X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/8c73148e21782aa4fb214fbd234df4a5c8a4cda7..5a4b9fae802e3a8f0df3e27550deca4c7a37185b:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 6efb4ea..24c2853 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-11 21:29+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-08-03 22:41+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"freeculture\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:21 freeculture.xml:177 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:21 msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" @@ -218,175 +218,29 @@ msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:166 -msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:173 -msgid "FREE CULTURE" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:183 -msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:189 -msgid "" -"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " -"New York, New York" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:193 -msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:196 -msgid "" -"Excerpt from an editorial titled The Coming of Copyright " -"Perpetuity, The New York Times, January 16, " -"2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with " -"permission." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:201 -msgid "" -"Cartoon in by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " -"Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:205 -msgid "" -"Diagram in courtesy of the office of FCC " -"Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:209 -msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:212 -msgid "" -"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " -"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:217 -msgid "p. cm." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:220 -msgid "Includes index." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:223 -msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:227 -msgid "" -"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " -"States." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:230 -msgid "" -"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " -"States. I. Title." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:233 -msgid "KF2979.L47" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:236 -msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:239 -msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:242 -msgid "Printed in the United States of America" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:245 -msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:248 -msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:252 -msgid "&translationblock;" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:256 -msgid "" -"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " -"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " -"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " -"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " -"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:264 -msgid "" -"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " -"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " -"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " -"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " -"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:276 +#: freeculture.xml:168 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:284 +#: freeculture.xml:176 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:346 +#: freeculture.xml:238 msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:348 +#: freeculture.xml:239 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:351 +#: freeculture.xml:241 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first " "book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David " @@ -395,14 +249,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:362 +#: freeculture.xml:252 msgid "" "David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New " "York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:358 +#: freeculture.xml:248 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -411,7 +265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:367 +#: freeculture.xml:257 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review " @@ -424,7 +278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:376 +#: freeculture.xml:266 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -436,7 +290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:387 +#: freeculture.xml:277 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -445,14 +299,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:399 +#: freeculture.xml:289 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:394 +#: freeculture.xml:284 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free " @@ -473,7 +327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:414 +#: freeculture.xml:304 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not " "<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who " @@ -485,17 +339,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13029 +#: freeculture.xml:312 freeculture.xml:966 +msgid "power, concentration of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:313 freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:433 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:13042 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:314 freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13795 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:315 +msgid "Stevens, Ted" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:424 +#: freeculture.xml:317 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -504,19 +368,18 @@ msgid "" "marching <quote>uncomfortably alongside CodePink Women for Peace and the " "National Rifle Association, between liberal Olympia Snowe and conservative " "Ted Stevens,</quote> he formulated perhaps most simply just what was at " -"stake: the concentration of power. And as he asked, <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"stake: the concentration of power. And as he asked," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:441 +#: freeculture.xml:333 msgid "" "William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:437 +#: freeculture.xml:329 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -526,7 +389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:448 +#: freeculture.xml:340 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -535,9 +398,15 @@ msgid "" "change in the effective scope of the law. The law is changing; that change " "is altering the way our culture gets made; that change should worry " "you—whether or not you care about the Internet, and whether you're on " -"Safire's left or on his right. The inspiration for the title and for much " -"of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman and the " -"Free Software Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, " +"Safire's left or on his right." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:351 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for " +"much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman " +"and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, " "especially the essays in <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society</citetitle>, " "I realize that all of the theoretical insights I develop here are insights " "Stallman described decades ago. One could thus well argue that this work is " @@ -546,7 +415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:464 +#: freeculture.xml:360 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -564,7 +433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:482 +#: freeculture.xml:378 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -576,55 +445,55 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:497 +#: freeculture.xml:393 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:499 +#: freeculture.xml:394 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:955 +msgid "Wright brothers" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:396 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North " +"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers " +"demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, self-propelled vehicle could fly. The " +"moment was electric and its importance widely understood. Almost " +"immediately, there was an explosion of interest in this newfound technology " +"of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began to build upon it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:403 msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:404 freeculture.xml:14818 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:505 freeculture.xml:14018 +#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:4628 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:506 freeculture.xml:14019 +#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:604 freeculture.xml:1032 -msgid "Wright brothers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:510 -msgid "" -"On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " -"hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " -"self-propelled vehicle could fly. The moment was electric and its importance " -"widely understood. Almost immediately, there was an explosion of interest in " -"this newfound technology of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began " -"to build upon it." -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:522 +#: freeculture.xml:411 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:518 +#: freeculture.xml:407 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -637,7 +506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:531 +#: freeculture.xml:421 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -649,17 +518,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:539 freeculture.xml:552 freeculture.xml:583 freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:1013 freeculture.xml:1030 freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:8978 freeculture.xml:12406 freeculture.xml:13133 +#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:442 freeculture.xml:475 freeculture.xml:495 freeculture.xml:681 freeculture.xml:808 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:953 freeculture.xml:1001 freeculture.xml:9547 freeculture.xml:13113 freeculture.xml:13898 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:540 freeculture.xml:553 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:603 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1031 freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:8979 freeculture.xml:12407 freeculture.xml:13134 +#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:476 freeculture.xml:496 freeculture.xml:682 freeculture.xml:809 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:954 freeculture.xml:1002 freeculture.xml:9548 freeculture.xml:13114 freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:542 +#: freeculture.xml:432 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -672,8 +541,23 @@ msgid "" "wanted it to stop." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:444 +msgid "Douglas, William O." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:445 freeculture.xml:4517 freeculture.xml:5119 freeculture.xml:8860 freeculture.xml:14206 +msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:445 +msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:555 +#: freeculture.xml:447 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -686,7 +570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:575 +#: freeculture.xml:467 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land " @@ -700,7 +584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:566 +#: freeculture.xml:458 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -713,13 +597,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:589 +#: freeculture.xml:481 msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:592 +#: freeculture.xml:485 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -732,7 +616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:606 +#: freeculture.xml:499 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -753,27 +637,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:627 freeculture.xml:8986 freeculture.xml:9631 +#: freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:9555 freeculture.xml:10250 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:521 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:642 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:522 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:643 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:523 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:6797 freeculture.xml:10157 +msgid "radio" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:6797 +msgid "FM spectrum of" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:630 +#: freeculture.xml:526 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of " "America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " @@ -784,12 +679,11 @@ msgid "" "discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about " "how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong " "invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding " -"of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"of radio." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:646 +#: freeculture.xml:539 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -801,7 +695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:656 +#: freeculture.xml:549 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -814,19 +708,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:667 +#: freeculture.xml:560 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:678 +#: freeculture.xml:571 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:671 +#: freeculture.xml:564 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -837,9 +731,24 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:576 freeculture.xml:6800 +msgid "RCA" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:577 freeculture.xml:2454 freeculture.xml:2472 freeculture.xml:2506 freeculture.xml:2508 +msgid "media" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:577 freeculture.xml:2508 +msgid "ownership concentration in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:684 +#: freeculture.xml:579 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -849,23 +758,23 @@ msgid "" "networks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:698 freeculture.xml:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:587 freeculture.xml:609 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:693 +#: freeculture.xml:589 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " "quite excited when Armstrong told him he had a device that removed static " "from <quote>radio.</quote> But when Armstrong demonstrated his invention, " -"Sarnoff was not pleased. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Sarnoff was not pleased." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:705 +#: freeculture.xml:600 msgid "" "See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -873,7 +782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:702 +#: freeculture.xml:597 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -881,22 +790,31 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:608 freeculture.xml:6796 +msgid "FM radio" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:714 +#: freeculture.xml:611 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described, <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:616 +msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:727 +#: freeculture.xml:624 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:722 +#: freeculture.xml:619 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -906,8 +824,18 @@ msgid "" "grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:628 +msgid "FCC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:628 +msgid "on FM radio" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:732 +#: freeculture.xml:630 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -923,12 +851,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:751 +#: freeculture.xml:649 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:747 +#: freeculture.xml:645 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -937,12 +865,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:755 +#: freeculture.xml:654 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:757 +#: freeculture.xml:656 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -954,7 +882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:767 +#: freeculture.xml:668 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -969,7 +897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:780 +#: freeculture.xml:684 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -984,8 +912,18 @@ msgid "" "did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:1074 freeculture.xml:2325 freeculture.xml:2337 freeculture.xml:2421 freeculture.xml:2455 freeculture.xml:2481 freeculture.xml:2731 freeculture.xml:4133 freeculture.xml:6680 freeculture.xml:7537 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:13429 freeculture.xml:13989 freeculture.xml:13990 freeculture.xml:14064 +msgid "Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:4668 freeculture.xml:13429 freeculture.xml:13989 +msgid "development of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:802 +#: freeculture.xml:709 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " @@ -994,18 +932,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:796 +#: freeculture.xml:703 msgid "" -"There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " -"which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " -"part of ordinary American life. According to the Pew Internet and American " -"Life Project, 58 percent of Americans had access to the Internet in 2002, up " -"from 49 percent two years before.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"That number could well exceed two thirds of the nation by the end of 2004." +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the " +"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " +"very short time, the Internet has become part of ordinary American " +"life. According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 58 percent of " +"Americans had access to the Internet in 2002, up from 49 percent two years " +"before.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That number could well " +"exceed two thirds of the nation by the end of 2004." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:811 +#: freeculture.xml:718 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -1019,7 +958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:822 +#: freeculture.xml:729 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -1029,18 +968,29 @@ msgid "" "don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:841 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:738 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:842 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:739 +msgid "culture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:739 +msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:740 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:831 +#: freeculture.xml:742 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1050,12 +1000,11 @@ msgid "" "street corners telling stories that kids and others consumed, that was " "noncommercial culture. When Noah Webster published his " "<quote>Reader,</quote> or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was commercial " -"culture. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:845 +#: freeculture.xml:754 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1068,13 +1017,23 @@ msgid "" "tapes—were left alone by the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:764 freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:2829 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:7769 freeculture.xml:9614 freeculture.xml:9615 freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:9891 freeculture.xml:9892 freeculture.xml:9935 +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:764 +msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:870 freeculture.xml:1899 freeculture.xml:1910 +#: freeculture.xml:780 freeculture.xml:1916 freeculture.xml:1929 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:862 +#: freeculture.xml:772 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1087,7 +1046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:856 +#: freeculture.xml:766 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1099,20 +1058,40 @@ msgid "" "a controlled part, balanced with the free." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1675 freeculture.xml:5226 freeculture.xml:6451 freeculture.xml:14029 +msgid "free culture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:787 +msgid "permission culture vs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:788 +msgid "permission culture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:788 +msgid "free culture vs." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:882 freeculture.xml:9524 +#: freeculture.xml:794 freeculture.xml:10140 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:880 +#: freeculture.xml:792 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:878 +#: freeculture.xml:790 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1127,8 +1106,13 @@ msgid "" "more and more a permission culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:810 +msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:897 +#: freeculture.xml:812 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1142,7 +1126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:910 +#: freeculture.xml:826 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1163,7 +1147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:929 +#: freeculture.xml:845 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1173,8 +1157,18 @@ msgid "" "to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:854 freeculture.xml:7492 +msgid "Valenti, Jack" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:854 freeculture.xml:7492 +msgid "on creative property rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:946 +#: freeculture.xml:864 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New " @@ -1182,7 +1176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:938 +#: freeculture.xml:856 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1198,7 +1192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:955 +#: freeculture.xml:873 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1209,7 +1203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:963 +#: freeculture.xml:881 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1217,13 +1211,38 @@ msgid "" "culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:6832 freeculture.xml:6945 freeculture.xml:6946 freeculture.xml:6947 freeculture.xml:6992 freeculture.xml:7580 freeculture.xml:8858 freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11434 freeculture.xml:12080 +msgid "Constitution, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:6832 freeculture.xml:7580 freeculture.xml:8858 +msgid "First Amendment to" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:887 freeculture.xml:1052 freeculture.xml:1159 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1572 freeculture.xml:1686 freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:4668 freeculture.xml:4669 freeculture.xml:5270 freeculture.xml:6453 freeculture.xml:6899 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:7295 freeculture.xml:7325 freeculture.xml:7360 freeculture.xml:7474 freeculture.xml:7475 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:7675 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7748 freeculture.xml:7749 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9776 freeculture.xml:10129 freeculture.xml:11083 freeculture.xml:11128 +msgid "copyright law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:887 freeculture.xml:6979 +msgid "as protection of creators" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:888 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7581 freeculture.xml:8859 +msgid "First Amendment" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:14415 +#: freeculture.xml:889 freeculture.xml:899 freeculture.xml:15217 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:975 +#: freeculture.xml:897 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1231,7 +1250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:969 +#: freeculture.xml:891 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1245,7 +1264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:985 +#: freeculture.xml:907 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1258,7 +1277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:997 +#: freeculture.xml:919 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the " "<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1268,7 +1287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1005 +#: freeculture.xml:927 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1279,27 +1298,32 @@ msgid "" "war. We must resolve it soon." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:937 freeculture.xml:13345 freeculture.xml:13428 freeculture.xml:13598 +msgid "intellectual property rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1016 -msgid "" -"Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about " -"<quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as tangible as the " -"Causbys', and no innocent chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas " -"surrounding this <quote>property</quote> are as obvious to most as the " -"Causbys' claim about the sacredness of their farm was to them. We are the " -"Causbys. Most of us take for granted the extraordinarily powerful claims " -"that the owners of <quote>intellectual property</quote> now assert. Most of " -"us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And hence we, like the " -"Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with this property. It is " -"as plain to us as it was to them that the new technologies of the Internet " -"are <quote>trespassing</quote> upon legitimate claims of " -"<quote>property.</quote> It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law " -"should intervene to stop this trespass." +#: freeculture.xml:939 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, " +"in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as " +"tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent chicken has yet to lose its " +"life. Yet the ideas surrounding this <quote>property</quote> are as obvious " +"to most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of their farm was to " +"them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the extraordinarily " +"powerful claims that the owners of <quote>intellectual property</quote> now " +"assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And " +"hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with " +"this property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new " +"technologies of the Internet are <quote>trespassing</quote> upon legitimate " +"claims of <quote>property.</quote> It is as plain to us as it was to them " +"that the law should intervene to stop this trespass." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1034 +#: freeculture.xml:957 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1309,7 +1333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1044 +#: freeculture.xml:968 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1322,7 +1346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1054 +#: freeculture.xml:978 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1331,14 +1355,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1060 +#: freeculture.xml:984 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1064 +#: freeculture.xml:988 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1348,7 +1372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1071 +#: freeculture.xml:995 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1358,7 +1382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1080 +#: freeculture.xml:1004 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1370,15 +1394,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1090 +#: freeculture.xml:1015 msgid "" -"The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> " -"and <quote>property.</quote> My aim in this book's next two parts is to " -"explore these two ideas." +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now " +"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My " +"aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two ideas." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1095 +#: freeculture.xml:1020 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1389,7 +1413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1103 +#: freeculture.xml:1028 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1403,7 +1427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1114 +#: freeculture.xml:1039 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1414,20 +1438,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1124 +#: freeculture.xml:1049 msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1052 freeculture.xml:4669 +msgid "English" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1128 freeculture.xml:4807 +#: freeculture.xml:1053 freeculture.xml:5079 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1054 +msgid "music publishing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1055 freeculture.xml:3177 +msgid "sheet music" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1131 +#: freeculture.xml:1057 msgid "" -"Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " -"a war against <quote>piracy.</quote> The precise contours of this concept, " +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " +"regulating creative property, there has been a war against " +"<quote>piracy.</quote> The precise contours of this concept, " "<quote>piracy,</quote> are hard to sketch, but the animating injustice is " "easy to capture. As Lord Mansfield wrote in a case that extended the reach " "of English copyright law to include sheet music," @@ -1435,23 +1475,38 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1143 +#: freeculture.xml:1069 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1139 +#: freeculture.xml:1065 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " "own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1074 +msgid "efficient content distribution on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:6681 freeculture.xml:11131 +msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1075 +msgid "efficiency of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1462,7 +1517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1158 +#: freeculture.xml:1086 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1472,7 +1527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1166 +#: freeculture.xml:1095 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1483,7 +1538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1174 +#: freeculture.xml:1103 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1493,12 +1548,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1180 +#: freeculture.xml:1109 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1184 +#: freeculture.xml:1113 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1508,13 +1563,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1192 +#: freeculture.xml:1121 +msgid "ASCAP" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1122 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1123 +msgid "Girl Scouts" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1124 freeculture.xml:6950 freeculture.xml:7050 freeculture.xml:7493 +msgid "creative property" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1124 +msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1125 freeculture.xml:2985 +msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1198 +#: freeculture.xml:1131 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1522,12 +1602,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:6936 +#: freeculture.xml:1144 freeculture.xml:7429 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1206 +#: freeculture.xml:1139 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1539,7 +1619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1194 +#: freeculture.xml:1127 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1552,14 +1632,9 @@ msgid "" "<quote>right</quote>—even against the Girl Scouts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1216 -msgid "ASCAP" -msgstr "" - #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1218 +#: freeculture.xml:1151 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1568,8 +1643,23 @@ msgid "" "property. It has never taken hold within our law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1159 freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:7360 freeculture.xml:7675 +msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1342 freeculture.xml:1499 +msgid "creativity" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1160 +msgid "legal restrictions on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1226 +#: freeculture.xml:1162 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1579,7 +1669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1233 +#: freeculture.xml:1169 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1589,7 +1679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1240 +#: freeculture.xml:1177 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1598,18 +1688,23 @@ msgid "" "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1184 +msgid "creativity impeded by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1247 freeculture.xml:1278 +#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1216 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1248 freeculture.xml:1279 +#: freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:1217 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1270 +#: freeculture.xml:1208 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1622,7 +1717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1250 +#: freeculture.xml:1188 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1644,7 +1739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1285 +#: freeculture.xml:1224 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1652,28 +1747,58 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1293 +#: freeculture.xml:1232 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1295 +#: freeculture.xml:1233 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1234 +msgid "cartoon films" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1235 freeculture.xml:5274 freeculture.xml:5308 freeculture.xml:6020 freeculture.xml:6064 +msgid "films" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1235 +msgid "animated" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1236 +msgid "Steamboat Willie" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1237 freeculture.xml:7454 +msgid "Mickey Mouse" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1298 +#: freeculture.xml:1239 msgid "" -"In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " -"in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane " -"Crazy</citetitle>. In November, in New York City's Colony Theater, in the " -"first widely distributed cartoon synchronized with sound, " -"<citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle> brought to life the character that " -"would become Mickey Mouse." +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " +"born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " +"flop called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>. In November, in New York " +"City's Colony Theater, in the first widely distributed cartoon synchronized " +"with sound, <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle> brought to life the " +"character that would become Mickey Mouse." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1462 freeculture.xml:1516 freeculture.xml:1657 freeculture.xml:1903 freeculture.xml:4504 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:7453 freeculture.xml:11024 freeculture.xml:11437 +msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1305 +#: freeculture.xml:1247 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1685,7 +1810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1314 +#: freeculture.xml:1256 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1694,7 +1819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1321 +#: freeculture.xml:1263 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1704,14 +1829,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1334 +#: freeculture.xml:1276 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1328 +#: freeculture.xml:1270 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1720,22 +1845,21 @@ msgid "" "new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1343 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1281 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1340 +#: freeculture.xml:1283 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " -"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1346 +#: freeculture.xml:1288 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1746,8 +1870,18 @@ msgid "" "work of others." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1297 freeculture.xml:1659 +msgid "Keaton, Buster" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1298 freeculture.xml:1529 freeculture.xml:1917 +msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1355 +#: freeculture.xml:1300 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1756,7 +1890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1361 +#: freeculture.xml:1306 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1766,9 +1900,29 @@ msgid "" "genre." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1313 freeculture.xml:1470 freeculture.xml:7264 freeculture.xml:7361 freeculture.xml:7539 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7690 +msgid "derivative works" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1313 freeculture.xml:1470 freeculture.xml:7361 freeculture.xml:7539 +msgid "piracy vs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1314 freeculture.xml:1473 freeculture.xml:2984 freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:7362 freeculture.xml:7540 freeculture.xml:15283 +msgid "piracy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1314 freeculture.xml:1473 freeculture.xml:7362 freeculture.xml:7540 +msgid "derivative work vs." +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1375 +#: freeculture.xml:1322 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1782,7 +1936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1369 +#: freeculture.xml:1316 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1795,9 +1949,19 @@ msgid "" "we get Steamboat Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1342 freeculture.xml:1499 +msgid "by transforming previous works" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1343 freeculture.xml:6237 freeculture.xml:7747 +msgid "Disney, Inc." +msgstr "" + #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1396 +#: freeculture.xml:1349 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1805,7 +1969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1392 +#: freeculture.xml:1345 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1819,8 +1983,13 @@ msgid "" "before him, creating something new out of something just barely old." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1363 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:11025 +msgid "Grimm fairy tales" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1411 +#: freeculture.xml:1365 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1833,7 +2002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1420 +#: freeculture.xml:1374 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1860,7 +2029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1443 +#: freeculture.xml:1397 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1871,9 +2040,34 @@ msgid "" "the culture around us and makes it something different." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4721 freeculture.xml:4722 freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:4826 freeculture.xml:4882 freeculture.xml:4928 freeculture.xml:5063 freeculture.xml:5157 freeculture.xml:6648 freeculture.xml:6948 freeculture.xml:6949 freeculture.xml:6952 freeculture.xml:7021 freeculture.xml:7047 freeculture.xml:7086 freeculture.xml:7209 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7768 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:11106 freeculture.xml:11435 freeculture.xml:11436 +msgid "copyright" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4721 freeculture.xml:4882 freeculture.xml:6949 freeculture.xml:6952 freeculture.xml:7047 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:11436 +msgid "duration of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1409 freeculture.xml:1410 freeculture.xml:5158 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7174 freeculture.xml:8059 freeculture.xml:11016 freeculture.xml:13433 freeculture.xml:14223 freeculture.xml:14224 +msgid "public domain" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1409 +msgid "defined" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1410 +msgid "traditional term for conversion to" +msgstr "" + #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1457 +#: freeculture.xml:1417 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -1887,7 +2081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1451 +#: freeculture.xml:1411 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1901,7 +2095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1474 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1914,7 +2108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1483 +#: freeculture.xml:1445 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1927,16 +2121,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1496 +#: freeculture.xml:1464 msgid "" -"Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on <quote>Walt Disney " -"creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free culture has, until " -"recently, and except within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and " -"quite universal." +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " +"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " +"culture has, until recently, and except within totalitarian nations, been " +"broadly exploited and quite universal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1469 freeculture.xml:1573 freeculture.xml:1687 +msgid "comics, Japanese" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1471 freeculture.xml:1689 +msgid "Japanese comics" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1472 freeculture.xml:1690 +msgid "manga" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1502 +#: freeculture.xml:1475 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -1948,7 +2157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1511 +#: freeculture.xml:1484 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1962,16 +2171,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1522 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " "perspective is quite familiar." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:1688 +msgid "doujinshi comics" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1527 +#: freeculture.xml:1502 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -1988,7 +2202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1542 +#: freeculture.xml:1518 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2001,8 +2215,13 @@ msgid "" "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1572 freeculture.xml:1686 +msgid "Japanese" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1553 +#: freeculture.xml:1531 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2019,20 +2238,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1567 +#: freeculture.xml:1545 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1580 +#: freeculture.xml:1557 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1570 +#: freeculture.xml:1547 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2044,8 +2263,13 @@ msgid "" "from them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1562 +msgid "Superman comics" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1585 +#: freeculture.xml:1564 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2055,9 +2279,14 @@ msgid "" "stick to some parameters which are fifty years old.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1574 +msgid "Mehra, Salil" +msgstr "" + #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1602 +#: freeculture.xml:1584 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2071,7 +2300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1594 +#: freeculture.xml:1576 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2083,7 +2312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1613 +#: freeculture.xml:1598 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2096,7 +2325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1624 +#: freeculture.xml:1611 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2107,7 +2336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1631 +#: freeculture.xml:1618 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2116,12 +2345,16 @@ msgid "" "artists were regularly prosecuted? Would the Japanese gain something " "important if they could end this practice of uncompensated sharing? Does " "piracy here hurt the victims of the piracy, or does it help them? Would " -"lawyers fighting this piracy help their clients or hurt them? Let's pause " -"for a moment." +"lawyers fighting this piracy help their clients or hurt them?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1644 +#: freeculture.xml:1631 +msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1634 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2129,25 +2362,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1661 freeculture.xml:2870 freeculture.xml:4517 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:7322 freeculture.xml:8441 +#: freeculture.xml:1644 freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:7878 freeculture.xml:9003 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1654 -msgid "" -"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " -"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). See " -"also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " -"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " -"<quote>property</quote> rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and " -"trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#: freeculture.xml:1644 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " +"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York " +"University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of " +"Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term " +"accurately describes a set of <quote>property</quote> " +"rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret—but the " +"nature of those rights is very different." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1649 +#: freeculture.xml:1639 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2159,7 +2392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1668 +#: freeculture.xml:1661 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2175,9 +2408,14 @@ msgid "" "because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1675 +msgid "derivative works based on" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1683 +#: freeculture.xml:1677 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2197,7 +2435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1700 +#: freeculture.xml:1701 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2205,8 +2443,13 @@ msgid "" "find it hard to say why." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:4674 freeculture.xml:4806 freeculture.xml:4843 freeculture.xml:5173 +msgid "Shakespeare, William" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1706 +#: freeculture.xml:1714 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2223,7 +2466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1720 +#: freeculture.xml:1728 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2236,7 +2479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1731 +#: freeculture.xml:1740 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2250,7 +2493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1743 +#: freeculture.xml:1752 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2258,40 +2501,45 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1751 +#: freeculture.xml:1761 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1753 -msgid "photography" +#: freeculture.xml:1762 +msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1763 -msgid "Daguerre, Louis" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1763 freeculture.xml:1918 freeculture.xml:1973 freeculture.xml:6759 +msgid "camera technology" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1764 +msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1756 +#: freeculture.xml:1766 msgid "" -"In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " -"producing what we would call <quote>photographs.</quote> Appropriately " -"enough, they were called <quote>daguerreotypes.</quote> The process was " -"complicated and expensive, and the field was thus limited to professionals " -"and a few zealous and wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre " -"Association that helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, " -"by keeping competition down so as to keep prices up.) <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " +"first practical technology for producing what we would call " +"<quote>photographs.</quote> Appropriately enough, they were called " +"<quote>daguerreotypes.