,12 +13413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10074 +#: freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10201 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13150,7 +13427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10085 +#: freeculture.xml:10207 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13160,7 +13437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10093 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13172,7 +13449,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10102 +#: freeculture.xml:10224 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13182,7 +13459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10110 +#: freeculture.xml:10232 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13190,7 +13467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10115 +#: freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13199,7 +13476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10121 +#: freeculture.xml:10243 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13208,12 +13485,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10131 +#: freeculture.xml:10253 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10255 +msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10133 +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13224,7 +13506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10142 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13234,7 +13516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10149 +#: freeculture.xml:10274 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13246,7 +13528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10160 +#: freeculture.xml:10285 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13263,7 +13545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10183 +#: freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13281,7 +13563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13295,7 +13577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10200 +#: freeculture.xml:10326 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13312,7 +13594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10221 +#: freeculture.xml:10347 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13324,7 +13606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:10342 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13333,7 +13615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10232 +#: freeculture.xml:10358 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13344,7 +13626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10241 +#: freeculture.xml:10367 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13354,33 +13636,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10252 +#: freeculture.xml:10378 msgid "" -"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " -". . . Writings. . . ." +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10258 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " "to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " "example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare " "War.\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " -"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " -"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited " -"Times.\"" +"\"promote … Progress\"—through means that are also " +"specific— by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) " +"\"for limited Times.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10277 freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:11860 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10268 +#: freeculture.xml:10394 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13393,7 +13675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10280 +#: freeculture.xml:10406 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13406,7 +13688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10291 +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13418,7 +13700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10300 +#: freeculture.xml:10426 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13430,7 +13712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10310 +#: freeculture.xml:10436 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13440,7 +13722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10317 +#: freeculture.xml:10443 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13448,7 +13730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10325 +#: freeculture.xml:10451 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13457,14 +13739,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10457 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10335 +#: freeculture.xml:10461 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13472,7 +13754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10340 +#: freeculture.xml:10466 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13480,7 +13762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10346 +#: freeculture.xml:10472 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13489,14 +13771,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10352 +#: freeculture.xml:10478 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10356 +#: freeculture.xml:10482 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13504,7 +13786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:10488 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13513,7 +13795,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10368 +#: freeculture.xml:10494 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13525,7 +13807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10379 +#: freeculture.xml:10505 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13534,7 +13816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10391 +#: freeculture.xml:10517 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " @@ -13543,7 +13825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10398 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13551,7 +13833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:10532 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -13559,7 +13841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10384 +#: freeculture.xml:10510 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13574,7 +13856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10539 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13588,7 +13870,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10426 +#: freeculture.xml:10552 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -13600,7 +13882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13610,7 +13892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10449 +#: freeculture.xml:10575 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13619,8 +13901,13 @@ msgid "" "limit." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10581 freeculture.xml:11357 +msgid "Rehnquist, William H." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10456 +#: freeculture.xml:10583 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -13636,7 +13923,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10471 +#: freeculture.xml:10598 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -13644,14 +13931,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10478 +#: freeculture.xml:10605 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10469 +#: freeculture.xml:10596 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13664,7 +13951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10485 +#: freeculture.xml:10612 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13678,7 +13965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:10609 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13692,7 +13979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10506 +#: freeculture.xml:10633 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -13708,7 +13995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10519 +#: freeculture.xml:10646 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -13728,7 +14015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10542 +#: freeculture.xml:10669 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -13737,12 +14024,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10550 +#: freeculture.xml:10677 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10663 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13754,7 +14041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10553 +#: freeculture.xml:10680 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13766,7 +14053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10565 +#: freeculture.xml:10692 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13780,7 +14067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10586 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13790,7 +14077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10580 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13802,7 +14089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10595 +#: freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13813,7 +14100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10607 +#: freeculture.xml:10734 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13824,14 +14111,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10615 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10619 +#: freeculture.xml:10746 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13839,7 +14126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10626 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13849,14 +14136,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10635 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10640 +#: freeculture.xml:10767 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -13868,7 +14155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10649 +#: freeculture.xml:10776 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13882,7 +14169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10664 +#: freeculture.xml:10791 