</quote> The process was complicated and expensive, " +"and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " +"wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " +"helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " +"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> #: freeculture.xml:1775 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1766 +#: freeculture.xml:1777 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2300,18 +2548,17 @@ msgid "" "be kept wet, the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the " "1870s, dry plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of " "a picture from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it " -"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1778 +#: freeculture.xml:1787 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1781 +#: freeculture.xml:1789 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2323,44 +2570,48 @@ msgid "" "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1955 freeculture.xml:6761 +msgid "Kodak cameras" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1801 +msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1798 +#: freeculture.xml:1808 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1800 -msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1793 +#: freeculture.xml:1803 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " "of its simplicity. <quote>You press the button and we do the " "rest.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in " -"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1817 freeculture.xml:1840 +#: freeculture.xml:1824 freeculture.xml:1850 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1815 +#: freeculture.xml:1824 msgid "" -"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " -"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " +"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1804 +#: freeculture.xml:1813 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2374,18 +2625,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1833 +#: freeculture.xml:1843 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1837 +#: freeculture.xml:1847 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1822 +#: freeculture.xml:1832 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2402,12 +2653,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1855 +#: freeculture.xml:1865 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1844 +#: freeculture.xml:1854 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2421,8 +2672,28 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1868 freeculture.xml:1974 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2370 +msgid "democracy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1868 freeculture.xml:1974 freeculture.xml:2352 +msgid "in technologies of expression" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1869 freeculture.xml:1975 freeculture.xml:2015 freeculture.xml:2354 +msgid "expression, technologies of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1869 freeculture.xml:1975 freeculture.xml:2354 +msgid "democratic" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1859 +#: freeculture.xml:1871 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2436,9 +2707,19 @@ msgid "" "tools could have before." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1884 +msgid "permissions" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1884 +msgid "photography exempted from" +msgstr "" + #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1881 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2448,7 +2729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1872 +#: freeculture.xml:1886 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2460,9 +2741,14 @@ msgid "" "no.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1904 freeculture.xml:9702 +msgid "images, ownership of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1889 +#: freeculture.xml:1906 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2474,12 +2760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1911 +#: freeculture.xml:1930 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1908 +#: freeculture.xml:1927 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2487,7 +2773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1901 +#: freeculture.xml:1920 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2502,7 +2788,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1928 +#: freeculture.xml:1948 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2513,7 +2799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1918 +#: freeculture.xml:1938 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2526,8 +2812,13 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1956 freeculture.xml:9943 +msgid "Napster" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1936 +#: freeculture.xml:1958 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2545,7 +2836,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1953 +#: freeculture.xml:1979 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2556,24 +2847,60 @@ msgid "" "the permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people " "would not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been " "realized. And certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology " -"of expression would have been realized. If you drive through San " -"Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted " -"over with colorful and striking images, and the logo <quote>Just " -"Think!</quote> in place of the name of a school. But there's little that's " -"<quote>just</quote> cerebral in the projects that these busses enable. " -"These buses are filled with technologies that teach kids to tinker with " -"film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather the " -"<quote>film</quote> of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that " -"enables kids to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed " -"culture that they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to " -"more than thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children " -"to learn something about media by doing something with media. By doing, " -"they think. By tinkering, they learn." +"of expression would have been realized." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1995 freeculture.xml:6760 +msgid "digital cameras" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1996 +msgid "Just Think!" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:1998 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " +"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " +"colorful and striking images, and the logo <quote>Just Think!</quote> in " +"place of the name of a school. But there's little that's <quote>just</quote> " +"cerebral in the projects that these busses enable. These buses are filled " +"with technologies that teach kids to tinker with film. Not the film of " +"Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather the <quote>film</quote> of " +"digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids to make films, " +"as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that they find all " +"around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than thirty schools and " +"enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn something about media " +"by doing something with media. By doing, they think. By tinkering, they " +"learn." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2013 freeculture.xml:2812 +msgid "education" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2013 +msgid "in media literacy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2014 +msgid "media literacy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2015 +msgid "media literacy and" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:2023 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2582,7 +2909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1980 +#: freeculture.xml:2017 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2596,23 +2923,24 @@ msgid "" "literacy.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2033 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1998 +#: freeculture.xml:2036 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " "and deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the " "way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the " -"way people access it.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"way people access it.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2006 +#: freeculture.xml:2044 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2621,13 +2949,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:6357 freeculture.xml:7186 freeculture.xml:8272 freeculture.xml:8344 +#: freeculture.xml:2049 freeculture.xml:2601 freeculture.xml:6756 freeculture.xml:7728 freeculture.xml:8825 freeculture.xml:8879 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2050 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:8826 +msgid "commercials" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2051 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:8827 freeculture.xml:8861 freeculture.xml:15281 +msgid "television" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2051 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:8827 +msgid "advertising on" +msgstr "" + #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2017 +#: freeculture.xml:2057 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2636,7 +2979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2013 +#: freeculture.xml:2053 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2649,7 +2992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2028 +#: freeculture.xml:2068 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2662,7 +3005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2038 +#: freeculture.xml:2079 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2673,22 +3016,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2045 -msgid "Crichton, Michael" +#: freeculture.xml:2086 freeculture.xml:2102 freeculture.xml:2208 +msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:2119 freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2568 -msgid "Barish, Stephanie" +#: freeculture.xml:2087 +msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2060 -msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2101 freeculture.xml:2161 freeculture.xml:2168 freeculture.xml:2241 freeculture.xml:2664 +msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2057 +#: freeculture.xml:2099 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2697,7 +3040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2071 +#: freeculture.xml:2113 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -2707,7 +3050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2047 +#: freeculture.xml:2089 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2726,12 +3069,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2078 +#: freeculture.xml:2120 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2080 +#: freeculture.xml:2122 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -2741,7 +3084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2087 +#: freeculture.xml:2129 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2750,7 +3093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2094 +#: freeculture.xml:2136 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2759,7 +3102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2102 +#: freeculture.xml:2144 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -2767,18 +3110,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2118 +#: freeculture.xml:2160 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:3882 freeculture.xml:4926 freeculture.xml:8160 +#: freeculture.xml:2165 freeculture.xml:4047 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:8714 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2107 +#: freeculture.xml:2149 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2792,7 +3135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2128 +#: freeculture.xml:2170 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2806,7 +3149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2140 +#: freeculture.xml:2183 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2817,7 +3160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2148 +#: freeculture.xml:2191 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -2838,7 +3181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2167 +#: freeculture.xml:2212 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -2850,7 +3193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2178 +#: freeculture.xml:2223 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2871,7 +3214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2197 +#: freeculture.xml:2243 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -2882,7 +3225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2204 +#: freeculture.xml:2250 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2890,21 +3233,37 @@ msgid "" "to understand that they had a lot of power with this language." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2264 freeculture.xml:2323 freeculture.xml:6049 +msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2265 +msgid "World Trade Center" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2266 freeculture.xml:5969 +msgid "news coverage" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2215 +#: freeculture.xml:2268 msgid "" -"When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " -"Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " -"shifted to this news. Every moment of just about every day for that week, " -"and for weeks after, television in particular, and media generally, retold " -"the story of the events we had just witnessed. The telling was a retelling, " -"because we had seen the events that were described. The genius of this awful " -"act of terrorism was that the delayed second attack was perfectly timed to " -"assure that the whole world would be watching." +"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " +"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " +"field, all media around the world shifted to this news. Every moment of just " +"about every day for that week, and for weeks after, television in " +"particular, and media generally, retold the story of the events we had just " +"witnessed. The telling was a retelling, because we had seen the events that " +"were described. The genius of this awful act of terrorism was that the " +"delayed second attack was perfectly timed to assure that the whole world " +"would be watching." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2226 +#: freeculture.xml:2280 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2915,17 +3274,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2233 freeculture.xml:8099 freeculture.xml:8338 +#: freeculture.xml:2287 freeculture.xml:8653 freeculture.xml:8873 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2234 +#: freeculture.xml:2288 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2236 +#: freeculture.xml:2290 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -2942,7 +3301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2250 +#: freeculture.xml:2305 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2953,7 +3312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2260 +#: freeculture.xml:2315 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2964,8 +3323,23 @@ msgid "" "practically instantaneously." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2324 freeculture.xml:2419 freeculture.xml:2558 +msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2325 freeculture.xml:2421 +msgid "blogs on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2326 freeculture.xml:2422 +msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2269 +#: freeculture.xml:2328 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2976,8 +3350,18 @@ msgid "" "Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2336 freeculture.xml:2405 +msgid "political discourse" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2337 +msgid "public discourse conducted on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2278 +#: freeculture.xml:2339 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2992,9 +3376,14 @@ msgid "" "most important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2353 +msgid "elections" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2292 +#: freeculture.xml:2356 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3005,9 +3394,24 @@ msgid "" "and routinized. Most of us think this is democracy." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2369 +msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2370 +msgid "public discourse in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2371 +msgid "jury system" +msgstr "" + #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2318 +#: freeculture.xml:2388 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3015,7 +3419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2303 +#: freeculture.xml:2373 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3035,14 +3439,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2327 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2323 +#: freeculture.xml:2394 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3054,14 +3458,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2342 +#: freeculture.xml:2414 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2335 +#: freeculture.xml:2407 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3072,9 +3476,14 @@ msgid "" "our friends want to hear, and hear very little beyond what our friends say." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2420 +msgid "e-mail" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2348 +#: freeculture.xml:2427 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3085,7 +3494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2359 +#: freeculture.xml:2438 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3095,35 +3504,50 @@ msgid "" "political cover political issues when the occasion merits." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2371 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2445 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2367 +#: freeculture.xml:2447 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " "blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an " -"effect. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"effect." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2452 +msgid "Lott, Trent" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2453 +msgid "Thurmond, Strom" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2454 +msgid "blog pressure on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2455 +msgid "news events on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2385 +#: freeculture.xml:2468 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2388 -msgid "Lott, Trent" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2374 +#: freeculture.xml:2457 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3134,12 +3558,16 @@ msgid "" "bloggers kept researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of " "the same <quote>misspeaking</quote> emerged. Finally, the story broke back " "into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate " -"majority leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"majority leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2472 freeculture.xml:2506 +msgid "commercial imperatives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2391 +#: freeculture.xml:2474 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3147,8 +3575,13 @@ msgid "" "readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2481 +msgid "peer-generated rankings on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2398 +#: freeculture.xml:2483 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3159,13 +3592,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2407 +#: freeculture.xml:2492 +msgid "journalism" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2493 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2410 +#: freeculture.xml:2495 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3178,18 +3616,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2420 freeculture.xml:2473 +#: freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2555 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2556 freeculture.xml:5913 +msgid "Iraq war" +msgstr "" + #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2428 +#: freeculture.xml:2516 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2422 +#: freeculture.xml:2510 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3207,7 +3650,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2446 +#: freeculture.xml:2536 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3217,7 +3660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2438 +#: freeculture.xml:2528 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3233,28 +3676,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2474 +#: freeculture.xml:2557 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2465 -msgid "" -"See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> " -"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (<quote>Not " -"all news organizations have been as accepting of employees who blog. Kevin " -"Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a blog about his reporting of " -"the war on March 9, stopped posting 12 days later at his bosses' " -"request. Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> " -"reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a " -"pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was " -"covering.</quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +#: freeculture.xml:2555 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's " +"Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 " +"September 2003, C4. (<quote>Not all news organizations have been as " +"accepting of employees who blog. Kevin Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq " +"who started a blog about his reporting of the war on March 9, stopped " +"posting 12 days later at his bosses' request. Last year Steve Olafson, a " +"<citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> reporter, was fired for keeping a " +"personal Web log, published under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the " +"issues and people he was covering.</quote>)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2458 +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3271,7 +3715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2486 +#: freeculture.xml:2579 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3287,21 +3731,22 @@ msgid "" "something extraordinary to report." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2502 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2600 freeculture.xml:6747 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2508 +#: freeculture.xml:2603 msgid "" -"John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " -"as his Web site describes it, is <quote>human learning and … the " -"creation of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.</quote>" +"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " +"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " +"<quote>human learning and … the creation of knowledge ecologies for " +"creating … innovation.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2513 +#: freeculture.xml:2609 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3311,7 +3756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2616 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3326,7 +3771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2533 +#: freeculture.xml:2629 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3336,7 +3781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2540 +#: freeculture.xml:2636 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3348,7 +3793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2548 +#: freeculture.xml:2644 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3360,7 +3805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2557 +#: freeculture.xml:2653 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3375,7 +3820,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2570 +#: freeculture.xml:2666 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3384,7 +3829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2578 +#: freeculture.xml:2674 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3397,7 +3842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2594 +#: freeculture.xml:2690 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3406,7 +3851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2587 +#: freeculture.xml:2683 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3419,7 +3864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2602 +#: freeculture.xml:2698 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3427,7 +3872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2607 +#: freeculture.xml:2703 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3437,7 +3882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2615 +#: freeculture.xml:2711 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3446,7 +3891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2621 +#: freeculture.xml:2717 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3454,32 +3899,58 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2628 +#: freeculture.xml:2724 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2725 freeculture.xml:2769 freeculture.xml:9617 +msgid "Jordan, Jesse" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2629 +#: freeculture.xml:2726 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:2631 +#: freeculture.xml:2726 freeculture.xml:2727 freeculture.xml:2728 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2728 +msgid "computer network search engine of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2729 +msgid "search engines" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2730 +msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2731 +msgid "search engines used on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2634 +#: freeculture.xml:2733 msgid "" -"In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " -"freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " -"at RPI was information technology. Though he is not a programmer, in October " -"Jesse decided to begin to tinker with search engine technology that was " -"available on the RPI network." +"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " +"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " +"Institute, in Troy, New York. His major at RPI was information " +"technology. Though he is not a programmer, in October Jesse decided to begin " +"to tinker with search engine technology that was available on the RPI " +"network." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2641 +#: freeculture.xml:2741 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3490,7 +3961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2649 +#: freeculture.xml:2749 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3499,9 +3970,14 @@ msgid "" "access to other members of the RPI community." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:2811 +msgid "Google" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2656 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3514,8 +3990,18 @@ msgid "" "well." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2770 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3689 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:5505 freeculture.xml:8189 freeculture.xml:13532 freeculture.xml:13601 +msgid "Microsoft" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2770 +msgid "network file system of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2668 +#: freeculture.xml:2772 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3526,7 +4012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2677 +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3540,7 +4026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2689 +#: freeculture.xml:2795 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3551,7 +4037,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2696 +#: freeculture.xml:2803 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3560,8 +4046,13 @@ msgid "" "made available in a public folder of their computer." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2812 +msgid "tinkering as means of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2705 +#: freeculture.xml:2814 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3577,8 +4068,38 @@ msgid "" "supposed to do." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:9615 freeculture.xml:9892 +msgid "in recording industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2829 +msgid "against student file sharing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:4260 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:9893 freeculture.xml:10304 freeculture.xml:10305 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10462 +msgid "recording industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:9893 +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:9894 freeculture.xml:10307 freeculture.xml:10308 freeculture.xml:10460 +msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:9894 +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2720 +#: freeculture.xml:2834 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3589,7 +4110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2729 +#: freeculture.xml:2843 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -3603,9 +4124,34 @@ msgid "" "majority of which had nothing to do with music." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9614 freeculture.xml:9891 +msgid "exaggerated claims of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2857 +msgid "statutory damages of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2858 +msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2859 +msgid "statutory damages" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2860 +msgid "intimidation tactics of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2742 +#: freeculture.xml:2862 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -3617,9 +4163,19 @@ msgid "" "that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2872 +msgid "Michigan Technical University" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2873 +msgid "Princeton University" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2765 +#: freeculture.xml:2887 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -3627,7 +4183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2753 +#: freeculture.xml:2875 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3642,7 +4198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2772 +#: freeculture.xml:2894 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3651,12 +4207,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2778 +#: freeculture.xml:2900 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2780 +#: freeculture.xml:2902 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3669,9 +4225,14 @@ msgid "" "saved." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2912 +msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2791 +#: freeculture.xml:2914 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3683,25 +4244,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2801 +#: freeculture.xml:2924 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:3157 freeculture.xml:4078 freeculture.xml:5171 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:9581 freeculture.xml:9682 freeculture.xml:9856 freeculture.xml:14378 freeculture.xml:14446 +#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:5514 freeculture.xml:5563 freeculture.xml:10202 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10461 freeculture.xml:10484 freeculture.xml:15182 freeculture.xml:15247 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2806 freeculture.xml:3158 freeculture.xml:4079 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:9683 freeculture.xml:9857 freeculture.xml:14379 freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:10202 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10461 freeculture.xml:10484 freeculture.xml:15182 freeculture.xml:15247 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:10304 freeculture.xml:10462 +msgid "artist remuneration in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:10308 +msgid "lobbying power of" +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2817 +#: freeculture.xml:2939 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3710,7 +4281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2825 +#: freeculture.xml:2947 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -3718,7 +4289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2809 +#: freeculture.xml:2931 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3732,7 +4303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2830 +#: freeculture.xml:2954 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3740,7 +4311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2837 +#: freeculture.xml:2961 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3749,7 +4320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2844 +#: freeculture.xml:2968 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3759,40 +4330,44 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2853 +#: freeculture.xml:2983 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2984 +msgid "in development of content industry" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2855 +#: freeculture.xml:2987 msgid "" -"If <quote>piracy</quote> means using the creative property of others without " -"their permission—if <quote>if value, then right</quote> is " -"true—then the history of the content industry is a history of " -"piracy. Every important sector of <quote>big media</quote> today—film, " -"records, radio, and cable TV—was born of a kind of piracy so " -"defined. The consistent story is how last generation's pirates join this " -"generation's country club—until now." +"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " +"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " +"value, then right</quote> is true—then the history of the content " +"industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of <quote>big " +"media</quote> today—film, records, radio, and cable TV—was born " +"of a kind of piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last " +"generation's pirates join this generation's country club—until now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2863 +#: freeculture.xml:2998 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2867 +#: freeculture.xml:3002 msgid "" -"I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " -"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details Edison's " -"<quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " +"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details " +"Edison's <quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2865 +#: freeculture.xml:3000 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3806,12 +4381,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2883 +#: freeculture.xml:3018 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:3022 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3821,9 +4396,28 @@ msgid "" "imported film stock to create their own underground market." msgstr "" -#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3030 +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3031 +msgid "General Film Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3032 freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4486 freeculture.xml:10350 +msgid "Picker, Randal C." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3056 freeculture.xml:4485 freeculture.xml:10070 freeculture.xml:10183 +msgid "broadcast flag" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2907 +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -3835,26 +4429,11 @@ msgid "" "to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the " "Propertization of Copyright</quote> (September 2002), University of Chicago " "Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper " -"No. 159." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2918 -msgid "Fox, William" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2919 -msgid "General Film Company" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2920 freeculture.xml:3177 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:9726 -msgid "Picker, Randal C." +"No. 159. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2896 +#: freeculture.xml:3034 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3865,14 +4444,12 @@ msgid "" "effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film " "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2930 +#: freeculture.xml:3067 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -3880,7 +4457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2924 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -3895,7 +4472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2940 +#: freeculture.xml:3077 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3906,29 +4483,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2951 +#: freeculture.xml:3088 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:4256 +msgid "on music recordings" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 +#: freeculture.xml:3091 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2957 +#: freeculture.xml:3094 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2959 +#: freeculture.xml:3095 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2961 +#: freeculture.xml:3097 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3940,13 +4522,13 @@ msgid "" "it publicly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2970 freeculture.xml:3118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3106 freeculture.xml:3244 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2972 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -3966,12 +4548,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2995 freeculture.xml:3012 +#: freeculture.xml:3131 freeculture.xml:3148 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2991 +#: freeculture.xml:3127 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -3979,10 +4561,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3006 +#: freeculture.xml:3142 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " -"and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " +"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " "sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " "chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright " "Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South " @@ -3991,7 +4573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2999 +#: freeculture.xml:3135 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4001,9 +4583,14 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3152 +msgid "Sousa, John Philip" +msgstr "" + #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3021 +#: freeculture.xml:3158 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4011,7 +4598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3027 +#: freeculture.xml:3164 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4019,14 +4606,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3034 +#: freeculture.xml:3171 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3017 +#: freeculture.xml:3154 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4038,9 +4625,44 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3175 +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3176 +msgid "player pianos" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4254 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:6959 freeculture.xml:7048 freeculture.xml:7162 freeculture.xml:7163 freeculture.xml:10301 freeculture.xml:10302 freeculture.xml:10303 freeculture.xml:11081 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:12079 +msgid "Congress, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:4254 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:7048 freeculture.xml:7162 freeculture.xml:10301 +msgid "on copyright laws" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:10303 +msgid "on recording industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:10129 +msgid "statutory licenses in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3181 +msgid "statutory license system in" +msgstr "" + #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3047 +#: freeculture.xml:3191 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4049,20 +4671,15 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3058 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " "Graphophone Company Association)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3062 -msgid "American Graphophone Company" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3039 +#: freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4075,13 +4692,17 @@ msgid "" "are.</quote> <quote>All talk about `theft,'</quote> the general counsel of " "the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for " "there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as " -"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3207 +msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3065 +#: freeculture.xml:3209 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4095,8 +4716,18 @@ msgid "" "so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3223 +msgid "compulsory license" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3224 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:10128 +msgid "statutory licenses" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3080 +#: freeculture.xml:3226 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4107,28 +4738,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3095 freeculture.xml:14079 +#: freeculture.xml:3233 freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3088 +#: freeculture.xml:3235 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " "publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants " "for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, " "and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's " -"work except with permission of Grisham. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"work except with permission of Grisham." msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3112 +#: freeculture.xml:3260 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " -"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " +"H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " "217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " "<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, " "E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman " @@ -4136,7 +4766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3098 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4148,12 +4778,11 @@ msgid "" "gets access to a much wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress " "was quite explicit about its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was " "the monopoly power of rights holders, and that that power would stifle " -"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3271 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4162,7 +4791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3143 +#: freeculture.xml:3293 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4170,7 +4799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3278 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4187,29 +4816,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3150 +#: freeculture.xml:3304 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:4256 +#: freeculture.xml:3309 freeculture.xml:4450 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:10305 +msgid "radio broadcast and" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3161 +#: freeculture.xml:3313 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3176 +#: freeculture.xml:3328 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3167 +#: freeculture.xml:3319 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4226,7 +4860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3164 +#: freeculture.xml:3316 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4237,13 +4871,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3194 freeculture.xml:8804 freeculture.xml:9265 freeculture.xml:12221 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:9371 freeculture.xml:9846 freeculture.xml:12927 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3184 +#: freeculture.xml:3336 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4258,7 +4892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3199 +#: freeculture.xml:3351 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4268,12 +4902,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3207 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:6111 +#: freeculture.xml:3358 freeculture.xml:3865 freeculture.xml:6470 freeculture.xml:6486 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3210 +#: freeculture.xml:3360 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4282,7 +4916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3216 +#: freeculture.xml:3366 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4294,7 +4928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3227 +#: freeculture.xml:3378 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4305,18 +4939,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3237 freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:3388 freeculture.xml:4456 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:4276 freeculture.xml:8550 freeculture.xml:8589 freeculture.xml:15280 +msgid "cable television" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3240 +#: freeculture.xml:3391 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3243 +#: freeculture.xml:3394 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4328,22 +4967,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3253 +#: freeculture.xml:3404 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3254 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3255 freeculture.xml:3266 +#: freeculture.xml:3406 freeculture.xml:3417 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3261 +#: freeculture.xml:3412 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4354,14 +4993,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3273 +#: freeculture.xml:3424 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3257 +#: freeculture.xml:3408 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -4376,14 +5015,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3284 +#: freeculture.xml:3435 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3280 +#: freeculture.xml:3431 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4391,13 +5030,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3290 +#: freeculture.xml:3441 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3299 +#: freeculture.xml:3450 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4405,7 +5044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3294 +#: freeculture.xml:3445 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4414,12 +5053,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3305 freeculture.xml:3313 +#: freeculture.xml:3456 freeculture.xml:3464 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3311 +#: freeculture.xml:3462 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4427,7 +5066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3307 +#: freeculture.xml:3458 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -4435,19 +5074,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3318 +#: freeculture.xml:3469 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:3336 +#: freeculture.xml:3485 freeculture.xml:3487 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3332 +#: freeculture.xml:3483 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4455,7 +5094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3323 +#: freeculture.xml:3474 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4467,14 +5106,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3340 +#: freeculture.xml:3491 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3344 +#: freeculture.xml:3495 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -4490,7 +5129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3361 +#: freeculture.xml:3514 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4501,36 +5140,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3356 +#: freeculture.xml:3509 msgid "" -"These separate stories sing a common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means " -"using value from someone else's creative property without permission from " -"that creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> " -"industry affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a " -"certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. … The list is " -"long and could well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from " -"the last. Every generation—until now." +"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " +"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " +"creative property without permission from that creator—as it is " +"increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"— then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry affected by copyright today " +"is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, " +"radio, cable TV. … The list is long and could well be expanded. Every " +"generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—until " +"now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3378 +#: freeculture.xml:3531 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3380 +#: freeculture.xml:3533 msgid "" -"There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " -"many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " -"taking of other people's content within a commercial context. Despite the " -"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is " -"wrong. No one should condone it, and the law should stop it." +"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " +"material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " +"is commercial piracy, the unauthorized taking of other people's content " +"within a commercial context. Despite the many justifications that are " +"offered in its defense, this taking is wrong. No one should condone it, and " +"the law should stop it." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3388 +#: freeculture.xml:3541 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -4542,18 +5183,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3398 +#: freeculture.xml:3551 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3399 freeculture.xml:3478 freeculture.xml:3527 freeculture.xml:14478 +#: freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:3632 freeculture.xml:3682 freeculture.xml:15282 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3553 freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:9847 freeculture.xml:10702 freeculture.xml:14673 freeculture.xml:15264 +msgid "CDs" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3553 +msgid "foreign piracy of" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3407 +#: freeculture.xml:3561 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4563,7 +5214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3401 +#: freeculture.xml:3555 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4575,7 +5226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3417 +#: freeculture.xml:3571 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4583,7 +5234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3423 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4595,7 +5246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3432 +#: freeculture.xml:3586 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4608,28 +5259,28 @@ msgid "" "legal wrong as well." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3443 +#: freeculture.xml:3597 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " -"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose <beginpage " -"pagenum=\"77\"/> not to protect copyright internationally. We may have been " -"born a pirate nation, but we will not allow any other nation to have a " -"similar childhood." +"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " +"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, " +"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3471 +#: freeculture.xml:3625 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3472 freeculture.xml:12510 freeculture.xml:12953 freeculture.xml:12960 +#: freeculture.xml:3626 freeculture.xml:13219 freeculture.xml:13710 freeculture.xml:13717 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3610 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4649,7 +5300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3451 +#: freeculture.xml:3605 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4661,12 +5312,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3493 freeculture.xml:3761 freeculture.xml:14622 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 freeculture.xml:3921 freeculture.xml:15430 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3486 +#: freeculture.xml:3640 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -4679,7 +5330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3634 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4689,7 +5340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3497 +#: freeculture.xml:3651 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4705,7 +5356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3510 +#: freeculture.xml:3665 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4723,33 +5374,48 @@ msgid "" "means." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:15283 +msgid "in Asia" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:13530 freeculture.xml:14116 +msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3540 freeculture.xml:3568 freeculture.xml:11342 freeculture.xml:12834 freeculture.xml:13387 +#: freeculture.xml:3685 freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:12011 freeculture.xml:13545 freeculture.xml:14172 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3541 freeculture.xml:3571 freeculture.xml:11344 freeculture.xml:12835 freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:12013 freeculture.xml:13546 freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3543 -msgid "Microsoft" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3687 +msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3544 -msgid "Windows operating system of" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3688 +msgid "Windows" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3546 -msgid "Windows" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3689 +msgid "international software piracy of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3690 +msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3529 +#: freeculture.xml:3692 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -4761,13 +5427,21 @@ msgid "" "Microsoft, Microsoft benefits from the piracy. If instead of pirating " "Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the free GNU/Linux operating system, " "then these Chinese users would not eventually be buying Microsoft. Without " -"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:4743 freeculture.xml:4967 freeculture.xml:6454 freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6665 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:14204 +msgid "law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:14204 +msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3549 +#: freeculture.xml:3706 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4777,18 +5451,18 @@ msgid "" "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3569 -msgid "Internet Explorer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3713 +msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3570 -msgid "Netscape" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3714 +msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3557 +#: freeculture.xml:3718 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4799,15 +5473,12 @@ msgid "" "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " -"access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"access, then violating the law is still wrong." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3732 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4819,7 +5490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3585 +#: freeculture.xml:3742 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -4832,7 +5503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3594 +#: freeculture.xml:3751 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4841,7 +5512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3600 +#: freeculture.xml:3757 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4850,20 +5521,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3606 +#: freeculture.xml:3763 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3612 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3617 +#: freeculture.xml:3774 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -4871,7 +5542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3614 +#: freeculture.xml:3771 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -4880,44 +5551,50 @@ msgid "" "either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3640 freeculture.xml:8229 -msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3782 freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:9777 +msgid "innovation" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3631 -msgid "" -"See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " -"Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do " -"Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000). Professor Christensen " -"examines why companies that give rise to and dominate a product area are " -"frequently unable to come up with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses " -"for their own products. This job usually falls to outside innovators, who " -"reassemble existing technology in inventive ways. For a discussion of " -"Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, " -"89–92, 139. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3783 +msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3643 -msgid "Fanning, Shawn" +#: freeculture.xml:3800 freeculture.xml:8783 +msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:3790 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " +"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " +"That Changed the Way We Do Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, " +"2000). Professor Christensen examines why companies that give rise to and " +"dominate a product area are frequently unable to come up with the most " +"creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This job usually " +"falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology in inventive " +"ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, " +"<citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89–92, 139. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3626 +#: freeculture.xml:3785 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " "every great advance in innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the " "Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), Shawn Fanning " "and crew had simply put together components that had been developed " -"independently. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"independently." msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3651 +#: freeculture.xml:3810 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -4931,7 +5608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3646 +#: freeculture.xml:3805 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4947,7 +5624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3673 +#: freeculture.xml:3832 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -4958,14 +5635,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3682 +#: freeculture.xml:3841 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3667 +#: freeculture.xml:3826 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4981,7 +5658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3691 +#: freeculture.xml:3850 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4993,14 +5670,15 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3701 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" +#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3707 +#: freeculture.xml:3868 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5008,12 +5686,12 @@ msgid "" "takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available " "for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who " "would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " -"of purchasing. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"of purchasing." msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3718 +#: freeculture.xml:3878 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5026,7 +5704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3889 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5045,26 +5723,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3746 +#: freeculture.xml:3906 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3752 +#: freeculture.xml:3912 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3760 +#: freeculture.xml:3920 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3915 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5078,7 +5756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3771 +#: freeculture.xml:3931 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5088,26 +5766,35 @@ msgid "" "<quote>devastating</quote> the industry." msgstr "" -#. f10 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:3947 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:8349 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:10126 freeculture.xml:14990 +msgid "cassette recording" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:8349 freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:10126 freeculture.xml:10127 freeculture.xml:14990 freeculture.xml:14991 +msgid "VCRs" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3786 -msgid "" -"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " -"Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " -"describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding practice of " -"cassette taping in the 1970s, including an advertising campaign featuring a " -"cassette-shape skull and the caption <quote>Home taping is killing " -"music.</quote> At the time digital audio tape became a threat, the Office of " -"Technical Assessment conducted a survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 " -"percent of consumers older than ten had taped music to a cassette " -"format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, " -"<citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the " +#: freeculture.xml:3947 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " +"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " +"Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report describes the music industry's " +"effort to stigmatize the budding practice of cassette taping in the 1970s, " +"including an advertising campaign featuring a cassette-shape skull and the " +"caption <quote>Home taping is killing music.</quote> At the time digital " +"audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a " +"survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten " +"had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology " +"Assessment, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the " "Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing " "Office, October 1989), 145–56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3779 +#: freeculture.xml:3940 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5121,14 +5808,19 @@ msgid "" "the answer." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3965 +msgid "MTV" +msgstr "" + #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3812 +#: freeculture.xml:3975 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3804 +#: freeculture.xml:3967 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5140,7 +5832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3816 +#: freeculture.xml:3980 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5153,7 +5845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3826 +#: freeculture.xml:3990 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5164,8 +5856,13 @@ msgid "" "little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4000 +msgid "sales levels of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3837 +#: freeculture.xml:4002 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5174,7 +5871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3846 +#: freeculture.xml:4011 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5192,12 +5889,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3873 +#: freeculture.xml:4038 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3870 +#: freeculture.xml:4035 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5206,7 +5903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3842 +#: freeculture.xml:4007 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5227,7 +5924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3888 +#: freeculture.xml:4053 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5238,7 +5935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3896 +#: freeculture.xml:4061 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5256,7 +5953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3911 +#: freeculture.xml:4077 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5265,7 +5962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3923 +#: freeculture.xml:4089 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5276,7 +5973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:4083 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5289,23 +5986,32 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available." msgstr "" -#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:4155 freeculture.xml:4667 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:6129 freeculture.xml:6181 freeculture.xml:7148 freeculture.xml:7149 freeculture.xml:7535 freeculture.xml:7609 freeculture.xml:7893 freeculture.xml:14376 freeculture.xml:15102 freeculture.xml:15103 +msgid "books" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:7148 freeculture.xml:15103 +msgid "resales of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3943 +#: freeculture.xml:4110 msgid "" -"While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " -"existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " -"an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The " -"Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#19</ulink>. Used records accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See " -"National Association of Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey " -"Results,</quote> available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " +"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " +"were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, an increase of 20 percent " +"since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The " +"Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Used records " +"accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National Association of " +"Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey Results,</quote> " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3937 +#: freeculture.xml:4104 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5319,13 +6025,23 @@ msgid "" "they don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:6129 freeculture.xml:7149 freeculture.xml:15102 +msgid "out of print" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3963 +#: freeculture.xml:4132 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4133 freeculture.xml:7610 +msgid "books on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3965 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5341,7 +6057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3978 +#: freeculture.xml:4148 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5351,9 +6067,24 @@ msgid "" "well?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4155 freeculture.xml:14376 +msgid "free on-line releases of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4156 +msgid "Doctorow, Cory" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4157 +msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3986 +#: freeculture.xml:4159 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5371,7 +6102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4003 +#: freeculture.xml:4177 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5380,7 +6111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4009 +#: freeculture.xml:4183 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -5390,7 +6121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4016 +#: freeculture.xml:4191 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -5406,7 +6137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4030 +#: freeculture.xml:4205 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -5414,7 +6145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4047 +#: freeculture.xml:4222 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5425,7 +6156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4034 +#: freeculture.xml:4209 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5438,7 +6169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4058 +#: freeculture.xml:4233 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5452,7 +6183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4069 +#: freeculture.xml:4244 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5463,8 +6194,28 @@ msgid "" "less." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4253 +msgid "composers, copyright protections of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4258 +msgid "music recordings played on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4260 +msgid "copyright protections in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4263 +msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4082 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -5478,7 +6229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4094 +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5489,7 +6240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4104 +#: freeculture.xml:4289 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5507,12 +6258,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4119 +#: freeculture.xml:4307 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4121 +#: freeculture.xml:4310 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5529,7 +6280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4134 +#: freeculture.xml:4324 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5544,9 +6295,14 @@ msgid "" "wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4339 +msgid "on VCR technology" +msgstr "" + #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4156 +#: freeculture.xml:4348 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5556,13 +6312,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4168 +#: freeculture.xml:4360 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4173 +#: freeculture.xml:4365 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5570,14 +6326,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 +#: freeculture.xml:4376 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4149 +#: freeculture.xml:4341 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -5590,33 +6346,33 @@ msgid "" "by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the " "future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of " "basic economics and plain common sense.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, percent of " -"VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent " +"of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would later hold was " "not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the " -"means of an exemption from copyright infringementwithout creating a " -"mechanism to compensate copyrightowners,</quote> Valenti testified, Congress " -"would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their property: the " -"exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it " -"and thereby profit from its reproduction.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +"means of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a " +"mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, " +"Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their " +"property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, " +"who may copy it and thereby profit from its " +"reproduction.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4201 +#: freeculture.xml:4394 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4204 +#: freeculture.xml:4397 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4189 +#: freeculture.xml:4382 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5633,7 +6389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4207 +#: freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5642,14 +6398,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4226 +#: freeculture.xml:4419 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4216 +#: freeculture.xml:4409 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5660,7 +6416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4231 +#: freeculture.xml:4425 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5670,77 +6426,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4242 +#: freeculture.xml:4436 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4243 +#: freeculture.xml:4437 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4244 +#: freeculture.xml:4438 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4245 +#: freeculture.xml:4439 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4250 +#: freeculture.xml:4444 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4251 +#: freeculture.xml:4445 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:4264 freeculture.xml:4270 +#: freeculture.xml:4446 freeculture.xml:4458 freeculture.xml:4464 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:4265 +#: freeculture.xml:4447 freeculture.xml:4459 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4257 +#: freeculture.xml:4451 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#: freeculture.xml:4452 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:4271 +#: freeculture.xml:4453 freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4457 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4268 +#: freeculture.xml:4462 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4269 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4281 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5753,11 +6509,11 @@ msgid "" "Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, <quote>From " "Edison to the Broadcast Flag,</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law " "Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4278 +#: freeculture.xml:4472 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5767,7 +6523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4298 +#: freeculture.xml:4493 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5781,7 +6537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4310 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5793,16 +6549,21 @@ msgid "" "every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get permission to record a song?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4517 +msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" +msgstr "" + #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4327 +#: freeculture.xml:4524 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4322 +#: freeculture.xml:4519 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5816,7 +6577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4338 +#: freeculture.xml:4535 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5833,7 +6594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4362 +#: freeculture.xml:4559 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -5841,7 +6602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4354 +#: freeculture.xml:4551 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5849,20 +6610,25 @@ msgid "" "develop, they could make the network vastly more efficient. Yet these " "<quote>potential public benefits,</quote> as John Schwartz writes in " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, <quote>could be delayed in the " -"P2P fight.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Yet when anyone " -"begins to talk about <quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a " -"different argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and " -"incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our " -"content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our " -"<emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to " -"`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling the " -"police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress deliberate at " -"all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car thief had a " -"good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>" +"P2P fight.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4376 +#: freeculture.xml:4564 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " +"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " +"argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> " +"they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the " +"warriors insist, <quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we " +"wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait " +"before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should " +"Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether " +"the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:4576 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -5870,22 +6636,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4385 +#: freeculture.xml:4585 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4390 +#: freeculture.xml:4590 msgid "" -"The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " -"be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " -"copyright owner gets to hold out for any price he wants. Markets reckon the " -"supply and demand that partially determine the price she can get." +"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " +"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " +"protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the copyright owner gets to hold out " +"for any price he wants. Markets reckon the supply and demand that partially " +"determine the price she can get." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4397 +#: freeculture.xml:4597 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -5898,9 +6665,14 @@ msgid "" "it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4608 freeculture.xml:6415 freeculture.xml:14363 +msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4422 +#: freeculture.xml:4623 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -5908,7 +6680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4409 +#: freeculture.xml:4610 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5923,8 +6695,13 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4628 +msgid "intangibility of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4428 +#: freeculture.xml:4630 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5934,7 +6711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4441 +#: freeculture.xml:4643 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5946,7 +6723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4436 +#: freeculture.xml:4638 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5956,7 +6733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4451 +#: freeculture.xml:4653 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -5969,45 +6746,96 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4464 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4667 +msgid "English copyright law developed for" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4670 +msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4671 freeculture.xml:13904 +msgid "United Kingdom" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4671 +msgid "history of copyright law in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4465 +#: freeculture.xml:4672 freeculture.xml:4842 +msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4673 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4675 freeculture.xml:4807 +msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4467 +#: freeculture.xml:4677 msgid "" -"William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in " -"1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play " -"that Shakespeare had written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, " -"and the plays that he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture " -"ever since. So deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped " -"into our culture that we often don't even recognize their source. I once " -"overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: " -"<quote>I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.</quote>" +"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " +"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " +"published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " +"written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and the plays that " +"he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever since. So " +"deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into our culture " +"that we often don't even recognize their source. I once overheard someone " +"commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: <quote>I liked it, " +"but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4688 freeculture.xml:4772 freeculture.xml:4881 freeculture.xml:5014 +msgid "Conger" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4689 +msgid "Tonson, Jacob" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4695 +msgid "Jonson, Ben" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4696 +msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" -#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4482 -msgid "" -"Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " -"eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " -"handsome <quote>definitive editions</quote> of classic works. In addition to " -"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an astonishing array " -"of works that still remain at the heart of the English canon, including " -"collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and John " -"Dryden. See Keith Walker, <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> " +#: freeculture.xml:4695 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " +"prominent eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and " +"for his handsome <quote>definitive editions</quote> of classic works. In " +"addition to <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an " +"astonishing array of works that still remain at the heart of the English " +"canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, " +"and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> " "<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4493 +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6016,7 +6844,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4691 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6031,16 +6859,31 @@ msgid "" "competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:4773 freeculture.xml:4913 freeculture.xml:5094 freeculture.xml:5250 +msgid "British Parliament" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4722 freeculture.xml:7086 +msgid "renewability of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4723 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:4819 freeculture.xml:4926 freeculture.xml:5013 freeculture.xml:7076 +msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4515 +#: freeculture.xml:4734 msgid "" -"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -"<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " +"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " +"Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4506 +#: freeculture.xml:4725 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6054,13 +6897,23 @@ msgid "" "about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4532 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4743 freeculture.xml:4967 +msgid "common vs. positive" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4744 freeculture.xml:4968 +msgid "positive law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4745 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4523 +#: freeculture.xml:4747 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6069,12 +6922,16 @@ msgid "" "had expired in 1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as " "a way to make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But " "after it expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, " -"or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4758 freeculture.xml:4966 freeculture.xml:5037 freeculture.xml:5137 +msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4535 +#: freeculture.xml:4760 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6088,9 +6945,14 @@ msgid "" "independent of any positive law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4774 freeculture.xml:5003 freeculture.xml:5111 freeculture.xml:5189 +msgid "Scottish publishers" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4547 +#: freeculture.xml:4777 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6101,8 +6963,13 @@ msgid "" "publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of Anne." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4788 +msgid "as narrow monopoly right" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4559 +#: freeculture.xml:4790 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6113,7 +6980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4568 +#: freeculture.xml:4800 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6122,7 +6989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4574 +#: freeculture.xml:4809 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -6136,7 +7003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4585 +#: freeculture.xml:4821 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -6144,9 +7011,14 @@ msgid "" "<quote>booksellers.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4826 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7768 +msgid "usage restrictions attached to" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4591 +#: freeculture.xml:4828 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -6162,7 +7034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4606 +#: freeculture.xml:4845 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -6175,12 +7047,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4615 +#: freeculture.xml:4854 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4855 +msgid "monopoly, copyright as" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4856 +msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4617 +#: freeculture.xml:4858 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -6195,7 +7077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4630 +#: freeculture.xml:4871 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -6206,16 +7088,26 @@ msgid "" "specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4879 freeculture.xml:5172 +msgid "Milton, John" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4880 +msgid "booksellers, English" +msgstr "" + #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4654 +#: freeculture.xml:4899 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4639 +#: freeculture.xml:4884 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6230,8 +7122,18 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4903 +msgid "Enlightenment" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4904 +msgid "knowledge, freedom of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4659 +#: freeculture.xml:4906 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6241,7 +7143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4667 +#: freeculture.xml:4915 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6254,8 +7156,13 @@ msgid "" "culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4928 freeculture.xml:5063 freeculture.xml:5157 freeculture.xml:11106 +msgid "in perpetuity" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4679 +#: freeculture.xml:4930 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6267,7 +7174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4688 +#: freeculture.xml:4939 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6275,7 +7182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 +#: freeculture.xml:4954 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6287,7 +7194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4693 +#: freeculture.xml:4944 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -6299,7 +7206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4714 +#: freeculture.xml:4970 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6315,17 +7222,22 @@ msgid "" "the only way to protect authors." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4992 freeculture.xml:5002 freeculture.xml:5045 +msgid "Patterson, Raymond" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:4992 msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> " -"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " -"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " +"Use,</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For " +"a wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4729 +#: freeculture.xml:4986 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6336,29 +7248,44 @@ msgid "" "monopoly profit that the author's work gave." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5001 freeculture.xml:5110 +msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" +msgstr "" + #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4748 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4744 +#: freeculture.xml:5005 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5015 +msgid "Boswell, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5016 +msgid "Erskine, Andrew" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4760 freeculture.xml:14713 +#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:15526 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4758 +#: freeculture.xml:5023 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -6366,22 +7293,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4769 +#: freeculture.xml:5034 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4771 -msgid "Boswell, James" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4772 -msgid "Erskine, Andrew" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:5018 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -6391,21 +7308,19 @@ msgid "" "center for literary Scotsmen.</quote> <quote>[A]mong them,</quote> Professor " "Mark Rose writes, was <quote>the young James Boswell who, together with his " "friend Andrew Erskine, published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems " -"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4781 +#: freeculture.xml:5045 msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " -"Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " +"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " +"Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4775 +#: freeculture.xml:5039 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6416,8 +7331,13 @@ msgid "" "the Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5054 +msgid "Millar v. Taylor" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4789 +#: freeculture.xml:5056 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -6425,9 +7345,24 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5062 freeculture.xml:5116 +msgid "Thomson, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5064 +msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5065 +msgid "Taylor, Robert" +msgstr "" + #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4801 +#: freeculture.xml:5074 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6435,7 +7370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4794 +#: freeculture.xml:5067 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -6447,7 +7382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4810 +#: freeculture.xml:5081 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6462,7 +7397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4821 +#: freeculture.xml:5096 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6477,25 +7412,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 +#: freeculture.xml:5113 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4839 +#: freeculture.xml:5117 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5225 +msgid "House of Lords" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5119 +msgid "House of Lords vs." +msgstr "" + #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4845 +#: freeculture.xml:5125 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4841 +#: freeculture.xml:5121 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6508,8 +7453,13 @@ msgid "" "years before." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5136 +msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4855 +#: freeculture.xml:5139 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6522,7 +7472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4865 +#: freeculture.xml:5150 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -6531,9 +7481,14 @@ msgid "" "voted." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5158 freeculture.xml:5226 +msgid "English legal establishment of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:5160 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6544,33 +7499,23 @@ msgid "" "domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4890 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5169 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4891 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5170 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4892 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5171 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4893 -msgid "Milton, John" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4894 -msgid "Shakespeare, William" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -6579,20 +7524,17 @@ msgid "" "public domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the " "legal control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " "history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " -"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" +"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4907 +#: freeculture.xml:5201 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4897 +#: freeculture.xml:5191 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6607,7 +7549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4911 +#: freeculture.xml:5206 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6615,7 +7557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4917 +#: freeculture.xml:5212 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -6629,7 +7571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4932 +#: freeculture.xml:5229 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -6652,7 +7594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4953 +#: freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6660,45 +7602,85 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4961 +#: freeculture.xml:5269 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5270 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7748 +msgid "fair use and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5271 +msgid "documentary film" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5272 +msgid "Else, Jon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5273 freeculture.xml:5420 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7750 +msgid "fair use" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5273 +msgid "in documentary film" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5274 +msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4963 +#: freeculture.xml:5276 msgid "" -"Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " -"very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " -"myself, I envy the loyalty and admiration that his students feel for him. (I " -"met, by accident, two of his students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " +"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " +"is also a teacher, and as a teacher myself, I envy the loyalty and " +"admiration that his students feel for him. (I met, by accident, two of his " +"students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4970 +#: freeculture.xml:5283 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 freeculture.xml:5050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5287 freeculture.xml:5353 +msgid "Wagner, Richard" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5288 freeculture.xml:5367 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4975 +#: freeculture.xml:5290 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " "particularly funny and colorful element of an opera. During a show, they " "hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and in the lighting loft. They " -"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5297 +msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4984 +#: freeculture.xml:5299 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6708,8 +7690,13 @@ msgid "" "the scene." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5308 +msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4993 +#: freeculture.xml:5310 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6719,35 +7706,43 @@ msgid "" "applies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5005 freeculture.xml:5013 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5316 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5317 freeculture.xml:5378 freeculture.xml:5442 +msgid "Groening, Matt" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5000 +#: freeculture.xml:5319 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " "four-and-a-halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the " "room. How could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he " -"told Else to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"told Else to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5325 freeculture.xml:5377 freeculture.xml:5441 +msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5008 +#: freeculture.xml:5327 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " "called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot " "of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was " -"just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"just confirming the permission with Fox." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5016 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -6757,8 +7752,13 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5344 +msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5024 +#: freeculture.xml:5346 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6770,7 +7770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5032 +#: freeculture.xml:5355 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -6781,25 +7781,24 @@ msgid "" "on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5051 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5044 +#: freeculture.xml:5370 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " "reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last " "minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot " "with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day " -"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 +#: freeculture.xml:5380 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -6813,7 +7812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5065 +#: freeculture.xml:5391 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -6826,7 +7825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#: freeculture.xml:5403 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -6836,7 +7835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5074 +#: freeculture.xml:5400 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -6848,14 +7847,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5089 +#: freeculture.xml:5417 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5420 freeculture.xml:7750 +msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5093 +#: freeculture.xml:5422 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -6865,9 +7869,14 @@ msgid "" "rely on the concept in any concrete way. Here's why:" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5431 +msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" +msgstr "" + #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5103 +#: freeculture.xml:5434 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -6876,13 +7885,19 @@ msgid "" "<quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5443 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5444 +msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" +msgstr "" + +#. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5111 +#: freeculture.xml:5447 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6892,13 +7907,13 @@ msgid "" "free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As " "a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing " "I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " -"defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"defend a principle." msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5124 +#: freeculture.xml:5459 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -6909,14 +7924,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5134 +#: freeculture.xml:5471 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5141 +#: freeculture.xml:5479 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6927,7 +7942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5149 +#: freeculture.xml:5487 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6936,37 +7951,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5158 +#: freeculture.xml:5502 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5159 +#: freeculture.xml:5503 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5161 freeculture.xml:5225 freeculture.xml:5408 freeculture.xml:9832 freeculture.xml:14094 +#: freeculture.xml:5504 freeculture.xml:5564 freeculture.xml:5749 freeculture.xml:10459 freeculture.xml:14893 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5164 +#: freeculture.xml:5507 msgid "" -"In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " -"innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " -"digital entertainment. Long before the Internet became popular, Starwave " -"began investing in new technology for delivering entertainment in " -"anticipation of the power of networks." +"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " +"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " +"cofounder Paul Allen to develop digital entertainment. Long before the " +"Internet became popular, Starwave began investing in new technology for " +"delivering entertainment in anticipation of the power of networks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5172 +#: freeculture.xml:5514 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5515 +msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5175 +#: freeculture.xml:5517 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6978,7 +7998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5185 +#: freeculture.xml:5527 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6988,7 +8008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5192 +#: freeculture.xml:5534 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6998,7 +8018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5199 +#: freeculture.xml:5541 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -7009,19 +8029,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5207 +#: freeculture.xml:5549 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5223 +#: freeculture.xml:5563 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5217 +#: freeculture.xml:5559 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -7031,7 +8051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5211 +#: freeculture.xml:5553 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -7040,7 +8060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5229 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -7050,7 +8070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5575 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7058,7 +8078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5242 +#: freeculture.xml:5581 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -7070,7 +8090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5251 +#: freeculture.xml:5590 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -7082,8 +8102,13 @@ msgid "" "just started calling people." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5601 +msgid "Sutherland, Donald" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5263 +#: freeculture.xml:5603 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7096,14 +8121,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5274 +#: freeculture.xml:5614 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5278 +#: freeculture.xml:5618 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7111,7 +8136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5284 +#: freeculture.xml:5624 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -7124,20 +8149,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5296 +#: freeculture.xml:5636 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5299 +#: freeculture.xml:5639 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5307 +#: freeculture.xml:5647 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -7146,7 +8171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5301 +#: freeculture.xml:5641 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -7157,7 +8182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5655 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -7167,7 +8192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5323 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -7176,7 +8201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5331 +#: freeculture.xml:5671 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -7189,7 +8214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -7210,7 +8235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5362 +#: freeculture.xml:5702 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7220,7 +8245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5370 +#: freeculture.xml:5711 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -7235,7 +8260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5383 +#: freeculture.xml:5724 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7246,7 +8271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5393 +#: freeculture.xml:5734 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -7255,12 +8280,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5398 +#: freeculture.xml:5739 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5400 +#: freeculture.xml:5741 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7271,12 +8296,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5407 +#: freeculture.xml:5748 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5410 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7293,7 +8318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5425 +#: freeculture.xml:5766 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -7302,13 +8327,14 @@ msgid "" "can have it planted in your presentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5772 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5432 +#: freeculture.xml:5774 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7317,11 +8343,11 @@ msgid "" "politicians and blends them with music to create biting political " "commentary. A site called Camp Chaos has produced some of the most biting " "criticism of the record industry that there is through the mixing of Flash! " -"and music. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"and music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5444 +#: freeculture.xml:5785 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -7331,7 +8357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5451 +#: freeculture.xml:5792 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7348,7 +8374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5466 +#: freeculture.xml:5807 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7358,20 +8384,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5472 +#: freeculture.xml:5813 msgid "" -"In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " -"the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " -"Powers. According to the announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work " -"together to form a <quote>unique filmmaking pact.</quote> Under the " -"agreement, DreamWorks <quote>will acquire the rights to existing motion " -"picture hits and classics, write new storylines and—with the use of " -"stateof-the-art digital technology—insert Myers and other actors into " -"the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.</quote>" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " +"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " +"<citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin Powers. According to " +"the announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a " +"<quote>unique filmmaking pact.</quote> Under the agreement, DreamWorks " +"<quote>will acquire the rights to existing motion picture hits and classics, " +"write new storylines and—with the use of stateof-the-art digital " +"technology—insert Myers and other actors into the film, thereby " +"creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5484 +#: freeculture.xml:5826 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -7383,7 +8410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5493 +#: freeculture.xml:5835 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7396,7 +8423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5503 +#: freeculture.xml:5845 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -7412,29 +8439,40 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5518 +#: freeculture.xml:5860 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5520 freeculture.xml:8636 freeculture.xml:10840 freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:5861 freeculture.xml:9201 freeculture.xml:11524 freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5862 freeculture.xml:8488 +msgid "bots" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5523 +#: freeculture.xml:5864 msgid "" -"In April 1996, millions of <quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed " -"to <quote>spider,</quote> or automatically search the Internet and copy " -"content—began running across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied " -"Internet-based information onto a small set of computers located in a " -"basement in San Francisco's Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of " -"the Internet, they started again. Over and over again, once every two " -"months, these bits of code took copies of the Internet and stored them." +"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " +"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " +"or automatically search the Internet and copy content—began running " +"across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information " +"onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's " +"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started " +"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took " +"copies of the Internet and stored them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5874 freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:5967 +msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 +#: freeculture.xml:5876 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7445,12 +8483,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 +#: freeculture.xml:5883 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5885 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7460,7 +8498,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5551 +#: freeculture.xml:5893 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7468,7 +8506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5556 +#: freeculture.xml:5898 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7477,19 +8515,24 @@ msgid "" "updated, without any reliable memory." msgstr "" -#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5914 +msgid "White House press releases" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5570 +#: freeculture.xml:5913 msgid "" -"The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " -"changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " -"stated, <quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> That was later " -"changed, without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have " -"Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " +"White House changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, " +"press release stated, <quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> " +"That was later changed, without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in " +"Iraq Have Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5564 +#: freeculture.xml:5907 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7498,21 +8541,26 @@ msgid "" "forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5922 +msgid "history, records of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5578 +#: freeculture.xml:5924 msgid "" -"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " -"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " -"hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's " -"water cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the " -"newspapers. Those papers probably exist on microfiche. If you're lucky, they " -"exist in paper, too. Either way, you are free, using a library, to go back " -"and remember—not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember " -"something close to the truth." +"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " +"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " +"to study the reaction of your hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts " +"in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water cannon in 1963, you could go to your " +"public library and look at the newspapers. Those papers probably exist on " +"microfiche. If you're lucky, they exist in paper, too. Either way, you are " +"free, using a library, to go back and remember—not just what it is " +"convenient to remember, but remember something close to the truth." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5589 +#: freeculture.xml:5935 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7525,7 +8573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5598 +#: freeculture.xml:5944 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7537,7 +8585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5609 +#: freeculture.xml:5955 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7549,8 +8597,33 @@ msgid "" "was growing at about a billion pages a month." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5964 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:10444 +msgid "Library of Congress" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5965 +msgid "Television Archive" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5966 +msgid "Vanderbilt University" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5968 freeculture.xml:11015 freeculture.xml:14075 freeculture.xml:14205 freeculture.xml:14241 +msgid "libraries" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5968 +msgid "archival function of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5619 +#: freeculture.xml:5971 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -7570,13 +8643,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5636 +#: freeculture.xml:5988 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5989 +msgid "60 Minutes" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5638 +#: freeculture.xml:5991 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7587,8 +8665,18 @@ msgid "" "are almost unfindable. …" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6002 +msgid "newspapers" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6002 +msgid "archives of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5650 +#: freeculture.xml:6004 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7599,7 +8687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5658 +#: freeculture.xml:6012 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7608,19 +8696,24 @@ msgid "" "copyright expired, so that others might access and copy the work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6020 freeculture.xml:6064 +msgid "archive of" +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5675 +#: freeculture.xml:6031 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " "Quarterly</citetitle> 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, " "<citetitle>Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United " -"States</citetitle> ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." +"States</citetitle> (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5666 +#: freeculture.xml:6022 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7633,7 +8726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5683 +#: freeculture.xml:6039 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7648,7 +8741,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5694 +#: freeculture.xml:6051 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7660,22 +8753,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5704 +#: freeculture.xml:6061 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5706 +#: freeculture.xml:6062 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><seealso> -#: freeculture.xml:5707 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6065 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6066 +msgid "Duck and Cover film" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6067 +msgid "ephemeral films" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6068 +msgid "Prelinger, Rick" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5710 +#: freeculture.xml:6070 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -7695,7 +8803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5728 +#: freeculture.xml:6088 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7705,7 +8813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5736 +#: freeculture.xml:6096 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7716,7 +8824,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5744 +#: freeculture.xml:6104 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -7728,7 +8836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5756 +#: freeculture.xml:6116 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7738,21 +8846,20 @@ msgid "" "even if that information is no longer sold." msgstr "" -#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5768 +#: freeculture.xml:6129 msgid "" -"Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, " -"Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,</quote> " -"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5 September 1997, at Metro Lake " -"1L. Of books published between 1927 and 1946, only 2.2 percent were in print " -"in 2002. R. Anthony Reese, <quote>The First Sale Doctrine in the Era of " -"Digital Networks,</quote> <citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> " -"44 (2003): 593 n. 51." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " +"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " +"by Adopting Business,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5 " +"September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published between 1927 and 1946, " +"only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony Reese, <quote>The First " +"Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,</quote> <citetitle>Boston " +"College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5765 +#: freeculture.xml:6126 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7764,7 +8871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 +#: freeculture.xml:6144 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7778,19 +8885,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5793 +#: freeculture.xml:6155 msgid "" -"For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " -"would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " -"television and film and music: The cost of analog copies is extraordinarily " -"high. So even though the law in principle would have restricted the ability " -"of a Brewster Kahle to copy culture generally, the real restriction was " -"economics. The market made it impossibly difficult to do anything about this " -"ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect." +"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " +"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " +"collect and make accessible all television and film and music: The cost of " +"analog copies is extraordinarily high. So even though the law in principle " +"would have restricted the ability of a Brewster Kahle to copy culture " +"generally, the real restriction was economics. The market made it impossibly " +"difficult to do anything about this ephemeral culture; the law had little " +"practical effect." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5805 +#: freeculture.xml:6167 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7801,7 +8909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5813 +#: freeculture.xml:6175 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7809,8 +8917,13 @@ msgid "" "describes," msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6181 +msgid "total number of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5820 +#: freeculture.xml:6183 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7827,7 +8940,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5834 +#: freeculture.xml:6198 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7843,7 +8956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5849 +#: freeculture.xml:6213 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7855,70 +8968,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5860 +#: freeculture.xml:6224 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5869 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6225 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5870 freeculture.xml:9596 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6226 freeculture.xml:10203 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5862 +#: freeculture.xml:6228 msgid "" -"Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " -"America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " -"administration—literally. The famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in " -"on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " -"the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " -"established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " -"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5883 -msgid "Disney, Inc." +"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " +"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " +"Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's administration—literally. The " +"famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in on Air Force One after the " +"assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in the background. In his " +"almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has established himself as " +"perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5884 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6238 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5885 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6239 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5886 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6240 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6241 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5889 freeculture.xml:7300 +#: freeculture.xml:6243 freeculture.xml:7859 freeculture.xml:8030 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5873 +#: freeculture.xml:6245 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7928,16 +9035,12 @@ msgid "" "made up of the chairmen and presidents of the seven major producers and " "distributors of motion picture and television programs in the United States: " "Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth " -"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/>" +"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7951,7 +9054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 +#: freeculture.xml:6270 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7963,13 +9066,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 +#: freeculture.xml:6279 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:6293 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7979,7 +9082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5919 +#: freeculture.xml:6284 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7993,7 +9096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5938 +#: freeculture.xml:6303 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -8005,7 +9108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5949 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -8021,7 +9124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5964 +#: freeculture.xml:6329 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -8034,7 +9137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5961 +#: freeculture.xml:6326 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -8047,7 +9150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:6344 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -8058,7 +9161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5987 +#: freeculture.xml:6352 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -8072,7 +9175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6002 +#: freeculture.xml:6367 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8080,13 +9183,19 @@ msgid "" "does. (Ask me about tenure, for example.) But what's good for the MPAA is " "not necessarily good for America. A society that defends the ideals of free " "culture must preserve precisely the opportunity for new creativity to " -"threaten the old. To get just a hint that there is something fundamentally " -"wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further than the United States " -"Constitution itself." +"threaten the old." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:6376 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " +"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " +"than the United States Constitution itself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6014 +#: freeculture.xml:6381 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -8101,7 +9210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6025 +#: freeculture.xml:6392 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -8118,7 +9227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6040 +#: freeculture.xml:6407 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8129,7 +9238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6049 +#: freeculture.xml:6417 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -8143,7 +9252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6061 +#: freeculture.xml:6429 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -8153,7 +9262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6069 +#: freeculture.xml:6439 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -8167,9 +9276,34 @@ msgid "" "artists get paid need also control how culture develops." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6451 +msgid "four modalities of constraint on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6452 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:9778 freeculture.xml:9895 +msgid "regulation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6452 +msgid "four modalities of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6453 +msgid "as ex post regulation modality" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6454 freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6665 +msgid "as constraint modality" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6084 +#: freeculture.xml:6458 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -8181,19 +9315,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6093 +#: freeculture.xml:6467 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6094 freeculture.xml:6280 freeculture.xml:6586 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:6468 freeculture.xml:6661 freeculture.xml:7031 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6472 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -8210,12 +9346,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6113 freeculture.xml:6174 freeculture.xml:6283 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:6550 freeculture.xml:6666 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6115 +#: freeculture.xml:6490 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -8228,12 +9364,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6125 freeculture.xml:6173 freeculture.xml:6263 freeculture.xml:6282 freeculture.xml:9217 freeculture.xml:9415 +#: freeculture.xml:6500 freeculture.xml:6549 freeculture.xml:6642 freeculture.xml:6682 freeculture.xml:9787 freeculture.xml:10021 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6127 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -8244,13 +9380,13 @@ msgid "" "simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6136 freeculture.xml:6172 freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6511 freeculture.xml:6548 freeculture.xml:6600 freeculture.xml:6641 freeculture.xml:6664 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6138 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -8269,7 +9405,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6155 +#: freeculture.xml:6534 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -8277,7 +9413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6161 +#: freeculture.xml:6540 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -8289,12 +9425,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6170 +#: freeculture.xml:6551 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6552 +msgid "speeding, constraints on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6176 +#: freeculture.xml:6554 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -8311,7 +9452,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6194 +#: freeculture.xml:6572 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -8325,7 +9466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6190 +#: freeculture.xml:6568 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -8342,27 +9483,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6218 +#: freeculture.xml:6596 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6219 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:6597 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6260 +#: freeculture.xml:6639 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6261 +#: freeculture.xml:6640 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6231 +#: freeculture.xml:6610 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -8397,7 +9540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6223 +#: freeculture.xml:6602 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8408,12 +9551,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6267 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6648 freeculture.xml:7021 +msgid "four regulatory modalities on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 +#: freeculture.xml:6650 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8422,18 +9570,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6275 +#: freeculture.xml:6656 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6279 freeculture.xml:6585 +#: freeculture.xml:6660 freeculture.xml:7030 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6286 +#: freeculture.xml:6669 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8446,8 +9594,23 @@ msgid "" "this form of infringement." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6680 +msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6681 +msgid "regulatory balance lost in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6683 +msgid "MP3s" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6685 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8457,9 +9620,19 @@ msgid "" "of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6694 freeculture.xml:7538 freeculture.xml:7848 +msgid "technology" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6694 +msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6306 +#: freeculture.xml:6696 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8470,17 +9643,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6316 +#: freeculture.xml:6706 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6317 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:6707 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6710 +msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:9778 +msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6320 +#: freeculture.xml:6713 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -8493,9 +9678,19 @@ msgid "" "material, and (4) educators should educate kids to better protect copyright." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:6866 +msgid "farming" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6727 +msgid "steel industry" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6332 +#: freeculture.xml:6729 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8512,7 +9707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6349 +#: freeculture.xml:6749 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8523,13 +9718,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6356 +#: freeculture.xml:6762 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6763 +msgid "remote channel changers" +msgstr "" + #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6367 +#: freeculture.xml:6773 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8541,7 +9741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6765 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8555,28 +9755,43 @@ msgid "" "trucks from roads <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the " "railroads? Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have " "weakened the <quote>stickiness</quote> of television advertising (if a " -"boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and " -"it may well be that this change has weakened the television advertising " +"boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf), and it " +"may well be that this change has weakened the television advertising " "market. But does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce " "commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them to function only once a " "second, or to switch to only ten channels within an hour?)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6794 +msgid "free market, technological changes in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6795 freeculture.xml:15469 +msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6798 freeculture.xml:13669 +msgid "Gates, Bill" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6799 freeculture.xml:7813 +msgid "market competition" +msgstr "" + #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6399 +#: freeculture.xml:6812 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6408 freeculture.xml:12927 -msgid "Gates, Bill" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6389 +#: freeculture.xml:6802 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8590,12 +9805,11 @@ msgid "" "radio.) A world in which competitors with new ideas must fight not only the " "market but also the government is a world in which competitors with new " "ideas will not succeed. It is a world of stasis and increasingly " -"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6411 +#: freeculture.xml:6823 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8606,8 +9820,18 @@ msgid "" "preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6834 +msgid "speech, freedom of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6834 +msgid "constitutional guarantee of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6421 +#: freeculture.xml:6836 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8624,7 +9848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6435 +#: freeculture.xml:6852 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -8635,60 +9859,69 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6444 +#: freeculture.xml:6861 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 +#: freeculture.xml:6863 +msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 -msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6865 +msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6450 +#: freeculture.xml:6868 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " "insecticidal properties of DDT. By the 1950s, the insecticide was widely " "used around the world to kill disease-carrying pests. It was also used to " -"increase farm production. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"increase farm production." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6458 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " "important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6462 freeculture.xml:6468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6879 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6469 -msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6880 +msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6881 +msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6464 +#: freeculture.xml:6883 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " "unintended environmental consequences. Birds were losing the ability to " -"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6472 +#: freeculture.xml:6889 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8699,9 +9932,19 @@ msgid "" "solve." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6898 +msgid "Boyle, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6899 +msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" +msgstr "" + #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6485 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -8710,7 +9953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:6901 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -8728,7 +9971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6502 +#: freeculture.xml:6923 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8742,19 +9985,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6513 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6520 +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6945 +msgid "on creative property" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6946 freeculture.xml:11434 +msgid "copyright purpose established in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6947 freeculture.xml:11143 +msgid "Progress Clause of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6948 freeculture.xml:11435 +msgid "constitutional purpose of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6950 +msgid "constitutional tradition on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6951 freeculture.xml:11144 +msgid "Progress Clause" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6522 +#: freeculture.xml:6954 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -8762,8 +10035,13 @@ msgid "" "aim to avoid overly powerful publishers." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6959 +msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -8772,7 +10050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6533 +#: freeculture.xml:6966 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8785,8 +10063,13 @@ msgid "" "purpose of rewarding authors." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6980 +msgid "history of American" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6546 +#: freeculture.xml:6982 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -8798,8 +10081,23 @@ msgid "" "Authors</quote> only." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6991 +msgid "Senate, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6992 +msgid "structural checks and balances of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6993 +msgid "electoral college" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6556 +#: freeculture.xml:6995 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8816,7 +10114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6571 +#: freeculture.xml:7012 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -8827,7 +10125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6578 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8835,38 +10133,55 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6589 +#: freeculture.xml:7034 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6592 +#: freeculture.xml:7037 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6593 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7038 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6596 +#: freeculture.xml:7041 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6601 +#: freeculture.xml:7046 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7049 freeculture.xml:7341 +msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7050 +msgid "common law protections of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7051 +msgid "balance of U.S. content in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6617 +#: freeculture.xml:7067 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6611 +#: freeculture.xml:7061 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -8877,7 +10192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6603 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8892,8 +10207,13 @@ msgid "" "to reprint and distribute works." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7077 +msgid "federal vs. state" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:7079 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8904,7 +10224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6635 +#: freeculture.xml:7088 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8915,7 +10235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6650 +#: freeculture.xml:7104 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -8934,7 +10254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6642 +#: freeculture.xml:7096 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8947,7 +10267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6666 +#: freeculture.xml:7122 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8958,7 +10278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6681 +#: freeculture.xml:7137 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8972,7 +10292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6675 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8983,12 +10303,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6696 +#: freeculture.xml:7155 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6692 +#: freeculture.xml:7151 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -9000,8 +10320,18 @@ msgid "" "publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7163 freeculture.xml:11081 +msgid "copyright terms extended by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:11083 +msgid "term extensions in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6704 +#: freeculture.xml:7166 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -9011,8 +10341,18 @@ msgid "" "setting a maximum term of 56 years." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7173 freeculture.xml:7208 freeculture.xml:11107 freeculture.xml:15387 +msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7174 freeculture.xml:11087 +msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6712 +#: freeculture.xml:7176 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -9024,9 +10364,19 @@ msgid "" "of existing and future copyrights by twenty years." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7185 freeculture.xml:11086 freeculture.xml:11087 freeculture.xml:13174 freeculture.xml:13655 +msgid "patents" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7185 freeculture.xml:11086 +msgid "in public domain" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6722 +#: freeculture.xml:7187 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -9038,7 +10388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6733 +#: freeculture.xml:7199 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -9049,8 +10399,23 @@ msgid "" "be those that had some continuing commercial value." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7209 +msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7210 freeculture.xml:13328 +msgid "corporations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7210 +msgid "copyright terms for" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6743 +#: freeculture.xml:7212 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -9062,7 +10427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6753 +#: freeculture.xml:7222 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -9074,7 +10439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6770 +#: freeculture.xml:7241 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -9083,7 +10448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6762 +#: freeculture.xml:7233 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -9095,12 +10460,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6779 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7475 +msgid "scope of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6781 +#: freeculture.xml:7258 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -9108,8 +10478,13 @@ msgid "" "changes if we're to keep this debate in context." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7264 +msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#: freeculture.xml:7266 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -9125,7 +10500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6800 +#: freeculture.xml:7279 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -9141,9 +10516,24 @@ msgid "" "that are based in a significant way on the initial creative work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7293 +msgid "marking of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7294 +msgid "formalities" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7295 +msgid "registration requirement of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6815 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -9158,7 +10548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6829 +#: freeculture.xml:7312 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -9173,8 +10563,13 @@ msgid "" "author." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7325 +msgid "European" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6843 +#: freeculture.xml:7327 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -9185,13 +10580,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6851 +#: freeculture.xml:7338 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#: freeculture.xml:7350 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -9201,7 +10596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6855 +#: freeculture.xml:7343 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -9215,7 +10610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6874 +#: freeculture.xml:7365 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -9226,7 +10621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6883 +#: freeculture.xml:7375 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -9237,7 +10632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#: freeculture.xml:7384 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -9245,7 +10640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6897 +#: freeculture.xml:7389 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -9260,7 +10655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:7404 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -9272,7 +10667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6933 +#: freeculture.xml:7426 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -9281,7 +10676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6923 +#: freeculture.xml:7416 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -9296,12 +10691,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6955 +#: freeculture.xml:7448 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6948 +#: freeculture.xml:7441 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -9313,7 +10708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6943 +#: freeculture.xml:7436 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -9323,7 +10718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -9333,7 +10728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6968 +#: freeculture.xml:7464 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -9342,13 +10737,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6975 +#: freeculture.xml:7473 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7474 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:7749 +msgid "copies as core issue of" +msgstr "" + #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6982 +#: freeculture.xml:7482 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -9362,7 +10762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 +#: freeculture.xml:7477 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -9371,9 +10771,14 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7493 +msgid "other property rights vs." +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6994 +#: freeculture.xml:7496 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -9389,7 +10794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7012 +#: freeculture.xml:7515 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -9398,7 +10803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7007 +#: freeculture.xml:7510 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -9410,25 +10815,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7023 +#: freeculture.xml:7528 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7027 +#: freeculture.xml:7532 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7028 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7533 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7535 +msgid "three types of uses of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7537 +msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7538 +msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7032 +#: freeculture.xml:7543 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9443,17 +10865,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#: freeculture.xml:7556 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7046 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7557 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7049 +#: freeculture.xml:7560 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9464,26 +10888,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7057 +#: freeculture.xml:7572 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7062 +#: freeculture.xml:7577 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7063 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7578 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7066 +#: freeculture.xml:7583 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9496,30 +10922,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7076 +#: freeculture.xml:7593 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7077 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7594 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7598 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7082 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7599 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7086 +#: freeculture.xml:7604 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9527,9 +10957,19 @@ msgid "" "owner's views." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7609 freeculture.xml:7893 freeculture.xml:10157 +msgid "on Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:7688 +msgid "Internet burdens on" +msgstr "" + #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7094 +#: freeculture.xml:7616 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -9539,7 +10979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7091 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9556,7 +10996,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7112 +#: freeculture.xml:7636 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9568,8 +11008,18 @@ msgid "" "those uses produced a copy." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7647 +msgid "e-books" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7648 +msgid "technological developments and" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7124 +#: freeculture.xml:7650 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9583,7 +11033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7136 +#: freeculture.xml:7662 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9592,7 +11042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7142 +#: freeculture.xml:7668 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9603,7 +11053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7150 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9616,9 +11066,14 @@ msgid "" "troubling with respect to transformative uses of creative work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7690 +msgid "fair use vs." +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7162 +#: freeculture.xml:7692 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -9632,7 +11087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7176 +#: freeculture.xml:7711 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9643,8 +11098,23 @@ msgid "" "fair use are not enough." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7727 +msgid "Video Pipeline" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7729 freeculture.xml:15284 +msgid "film industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7729 +msgid "trailer advertisements of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7189 +#: freeculture.xml:7731 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -9653,8 +11123,13 @@ msgid "" "put the trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7737 freeculture.xml:7812 freeculture.xml:14030 +msgid "browsing" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7196 +#: freeculture.xml:7739 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9667,7 +11142,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7205 +#: freeculture.xml:7752 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9682,8 +11157,18 @@ msgid "" "rights were in fact their rights." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7769 +msgid "willful infringement findings in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7770 +msgid "willful infringement" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7220 +#: freeculture.xml:7772 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -9696,7 +11181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7230 +#: freeculture.xml:7782 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9707,8 +11192,13 @@ msgid "" "Disney's permission." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7790 +msgid "first-sale doctrine" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7792 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9724,13 +11214,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7253 +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7256 +#: freeculture.xml:7816 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9747,7 +11237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7271 +#: freeculture.xml:7831 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9758,12 +11248,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7280 +#: freeculture.xml:7840 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7282 +#: freeculture.xml:7842 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9771,8 +11261,18 @@ msgid "" "regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7847 +msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7848 +msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7288 +#: freeculture.xml:7850 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9782,18 +11282,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7857 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7297 freeculture.xml:7476 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7858 freeculture.xml:8029 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7311 +#: freeculture.xml:7869 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -9801,7 +11301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7303 +#: freeculture.xml:7861 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9812,15 +11312,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7320 +#: freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "" -"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7316 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -9832,7 +11331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7330 +#: freeculture.xml:7888 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9841,7 +11340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7336 +#: freeculture.xml:7895 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9853,17 +11352,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7349 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7352 +#: freeculture.xml:7909 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7355 +#: freeculture.xml:7912 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9872,13 +11371,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7362 +#: freeculture.xml:7919 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7366 +#: freeculture.xml:7923 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9891,35 +11390,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7379 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7937 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7383 +#: freeculture.xml:7940 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7387 +#: freeculture.xml:7944 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7388 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7945 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7392 +#: freeculture.xml:7949 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9929,76 +11432,91 @@ msgid "" "computer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7402 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7956 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7403 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7957 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7400 +#: freeculture.xml:7959 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7406 +#: freeculture.xml:7963 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7407 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7964 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7410 +#: freeculture.xml:7967 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7415 +#: freeculture.xml:7972 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7416 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7973 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:9828 +msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:9829 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:13484 +msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7419 +#: freeculture.xml:7978 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7425 +#: freeculture.xml:7984 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7426 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:7985 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7429 +#: freeculture.xml:7988 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7439 +#: freeculture.xml:7998 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -10009,7 +11527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7432 +#: freeculture.xml:7991 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -10024,7 +11542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7454 +#: freeculture.xml:8013 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -10042,17 +11560,18 @@ msgid "" "simply won't read aloud." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:8033 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " "to type <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> erased <quote>Brothers</quote> from " -"the sentence. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the sentence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7479 +#: freeculture.xml:8039 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -10064,7 +11583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7488 +#: freeculture.xml:8048 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -10074,40 +11593,46 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7495 +#: freeculture.xml:8055 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7505 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8058 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:8059 +msgid "e-book restrictions on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7499 +#: freeculture.xml:8061 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " "Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in " "Wonderland</citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet " -"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7508 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7510 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:8071 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7514 +#: freeculture.xml:8075 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -10116,7 +11641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7519 +#: freeculture.xml:8080 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -10127,7 +11652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7527 +#: freeculture.xml:8088 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -10142,7 +11667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7540 +#: freeculture.xml:8103 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -10152,53 +11677,54 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7549 +#: freeculture.xml:8113 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7702 freeculture.xml:7773 freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8260 freeculture.xml:8325 freeculture.xml:8433 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7556 freeculture.xml:7705 freeculture.xml:7774 freeculture.xml:7880 +#: freeculture.xml:8117 freeculture.xml:8261 freeculture.xml:8326 freeculture.xml:8434 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7559 freeculture.xml:7708 freeculture.xml:7776 freeculture.xml:7882 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 freeculture.xml:8262 freeculture.xml:8327 freeculture.xml:8435 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 freeculture.xml:7709 freeculture.xml:7777 freeculture.xml:7883 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 freeculture.xml:8262 freeculture.xml:8327 freeculture.xml:8435 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7563 +#: freeculture.xml:8120 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " "that doesn't leave that much of a mess (at least in your house)." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:8125 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " -"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set <beginpage " -"pagenum=\"165\"/> up aibopet.com (and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the " -"same site), and on that site he provided information about how to teach an " -"Aibo to do tricks in addition to the ones Sony had taught it." +"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set up aibopet.com " +"(and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the same site), and on that site he " +"provided information about how to teach an Aibo to do tricks in addition to " +"the ones Sony had taught it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7577 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -10208,8 +11734,13 @@ msgid "" "<quote>dog</quote> to make it do new tricks (thus, aibohack.com)." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8141 +msgid "hacks" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7585 +#: freeculture.xml:8143 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -10225,7 +11756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7599 +#: freeculture.xml:8157 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -10235,7 +11766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7606 +#: freeculture.xml:8164 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -10246,7 +11777,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7616 +#: freeculture.xml:8174 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -10260,8 +11791,13 @@ msgid "" "there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:8189 +msgid "government case against" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7632 +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -10274,13 +11810,13 @@ msgid "" "knew very well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7655 freeculture.xml:10152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8214 freeculture.xml:10783 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7645 +#: freeculture.xml:8204 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -10299,7 +11835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:8202 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -10309,7 +11845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:8222 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -10321,7 +11857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7673 +#: freeculture.xml:8232 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10331,7 +11867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7680 +#: freeculture.xml:8239 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10340,7 +11876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7686 +#: freeculture.xml:8245 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10351,7 +11887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7694 +#: freeculture.xml:8253 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10361,7 +11897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7712 +#: freeculture.xml:8264 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10369,7 +11905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7719 +#: freeculture.xml:8271 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10377,7 +11913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7728 +#: freeculture.xml:8280 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10386,7 +11922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7734 +#: freeculture.xml:8286 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10395,7 +11931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7742 +#: freeculture.xml:8294 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10403,7 +11939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7747 +#: freeculture.xml:8299 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10416,7 +11952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7758 +#: freeculture.xml:8310 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10426,7 +11962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7765 +#: freeculture.xml:8317 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10438,7 +11974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7780 +#: freeculture.xml:8329 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10452,7 +11988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7792 +#: freeculture.xml:8341 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10463,17 +11999,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8383 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7809 freeculture.xml:7845 freeculture.xml:7877 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8359 freeculture.xml:8396 freeculture.xml:8422 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:8351 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10486,18 +12022,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7828 +#: freeculture.xml:8378 msgid "" -"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " -"City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " -"never changed his view about the VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast " -"Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> " -"(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " +"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " +"464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the " +"VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, " +"and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), " +"270–71. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 +#: freeculture.xml:8363 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -10517,7 +12053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7838 +#: freeculture.xml:8389 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10525,19 +12061,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7843 +#: freeculture.xml:8394 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:8399 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 +#: freeculture.xml:8402 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10547,9 +12083,14 @@ msgid "" "use—a good end." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8409 +msgid "handguns" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#: freeculture.xml:8411 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10558,29 +12099,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7867 +#: freeculture.xml:8419 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7868 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:8420 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"70%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7871 +#: freeculture.xml:8424 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " "technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " "circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " "absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " -"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7886 +#: freeculture.xml:8437 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10591,7 +12133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7894 +#: freeculture.xml:8445 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10605,7 +12147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7906 +#: freeculture.xml:8457 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10620,7 +12162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7925 +#: freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -10629,7 +12171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7919 +#: freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10639,7 +12181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7931 +#: freeculture.xml:8482 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10649,7 +12191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7938 +#: freeculture.xml:8490 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10662,7 +12204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7948 +#: freeculture.xml:8500 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10673,13 +12215,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7957 +#: freeculture.xml:8509 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7959 +#: freeculture.xml:8511 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10697,7 +12239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7977 +#: freeculture.xml:8529 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10707,7 +12249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7984 +#: freeculture.xml:8536 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10716,17 +12258,42 @@ msgid "" "media companies. Now, the media is increasingly owned by only a few " "companies. Indeed, after the changes that the FCC announced in June 2003, " "most expect that within a few years, we will live in a world where just " -"three companies control more than percent of the media." +"three companies control more than 85 percent of the media." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7995 +#: freeculture.xml:8547 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8551 +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8552 freeculture.xml:9938 +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8553 +msgid "McCain, John" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8554 freeculture.xml:9945 +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8555 +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8003 +#: freeculture.xml:8561 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10735,7 +12302,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8010 +#: freeculture.xml:8568 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10743,39 +12310,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8016 +#: freeculture.xml:8574 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8019 -msgid "BMG" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8020 freeculture.xml:9368 -msgid "EMI" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8021 -msgid "McCain, John" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8022 freeculture.xml:9369 -msgid "Universal Music Group" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8023 -msgid "Warner Music Group" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7999 +#: freeculture.xml:8557 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -10785,15 +12327,12 @@ msgid "" "Group, and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The <quote>five largest cable companies pipe " "programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers " -"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"7\"/>" +"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8026 +#: freeculture.xml:8579 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10806,7 +12345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8037 +#: freeculture.xml:8591 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10820,20 +12359,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8051 freeculture.xml:8068 +#: freeculture.xml:8601 freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 +#: freeculture.xml:8603 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " -"article about Rupert Murdoch, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"article about Rupert Murdoch," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8066 +#: freeculture.xml:8620 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10841,7 +12380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8055 +#: freeculture.xml:8609 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -10856,7 +12395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8073 +#: freeculture.xml:8627 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10865,18 +12404,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8079 +#: freeculture.xml:8633 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8080 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:8634 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"90%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8084 +#: freeculture.xml:8638 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10884,7 +12425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8643 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10893,24 +12434,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8095 +#: freeculture.xml:8649 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8652 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8100 freeculture.xml:8163 +#: freeculture.xml:8654 freeculture.xml:8717 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8102 +#: freeculture.xml:8656 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10921,7 +12462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:8668 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -10932,7 +12473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8109 +#: freeculture.xml:8663 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10942,7 +12483,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8125 +#: freeculture.xml:8679 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10954,7 +12495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10966,7 +12507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8688 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10985,7 +12526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8165 +#: freeculture.xml:8719 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10993,28 +12534,27 @@ msgid "" "increasingly owned by the network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8174 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8724 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8725 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8171 +#: freeculture.xml:8727 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " -"Diller said to Bill Moyers, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Diller said to Bill Moyers," msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#: freeculture.xml:8742 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -11022,7 +12562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8179 +#: freeculture.xml:8733 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -11033,7 +12573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8195 +#: freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -11047,13 +12587,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8206 +#: freeculture.xml:8760 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8215 +#: freeculture.xml:8769 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -11069,7 +12609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8208 +#: freeculture.xml:8762 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -11084,7 +12624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8232 +#: freeculture.xml:8786 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -11092,14 +12632,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8238 +#: freeculture.xml:8792 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8242 +#: freeculture.xml:8796 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -11108,7 +12648,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8247 +#: freeculture.xml:8801 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -11126,15 +12666,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8266 +#: freeculture.xml:8820 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " "fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8828 +msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8275 +#: freeculture.xml:8830 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -11149,14 +12694,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8287 +#: freeculture.xml:8842 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8291 +#: freeculture.xml:8846 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -11166,7 +12711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8297 +#: freeculture.xml:8852 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -11174,43 +12719,57 @@ msgid "" "heard then?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:8860 +msgid "on television advertising bans" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:8861 +msgid "controversy avoided by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8339 +#: freeculture.xml:8874 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8340 +#: freeculture.xml:8875 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8341 +#: freeculture.xml:8876 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8342 +#: freeculture.xml:8877 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8343 +#: freeculture.xml:8878 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8314 -msgid "" -"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " -"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " -"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against [their] " -"policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without " -"reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the " -"ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and " -"returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. " -"These restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for " -"example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet " +#: freeculture.xml:8873 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"6\"/> The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place " +"ads that directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within " +"the Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against " +"[their] policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads " +"without reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to " +"run the ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the " +"ads and returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October " +"2003. These restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, " +"for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet " "with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time " "there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even " @@ -11226,15 +12785,11 @@ msgid "" "Matier and Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects " "Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that " -"the criticism was <quote>too controversial.</quote> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/>" +"the criticism was <quote>too controversial.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8304 +#: freeculture.xml:8863 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -11248,7 +12803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8348 +#: freeculture.xml:8912 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -11261,12 +12816,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8361 +#: freeculture.xml:8925 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8363 +#: freeculture.xml:8927 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -11276,7 +12831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8369 +#: freeculture.xml:8933 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -11291,7 +12846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8385 +#: freeculture.xml:8949 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -11300,7 +12855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8391 +#: freeculture.xml:8955 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -11314,7 +12869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8403 +#: freeculture.xml:8967 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -11329,7 +12884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8415 +#: freeculture.xml:8979 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -11340,15 +12895,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:9003 msgid "" -"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four " -"surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " -"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " +"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " +"digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8424 +#: freeculture.xml:8988 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11366,12 +12921,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 -msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." +#: freeculture.xml:9009 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " +"can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8448 +#: freeculture.xml:9013 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11381,38 +12938,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8460 freeculture.xml:8497 +#: freeculture.xml:9025 freeculture.xml:9062 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8461 freeculture.xml:8498 freeculture.xml:8536 freeculture.xml:8568 +#: freeculture.xml:9026 freeculture.xml:9063 freeculture.xml:9101 freeculture.xml:9133 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8466 freeculture.xml:8503 freeculture.xml:8541 freeculture.xml:8573 +#: freeculture.xml:9031 freeculture.xml:9068 freeculture.xml:9106 freeculture.xml:9138 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8467 freeculture.xml:8504 freeculture.xml:8505 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8543 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:8575 freeculture.xml:8579 freeculture.xml:8580 +#: freeculture.xml:9032 freeculture.xml:9069 freeculture.xml:9070 freeculture.xml:9107 freeculture.xml:9108 freeculture.xml:9139 freeculture.xml:9140 freeculture.xml:9144 freeculture.xml:9145 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8468 freeculture.xml:8472 freeculture.xml:8473 freeculture.xml:8509 freeculture.xml:8510 freeculture.xml:8548 +#: freeculture.xml:9033 freeculture.xml:9037 freeculture.xml:9038 freeculture.xml:9074 freeculture.xml:9075 freeculture.xml:9113 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 freeculture.xml:8508 freeculture.xml:8546 freeculture.xml:8578 +#: freeculture.xml:9036 freeculture.xml:9073 freeculture.xml:9111 freeculture.xml:9143 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8480 +#: freeculture.xml:9045 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11422,12 +12979,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8489 +#: freeculture.xml:9054 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8517 +#: freeculture.xml:9082 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11436,7 +12993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8523 +#: freeculture.xml:9088 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11446,17 +13003,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8535 freeculture.xml:8567 +#: freeculture.xml:9100 freeculture.xml:9132 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8547 +#: freeculture.xml:9112 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8555 +#: freeculture.xml:9120 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11467,7 +13024,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 +#: freeculture.xml:9152 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11476,7 +13033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8595 +#: freeculture.xml:9160 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11485,7 +13042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8601 +#: freeculture.xml:9166 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11499,23 +13056,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8625 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8619 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "" -"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " -"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " -"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of " -"Property,</quote> in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland " -"Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, " -"1980). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important " +"contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property " +"rights are always crafted to balance public and private interests. See " +"Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of Property,</quote> in " +"<citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland Pennock and John W. " +"Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8613 +#: freeculture.xml:9178 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -11533,26 +13090,31 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8638 +#: freeculture.xml:9203 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " "birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those " "limits, by granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the " -"story of chapter 6). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by " -"a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of " -"exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of chapter " -"7). Adding statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another " -"familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter 8). And " -"granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of " -"property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul of a " -"culture (chapter 9). Free cultures, like free markets, are built with " -"property. But the nature of the property that builds a free culture is very " -"different from the extremist vision that dominates the debate today." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8657 +"story of chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"founders\"/>). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is " +"animated by a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs " +"of exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of " +"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"recorders\"/>). Adding statutory rights where markets might stifle " +"innovation is another familiar limit on the property right that copyright is " +"(chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"transformers\"/>). And granting archives and libraries a broad " +"freedom to collect, claims of property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of " +"guaranteeing the soul of a culture (chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>). Free cultures, like free markets, " +"are built with property. But the nature of the property that builds a free " +"culture is very different from the extremist vision that dominates the " +"debate today." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9226 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11567,33 +13129,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8674 +#: freeculture.xml:9243 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8678 +#: freeculture.xml:9247 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8680 +#: freeculture.xml:9248 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8683 +#: freeculture.xml:9249 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8686 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8694 +#: freeculture.xml:9258 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -11602,11 +13164,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8690 +#: freeculture.xml:9253 msgid "" -"In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " -"trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " -"the Peruvian Andes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The valley is " +"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " +"H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " +"slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in the Peruvian " +"Andes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The valley is " "extraordinarily beautiful, with <quote>sweet water, pasture, an even " "climate, slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an " "excellent fruit.</quote> But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this " @@ -11616,7 +13179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8706 +#: freeculture.xml:9270 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -11631,7 +13194,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8718 +#: freeculture.xml:9282 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11645,7 +13208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8729 +#: freeculture.xml:9293 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -11655,14 +13218,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8735 +#: freeculture.xml:9299 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8739 +#: freeculture.xml:9303 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -11670,7 +13233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8744 +#: freeculture.xml:9308 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -11678,24 +13241,30 @@ msgid "" "eyes].</quote>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8750 +#: freeculture.xml:9314 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " "(You'll have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I " -"believe in free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It " -"sometimes happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That " -"fusion produces a <quote>chimera.</quote> A chimera is a single creature " -"with two sets of DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different " -"from the DNA of the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder " +"believe in free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.)" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:9320 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " +"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " +"<quote>chimera.</quote> A chimera is a single creature with two sets of " +"DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of " +"the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder " "mysteries. <quote>But the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was " "not the person whose blood was at the scene. …</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8767 +#: freeculture.xml:9334 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11706,7 +13275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8775 +#: freeculture.xml:9342 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11723,7 +13292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8789 +#: freeculture.xml:9356 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11736,7 +13305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8798 +#: freeculture.xml:9365 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -11748,7 +13317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8809 +#: freeculture.xml:9376 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11760,7 +13329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8819 +#: freeculture.xml:9386 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11769,53 +13338,59 @@ msgid "" "rules should govern it?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9689 freeculture.xml:10784 +msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8865 +#: freeculture.xml:9433 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8866 freeculture.xml:9574 +#: freeculture.xml:9434 freeculture.xml:10181 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8835 +#: freeculture.xml:9402 msgid "" -"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " -"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, " -"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " +"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " +"at Harvard Law School, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " +"World,</quote> 27 June 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #33</ulink>. Reps. John Conyers " +"Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman (D-Calif.) have introduced a bill that " +"would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with " +"punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, " +"<quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,</quote> <citetitle>Los " +"Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 July 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. Civil penalties are " +"currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) " +"legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal the identity of a " +"user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a family computer, see " +"<citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In " +"re. Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 " +"(D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could face liability ranging as high as $90 " +"million. Such astronomical figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal " +"in its prosecution of file sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to " +"$17,500 for four students accused of heavy file sharing on university " +"networks must have seemed a mere pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA " +"could seek should the matter proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, " +"<quote>Downloading Could Lead to Fines,</quote> redandblack.com, August " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#33</ulink>. Reps. John Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman " -"(D-Calif.) have introduced a bill that would treat unauthorized on-line " -"copying as a felony offense with punishments ranging as high as five years " -"imprisonment; see Jon Healey, <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on " -"Piracy,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied " -"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand " -"that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 " -"songs through a family computer, see <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> " -"v. <citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon Internet " -"Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could " -"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures " -"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file " -"sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students " -"accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere " -"pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter " -"proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, <quote>Downloading Could Lead to " -"Fines,</quote> redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of " -"the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to " -"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, " -"<quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,</quote> " -"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"#35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, " +"and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-sharer " +"identities, see James Collins, <quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to " +"Name Students,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, " +"D3, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#36</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8826 +#: freeculture.xml:9393 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11828,7 +13403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8872 +#: freeculture.xml:9440 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11838,7 +13413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8879 +#: freeculture.xml:9447 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11852,7 +13427,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8891 +#: freeculture.xml:9459 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11863,7 +13438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8899 +#: freeculture.xml:9467 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -11877,14 +13452,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8912 +#: freeculture.xml:9480 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8916 +#: freeculture.xml:9484 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11895,7 +13470,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:9501 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11906,7 +13481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8923 +#: freeculture.xml:9491 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11919,12 +13494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8947 freeculture.xml:9301 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 freeculture.xml:9889 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8944 +#: freeculture.xml:9512 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -11932,7 +13507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8950 +#: freeculture.xml:9518 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11940,22 +13515,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8958 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8960 +#: freeculture.xml:9528 msgid "" -"To fight <quote>piracy,</quote> to protect <quote>property,</quote> the " -"content industry has launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign " -"contributions have now brought the government into this war. As with any " -"war, this one will have both direct and collateral damage. As with any war " -"of prohibition, these damages will be suffered most by our own people." +"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " +"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " +"war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought the " +"government into this war. As with any war, this one will have both direct " +"and collateral damage. As with any war of prohibition, these damages will be " +"suffered most by our own people." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8967 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -11964,7 +13540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:9542 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11973,7 +13549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -11983,7 +13559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8989 +#: freeculture.xml:9558 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11993,12 +13569,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8996 +#: freeculture.xml:9565 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8998 +#: freeculture.xml:9567 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -12015,7 +13591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 +#: freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -12030,7 +13606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9024 +#: freeculture.xml:9593 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -12040,7 +13616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9034 +#: freeculture.xml:9603 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -12053,13 +13629,18 @@ msgid "" "presumptively illegal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9062 freeculture.xml:9083 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9613 freeculture.xml:9637 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9616 +msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9057 +#: freeculture.xml:9632 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -12070,12 +13651,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9078 +#: freeculture.xml:9653 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9069 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -12089,34 +13670,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9045 +#: freeculture.xml:9619 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " "impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed and what's not, and at the " "same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The " -"four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 " -"was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search " -"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which " -"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in " -"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere " -"$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " -"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the " -"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in " -"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " -"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " -"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " -"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"four students who were threatened by the RIAA (Jesse Jordan of chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"catalogs\"/> was just one) were " +"threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that " +"permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which defrauded investors " +"of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization of " +"over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere $750 million.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed in Congress " +"right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation " +"would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and " +"suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense " +"recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading " +"two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently " +"butchering a patient?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9085 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9106 +#: freeculture.xml:9680 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12126,7 +13708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9087 +#: freeculture.xml:9661 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -12146,7 +13728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9116 +#: freeculture.xml:9691 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -12160,7 +13742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 +#: freeculture.xml:9704 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -12174,7 +13756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9139 +#: freeculture.xml:9715 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -12185,7 +13767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9150 +#: freeculture.xml:9726 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -12198,7 +13780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9160 +#: freeculture.xml:9736 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -12211,7 +13793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9171 +#: freeculture.xml:9747 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -12224,13 +13806,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9182 +#: freeculture.xml:9758 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9186 +#: freeculture.xml:9762 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -12243,12 +13825,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9199 +#: freeculture.xml:9775 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9776 +msgid "innovation hampered by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9777 +msgid "industry establishment opposed to" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9201 +#: freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -12259,19 +13851,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9209 +#: freeculture.xml:9789 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " -"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 " -"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by " -"substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of " -"<quote>free culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests " -"affecting culture are more fundamental." +"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> pages into a " +"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting " +"<quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of <quote>free " +"culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests affecting " +"culture are more fundamental." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9219 +#: freeculture.xml:9800 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -12286,13 +13879,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9231 freeculture.xml:9339 +#: freeculture.xml:9813 freeculture.xml:9934 freeculture.xml:9940 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9814 freeculture.xml:9946 +msgid "venture capitalists" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9816 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -12307,7 +13905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9246 +#: freeculture.xml:9831 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -12315,12 +13913,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9250 +#: freeculture.xml:9835 +msgid "MP3.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9836 +msgid "my.mp3.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9837 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9252 +#: freeculture.xml:9839 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -12330,18 +13938,23 @@ msgid "" "the creators." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9847 +msgid "preference data on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9260 +#: freeculture.xml:9849 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " "leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new " "artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And " -"so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"so on." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9268 +#: freeculture.xml:9856 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12356,7 +13969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9280 +#: freeculture.xml:9868 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12366,7 +13979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9289 +#: freeculture.xml:9878 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12379,8 +13992,18 @@ msgid "" "something they had already bought." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:9935 +msgid "distribution technology targeted in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9895 +msgid "outsize penalties of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9304 +#: freeculture.xml:9897 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12392,12 +14015,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9314 +#: freeculture.xml:9907 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9317 +#: freeculture.xml:9910 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12410,7 +14033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9327 +#: freeculture.xml:9921 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12422,18 +14045,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9338 +#: freeculture.xml:9936 +msgid "BMW" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9937 +msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9939 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9340 +#: freeculture.xml:9941 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9942 +msgid "MP3 players" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9943 +msgid "venture capital for" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:9990 +msgid "Needleman, Rafe" +msgstr "" + #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9348 +#: freeculture.xml:9954 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -12446,12 +14094,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9342 +#: freeculture.xml:9948 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " "(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " -"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder " +"cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should " "have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the " "industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a " @@ -12462,22 +14110,11 @@ msgid "" "buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " -"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9372 -msgid "BMW" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9387 -msgid "Needleman, Rafe" +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9383 +#: freeculture.xml:9986 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12487,7 +14124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9374 +#: freeculture.xml:9977 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12499,7 +14136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9392 +#: freeculture.xml:9998 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -12511,7 +14148,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9402 +#: freeculture.xml:10008 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -12527,7 +14164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9417 +#: freeculture.xml:10023 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -12537,12 +14174,12 @@ msgid "" "generally. Free market and free culture depend upon vibrant competition. " "Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this kind of competition. " "The effect is to produce an overregulated culture, just as the effect of too " -"much control in the market is to produce an overregulatedregulated market." +"much control in the market is to produce an overregulated-regulated market." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:10035 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12557,7 +14194,13 @@ msgid "" "least do everything it can to limit the reach of the law where the law is " "not doing any good. The transaction costs buried within a permission culture " "are enough to bury a wide range of creativity. Someone needs to do a lot of " -"justifying to justify that result. The uncertainty of the law is one burden " +"justifying to justify that result." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10054 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " "the effort by many in the content industry to use the law to directly " "regulate the technology of the Internet so that it better protects their " @@ -12565,7 +14208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9451 +#: freeculture.xml:10061 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12579,7 +14222,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9465 +#: freeculture.xml:10076 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -12589,12 +14232,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9478 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9461 +#: freeculture.xml:10072 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12612,7 +14255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9482 +#: freeculture.xml:10093 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12621,40 +14264,39 @@ msgid "" "will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:12012 +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "" + #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9496 +#: freeculture.xml:10108 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9502 freeculture.xml:11343 -msgid "Intel" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9492 +#: freeculture.xml:10104 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " "impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was " "obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, " -"any protection should not do more harm than good. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"any protection should not do more harm than good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9505 +#: freeculture.xml:10116 msgid "" -"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " -"innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " -"market crowd." +"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " +"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " +"familiar to the free market crowd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9510 +#: freeculture.xml:10121 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12662,29 +14304,36 @@ msgid "" "regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10139 +msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " -"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#: freeculture.xml:10131 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " "and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her " "book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 " -"details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a " -"balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or " -"statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the " -"case of the VCR) has been another." +"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/> details, when new " +"technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure that " +"the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have " +"been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) has " +"been another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9533 +#: freeculture.xml:10150 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12693,18 +14342,28 @@ msgid "" "effect of smothering the new to benefit the old." msgstr "" -#. f10. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10156 +msgid "radio on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10161 +msgid "Grokster, Ltd." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9542 +#: freeculture.xml:10161 msgid "" -"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " -"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " -"Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of " -"appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player " -"were not liable for contributory copyright infringement for a device that is " -"unable to record or redistribute music (a device whose only copying function " -"is to render portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). " -"At the district court level, the only exception is found in " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " +"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " +"(RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia Systems</citetitle>, 180 " +"F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit " +"reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for " +"contributory copyright infringement for a device that is unable to record or " +"redistribute music (a device whose only copying function is to render " +"portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). At the " +"district court level, the only exception is found in " "<citetitle>Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, " "Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d " "1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found the link between the " @@ -12713,31 +14372,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9575 +#: freeculture.xml:10180 +msgid "Tauzin, Billy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10182 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9560 -msgid "" -"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " -"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " -"copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the " -"copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August " -"2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that " -"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on " -"TV (i.e., computers) respect a <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would " -"disable copying of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator " -"Fritz Hollings introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television " -"Promotion Act, which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital " -"media devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a " -"Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +#: freeculture.xml:10180 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> For example, in July 2002, Representative " +"Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), " +"which would immunize copyright holders from liability for damage done to " +"computers when the copyright holders use technology to stop copyright " +"infringement. In August 2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill " +"to mandate that technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of " +"films broadcast on TV (i.e., computers) respect a <quote>broadcast " +"flag</quote> that would disable copying of that content. And in March of the " +"same year, Senator Fritz Hollings introduced the Consumer Broadband and " +"Digital Television Promotion Act, which mandated copyright protection " +"technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and " +"Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9540 +#: freeculture.xml:10159 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12747,8 +14412,9 @@ msgid "" "demise of Internet radio." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9587 +#: freeculture.xml:10207 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -12758,11 +14424,11 @@ msgid "" "performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then " "whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright " "owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas " -"Marilyn Monroe would not. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9599 +#: freeculture.xml:10218 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12775,7 +14441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9610 +#: freeculture.xml:10229 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12786,7 +14452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9619 +#: freeculture.xml:10238 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12802,7 +14468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9635 +#: freeculture.xml:10254 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12814,12 +14480,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9659 +#: freeculture.xml:10278 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9645 +#: freeculture.xml:10264 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12837,12 +14503,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9669 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9664 +#: freeculture.xml:10283 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12852,7 +14518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9674 +#: freeculture.xml:10293 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12861,9 +14527,24 @@ msgid "" "what copyright rules would govern Internet radio?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10302 +msgid "on radio" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10306 +msgid "Internet radio hampered by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10307 freeculture.xml:10460 +msgid "on Internet radio fees" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9686 +#: freeculture.xml:10310 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12878,12 +14559,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9725 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9708 +#: freeculture.xml:10332 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12905,7 +14586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9701 +#: freeculture.xml:10325 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12916,7 +14597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12925,57 +14606,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9741 +#: freeculture.xml:10369 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9744 +#: freeculture.xml:10372 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9747 +#: freeculture.xml:10375 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:10378 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9753 +#: freeculture.xml:10381 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9756 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9759 +#: freeculture.xml:10387 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9762 +#: freeculture.xml:10390 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9765 +#: freeculture.xml:10393 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9768 +#: freeculture.xml:10396 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9771 +#: freeculture.xml:10399 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12983,77 +14664,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9774 +#: freeculture.xml:10402 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9777 +#: freeculture.xml:10405 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9780 +#: freeculture.xml:10408 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9783 +#: freeculture.xml:10411 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9786 +#: freeculture.xml:10414 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9789 +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:10420 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9795 +#: freeculture.xml:10423 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9798 +#: freeculture.xml:10426 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9801 +#: freeculture.xml:10429 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9804 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9807 +#: freeculture.xml:10435 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9810 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9813 +#: freeculture.xml:10441 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:10446 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -13064,7 +14745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9826 +#: freeculture.xml:10454 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -13072,12 +14753,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9830 freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:10458 freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9835 +#: freeculture.xml:10464 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -13086,7 +14767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9841 +#: freeculture.xml:10470 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -13100,7 +14781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9860 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -13109,7 +14790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9869 +#: freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -13120,12 +14801,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9879 +#: freeculture.xml:10514 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9881 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -13133,7 +14814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9887 +#: freeculture.xml:10522 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -13142,7 +14823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9896 +#: freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -13153,7 +14834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9892 +#: freeculture.xml:10527 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -13171,7 +14852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9930 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -13179,7 +14860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9917 +#: freeculture.xml:10552 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -13200,9 +14881,14 @@ msgid "" "that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10576 +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9952 +#: freeculture.xml:10588 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -13211,7 +14897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9960 +#: freeculture.xml:10596 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -13220,20 +14906,15 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:10606 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " "(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9977 -msgid "alcohol prohibition" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9942 +#: freeculture.xml:10578 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -13252,17 +14933,16 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free " "society,</quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated " "within our society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans " -"regularly violate at least some law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"regularly violate at least some law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9980 +#: freeculture.xml:10616 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -13277,12 +14957,11 @@ msgid "" "case is over. Generations of Americans—more significantly in some " "parts of America than in others, but still, everywhere in America " "today—can't live their lives both normally and legally, since " -"<quote>normally</quote> entails a certain degree of illegality. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<quote>normally</quote> entails a certain degree of illegality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9998 +#: freeculture.xml:10633 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -13296,7 +14975,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10011 +#: freeculture.xml:10646 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -13306,7 +14985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10018 +#: freeculture.xml:10653 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -13323,7 +15002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10032 +#: freeculture.xml:10667 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -13337,13 +15016,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10044 +#: freeculture.xml:10679 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10047 +#: freeculture.xml:10682 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -13354,7 +15033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10058 +#: freeculture.xml:10693 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13366,12 +15045,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10066 -msgid "Adromeda" +#: freeculture.xml:10701 +msgid "Andromeda" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10702 +msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10704 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -13385,7 +15069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13398,7 +15082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10725 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13412,7 +15096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10103 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13424,7 +15108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10112 +#: freeculture.xml:10749 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13437,7 +15121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10123 +#: freeculture.xml:10760 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13449,7 +15133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10132 +#: freeculture.xml:10769 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13457,35 +15141,42 @@ msgid "" "as criminals and their own survival." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10775 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " "but not so charming as to justify giving up a tradition as deep and " -"important as our tradition of free culture. There's one more aspect to this " +"important as our tradition of free culture." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:10786 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " "directly from any war of prohibition. As Electronic Frontier Foundation " "attorney Fred von Lohmann describes, this is the <quote>collateral " "damage</quote> that <quote>arises whenever you turn a very large percentage " "of the population into criminals.</quote> This is the collateral damage to " -"civil liberties generally. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"civil liberties generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:10266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10794 freeculture.xml:10894 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10155 +#: freeculture.xml:10796 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " -"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10161 +#: freeculture.xml:10801 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -13499,7 +15190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10173 +#: freeculture.xml:10813 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -13507,7 +15198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10178 +#: freeculture.xml:10818 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13519,7 +15210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#: freeculture.xml:10836 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -13536,7 +15227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10187 +#: freeculture.xml:10827 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -13550,7 +15241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10214 +#: freeculture.xml:10854 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13558,7 +15249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10210 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13570,7 +15261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10235 +#: freeculture.xml:10875 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -13593,7 +15284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10223 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13609,8 +15300,9 @@ msgid "" "network. She can, in some cases, be expelled." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10254 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13620,11 +15312,11 @@ msgid "" "<quote>contraband</quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of " "college students have already learned, our presumptions about innocence " "disappear in the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different. " -"Says von Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Says von Lohmann," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10270 +#: freeculture.xml:10911 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13645,7 +15337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10290 +#: freeculture.xml:10931 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -13656,21 +15348,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:10944 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10308 +#: freeculture.xml:10949 msgid "" -"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " -"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " -"fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled " -"with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." +"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " +"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " +"in part you helped start the fire. Now you don't know how to put it " +"out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline " +"won't put the fire out." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10314 +#: freeculture.xml:10956 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13680,19 +15373,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10322 +#: freeculture.xml:10964 msgid "" -"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " -"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " -"No doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry " -"and technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect " -"themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that " -"if let alone would burn itself out." +"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " +"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " +"technologies threaten existing businesses. No doubt they may threaten " +"artists. But technologies change. The industry and technologists have " +"plenty of ways to use technology to protect themselves against the current " +"threats of the Internet. This is a fire that if let alone would burn itself " +"out." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10974 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13702,7 +15396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10339 +#: freeculture.xml:10982 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13710,7 +15404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10344 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13719,7 +15413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10350 +#: freeculture.xml:10993 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13728,28 +15422,44 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10360 +#: freeculture.xml:11003 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:11004 +msgid "Eldred, Eric" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11005 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10365 +#: freeculture.xml:11007 msgid "" -"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " -"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " -"did something about it. Eric Eldred, a retired computer programmer living in " -"New Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the Web. An electronic version, " -"Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would make this " -"nineteenth-century author's work come alive." +"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " +"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " +"such father, but at least one did something about it. Eric Eldred, a retired " +"computer programmer living in New Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the " +"Web. An electronic version, Eldred thought, with links to pictures and " +"explanatory text, would make this nineteenth-century author's work come " +"alive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11015 +msgid "of public-domain literature" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11016 +msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10374 +#: freeculture.xml:11018 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13759,7 +15469,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10381 +#: freeculture.xml:11027 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13770,8 +15480,13 @@ msgid "" "accessible—technically accessible—today." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11037 +msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10392 +#: freeculture.xml:11039 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13786,27 +15501,32 @@ msgid "" "works." msgstr "" -#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11064 freeculture.xml:12111 +msgid "pornography" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10416 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "" -"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " -"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " -"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " -"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " -"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " -"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " -"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " -"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " -"noncommercial speakers that the statute was found to exceed Congress's " -"power. The same point could have been made about noncommercial publishers " -"after the advent of the Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the " -"Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it at least as important to " -"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " +"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " +"phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial " +"pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were not making " +"money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class didn't " +"exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of distributing " +"porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got special attention " +"in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the Communications Decency " +"Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on noncommercial speakers " +"that the statute was found to exceed Congress's power. The same point could " +"have been made about noncommercial publishers after the advent of the " +"Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the Internet were extremely " +"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of " +"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10405 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13820,8 +15540,18 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11084 +msgid "Frost, Robert" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11085 +msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10433 +#: freeculture.xml:11089 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13836,21 +15566,31 @@ msgid "" "period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" -#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11104 freeculture.xml:11116 +msgid "Bono, Mary" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11105 freeculture.xml:11117 +msgid "Bono, Sonny" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10454 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "" -"The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright " -"protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would " -"violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen " -"our copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is " -"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one " -"day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " +"copyright protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a " +"change would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me " +"to strengthen our copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you " +"know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less " +"one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 " "Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10449 +#: freeculture.xml:11111 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13858,8 +15598,28 @@ msgid "" "forever.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11128 +msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11129 +msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11130 +msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11131 +msgid "felony punishments for" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10465 +#: freeculture.xml:11133 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13869,8 +15629,18 @@ msgid "" "dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:12079 +msgid "constitutional powers of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:11191 +msgid "Eldred case involvement of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10474 +#: freeculture.xml:11147 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13880,7 +15650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10485 +#: freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -13888,7 +15658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:11165 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13901,13 +15671,14 @@ msgid "" "<quote>for limited Times.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10510 freeculture.xml:11979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11177 freeculture.xml:12673 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10501 +#: freeculture.xml:11179 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13916,12 +15687,11 @@ msgid "" "effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power " "to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " "forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as " -"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10513 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13934,7 +15704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10524 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -13946,7 +15716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10533 +#: freeculture.xml:11213 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13958,7 +15728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10543 +#: freeculture.xml:11223 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13968,7 +15738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10550 +#: freeculture.xml:11230 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -13977,7 +15747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10558 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -13986,14 +15756,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10564 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10568 +#: freeculture.xml:11248 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -14001,7 +15771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10573 +#: freeculture.xml:11253 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -14010,7 +15780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10579 +#: freeculture.xml:11259 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -14019,14 +15789,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10585 +#: freeculture.xml:11265 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10589 +#: freeculture.xml:11269 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -14034,7 +15804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10595 +#: freeculture.xml:11275 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -14043,7 +15813,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10601 +#: freeculture.xml:11281 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -14055,7 +15825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10612 +#: freeculture.xml:11292 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -14064,7 +15834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10624 +#: freeculture.xml:11304 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -14073,7 +15843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10631 +#: freeculture.xml:11311 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -14082,7 +15852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10639 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -14090,7 +15860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10617 +#: freeculture.xml:11297 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -14105,21 +15875,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#: freeculture.xml:11326 msgid "" -"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " -"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " -"never-ending incentives to increase the copyright term was central to my " -"thinking. In my view, a pragmatic court committed to interpreting and " -"applying the Constitution of our framers would see that if Congress has the " -"power to extend existing terms, then there would be no effective " -"constitutional requirement that terms be <quote>limited.</quote> If they " -"could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and again." +"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " +"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " +"complaint, this reality about the never-ending incentives to increase the " +"copyright term was central to my thinking. In my view, a pragmatic court " +"committed to interpreting and applying the Constitution of our framers would " +"see that if Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then there " +"would be no effective constitutional requirement that terms be " +"<quote>limited.</quote> If they could extend it once, they would extend it " +"again and again and again." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10659 +#: freeculture.xml:11341 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -14131,7 +15902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10672 +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -14141,7 +15912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10682 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -14151,12 +15922,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10688 freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:11370 freeculture.xml:12160 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#: freeculture.xml:11372 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -14172,7 +15943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10705 +#: freeculture.xml:11387 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -14180,14 +15951,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10712 +#: freeculture.xml:11394 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10703 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14200,7 +15971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10719 +#: freeculture.xml:11401 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -14215,7 +15986,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:11398 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14229,7 +16000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10740 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -14245,27 +16016,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10753 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 msgid "" -"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " -"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " -"Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing " -"piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was fighting a kind of " -"piracy—piracy of the public domain. When Robert Frost wrote his work " -"and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum copyright term was " -"just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, Frost and Disney had " -"already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. They had gotten " -"the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution envisions: In exchange for " -"a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they created new work. But now " -"these entities were using their power—expressed through the power of " -"lobbyists' money—to get another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That " -"twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was " -"fighting a piracy that affects us all." +"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " +"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " +"about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously " +"Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was " +"fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. When Robert " +"Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum " +"copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, Frost " +"and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their " +"work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution " +"envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they " +"created new work. But now these entities were using their " +"power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' money—to get " +"another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be " +"taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects " +"us all." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11456 +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:11464 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -14273,13 +16050,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10784 -msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10770 +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -14287,11 +16059,11 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; " "and in our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " "Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " -"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"pirate's charter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10787 +#: freeculture.xml:11474 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -14303,21 +16075,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10799 +#: freeculture.xml:11486 msgid "" -"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " -"Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> These works are too " -"valuable for copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society " -"from copyright extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget " -"Mickey Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and " -"1930s that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension " -"comes not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are " -"not famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." +"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " +"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " +"Blue.</quote> These works are too valuable for copyright owners to " +"ignore. But the real harm to our society from copyright extensions is not " +"that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. Forget Robert " +"Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have continuing " +"commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from these " +"famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not " +"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10820 +#: freeculture.xml:11504 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -14327,7 +16100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10814 +#: freeculture.xml:11498 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -14339,7 +16112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10829 +#: freeculture.xml:11513 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -14350,7 +16123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10842 +#: freeculture.xml:11526 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -14361,14 +16134,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10854 +#: freeculture.xml:11538 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -14376,7 +16149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10861 +#: freeculture.xml:11545 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14386,7 +16159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10870 +#: freeculture.xml:11554 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -14394,7 +16167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10875 +#: freeculture.xml:11559 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14406,7 +16179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:11568 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14420,7 +16193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10899 +#: freeculture.xml:11583 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14434,7 +16207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10911 +#: freeculture.xml:11595 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14442,23 +16215,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10917 +#: freeculture.xml:11600 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10919 freeculture.xml:11355 +#: freeculture.xml:11601 freeculture.xml:12036 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10920 +#: freeculture.xml:11602 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11603 +msgid "Lucky Dog, The" +msgstr "" + #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10933 +#: freeculture.xml:11616 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -14467,13 +16245,8 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10939 -msgid "Lucky Dog, The" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10922 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14484,12 +16257,11 @@ msgid "" "controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal " "of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 " "videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent " -"films.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"films.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10942 +#: freeculture.xml:11623 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14499,7 +16271,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10948 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14511,7 +16283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10966 +#: freeculture.xml:11647 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -14523,18 +16295,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10959 +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " "technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " "$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " -"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder " +"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of 8 mm film.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:11657 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -14544,7 +16316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10984 +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14555,7 +16327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10992 +#: freeculture.xml:11673 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14570,7 +16342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11684 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14580,7 +16352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11014 +#: freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14589,18 +16361,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11022 +#: freeculture.xml:11703 msgid "" -"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " -"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " -"crucially important legal device. For that tiny fraction, the copyright " -"creates incentives to produce and distribute the creative work. For that " -"tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an <quote>engine of free " -"expression.</quote>" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " +"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " +"tiny fraction, the copyright is a crucially important legal device. For that " +"tiny fraction, the copyright creates incentives to produce and distribute " +"the creative work. For that tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an " +"<quote>engine of free expression.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11031 +#: freeculture.xml:11711 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14611,7 +16383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11041 +#: freeculture.xml:11721 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14625,7 +16397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11054 +#: freeculture.xml:11734 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14633,7 +16405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11061 +#: freeculture.xml:11741 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14646,7 +16418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11072 +#: freeculture.xml:11752 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14657,7 +16429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11081 +#: freeculture.xml:11761 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14666,12 +16438,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11087 +#: freeculture.xml:11767 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11093 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14686,7 +16458,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11106 +#: freeculture.xml:11784 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14699,7 +16471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14713,7 +16485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11805 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -14722,7 +16494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11133 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14737,7 +16509,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11157 +#: freeculture.xml:11835 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14745,32 +16517,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11145 +#: freeculture.xml:11823 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " "message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not " "doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the " "gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " -"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially " +"films, books, and music produced between 1923 and 1946 is not commercially " "available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " "value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11164 +#: freeculture.xml:11842 msgid "" -"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " -"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " -"Bono Copyright Term Extension Act unconstitutional. The two central claims " -"that we made were (1) that extending existing terms violated the " -"Constitution's <quote>limited Times</quote> requirement, and (2) that " -"extending terms by another twenty years violated the First Amendment." +"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " +"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " +"the court to declare the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act " +"unconstitutional. The two central claims that we made were (1) that " +"extending existing terms violated the Constitution's <quote>limited " +"Times</quote> requirement, and (2) that extending terms by another twenty " +"years violated the First Amendment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11172 +#: freeculture.xml:11851 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14780,7 +16553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11179 +#: freeculture.xml:11858 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -14794,7 +16567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11190 +#: freeculture.xml:11869 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14802,9 +16575,14 @@ msgid "" "the court will sit <quote>en banc</quote> to hear the case." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11874 +msgid "Tatel, David" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11196 +#: freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14814,7 +16592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11205 +#: freeculture.xml:11885 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14824,7 +16602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11212 +#: freeculture.xml:11892 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14832,20 +16610,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11218 +#: freeculture.xml:11898 msgid "" -"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " -"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " -"the appeal. And if you know something more than just the minimum, you " -"probably think there was no way this case could have been won. After our " -"defeat, I received literally thousands of missives by well-wishers and " -"supporters, thanking me for my work on behalf of this noble but doomed " -"cause. And none from this pile was more significant to me than the e-mail " -"from my client, Eric Eldred." +"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " +"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " +"this story, you know that we lost the appeal. And if you know something more " +"than just the minimum, you probably think there was no way this case could " +"have been won. After our defeat, I received literally thousands of missives " +"by well-wishers and supporters, thanking me for my work on behalf of this " +"noble but doomed cause. And none from this pile was more significant to me " +"than the e-mail from my client, Eric Eldred." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11909 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14853,35 +16631,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11233 freeculture.xml:11247 +#: freeculture.xml:11914 freeculture.xml:11928 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11235 +#: freeculture.xml:11916 msgid "" -"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " -"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " -"lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, " -"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its " -"copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this " -"pressure (something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout " -"the case, they gave it everything they could." +"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " +"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " +"very beginning by an extraordinary lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law " +"firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great " +"deal of heat from its copyright-protectionist clients for supporting " +"us. They ignored this pressure (something that few law firms today would " +"ever do), and throughout the case, they gave it everything they could." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11245 freeculture.xml:11596 freeculture.xml:11612 freeculture.xml:11706 freeculture.xml:11922 freeculture.xml:11953 freeculture.xml:12046 +#: freeculture.xml:11926 freeculture.xml:12289 freeculture.xml:12305 freeculture.xml:12402 freeculture.xml:12622 freeculture.xml:12653 freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11246 +#: freeculture.xml:11927 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11249 +#: freeculture.xml:11930 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14894,7 +16672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11259 +#: freeculture.xml:11940 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14916,7 +16694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11280 +#: freeculture.xml:11961 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14927,7 +16705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11288 +#: freeculture.xml:11969 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14945,18 +16723,18 @@ msgid "" "was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11987 freeculture.xml:12014 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11988 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11307 +#: freeculture.xml:11990 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14969,12 +16747,11 @@ msgid "" "editorial documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's " "contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not " "justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, " -"Schlafly argued. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Schlafly argued." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11323 +#: freeculture.xml:12004 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14983,44 +16760,41 @@ msgid "" "conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11331 +#: freeculture.xml:12016 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " -"Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/ Linux possible). They " +"Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/Linux possible). They " "included a powerful brief about the costs of uncertainty by Intel. There " "were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First " "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " -"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11352 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12028 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11348 +#: freeculture.xml:12031 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " "the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " -"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"National Writers Union." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11357 +#: freeculture.xml:12038 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -15029,32 +16803,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11363 +#: freeculture.xml:12044 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:12045 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#: freeculture.xml:12046 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11366 +#: freeculture.xml:12047 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11367 +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11369 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -15067,28 +16841,29 @@ msgid "" "special-interest legislation gone wild." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11392 freeculture.xml:11408 freeculture.xml:11603 freeculture.xml:11958 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12060 freeculture.xml:12078 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12654 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11393 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12061 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11394 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11395 freeculture.xml:11597 freeculture.xml:12704 +#: freeculture.xml:12063 freeculture.xml:12290 freeculture.xml:13439 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11380 +#: freeculture.xml:12065 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -15098,14 +16873,16 @@ msgid "" "history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending " "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " -"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:12080 +msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11398 +#: freeculture.xml:12082 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -15115,12 +16892,11 @@ msgid "" "Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power " "in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many " "positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining " -"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11411 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -15130,7 +16906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11418 +#: freeculture.xml:12101 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -15140,9 +16916,19 @@ msgid "" "who did what with content they wanted to control." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12109 +msgid "Gershwin, George" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12110 +msgid "Porgy and Bess" +msgstr "" + #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11434 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -15150,20 +16936,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11442 +#: freeculture.xml:12128 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " "1998, B7." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11449 -msgid "Gershwin, George" -msgstr "" - +#. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11427 +#: freeculture.xml:12113 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -15176,11 +16958,11 @@ msgid "" "Bess</citetitle> to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the " "cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this " "part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to " -"help them effect that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"help them effect that control." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11452 +#: freeculture.xml:12137 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -15195,24 +16977,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11464 +#: freeculture.xml:12149 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " "copyrights—extensions that would further concentrate the market; it " "would also mean that there was no limit to Congress's power to play " -"favorites, through copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between " -"February and October, there was little I did beyond preparing for this " -"case. Early on, as I said, I set the strategy." +"favorites, through copyright, with who has the right to speak." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12156 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " +"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " +"strategy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11473 freeculture.xml:11651 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 freeculture.xml:12347 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11475 +#: freeculture.xml:12163 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -15225,13 +17013,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11508 freeculture.xml:11850 freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:12172 freeculture.xml:12197 freeculture.xml:12549 freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12173 freeculture.xml:12513 +msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11486 +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -15244,7 +17037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11498 +#: freeculture.xml:12187 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -15257,7 +17050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:12199 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -15267,7 +17060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11518 +#: freeculture.xml:12208 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -15278,7 +17071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11526 +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -15291,7 +17084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11536 +#: freeculture.xml:12226 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -15306,17 +17099,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "" -"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " -"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " -"from the very beginning, Congress has been extending the term of existing " -"copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say that " -"practice is unconstitutional." +"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " +"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " +"it again. The government claimed that from the very beginning, Congress has " +"been extending the term of existing copyrights. So, the government argued, " +"the Court should not now say that practice is unconstitutional." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11557 +#: freeculture.xml:12248 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -15324,9 +17117,8 @@ msgid "" "regularly—eleven times in forty years." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11564 +#: freeculture.xml:12255 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -15336,15 +17128,22 @@ msgid "" "now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " "expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where " "Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it " -"couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in " -"October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During those two " -"weeks, I was repeatedly <quote>mooted</quote> by lawyers who had volunteered " -"to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically practice " -"rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners." +"couldn't intervene here." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12270 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " +"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " +"those two weeks, I was repeatedly <quote>mooted</quote> by lawyers who had " +"volunteered to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically " +"practice rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11587 +#: freeculture.xml:12280 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -15355,17 +17154,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11599 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " "Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review " -"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"of the moot, he let his concern speak:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11606 +#: freeculture.xml:12299 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -15374,9 +17172,8 @@ msgid "" "that, then we haven't any chance of winning.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11614 +#: freeculture.xml:12307 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -15385,16 +17182,22 @@ msgid "" "right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I " "listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his " "point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the " -"politicians learn to see that it was also good. The night before the " -"argument, a line of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The " -"case had become a focus of the press and of the movement to free " -"culture. Hundreds stood in line for the chance to see the " -"proceedings. Scores spent the night on the Supreme Court steps so that they " -"would be assured a seat." +"politicians learn to see that it was also good." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12317 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " +"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " +"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in " +"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the " +"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11631 +#: freeculture.xml:12327 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15410,7 +17213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11646 +#: freeculture.xml:12342 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15419,14 +17222,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:12349 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11658 +#: freeculture.xml:12354 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15435,7 +17238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:12361 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -15444,7 +17247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11671 +#: freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15452,14 +17255,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11679 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11685 +#: freeculture.xml:12381 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15469,14 +17272,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11693 +#: freeculture.xml:12389 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11699 +#: freeculture.xml:12395 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15486,7 +17289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11708 +#: freeculture.xml:12404 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15496,7 +17299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11715 +#: freeculture.xml:12411 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -15505,21 +17308,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11720 +#: freeculture.xml:12416 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11727 +#: freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -15528,12 +17331,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11739 +#: freeculture.xml:12435 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11741 +#: freeculture.xml:12437 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -15541,7 +17344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11747 +#: freeculture.xml:12443 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -15550,7 +17353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11755 +#: freeculture.xml:12451 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -15566,15 +17369,16 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11768 +#: freeculture.xml:12464 msgid "" -"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " -"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " -"differently. But one way of thinking about this case left me optimistic." +"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " +"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " +"questions I wished I had answered differently. But one way of thinking about " +"this case left me optimistic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#: freeculture.xml:12473 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15591,17 +17395,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11791 +#: freeculture.xml:12488 msgid "" -"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " -"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " -"message, I could tell in an instant that she had bad news to report.The " -"Supreme Court had affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals. Seven " -"justices had voted in the majority. There were two dissents." +"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " +"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " +"Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the message, I could tell in an instant " +"that she had bad news to report.The Supreme Court had affirmed the decision " +"of the Court of Appeals. Seven justices had voted in the majority. There " +"were two dissents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11798 +#: freeculture.xml:12496 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15609,7 +17414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11803 +#: freeculture.xml:12501 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -15617,7 +17422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11809 +#: freeculture.xml:12507 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15628,7 +17433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11818 +#: freeculture.xml:12517 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15636,7 +17441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11823 +#: freeculture.xml:12522 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -15645,7 +17450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:12528 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15659,7 +17464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11840 +#: freeculture.xml:12539 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15672,7 +17477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15687,7 +17492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11865 +#: freeculture.xml:12564 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15701,7 +17506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11876 +#: freeculture.xml:12575 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15712,20 +17517,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11883 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "" -"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " -"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " -"depression. This anger was of two sorts." +"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " +"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " +"but it didn't cure the depression. This anger was of two sorts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11887 +#: freeculture.xml:12587 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15743,7 +17548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11902 +#: freeculture.xml:12602 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15758,7 +17563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11917 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15766,7 +17571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:12624 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15781,7 +17586,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#: freeculture.xml:12635 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15800,15 +17605,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:12656 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " -"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Sullivan?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11961 +#: freeculture.xml:12661 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15817,7 +17622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11967 +#: freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15827,19 +17632,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11974 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " "intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case " "was a mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this " -"issue should not be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"issue should not be raised until it is." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11982 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15847,19 +17650,26 @@ msgid "" "was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do " "some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do " "some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I " -"had made four years before—was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny " -"Bono Act itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's " -"decision was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that " -"extending the term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over " -"ideas. Where the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had " -"been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good " -"thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was " -"attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful " -"law. <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," +"had made four years before—was wrong." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12691 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " +"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " +"was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that extending the " +"term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over ideas. Where " +"the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had been skeptical " +"of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good thing, even if " +"it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was attacked, it was " +"attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. <citetitle>The " +"New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12003 +#: freeculture.xml:12706 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15870,12 +17680,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12017 freeculture.xml:12022 +#: freeculture.xml:12720 freeculture.xml:12725 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12012 +#: freeculture.xml:12715 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15886,19 +17696,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12020 +#: freeculture.xml:12723 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12021 +#: freeculture.xml:12724 msgid "" -"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"95%\"></graphic> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:12728 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -15911,24 +17721,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:12739 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12038 +#: freeculture.xml:12741 msgid "" -"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " -"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " -"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—meaning the case was really " -"finally over—fate would have it that I was giving a speech to " -"technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly long flight to my " -"least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles was delayed because " -"of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece." +"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " +"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " +"day the rehearing petition in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " +"denied—meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have " +"it that I was giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a " +"particularly long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city " +"from Dulles was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and " +"wrote an op-ed piece." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12048 +#: freeculture.xml:12753 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15942,7 +17753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12058 +#: freeculture.xml:12763 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15952,7 +17763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12066 +#: freeculture.xml:12771 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15960,7 +17771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12071 +#: freeculture.xml:12776 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -15972,12 +17783,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12079 freeculture.xml:12279 +#: freeculture.xml:12784 freeculture.xml:12985 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12081 +#: freeculture.xml:12786 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15991,7 +17802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12093 +#: freeculture.xml:12798 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -16004,40 +17815,45 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12103 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12104 freeculture.xml:12144 +#: freeculture.xml:12809 freeculture.xml:12850 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" -#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12817 +msgid "German copyright law" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12112 -msgid "" -"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " -"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " -"formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the " -"author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text " -"of the Convention has provided that <quote>the enjoyment and the " -"exercise</quote> of rights guaranteed by the Convention <quote>shall not be " -"subject to any formality.</quote> The prohibition against formalities is " -"presently embodied in Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne " -"Convention. Many countries continue to impose some form of deposit or " -"registration requirement, albeit not as a condition of copyright. French " -"law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of works in national " -"repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of books published in " -"the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British Library. The German " -"Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where the author's true " -"name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul " -"Goldstein, <citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and " -"Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12107 +#: freeculture.xml:12817 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " +"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " +"depend upon compliance with formalities such as registration, deposit, and " +"affixation of notice of the author's claim of copyright. However, starting " +"with the 1908 act, every text of the Convention has provided that <quote>the " +"enjoyment and the exercise</quote> of rights guaranteed by the Convention " +"<quote>shall not be subject to any formality.</quote> The prohibition " +"against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) of the Paris Text " +"of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose some form of " +"deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition of " +"copyright. French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of works " +"in national repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of books " +"published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British " +"Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where " +"the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous " +"works. Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, " +"Cases and Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), " +"153–54." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12812 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -16052,7 +17868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12844 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -16062,7 +17878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12146 +#: freeculture.xml:12852 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -16075,7 +17891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12156 +#: freeculture.xml:12862 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -16086,7 +17902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12164 +#: freeculture.xml:12870 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -16097,7 +17913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12172 +#: freeculture.xml:12878 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -16109,7 +17925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:12890 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -16120,7 +17936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12193 +#: freeculture.xml:12899 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -16138,7 +17954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12209 +#: freeculture.xml:12915 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -16153,7 +17969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12224 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -16166,7 +17982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12234 +#: freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -16178,7 +17994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12243 +#: freeculture.xml:12949 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -16188,7 +18004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12956 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -16198,7 +18014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12257 +#: freeculture.xml:12963 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -16207,7 +18023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12263 +#: freeculture.xml:12969 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -16225,33 +18041,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12281 +#: freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "" -"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " -"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " -"willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had a few who directly suggested " -"that they might be willing to take the first step." +"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " +"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " +"representatives who might be willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had " +"a few who directly suggested that they might be willing to take the first " +"step." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12294 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12993 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12287 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on " "the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general " -"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12297 +#: freeculture.xml:13004 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -16263,7 +18079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12305 +#: freeculture.xml:13012 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -16285,7 +18101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12326 +#: freeculture.xml:13033 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -16296,19 +18112,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12334 +#: freeculture.xml:13041 msgid "" -"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " -"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " -"common sense was delayed. The difference between the two stories was the " -"power of the opposition—the power of the side that fought to defend " -"the status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old " -"interests. But in only one case did those interest's have the power to " -"protect themselves against this new competitive threat." +"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " +"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " +"sense prevailed. In the other, common sense was delayed. The difference " +"between the two stories was the power of the opposition—the power of " +"the side that fought to defend the status quo. In both cases, a new " +"technology threatened old interests. But in only one case did those " +"interest's have the power to protect themselves against this new competitive " +"threat." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12344 +#: freeculture.xml:13051 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -16318,7 +18135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12353 +#: freeculture.xml:13060 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -16331,13 +18148,13 @@ msgid "" "resistance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12372 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13070 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -16346,16 +18163,16 @@ msgid "" "to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate " "what Kevin Kelly calls the <quote>Dark Content</quote> that fills archives " "around the world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should " -"ask one simple question: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"ask one simple question:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12375 +#: freeculture.xml:13082 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12378 +#: freeculture.xml:13085 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -16368,7 +18185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12389 +#: freeculture.xml:13096 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -16379,7 +18196,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12397 +#: freeculture.xml:13104 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -16390,7 +18207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12409 +#: freeculture.xml:13116 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -16400,7 +18217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12416 +#: freeculture.xml:13123 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -16412,37 +18229,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12428 +#: freeculture.xml:13135 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12430 +#: freeculture.xml:13136 +msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13137 +msgid "AIDS medications" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13138 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12433 -msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" +#: freeculture.xml:13139 +msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12436 -msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +#: freeculture.xml:13140 freeculture.xml:13653 +msgid "drugs" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13140 freeculture.xml:13653 +msgid "pharmaceutical" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13141 +msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12439 +#: freeculture.xml:13143 msgid "" -"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " -"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " -"Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million Africans is " -"proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More importantly, " -"it is seventeen million Africans." +"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " +"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " +"sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million " +"Africans is proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More " +"importantly, it is seventeen million Africans." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12446 +#: freeculture.xml:13150 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -16453,7 +18290,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12461 +#: freeculture.xml:13165 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -16464,7 +18301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12454 +#: freeculture.xml:13158 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16475,9 +18312,19 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13174 freeculture.xml:13655 +msgid "on pharmaceuticals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13175 +msgid "pharmaceutical patents" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12472 +#: freeculture.xml:13178 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -16488,7 +18335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12480 +#: freeculture.xml:13186 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -16501,7 +18348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12491 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -16511,12 +18358,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12509 freeculture.xml:12954 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 +msgid "international law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13204 +msgid "parallel importation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13205 +msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13218 freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:13216 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -16525,7 +18387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12498 +#: freeculture.xml:13207 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -16536,9 +18398,14 @@ msgid "" "European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13222 +msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" +msgstr "" + #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12520 +#: freeculture.xml:13230 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16553,7 +18420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12547 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16562,7 +18429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12514 +#: freeculture.xml:13224 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -16585,7 +18452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12553 +#: freeculture.xml:13264 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -16597,7 +18464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12563 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -16608,7 +18475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -16622,7 +18489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12586 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -16640,7 +18507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12580 +#: freeculture.xml:13291 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -16652,7 +18519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12607 +#: freeculture.xml:13319 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -16664,8 +18531,13 @@ msgid "" "such an abstraction?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13328 +msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12617 +#: freeculture.xml:13330 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -16676,7 +18548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12625 +#: freeculture.xml:13338 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -16686,9 +18558,14 @@ msgid "" "could be overcome." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13345 +msgid "of drug patents" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12633 +#: freeculture.xml:13347 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -16705,7 +18582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12648 +#: freeculture.xml:13369 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -16713,7 +18590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12654 +#: freeculture.xml:13375 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16727,7 +18604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12666 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16739,21 +18616,22 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12677 +#: freeculture.xml:13399 msgid "" -"A simple idea blinds us, and under the cover of darkness, much happens that " -"most of us would reject if any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept " -"the idea of property in ideas that we don't even notice how monstrous it is " -"to deny ideas to a people who are dying without them. So uncritically do we " -"accept the idea of property in culture that we don't even question when the " -"control of that property removes our ability, as a people, to develop our " -"culture democratically. Blindness becomes our common sense. And the " -"challenge for anyone who would reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is " -"to find a way to make this common sense open its eyes." +"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " +"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " +"looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas that we " +"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are " +"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " +"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property " +"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture " +"democratically. Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for " +"anyone who would reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way " +"to make this common sense open its eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:13413 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16769,14 +18647,69 @@ msgid "" "storm</quote> for free culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13426 freeculture.xml:14196 +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12706 +#: freeculture.xml:13427 freeculture.xml:13440 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13428 freeculture.xml:13598 +msgid "international organization on issues of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13430 freeculture.xml:13547 freeculture.xml:14115 +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13431 freeculture.xml:14262 +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13432 freeculture.xml:14263 +msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13433 +msgid "public projects in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13434 +msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13435 +msgid "Wellcome Trust" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13436 freeculture.xml:13599 +msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13437 +msgid "World Wide Web" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13438 +msgid "Global Positioning System" +msgstr "" + #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:13445 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16790,35 +18723,22 @@ msgid "" "#61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12740 freeculture.xml:13415 -msgid "academic journals" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 freeculture.xml:12832 freeculture.xml:13341 -msgid "IBM" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12742 freeculture.xml:13479 -msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "" - +#. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12709 -msgid "" -"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " -"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " -"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide " -"range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss " -"<quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods.</quote> These " -"are projects that have been successful in producing public goods without " -"relying exclusively upon a proprietary use of intellectual " -"property. Examples include the Internet and the World Wide Web, both of " -"which were developed on the basis of protocols in the public domain. It " -"included an emerging trend to support open academic journals, including the " -"Public Library of Science project that I describe in the Afterword. It " +#: freeculture.xml:13442 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " +"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " +"Organization to cancel a meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"At the request of a wide range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a " +"meeting to discuss <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public " +"goods.</quote> These are projects that have been successful in producing " +"public goods without relying exclusively upon a proprietary use of " +"intellectual property. Examples include the Internet and the World Wide Web, " +"both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in the public " +"domain. It included an emerging trend to support open academic journals, " +"including the Public Library of Science project that I describe in chapter " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"c-afterword\"/>. It " "included a project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which " "are thought to have great significance in biomedical research. (That " "nonprofit project comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and " @@ -16826,13 +18746,11 @@ msgid "" "AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, " "Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included " "the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early " -"1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12746 +#: freeculture.xml:13478 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16841,16 +18759,21 @@ msgid "" "way in which proprietary claims might be used." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13484 +msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" +msgstr "" + #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12754 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:13486 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16860,9 +18783,14 @@ msgid "" "with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13652 +msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12764 +#: freeculture.xml:13498 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16886,7 +18814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12788 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16894,8 +18822,18 @@ msgid "" "goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13531 freeculture.xml:15261 +msgid "Apple Corporation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13532 +msgid "on free software" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12794 +#: freeculture.xml:13534 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -16908,9 +18846,14 @@ msgid "" "<quote>proprietary software,</quote> for their own internal uses." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13544 +msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" +msgstr "" + #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12816 +#: freeculture.xml:13560 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -16930,13 +18873,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12833 -msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12805 +#: freeculture.xml:13549 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16947,15 +18885,22 @@ msgid "" "commercial entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to " "support a mode of software development that is different from " -"Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"4\"/>" +"Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13578 +msgid "General Public License (GPL)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13579 +msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12838 +#: freeculture.xml:13581 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -16972,21 +18917,26 @@ msgid "" "on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13600 +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13601 +msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" +msgstr "" + #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12864 +#: freeculture.xml:13611 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 -msgid "Krim, Jonathan" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:13603 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16995,11 +18945,11 @@ msgid "" "to Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " "lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " "meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " -"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"the meeting was canceled." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12871 +#: freeculture.xml:13617 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -17008,8 +18958,13 @@ msgid "" "States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13625 freeculture.xml:13683 +msgid "Boland, Lois" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12879 +#: freeculture.xml:13627 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -17021,12 +18976,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12889 +#: freeculture.xml:13638 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12893 +#: freeculture.xml:13643 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -17038,8 +18993,13 @@ msgid "" "dealing with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13654 +msgid "generic drugs" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#: freeculture.xml:13657 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -17055,7 +19015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12916 +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -17066,13 +19026,12 @@ msgid "" "away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent " "with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just " "what a property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right " -"to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12930 +#: freeculture.xml:13685 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -17085,8 +19044,18 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13696 +msgid "feudal system" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13697 +msgid "feudal system of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12942 +#: freeculture.xml:13699 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -17100,14 +19069,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12959 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 +#: freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17118,7 +19087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:13727 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -17128,7 +19097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12975 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -17141,7 +19110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:13748 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -17154,7 +19123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12997 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -17166,7 +19135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13005 +#: freeculture.xml:13767 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -17174,7 +19143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -17189,7 +19158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13022 +#: freeculture.xml:13784 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -17198,28 +19167,32 @@ msgid "" "tradition for most of our history—free culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13041 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13792 +msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 -msgid "" -"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " -"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " -"considering relaxing ownership rules, which would thereby further increase " -"the concentration in media ownership, an extraordinary bipartisan coalition " -"formed to fight this change. For perhaps the first time in history, " -"interests as diverse as the NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted " -"Turner, and CodePink Women for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC " -"policy. An astonishing 700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more " -"hearings and a different result. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +#: freeculture.xml:13798 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " +"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " +"ownership rules, which would thereby further increase the concentration in " +"media ownership, an extraordinary bipartisan coalition formed to fight this " +"change. For perhaps the first time in history, interests as diverse as the " +"NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted Turner, and CodePink Women " +"for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC policy. An astonishing " +"700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more hearings and a " +"different result." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13045 +#: freeculture.xml:13809 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -17229,7 +19202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13053 +#: freeculture.xml:13817 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -17239,7 +19212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13060 +#: freeculture.xml:13824 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -17251,7 +19224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13070 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -17261,7 +19234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:13841 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -17272,20 +19245,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13085 +#: freeculture.xml:13849 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13088 +#: freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13093 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17304,7 +19277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13111 +#: freeculture.xml:13876 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17314,7 +19287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13883 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17322,43 +19295,53 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13090 -msgid "" -"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " -"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for " -"<quote>sampling</quote> someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob Dylan <quote>stealing</quote> from a Japanese " -"author has just finished making the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"2\"/> An insider from Hollywood—who insists he must remain " -"anonymous—reports <quote>an amazing conversation with these studio " -"guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use but " -"can't because they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores of " -"kids who could do amazing things with the content, but it would take scores " -"of lawyers to clean it first.</quote> Congressmen are talking about " -"deputizing computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the " -"law. Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to " -"share content." +#: freeculture.xml:13854 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " +"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " +"individuals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been " +"sued for <quote>sampling</quote> someone else's music.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob Dylan " +"<quote>stealing</quote> from a Japanese author has just finished making the " +"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from " +"Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—reports <quote>an " +"amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] " +"content that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear " +"the rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the " +"content, but it would take scores of lawyers to clean it first.</quote> " +"Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer viruses to bring down " +"computers thought to violate the law. Universities are threatening expulsion " +"for kids who use a computer to share content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13900 +msgid "BBC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13901 +msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13135 freeculture.xml:13496 +#: freeculture.xml:13902 freeculture.xml:14293 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13136 +#: freeculture.xml:13903 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13137 -msgid "BBC" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13904 +msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17367,7 +19350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13151 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17376,7 +19359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13139 +#: freeculture.xml:13906 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -17395,28 +19378,28 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13165 +#: freeculture.xml:13932 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13173 +#: freeculture.xml:13940 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13177 +#: freeculture.xml:13944 msgid "" -"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " -"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " -"might be done." +"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " +"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " +"heading. The balance of this book maps what might be done." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13182 +#: freeculture.xml:13949 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -17425,7 +19408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13188 +#: freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -17434,7 +19417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -17444,21 +19427,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13204 +#: freeculture.xml:13971 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13206 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "" -"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " -"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " -"anarchy, either total control or artists won't be paid. If that really is " -"the choice, then the warriors should win." +"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " +"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " +"a grand either/or: either property or anarchy, either total control or " +"artists won't be paid. If that really is the choice, then the warriors " +"should win." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13212 +#: freeculture.xml:13980 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -17470,9 +19454,14 @@ msgid "" "with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13990 +msgid "initial free character of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13222 +#: freeculture.xml:13992 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -17484,7 +19473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13234 +#: freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -17501,7 +19490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13248 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -17512,12 +19501,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 +#: freeculture.xml:14028 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14029 +msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14031 +msgid "privacy rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13259 +#: freeculture.xml:14033 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -17529,12 +19528,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:14047 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -17552,17 +19551,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13288 +#: freeculture.xml:14062 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14064 +msgid "privacy protection on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13290 +#: freeculture.xml:14066 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -17571,12 +19575,16 @@ msgid "" "viewed</quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the " "function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than " "not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> " -"protected by the friction disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"protected by the friction disappears, too." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14075 +msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13301 +#: freeculture.xml:14077 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -17589,7 +19597,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13317 +#: freeculture.xml:14095 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -17604,7 +19612,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13311 +#: freeculture.xml:14089 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -17617,25 +19625,29 @@ msgid "" "by default." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14114 +msgid "Data General" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:14118 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " "commercially, the software—both the source code and the " "binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data " "General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much " -"about controlling their software. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"about controlling their software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13343 +#: freeculture.xml:14125 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -17645,7 +19657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13353 +#: freeculture.xml:14135 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -17658,8 +19670,13 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14146 +msgid "proprietary code" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13365 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -17672,7 +19689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -17681,8 +19698,13 @@ msgid "" "share software would be fundamentally weakened." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14166 +msgid "Torvalds, Linus" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13383 +#: freeculture.xml:14168 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -17693,7 +19715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13391 +#: freeculture.xml:14176 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -17706,7 +19728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13402 +#: freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -17716,17 +19738,37 @@ msgid "" "passively guaranteed." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14197 +msgid "scientific journals" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#: freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " "journals are produced." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14203 +msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14205 freeculture.xml:14241 +msgid "journals in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14206 +msgid "access to opinions of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13418 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -17742,8 +19784,18 @@ msgid "" "opinion through their respective services." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14223 +msgid "access fees for material in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14224 +msgid "license system for rebuilding of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13434 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -17755,7 +19807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13443 +#: freeculture.xml:14237 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -17763,7 +19815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13448 +#: freeculture.xml:14243 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17778,7 +19830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13460 +#: freeculture.xml:14255 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17787,8 +19839,9 @@ msgid "" "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13468 +#: freeculture.xml:14265 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17798,12 +19851,11 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13482 +#: freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17814,19 +19866,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13494 +#: freeculture.xml:14292 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 +#: freeculture.xml:14295 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14298 +msgid "Stanford University" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:14300 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17840,7 +19897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13514 +#: freeculture.xml:14311 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17859,7 +19916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17873,7 +19930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13543 +#: freeculture.xml:14340 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17885,13 +19942,14 @@ msgid "" "that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13564 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13554 +#: freeculture.xml:14352 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17901,11 +19959,11 @@ msgid "" "movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content " "conducers,</quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the " "public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public " -"domain to other creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"domain to other creativity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13567 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -17920,7 +19978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13579 +#: freeculture.xml:14378 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17930,7 +19988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17944,25 +20002,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:14397 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " "expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13614 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14403 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13604 +#: freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17970,24 +20029,27 @@ msgid "" "All</citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " "Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " "used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " -"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13616 +#: freeculture.xml:14416 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13617 +#: freeculture.xml:14417 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14418 +msgid "Leaphart, Walter" +msgstr "" + #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13634 +#: freeculture.xml:14435 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17995,13 +20057,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13641 -msgid "Leaphart, Walter" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13619 +#: freeculture.xml:14420 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -18017,12 +20074,11 @@ msgid "" "<quote>allow</quote> Public Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs " "are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release " "into the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that " -"their form of creativity might grow. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"their form of creativity might grow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13644 +#: freeculture.xml:14444 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -18037,7 +20093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:14456 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -18048,7 +20104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13666 +#: freeculture.xml:14466 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -18059,7 +20115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:14474 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -18070,22 +20126,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13688 +#: freeculture.xml:14488 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13690 +#: freeculture.xml:14490 msgid "" -"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " -"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " -"politicians will listen to these ideas and implement these reforms. But " -"that also means that we have time to build awareness around the changes that " -"we need." +"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " +"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " +"have a long way to go before the politicians will listen to these ideas and " +"implement these reforms. But that also means that we have time to build " +"awareness around the changes that we need." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13697 +#: freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -18094,12 +20150,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13704 +#: freeculture.xml:14504 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13706 +#: freeculture.xml:14506 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -18109,14 +20165,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:14513 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13718 +#: freeculture.xml:14518 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -18125,12 +20181,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13724 +#: freeculture.xml:14524 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:14527 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -18141,7 +20197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13736 +#: freeculture.xml:14536 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -18156,7 +20212,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13750 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -18164,7 +20220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -18174,7 +20230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13758 +#: freeculture.xml:14558 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -18185,12 +20241,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13770 +#: freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13772 +#: freeculture.xml:14572 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -18205,7 +20261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -18217,7 +20273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13794 +#: freeculture.xml:14594 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -18230,7 +20286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13804 +#: freeculture.xml:14604 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -18244,12 +20300,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:14619 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:14621 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -18261,7 +20317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13831 +#: freeculture.xml:14631 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -18269,7 +20325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:14637 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -18283,7 +20339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13854 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -18292,7 +20348,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13847 +#: freeculture.xml:14647 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -18308,7 +20364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:14667 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -18317,8 +20373,13 @@ msgid "" "elsewhere." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14673 +msgid "copyright marking of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:14675 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -18332,7 +20393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#: freeculture.xml:14687 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -18343,7 +20404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:14695 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -18351,7 +20412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:14700 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -18362,12 +20423,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13911 +#: freeculture.xml:14712 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#: freeculture.xml:14714 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -18376,7 +20437,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13926 +#: freeculture.xml:14727 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -18384,7 +20445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13918 +#: freeculture.xml:14719 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -18397,7 +20458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13933 +#: freeculture.xml:14734 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -18406,7 +20467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13941 +#: freeculture.xml:14742 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -18419,7 +20480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:14751 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -18432,22 +20493,22 @@ msgid "" "use</quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14763 +msgid "veterans' pensions" +msgstr "" + #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:14774 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 -msgid "veterans' pensions" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#: freeculture.xml:14766 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -18457,12 +20518,12 @@ msgid "" "for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we " "couldn't require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a " -"single form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"single form." msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13983 +#: freeculture.xml:14785 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -18479,7 +20540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13999 +#: freeculture.xml:14801 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -18487,7 +20548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14005 +#: freeculture.xml:14807 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -18497,12 +20558,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14015 +#: freeculture.xml:14817 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14022 +#: freeculture.xml:14821 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -18513,7 +20574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14030 +#: freeculture.xml:14829 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -18524,38 +20585,38 @@ msgid "" "movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14837 +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "" + #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14043 +#: freeculture.xml:14843 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14049 -msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14039 +#: freeculture.xml:14839 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " "courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever " "since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest " -"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan." msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14856 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:14852 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -18564,7 +20625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14062 +#: freeculture.xml:14861 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -18574,7 +20635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14069 +#: freeculture.xml:14868 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -18586,7 +20647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14082 +#: freeculture.xml:14881 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -18601,7 +20662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14096 +#: freeculture.xml:14895 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -18611,12 +20672,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14112 +#: freeculture.xml:14911 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14909 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -18624,7 +20685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14104 +#: freeculture.xml:14903 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -18634,7 +20695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14118 +#: freeculture.xml:14917 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -18645,7 +20706,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14125 +#: freeculture.xml:14924 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -18655,12 +20716,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14135 +#: freeculture.xml:14934 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#: freeculture.xml:14936 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -18670,7 +20731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14943 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -18681,7 +20742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:14952 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -18691,7 +20752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14160 +#: freeculture.xml:14959 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -18702,7 +20763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14169 +#: freeculture.xml:14968 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -18710,7 +20771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14174 +#: freeculture.xml:14973 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -18719,7 +20780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14979 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -18728,7 +20789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14186 +#: freeculture.xml:14985 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -18736,7 +20797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:14993 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -18747,7 +20808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:15001 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -18757,7 +20818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14208 +#: freeculture.xml:15009 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -18765,7 +20826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#: freeculture.xml:15014 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -18780,7 +20841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14225 +#: freeculture.xml:15026 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -18795,9 +20856,14 @@ msgid "" "where with the flip of a device, you are connected." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:15040 +msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" +msgstr "" + #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14258 +#: freeculture.xml:15060 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -18805,7 +20871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:15042 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18827,7 +20893,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:15067 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -18843,7 +20909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -18857,7 +20923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14292 +#: freeculture.xml:15094 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -18869,7 +20935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14301 +#: freeculture.xml:15105 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18882,7 +20948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14311 +#: freeculture.xml:15115 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18895,7 +20961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14322 +#: freeculture.xml:15126 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18907,7 +20973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:15136 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18920,7 +20986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14342 +#: freeculture.xml:15146 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18931,14 +20997,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:15154 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:15158 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18952,7 +21018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14365 +#: freeculture.xml:15169 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18963,17 +21029,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14414 -msgid "Fisher, William" +#: freeculture.xml:15176 freeculture.xml:15218 +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14416 freeculture.xml:14443 -msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:15216 +msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14377 +#: freeculture.xml:15182 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -19015,7 +21081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14373 +#: freeculture.xml:15178 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19030,7 +21096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14430 +#: freeculture.xml:15232 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -19043,13 +21109,12 @@ msgid "" "years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " "supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " "of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " -"old system of controlling access. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"old system of controlling access." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14450 +#: freeculture.xml:15249 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -19061,8 +21126,18 @@ msgid "" "do with the content itself." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:15262 +msgid "MusicStore" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:15264 +msgid "prices of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14464 +#: freeculture.xml:15266 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -19079,8 +21154,18 @@ msgid "" "on-line." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:15281 +msgid "cable vs. broadcast" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:15284 +msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14480 +#: freeculture.xml:15286 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -19096,7 +21181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14492 +#: freeculture.xml:15298 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -19107,13 +21192,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14501 +#: freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14506 +#: freeculture.xml:15312 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -19122,19 +21207,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:15319 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14519 +#: freeculture.xml:15325 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:15329 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -19142,14 +21227,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14529 +#: freeculture.xml:15335 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14534 +#: freeculture.xml:15340 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -19158,7 +21243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14540 +#: freeculture.xml:15346 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -19175,7 +21260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14554 +#: freeculture.xml:15360 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -19185,12 +21270,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14565 +#: freeculture.xml:15371 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14567 +#: freeculture.xml:15373 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -19199,7 +21284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14573 +#: freeculture.xml:15379 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -19208,9 +21293,19 @@ msgid "" "to question or counter that one strong view queers the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:15386 +msgid "Nimmer, Melville" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:15387 +msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" +msgstr "" + #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14590 +#: freeculture.xml:15398 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -19218,7 +21313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14581 +#: freeculture.xml:15389 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -19231,7 +21326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14596 +#: freeculture.xml:15404 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -19239,7 +21334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14606 +#: freeculture.xml:15414 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -19259,7 +21354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14601 +#: freeculture.xml:15409 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -19271,7 +21366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14630 +#: freeculture.xml:15438 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -19281,7 +21376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14638 +#: freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -19294,7 +21389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14648 +#: freeculture.xml:15456 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -19305,7 +21400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14656 +#: freeculture.xml:15464 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -19313,7 +21408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14662 +#: freeculture.xml:15471 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -19324,9 +21419,9 @@ msgid "" "produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 311 +#. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:15480 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -19336,7 +21431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14680 +#: freeculture.xml:15489 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -19344,12 +21439,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14689 +#: freeculture.xml:15498 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14691 +#: freeculture.xml:15500 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -19363,12 +21458,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14706 +#: freeculture.xml:15519 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14708 +#: freeculture.xml:15521 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -19377,7 +21472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14715 +#: freeculture.xml:15528 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -19393,7 +21488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14728 +#: freeculture.xml:15541 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -19406,7 +21501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14739 +#: freeculture.xml:15552 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -19428,7 +21523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:15572 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -19439,10 +21534,142 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14768 +#: freeculture.xml:15581 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " "always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual " "patience and love." msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15592 +msgid "" +"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " +"New York, New York" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15596 +msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15599 +msgid "" +"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " +"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " +"2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with " +"permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15604 +msgid "" +"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul " +"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights " +"reserved. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15608 +msgid "" +"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> " +"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15612 +msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15615 +msgid "" +"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " +"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15620 +msgid "p. cm." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15623 +msgid "Includes index." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15626 +msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15630 +msgid "" +"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " +"States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15633 +msgid "" +"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " +"States. I. Title." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15636 +msgid "KF2979.L47" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15639 +msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15642 +msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15645 +msgid "Printed in the United States of America" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15648 +msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15651 +msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15655 +msgid "&translationblock;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15659 +msgid "" +"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " +"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " +"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " +"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " +"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: freeculture.xml:15667 +msgid "" +"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " +"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " +"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " +"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " +"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." +msgstr ""