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13896,7 +14183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10676 +#: freeculture.xml:10803 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13904,13 +14191,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10681 +#: freeculture.xml:10808 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:11240 +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10810 +msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" +msgstr "" + #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10694 +#: freeculture.xml:10823 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -13920,12 +14217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10700 +#: freeculture.xml:10829 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10683 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13940,7 +14237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10703 +#: freeculture.xml:10832 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13950,7 +14247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10709 +#: freeculture.xml:10838 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13962,7 +14259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10727 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -13974,7 +14271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10720 +#: freeculture.xml:10849 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13985,7 +14282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10737 +#: freeculture.xml:10866 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13995,7 +14292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10745 +#: freeculture.xml:10874 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14006,7 +14303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10753 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14021,7 +14318,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10764 +#: freeculture.xml:10893 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14031,7 +14328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10774 +#: freeculture.xml:10903 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14040,7 +14337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10782 +#: freeculture.xml:10911 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -14050,7 +14347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10791 +#: freeculture.xml:10920 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14061,7 +14358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10801 +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14075,7 +14372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10814 +#: freeculture.xml:10943 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14083,7 +14380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10821 +#: freeculture.xml:10950 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14096,7 +14393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10961 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14107,7 +14404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10841 +#: freeculture.xml:10970 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14116,12 +14413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10847 +#: freeculture.xml:10976 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:10979 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14136,7 +14433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10863 +#: freeculture.xml:10992 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14149,7 +14446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10873 +#: freeculture.xml:11002 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14163,7 +14460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:11013 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -14171,7 +14468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:11019 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14185,7 +14482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10913 +#: freeculture.xml:11042 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14193,7 +14490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10901 +#: freeculture.xml:11030 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14207,7 +14504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10920 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14218,7 +14515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10928 +#: freeculture.xml:11057 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14228,7 +14525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10935 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14241,7 +14538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10946 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14251,7 +14548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10952 +#: freeculture.xml:11081 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14261,7 +14558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10961 +#: freeculture.xml:11090 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14271,7 +14568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10968 +#: freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14279,7 +14576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:11103 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14292,7 +14589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10984 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14300,13 +14597,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10989 freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:11132 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10991 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14318,17 +14615,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11001 freeculture.xml:11345 freeculture.xml:11360 freeculture.xml:11453 freeculture.xml:11667 freeculture.xml:11698 freeculture.xml:11786 +#: freeculture.xml:11130 freeculture.xml:11480 freeculture.xml:11496 freeculture.xml:11589 freeculture.xml:11803 freeculture.xml:11834 freeculture.xml:11927 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:11131 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11005 +#: freeculture.xml:11134 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14341,7 +14638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14362,7 +14659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11036 +#: freeculture.xml:11165 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14373,7 +14670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11044 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14392,17 +14689,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:11100 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 freeculture.xml:11230 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11063 +#: freeculture.xml:11192 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14420,7 +14717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11079 +#: freeculture.xml:11208 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14430,7 +14727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11087 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14441,21 +14738,22 @@ msgid "" "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11107 +#: freeculture.xml:11237 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11103 +#: freeculture.xml:11233 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14465,7 +14763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11111 +#: freeculture.xml:11242 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14474,32 +14772,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11117 +#: freeculture.xml:11248 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:11249 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11250 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11120 +#: freeculture.xml:11251 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11123 +#: freeculture.xml:11254 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14513,12 +14811,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:11159 freeculture.xml:11351 freeculture.xml:11703 +#: freeculture.xml:11277 freeculture.xml:11293 freeculture.xml:11487 freeculture.xml:11839 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11278 +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11279 +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11280 freeculture.xml:11481 freeculture.xml:12571 +msgid "Reagan, Ronald" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:11265 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14529,11 +14842,13 @@ msgid "" "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " "Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11149 +#: freeculture.xml:11283 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14548,7 +14863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11162 +#: freeculture.xml:11296 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14557,7 +14872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11169 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14569,7 +14884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14577,19 +14892,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11327 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 +#: freeculture.xml:11334 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11178 +#: freeculture.xml:11312 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14606,7 +14921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11203 +#: freeculture.xml:11337 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14621,7 +14936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11215 +#: freeculture.xml:11349 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14633,7 +14948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11224 +#: freeculture.xml:11359 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14646,13 +14961,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11233 freeculture.xml:11257 freeculture.xml:11596 freeculture.xml:11608 +#: freeculture.xml:11368 freeculture.xml:11392 freeculture.xml:11732 freeculture.xml:11744 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11235 +#: freeculture.xml:11370 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14665,7 +14980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11247 +#: freeculture.xml:11382 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14678,7 +14993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11259 +#: freeculture.xml:11394 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14688,7 +15003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11267 +#: freeculture.xml:11402 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14699,7 +15014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14712,7 +15027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11285 +#: freeculture.xml:11420 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14727,7 +15042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11299 +#: freeculture.xml:11434 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14737,17 +15052,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11441 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " -"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " +"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " "course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms " "regularly—eleven times in forty years." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11313 +#: freeculture.xml:11448 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14765,7 +15080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11336 +#: freeculture.xml:11471 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14776,7 +15091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11347 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14786,7 +15101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11354 +#: freeculture.xml:11490 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14797,7 +15112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11362 +#: freeculture.xml:11498 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14815,7 +15130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11379 +#: freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14831,7 +15146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11394 +#: freeculture.xml:11530 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14840,14 +15155,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11400 +#: freeculture.xml:11536 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11405 +#: freeculture.xml:11541 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14856,7 +15171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11412 +#: freeculture.xml:11548 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14865,7 +15180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11418 +#: freeculture.xml:11554 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14873,14 +15188,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11426 +#: freeculture.xml:11562 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11432 +#: freeculture.xml:11568 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14890,14 +15205,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11440 +#: freeculture.xml:11576 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11582 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14907,7 +15222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11455 +#: freeculture.xml:11591 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14917,7 +15232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11462 +#: freeculture.xml:11598 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -14926,21 +15241,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:11603 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:11610 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11478 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14949,7 +15264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11487 +#: freeculture.xml:11623 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14957,7 +15272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11493 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14966,7 +15281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:11637 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14982,7 +15297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11650 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14990,7 +15305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11658 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15007,7 +15322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11537 +#: freeculture.xml:11673 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -15017,7 +15332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11544 +#: freeculture.xml:11680 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15025,7 +15340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11549 +#: freeculture.xml:11685 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -15033,7 +15348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11555 +#: freeculture.xml:11691 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15044,7 +15359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11564 +#: freeculture.xml:11700 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15052,7 +15367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11705 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -15061,7 +15376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11575 +#: freeculture.xml:11711 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15075,7 +15390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11586 +#: freeculture.xml:11722 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15088,7 +15403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11598 +#: freeculture.xml:11734 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15103,7 +15418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11611 +#: freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15116,7 +15431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11758 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15127,7 +15442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11765 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -15135,7 +15450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11634 +#: freeculture.xml:11770 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15152,7 +15467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11783 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15167,7 +15482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:11798 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15175,7 +15490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11669 +#: freeculture.xml:11805 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15190,7 +15505,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11680 +#: freeculture.xml:11816 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15209,7 +15524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11700 +#: freeculture.xml:11836 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15217,7 +15532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11706 +#: freeculture.xml:11842 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15226,7 +15541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11712 +#: freeculture.xml:11848 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15236,7 +15551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11855 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15248,7 +15563,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11727 +#: freeculture.xml:11863 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15268,7 +15583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11748 +#: freeculture.xml:11884 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15278,23 +15593,36 @@ msgid "" "creative ferment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11762 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11898 freeculture.xml:11903 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11757 +#: freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " -"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " -"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref " +"linkend=\"fig-18\"/>). The \"powerful and wealthy\" line is a bit " +"unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:11901 +msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:11902 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11906 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15306,12 +15634,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#: freeculture.xml:11917 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11778 +#: freeculture.xml:11919 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15323,7 +15651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11788 +#: freeculture.xml:11929 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15337,7 +15665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11798 +#: freeculture.xml:11939 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15347,7 +15675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11806 +#: freeculture.xml:11947 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15355,7 +15683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11811 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15366,12 +15694,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11819 freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:11960 freeculture.xml:12160 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11821 +#: freeculture.xml:11962 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15385,7 +15713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11833 +#: freeculture.xml:11974 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15398,18 +15726,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11843 +#: freeculture.xml:11984 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11844 freeculture.xml:11884 +#: freeculture.xml:11985 freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:11993 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15431,7 +15759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11847 +#: freeculture.xml:11988 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -15446,7 +15774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11878 +#: freeculture.xml:12019 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15456,7 +15784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11886 +#: freeculture.xml:12027 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15469,7 +15797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11896 +#: freeculture.xml:12037 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15480,7 +15808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11904 +#: freeculture.xml:12045 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15491,7 +15819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11912 +#: freeculture.xml:12053 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15503,7 +15831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:12065 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15514,7 +15842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11933 +#: freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15532,7 +15860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11949 +#: freeculture.xml:12090 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15547,7 +15875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11964 +#: freeculture.xml:12105 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15559,7 +15887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11974 +#: freeculture.xml:12115 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15571,7 +15899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11983 +#: freeculture.xml:12124 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15581,7 +15909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11990 +#: freeculture.xml:12131 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15591,7 +15919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15600,7 +15928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12003 +#: freeculture.xml:12144 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15618,7 +15946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12021 +#: freeculture.xml:12162 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15627,12 +15955,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12034 +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12027 +#: freeculture.xml:12168 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15644,7 +15972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12037 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15656,7 +15984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12045 +#: freeculture.xml:12186 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15678,7 +16006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12066 +#: freeculture.xml:12207 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15689,7 +16017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12074 +#: freeculture.xml:12215 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15701,7 +16029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12225 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15711,7 +16039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12093 +#: freeculture.xml:12234 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15724,8 +16052,13 @@ msgid "" "resistance." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12253 +msgid "Kelly, Kevin" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:12245 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15734,16 +16067,16 @@ msgid "" "to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate " "what Kevin Kelly calls the \"Dark Content\" that fills archives around the " "world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should ask one " -"simple question:" +"simple question: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12114 +#: freeculture.xml:12256 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:12259 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15756,7 +16089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12128 +#: freeculture.xml:12270 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15767,7 +16100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12136 +#: freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15778,7 +16111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15788,7 +16121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12155 +#: freeculture.xml:12297 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15800,12 +16133,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12167 +#: freeculture.xml:12309 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12311 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15815,7 +16148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12318 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15826,7 +16159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12191 +#: freeculture.xml:12333 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15837,7 +16170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:12326 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15850,7 +16183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12202 +#: freeculture.xml:12344 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15861,7 +16194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12210 +#: freeculture.xml:12352 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15874,7 +16207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12221 +#: freeculture.xml:12363 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15884,12 +16217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12239 freeculture.xml:12670 +#: freeculture.xml:12381 freeculture.xml:12817 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12237 +#: freeculture.xml:12379 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -15898,7 +16231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12228 +#: freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15911,7 +16244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15926,7 +16259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12277 +#: freeculture.xml:12419 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15935,12 +16268,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12244 +#: freeculture.xml:12386 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " -"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " +"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … not " +"to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " "Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the " "law—and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed " @@ -15958,7 +16291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12283 +#: freeculture.xml:12425 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15970,7 +16303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:12435 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15981,7 +16314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12301 +#: freeculture.xml:12443 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15995,7 +16328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12316 +#: freeculture.xml:12458 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -16013,7 +16346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12310 +#: freeculture.xml:12452 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -16025,7 +16358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12479 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -16038,7 +16371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12347 +#: freeculture.xml:12489 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -16049,7 +16382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12355 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -16061,7 +16394,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:12505 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -16077,7 +16410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12378 +#: freeculture.xml:12520 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -16085,7 +16418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12384 +#: freeculture.xml:12526 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16100,7 +16433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12396 +#: freeculture.xml:12538 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16120,7 +16453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12416 +#: freeculture.xml:12558 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16138,7 +16471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12433 +#: freeculture.xml:12576 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16152,17 +16485,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12461 freeculture.xml:13128 +#: freeculture.xml:12604 freeculture.xml:13277 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12462 freeculture.xml:13192 +#: freeculture.xml:12605 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:13203 +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12606 freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12430 +#: freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16183,11 +16521,12 @@ msgid "" "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " "source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12465 +#: freeculture.xml:12609 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16198,14 +16537,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12473 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12472 +#: freeculture.xml:12616 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16217,7 +16556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12483 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16241,7 +16580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:12651 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16250,7 +16589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12513 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16265,7 +16604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12535 +#: freeculture.xml:12679 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16284,8 +16623,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12696 +msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12668 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16297,12 +16641,13 @@ msgid "" "commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software " "development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12555 +#: freeculture.xml:12701 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16321,14 +16666,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12581 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12731 +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12573 +#: freeculture.xml:12719 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16337,11 +16687,11 @@ msgid "" "to Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " "lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " "meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " -"the meeting was canceled." +"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12734 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16351,7 +16701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12595 +#: freeculture.xml:12742 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16363,12 +16713,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12605 +#: freeculture.xml:12752 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12609 +#: freeculture.xml:12756 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16381,7 +16731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12619 +#: freeculture.xml:12766 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16396,7 +16746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12632 +#: freeculture.xml:12779 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16413,7 +16763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12646 +#: freeculture.xml:12793 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16426,7 +16776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12658 +#: freeculture.xml:12805 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16440,14 +16790,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12675 +#: freeculture.xml:12822 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12672 +#: freeculture.xml:12819 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16458,7 +16808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12684 +#: freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16468,7 +16818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:12838 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16481,7 +16831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12703 +#: freeculture.xml:12850 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16494,7 +16844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12713 +#: freeculture.xml:12860 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16505,7 +16855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12721 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16513,7 +16863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12727 +#: freeculture.xml:12874 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16527,7 +16877,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12738 +#: freeculture.xml:12885 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16537,12 +16887,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12757 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12747 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16557,7 +16907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12761 +#: freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16567,7 +16917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12769 +#: freeculture.xml:12916 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16577,7 +16927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12776 +#: freeculture.xml:12923 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16589,7 +16939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12786 +#: freeculture.xml:12933 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16599,7 +16949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12793 +#: freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16610,20 +16960,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12801 +#: freeculture.xml:12948 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12804 +#: freeculture.xml:12951 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12956 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16642,17 +16992,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12827 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 msgid "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink " +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17 September 2003, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:12981 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16660,7 +17010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12806 +#: freeculture.xml:12953 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16679,18 +17029,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12851 freeculture.xml:13209 +#: freeculture.xml:12998 freeculture.xml:13358 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12852 +#: freeculture.xml:12999 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12857 +#: freeculture.xml:13004 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16699,7 +17049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12866 +#: freeculture.xml:13013 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16707,7 +17057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12854 +#: freeculture.xml:13001 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16726,20 +17076,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12880 +#: freeculture.xml:13027 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:13035 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12892 +#: freeculture.xml:13039 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16747,7 +17097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12897 +#: freeculture.xml:13044 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16756,7 +17106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#: freeculture.xml:13050 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16765,7 +17115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12910 +#: freeculture.xml:13057 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16775,12 +17125,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12919 +#: freeculture.xml:13066 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12921 +#: freeculture.xml:13068 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16789,7 +17139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12927 +#: freeculture.xml:13074 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16803,7 +17153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:13084 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16814,7 +17164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:13096 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16830,7 +17180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12963 +#: freeculture.xml:13110 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16840,12 +17190,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12972 +#: freeculture.xml:13119 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#: freeculture.xml:13121 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16857,12 +17207,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12984 +#: freeculture.xml:13131 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:13135 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -16880,12 +17230,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13003 +#: freeculture.xml:13150 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13160 +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13005 +#: freeculture.xml:13152 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16894,11 +17249,11 @@ msgid "" "pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function of " "cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The friction " "has disappeared, and hence any \"privacy\" protected by the friction " -"disappears, too." +"disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13015 +#: freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16911,7 +17266,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 +#: freeculture.xml:13179 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -16925,7 +17280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#: freeculture.xml:13173 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16938,23 +17293,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13049 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " "commercially, the software—both the source code and the " "binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data " "General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much " -"about controlling their software." +"about controlling their software. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13056 +#: freeculture.xml:13205 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13058 +#: freeculture.xml:13207 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16964,7 +17320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13215 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16978,7 +17334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13078 +#: freeculture.xml:13227 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16991,7 +17347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13087 +#: freeculture.xml:13236 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -17001,7 +17357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13245 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -17011,7 +17367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13104 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -17024,7 +17380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13115 +#: freeculture.xml:13264 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -17035,7 +17391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13123 +#: freeculture.xml:13272 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -17044,7 +17400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13131 +#: freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -17061,7 +17417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:13296 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -17073,7 +17429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13305 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -17081,7 +17437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13310 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17096,7 +17452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13173 +#: freeculture.xml:13322 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17106,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13181 +#: freeculture.xml:13330 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17121,7 +17477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13344 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17132,19 +17488,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13207 +#: freeculture.xml:13356 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13212 +#: freeculture.xml:13361 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13216 +#: freeculture.xml:13365 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17158,7 +17514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13227 +#: freeculture.xml:13376 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17176,7 +17532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 +#: freeculture.xml:13394 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17189,7 +17545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17202,12 +17558,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13277 +#: freeculture.xml:13426 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13267 +#: freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17221,7 +17577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13280 +#: freeculture.xml:13429 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17235,7 +17591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13292 +#: freeculture.xml:13441 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17245,7 +17601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13299 +#: freeculture.xml:13448 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17259,16 +17615,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13311 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " "expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 290 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13475 +msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13476 +msgid "Wayner, Peter" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13317 +#: freeculture.xml:13466 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17276,12 +17641,24 @@ msgid "" "All</citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " "Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " "used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " -"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well." +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13478 +msgid "Public Enemy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13479 +msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17289,8 +17666,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13503 +msgid "Leaphart, Walter" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#: freeculture.xml:13481 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17306,11 +17688,11 @@ msgid "" "Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative " "environment content that others can build upon, so that their form of " -"creativity might grow." +"creativity might grow. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13353 +#: freeculture.xml:13506 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17325,7 +17707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13365 +#: freeculture.xml:13518 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17336,7 +17718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13528 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17347,7 +17729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13383 +#: freeculture.xml:13536 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17358,12 +17740,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13397 +#: freeculture.xml:13550 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13399 +#: freeculture.xml:13552 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17373,7 +17755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13406 +#: freeculture.xml:13559 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17382,12 +17764,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13413 +#: freeculture.xml:13566 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13415 +#: freeculture.xml:13568 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17397,14 +17779,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13422 +#: freeculture.xml:13575 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13427 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17413,12 +17795,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13433 +#: freeculture.xml:13586 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -17429,7 +17811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13445 +#: freeculture.xml:13598 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17444,7 +17826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13459 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17452,7 +17834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13457 +#: freeculture.xml:13610 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17462,7 +17844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13467 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17473,12 +17855,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13479 +#: freeculture.xml:13632 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#: freeculture.xml:13634 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17493,7 +17875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13494 +#: freeculture.xml:13647 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17505,7 +17887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:13656 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17518,7 +17900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13513 +#: freeculture.xml:13666 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17532,12 +17914,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13528 +#: freeculture.xml:13681 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13530 +#: freeculture.xml:13683 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17549,7 +17931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13540 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17557,7 +17939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13546 +#: freeculture.xml:13699 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17571,7 +17953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13563 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17580,7 +17962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#: freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17596,7 +17978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17606,7 +17988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13583 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17620,7 +18002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#: freeculture.xml:13748 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17631,7 +18013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17639,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13608 +#: freeculture.xml:13761 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17650,12 +18032,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13620 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13622 +#: freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17664,7 +18046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -17672,7 +18054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13627 +#: freeculture.xml:13780 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17685,7 +18067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13795 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17694,7 +18076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17707,7 +18089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13659 +#: freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17721,7 +18103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13680 +#: freeculture.xml:13833 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17729,12 +18111,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13688 +#: freeculture.xml:13841 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17749,7 +18131,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13845 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17766,7 +18148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -17774,7 +18156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13714 +#: freeculture.xml:13867 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17783,12 +18165,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13724 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13726 +#: freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17799,7 +18181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13734 +#: freeculture.xml:13887 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17811,31 +18193,36 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13747 +#: freeculture.xml:13900 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13906 +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13896 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " "courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever " "since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest " -"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan." +"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13910 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17844,7 +18231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13765 +#: freeculture.xml:13919 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17854,7 +18241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13772 +#: freeculture.xml:13926 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -17866,7 +18253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:13939 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -17881,7 +18268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13798 +#: freeculture.xml:13952 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17891,12 +18278,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13814 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13812 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -17904,7 +18291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13806 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17914,7 +18301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13974 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17925,7 +18312,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17935,12 +18322,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:13991 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13993 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17950,7 +18337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13846 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17961,7 +18348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17971,7 +18358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13862 +#: freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17982,7 +18369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13871 +#: freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17990,7 +18377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13876 +#: freeculture.xml:14030 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17999,7 +18386,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:14036 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -18008,7 +18395,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13888 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -18016,7 +18403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:14048 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -18027,7 +18414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13902 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -18037,7 +18424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13910 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -18045,7 +18432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13915 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -18060,7 +18447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13927 +#: freeculture.xml:14081 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -18077,7 +18464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13960 +#: freeculture.xml:14114 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18085,7 +18472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18107,7 +18494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13967 +#: freeculture.xml:14121 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -18123,7 +18510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13983 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -18136,7 +18523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13994 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18147,7 +18534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18159,7 +18546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:14167 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18172,7 +18559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14024 +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18184,7 +18571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14034 +#: freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18197,7 +18584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14044 +#: freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18208,14 +18595,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14056 +#: freeculture.xml:14210 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18229,7 +18616,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18240,12 +18627,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14113 +#: freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14268 freeculture.xml:14294 +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14079 +#: freeculture.xml:14233 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18280,11 +18672,12 @@ msgid "" "popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal predates the current " "debate by about a decade. See <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14075 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18299,7 +18692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14126 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18312,12 +18705,13 @@ msgid "" "years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " "supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " "of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " -"old system of controlling access." +"old system of controlling access. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14141 +#: freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18330,7 +18724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14154 +#: freeculture.xml:14311 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18347,7 +18741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14169 +#: freeculture.xml:14326 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18362,7 +18756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14181 +#: freeculture.xml:14338 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18373,13 +18767,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14190 +#: freeculture.xml:14347 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14195 +#: freeculture.xml:14352 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18388,19 +18782,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14202 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14208 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14212 +#: freeculture.xml:14369 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -18408,14 +18802,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14218 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14223 +#: freeculture.xml:14380 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18424,7 +18818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14386 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18441,7 +18835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14243 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18451,12 +18845,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14256 +#: freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18465,7 +18859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:14419 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18476,7 +18870,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -18484,7 +18878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#: freeculture.xml:14427 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18497,7 +18891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14285 +#: freeculture.xml:14442 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18505,7 +18899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14295 +#: freeculture.xml:14452 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18525,7 +18919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14290 +#: freeculture.xml:14447 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18537,7 +18931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14476 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18547,7 +18941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14327 +#: freeculture.xml:14484 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18560,7 +18954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:14494 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18571,7 +18965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14502 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18579,7 +18973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14351 +#: freeculture.xml:14508 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18592,7 +18986,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14360 +#: freeculture.xml:14517 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18602,7 +18996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18610,12 +19004,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:14535 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14380 +#: freeculture.xml:14537 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18629,12 +19023,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14552 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14397 +#: freeculture.xml:14554 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18643,7 +19037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14403 +#: freeculture.xml:14561 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18657,9 +19051,9 @@ msgid "" "her own critical eye on much of this." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 337 +#. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14416 +#: freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18672,7 +19066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18693,7 +19087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:14605 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18704,7 +19098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14456 +#: freeculture.xml:14614 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "