X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/6e6a4fbec43405e0bf57d5d7f914b4de748594a4..e7e15e83c3c5b629e4b4f599d856abf4ae2eba87:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 11a6545..1cdb240 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-17 19:55+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 10:48+0100\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13852 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13853 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13855 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14876 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13755 freeculture.xml:14877 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13757 freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14877 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13173 freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13172 freeculture.xml:13957 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13174 freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14264 +#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9617 freeculture.xml:10308 +#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9617 freeculture.xml:10310 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4340 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4340 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "radio" msgstr "" @@ -1045,12 +1045,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10214 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047 freeculture.xml:14048 freeculture.xml:14122 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10216 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049 freeculture.xml:14050 freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:2944 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:9950 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:2944 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" @@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14089 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:10199 +#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:10201 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11201 freeculture.xml:11492 freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11494 freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10190 freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11188 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15275 +#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15277 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13405 freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1627,7 +1627,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11189 +#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11191 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:11495 +#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11497 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15341 +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15343 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2116,7 +2116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11083 +#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11085 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2173,17 +2173,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11493 freeculture.xml:11494 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:11495 freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11494 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11074 freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14281 freeculture.xml:14282 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11076 freeculture.xml:13493 freeculture.xml:14283 freeculture.xml:14284 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2945,7 +2945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:10002 +#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:10004 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -3091,7 +3091,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15339 +#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15341 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4123,7 +4123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:13659 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13592 freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4201,7 +4201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9951 +#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9953 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" @@ -4211,22 +4211,22 @@ msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10520 +#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:9954 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10522 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:9952 +#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:9954 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:2946 freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10518 +#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:2946 freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:9955 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10368 freeculture.xml:10520 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:9953 +#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:9955 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" @@ -4257,7 +4257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9950 +#: freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9952 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" @@ -4383,22 +4383,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10520 +#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10522 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:10366 +#: freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:10368 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" @@ -4539,12 +4539,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3118 freeculture.xml:3415 freeculture.xml:4567 freeculture.xml:10408 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 freeculture.xml:3415 freeculture.xml:4567 freeculture.xml:10410 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3142 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:10129 freeculture.xml:10255 +#: freeculture.xml:3142 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:10131 freeculture.xml:10257 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -4768,22 +4768,22 @@ msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:11139 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:10359 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:10361 +#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:10363 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:10190 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" @@ -4854,7 +4854,7 @@ msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:10187 +#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:10189 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" @@ -4870,7 +4870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14936 +#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14938 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4960,7 +4960,7 @@ msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:10363 +#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:10365 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" @@ -5003,7 +5003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:12985 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9907 freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -5076,7 +5076,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15338 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15340 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5320,12 +5320,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15340 +#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15342 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:10760 freeculture.xml:14731 freeculture.xml:15322 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9908 freeculture.xml:10762 freeculture.xml:14733 freeculture.xml:15324 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5407,7 +5407,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13277 freeculture.xml:13768 freeculture.xml:13775 +#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13279 freeculture.xml:13770 freeculture.xml:13777 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5444,7 +5444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15488 +#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15490 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5507,22 +5507,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15341 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15343 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14174 +#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14176 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12069 freeculture.xml:13603 freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14232 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13604 freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12073 freeculture.xml:13606 freeculture.xml:14233 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5563,12 +5563,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14264 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14264 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5899,12 +5899,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:15048 +#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:15050 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15048 freeculture.xml:15049 +#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:15050 freeculture.xml:15051 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6119,12 +6119,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14434 freeculture.xml:15160 freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14436 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15163 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15163 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6163,7 +6163,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15160 +#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15162 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6195,7 +6195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14434 +#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6783,7 +6783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -6878,7 +6878,7 @@ msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13962 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13964 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" @@ -7274,7 +7274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11164 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11166 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" @@ -7397,7 +7397,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15584 +#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15586 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -8078,7 +8078,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:14951 +#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:14953 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8561,7 +8561,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11582 freeculture.xml:11827 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11584 freeculture.xml:11829 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" @@ -8715,7 +8715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6045 freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:10502 +#: freeculture.xml:6045 freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:10504 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" @@ -8730,7 +8730,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11073 freeculture.xml:14133 freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:14135 freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -9095,7 +9095,7 @@ msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:10261 +#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:10263 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" @@ -9399,7 +9399,7 @@ msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" @@ -9479,7 +9479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:10080 +#: freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:10082 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" @@ -9879,12 +9879,12 @@ msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15527 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15529 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10113,17 +10113,17 @@ msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11492 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11494 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11201 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11203 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11493 +#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11495 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" @@ -10133,7 +10133,7 @@ msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11202 +#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11204 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10430,12 +10430,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11139 +#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11141 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11141 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11143 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" @@ -10451,12 +10451,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:15445 +#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11167 freeculture.xml:15447 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11145 +#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11147 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" @@ -10474,12 +10474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:11147 freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" @@ -10514,7 +10514,7 @@ msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13386 +#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13388 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" @@ -11057,7 +11057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" @@ -11208,7 +11208,7 @@ msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15342 +#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15344 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" @@ -11228,7 +11228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14088 +#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14090 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -11577,12 +11577,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8053 freeculture.xml:9887 +#: freeculture.xml:8053 freeculture.xml:9889 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9888 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:13542 +#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251 freeculture.xml:13544 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" @@ -11903,7 +11903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:10841 +#: freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:10843 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" @@ -12362,7 +12362,7 @@ msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9997 +#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9999 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" @@ -12372,7 +12372,7 @@ msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10004 +#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10006 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" @@ -13407,7 +13407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:9750 freeculture.xml:10842 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:9750 freeculture.xml:10844 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" @@ -13417,7 +13417,7 @@ msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9496 freeculture.xml:10253 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 freeculture.xml:10255 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" @@ -13562,7 +13562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:9948 +#: freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:9950 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" @@ -13922,15 +13922,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " -"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 " -"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by " -"substituting free market every place I've spoken of " -"free culture. The point is the same, even if the interests " -"affecting culture are more fundamental." +"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, " +" pages into a " +"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting " +"free market every place I've spoken of free " +"culture. The point is the same, even if the interests affecting " +"culture are more fundamental." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9859 +#: freeculture.xml:9861 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13945,18 +13946,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9872 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:9999 +#: freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9995 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9873 freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10007 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9875 +#: freeculture.xml:9877 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter
-#: freeculture.xml:9890 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13979,22 +13980,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9894 +#: freeculture.xml:9896 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9895 +#: freeculture.xml:9897 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9896 +#: freeculture.xml:9898 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9898 +#: freeculture.xml:9900 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -14005,12 +14006,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9906 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9908 +#: freeculture.xml:9910 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -14020,7 +14021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9917 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -14035,7 +14036,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -14045,7 +14046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9937 +#: freeculture.xml:9939 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -14059,17 +14060,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9956 +#: freeculture.xml:9958 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -14081,12 +14082,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9966 +#: freeculture.xml:9968 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9969 +#: freeculture.xml:9971 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -14099,7 +14100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9980 +#: freeculture.xml:9982 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -14111,43 +14112,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:9997 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9996 +#: freeculture.xml:9998 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9998 +#: freeculture.xml:10000 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10000 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10001 +#: freeculture.xml:10003 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10002 +#: freeculture.xml:10004 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10003 freeculture.xml:10049 +#: freeculture.xml:10005 freeculture.xml:10051 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10013 +#: freeculture.xml:10015 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor, " "Los Angeles Times, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -14160,12 +14161,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10007 +#: freeculture.xml:10009 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " "(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " -"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry). The claim here, as well, was that the VC should " "have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the " "industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a " @@ -14180,7 +14181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10045 +#: freeculture.xml:10047 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, Driving in Cars with MP3s, " "Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, available at
-#: freeculture.xml:10036 +#: freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -14202,7 +14203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10057 +#: freeculture.xml:10059 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with your money or your " "life offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -14214,7 +14215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10067 +#: freeculture.xml:10069 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of illegal. The law " @@ -14230,7 +14231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10082 +#: freeculture.xml:10084 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the real law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14245,7 +14246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10094 +#: freeculture.xml:10096 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14264,7 +14265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10113 +#: freeculture.xml:10115 msgid "" "The uncertainty of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14274,7 +14275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10120 +#: freeculture.xml:10122 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14288,7 +14289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10135 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World, " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14298,12 +14299,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10148 +#: freeculture.xml:10150 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10131 +#: freeculture.xml:10133 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14321,7 +14322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10152 +#: freeculture.xml:10154 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14331,20 +14332,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:12070 +#: freeculture.xml:10163 freeculture.xml:12072 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10167 +#: freeculture.xml:10169 msgid "" "See David McGuire, Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy, " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10163 +#: freeculture.xml:10165 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14354,7 +14355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10175 +#: freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14362,7 +14363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10180 +#: freeculture.xml:10182 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14371,12 +14372,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10198 +#: freeculture.xml:10200 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#: freeculture.xml:10198 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). " @@ -14384,7 +14385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10190 +#: freeculture.xml:10192 msgid "" "As I described in chapter , despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14398,7 +14399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10208 +#: freeculture.xml:10210 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14408,17 +14409,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10214 +#: freeculture.xml:10216 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10219 +#: freeculture.xml:10221 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10219 +#: freeculture.xml:10221 msgid "" " The only circuit court exception " "is found in Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14437,17 +14438,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10254 +#: freeculture.xml:10256 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "" " For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -14468,7 +14469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:10219 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal. It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14480,7 +14481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "As I described in chapter , when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14494,7 +14495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10276 +#: freeculture.xml:10278 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14507,7 +14508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10287 +#: freeculture.xml:10289 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14518,7 +14519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10296 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14534,7 +14535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10312 +#: freeculture.xml:10314 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14546,12 +14547,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10336 +#: freeculture.xml:10338 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10322 +#: freeculture.xml:10324 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14569,12 +14570,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10346 +#: freeculture.xml:10348 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10343 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14584,7 +14585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10351 +#: freeculture.xml:10353 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14594,23 +14595,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10360 +#: freeculture.xml:10362 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10364 +#: freeculture.xml:10366 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10518 +#: freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10520 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10368 +#: freeculture.xml:10370 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14625,12 +14626,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10390 +#: freeculture.xml:10392 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14652,7 +14653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10383 +#: freeculture.xml:10385 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14663,7 +14664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14672,57 +14673,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10427 +#: freeculture.xml:10429 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10430 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10433 +#: freeculture.xml:10435 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10436 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10441 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10442 +#: freeculture.xml:10444 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10447 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10448 +#: freeculture.xml:10450 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10451 +#: freeculture.xml:10453 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10454 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10457 +#: freeculture.xml:10459 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14730,77 +14731,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10460 +#: freeculture.xml:10462 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10463 +#: freeculture.xml:10465 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10466 +#: freeculture.xml:10468 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10469 +#: freeculture.xml:10471 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10472 +#: freeculture.xml:10474 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10475 +#: freeculture.xml:10477 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10478 +#: freeculture.xml:10480 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10481 +#: freeculture.xml:10483 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10484 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10487 +#: freeculture.xml:10489 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10490 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10493 +#: freeculture.xml:10495 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10496 +#: freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10499 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10504 +#: freeculture.xml:10506 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14811,7 +14812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10512 +#: freeculture.xml:10514 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14819,12 +14820,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10516 freeculture.xml:15321 +#: freeculture.xml:10518 freeculture.xml:15323 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10522 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14833,7 +14834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10528 +#: freeculture.xml:10530 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14847,7 +14848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10544 +#: freeculture.xml:10546 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an " @@ -14856,7 +14857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10556 +#: freeculture.xml:10558 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14867,12 +14868,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10572 +#: freeculture.xml:10574 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10574 +#: freeculture.xml:10576 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14880,7 +14881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10580 +#: freeculture.xml:10582 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14889,7 +14890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10589 +#: freeculture.xml:10591 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14900,7 +14901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10585 +#: freeculture.xml:10587 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14918,7 +14919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10623 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14926,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10610 +#: freeculture.xml:10612 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14948,13 +14949,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10634 +#: freeculture.xml:10636 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#: freeculture.xml:10648 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14963,7 +14964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10654 +#: freeculture.xml:10656 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14972,7 +14973,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10664 +#: freeculture.xml:10666 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14980,7 +14981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10636 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -15003,12 +15004,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10672 +#: freeculture.xml:10674 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10674 +#: freeculture.xml:10676 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -15027,7 +15028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10691 +#: freeculture.xml:10693 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -15041,7 +15042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10704 +#: freeculture.xml:10706 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -15051,7 +15052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10711 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -15068,7 +15069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10725 +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -15082,13 +15083,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10737 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10740 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -15099,7 +15100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10751 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -15111,17 +15112,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10759 +#: freeculture.xml:10761 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10760 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10762 +#: freeculture.xml:10764 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15135,7 +15136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10773 +#: freeculture.xml:10775 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15148,7 +15149,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10783 +#: freeculture.xml:10785 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15162,7 +15163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10798 +#: freeculture.xml:10800 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15174,7 +15175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10807 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15187,7 +15188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10818 +#: freeculture.xml:10820 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15199,7 +15200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10827 +#: freeculture.xml:10829 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15209,7 +15210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10833 +#: freeculture.xml:10835 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15218,7 +15219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10844 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15230,19 +15231,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10852 freeculture.xml:10952 +#: freeculture.xml:10854 freeculture.xml:10954 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10854 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10859 +#: freeculture.xml:10861 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15256,7 +15257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10871 +#: freeculture.xml:10873 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15264,7 +15265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10876 +#: freeculture.xml:10878 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15276,7 +15277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10894 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15293,7 +15294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10885 +#: freeculture.xml:10887 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15307,7 +15308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10912 +#: freeculture.xml:10914 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15315,7 +15316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10910 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15327,7 +15328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10933 +#: freeculture.xml:10935 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15350,7 +15351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10921 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15368,7 +15369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10954 +#: freeculture.xml:10956 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15382,7 +15383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10969 +#: freeculture.xml:10971 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15403,7 +15404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10989 +#: freeculture.xml:10991 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15414,12 +15415,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:11004 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11007 +#: freeculture.xml:11009 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15429,7 +15430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11014 +#: freeculture.xml:11016 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15439,7 +15440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11022 +#: freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15452,7 +15453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11032 +#: freeculture.xml:11034 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15462,7 +15463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11040 +#: freeculture.xml:11042 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15470,7 +15471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11047 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15479,7 +15480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11051 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15488,22 +15489,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11061 +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11062 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11063 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11065 +#: freeculture.xml:11067 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15515,17 +15516,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11073 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11074 +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15535,7 +15536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11085 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15547,12 +15548,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11095 +#: freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11097 +#: freeculture.xml:11099 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15568,12 +15569,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:12171 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15592,7 +15593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11111 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15607,17 +15608,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11142 +#: freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:11145 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11147 +#: freeculture.xml:11149 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15633,17 +15634,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11162 freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11163 freeculture.xml:11175 +#: freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15656,7 +15657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11169 +#: freeculture.xml:11171 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15665,27 +15666,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:11188 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11187 +#: freeculture.xml:11189 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11188 +#: freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11189 +#: freeculture.xml:11191 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11191 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15696,17 +15697,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11205 +#: freeculture.xml:11207 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15716,7 +15717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11216 +#: freeculture.xml:11218 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15724,7 +15725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11223 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15738,13 +15739,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11235 freeculture.xml:12731 +#: freeculture.xml:11237 freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11237 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15757,7 +15758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11251 +#: freeculture.xml:11253 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15770,7 +15771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11262 +#: freeculture.xml:11264 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15782,7 +15783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11271 +#: freeculture.xml:11273 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15794,7 +15795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11281 +#: freeculture.xml:11283 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15804,7 +15805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11288 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15813,7 +15814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11296 +#: freeculture.xml:11298 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15822,14 +15823,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11302 +#: freeculture.xml:11304 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11308 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15837,7 +15838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11311 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15846,7 +15847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11317 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15855,14 +15856,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11323 +#: freeculture.xml:11325 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11327 +#: freeculture.xml:11329 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15870,7 +15871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11333 +#: freeculture.xml:11335 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15879,7 +15880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11339 +#: freeculture.xml:11341 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15891,7 +15892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11350 +#: freeculture.xml:11352 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15900,7 +15901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11362 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15909,7 +15910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11369 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15918,7 +15919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11377 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15926,7 +15927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11355 +#: freeculture.xml:11357 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15941,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11384 +#: freeculture.xml:11386 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15956,7 +15957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11399 +#: freeculture.xml:11401 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15968,7 +15969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11412 +#: freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15978,7 +15979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11422 +#: freeculture.xml:11424 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15988,12 +15989,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11428 freeculture.xml:12218 +#: freeculture.xml:11430 freeculture.xml:12220 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11430 +#: freeculture.xml:11432 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -16009,7 +16010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11445 +#: freeculture.xml:11447 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -16017,14 +16018,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11452 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11443 +#: freeculture.xml:11445 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16037,7 +16038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11459 +#: freeculture.xml:11461 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -16052,7 +16053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11456 +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16066,7 +16067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11480 +#: freeculture.xml:11482 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -16082,7 +16083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11497 +#: freeculture.xml:11499 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -16102,13 +16103,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11516 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11524 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -16117,7 +16118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11516 +#: freeculture.xml:11518 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16129,7 +16130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11532 +#: freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16141,7 +16142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11544 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16156,7 +16157,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11562 +#: freeculture.xml:11564 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16166,7 +16167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11556 +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16178,7 +16179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11571 +#: freeculture.xml:11573 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16189,7 +16190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11584 +#: freeculture.xml:11586 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16200,14 +16201,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11592 +#: freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11598 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16215,7 +16216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11603 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16225,7 +16226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11612 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16233,7 +16234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11617 +#: freeculture.xml:11619 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16245,7 +16246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11626 +#: freeculture.xml:11628 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16259,7 +16260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11641 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16273,7 +16274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:11655 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16281,28 +16282,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11658 +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:12094 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 freeculture.xml:12096 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11660 +#: freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11661 +#: freeculture.xml:11663 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11674 +#: freeculture.xml:11676 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16312,7 +16313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11663 +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16327,7 +16328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16337,7 +16338,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11689 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16349,7 +16350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11705 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16361,7 +16362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11698 +#: freeculture.xml:11700 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16372,7 +16373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11715 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16382,7 +16383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11723 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16393,7 +16394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16408,7 +16409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:11744 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16418,7 +16419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11753 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16427,7 +16428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11761 +#: freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16438,7 +16439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11769 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16449,7 +16450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11779 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16463,7 +16464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11792 +#: freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16471,7 +16472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11799 +#: freeculture.xml:11801 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16484,7 +16485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#: freeculture.xml:11812 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16495,7 +16496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11819 +#: freeculture.xml:11821 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16504,12 +16505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11825 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16524,7 +16525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16537,7 +16538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:11854 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16551,7 +16552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11863 +#: freeculture.xml:11865 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16560,7 +16561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11869 +#: freeculture.xml:11871 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16575,7 +16576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11893 +#: freeculture.xml:11895 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16583,7 +16584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#: freeculture.xml:11883 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16597,7 +16598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11900 +#: freeculture.xml:11902 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16609,7 +16610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11911 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16619,7 +16620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11916 +#: freeculture.xml:11918 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16633,7 +16634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11927 +#: freeculture.xml:11929 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16642,13 +16643,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11932 +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11934 +#: freeculture.xml:11936 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16658,7 +16659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11943 +#: freeculture.xml:11945 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16668,7 +16669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11950 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16676,7 +16677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11956 +#: freeculture.xml:11958 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16689,7 +16690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11967 +#: freeculture.xml:11969 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16697,13 +16698,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11972 freeculture.xml:11986 +#: freeculture.xml:11974 freeculture.xml:11988 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11974 +#: freeculture.xml:11976 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16715,17 +16716,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11984 freeculture.xml:12347 freeculture.xml:12363 freeculture.xml:12460 freeculture.xml:12680 freeculture.xml:12711 freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12462 freeculture.xml:12682 freeculture.xml:12713 freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11985 +#: freeculture.xml:11987 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:11990 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16738,7 +16739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11998 +#: freeculture.xml:12000 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16760,7 +16761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12021 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16771,7 +16772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12027 +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16790,17 +16791,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12045 freeculture.xml:12072 +#: freeculture.xml:12047 freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12046 +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12048 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16817,7 +16818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12062 +#: freeculture.xml:12064 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16828,7 +16829,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12074 +#: freeculture.xml:12076 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16841,17 +16842,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12086 +#: freeculture.xml:12088 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12087 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12089 +#: freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16860,7 +16861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12096 +#: freeculture.xml:12098 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16869,32 +16870,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12103 +#: freeculture.xml:12105 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:12106 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12105 +#: freeculture.xml:12107 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12106 +#: freeculture.xml:12108 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12108 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16908,28 +16909,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12118 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 freeculture.xml:12138 freeculture.xml:12351 freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12119 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12120 +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12121 freeculture.xml:12348 freeculture.xml:13497 +#: freeculture.xml:12123 freeculture.xml:12350 freeculture.xml:13499 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12123 +#: freeculture.xml:12125 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16943,12 +16944,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12140 +#: freeculture.xml:12142 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16962,7 +16963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12152 +#: freeculture.xml:12154 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16972,7 +16973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12159 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16983,18 +16984,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12167 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12168 +#: freeculture.xml:12170 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12178 +#: freeculture.xml:12180 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -17002,7 +17003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12186 +#: freeculture.xml:12188 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -17011,7 +17012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12171 +#: freeculture.xml:12173 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -17028,7 +17029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12195 +#: freeculture.xml:12197 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -17043,7 +17044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12207 +#: freeculture.xml:12209 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -17053,7 +17054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12214 +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -17061,12 +17062,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12219 freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12221 freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12221 +#: freeculture.xml:12223 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -17079,18 +17080,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12230 freeculture.xml:12255 freeculture.xml:12607 freeculture.xml:12619 +#: freeculture.xml:12232 freeculture.xml:12257 freeculture.xml:12609 freeculture.xml:12621 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12231 freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:12233 freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12233 +#: freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17103,7 +17104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12245 +#: freeculture.xml:12247 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17116,7 +17117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12257 +#: freeculture.xml:12259 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17126,7 +17127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12266 +#: freeculture.xml:12268 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17137,7 +17138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12274 +#: freeculture.xml:12276 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17150,7 +17151,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12284 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17165,7 +17166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12298 +#: freeculture.xml:12300 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17175,7 +17176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12306 +#: freeculture.xml:12308 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17184,7 +17185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12313 +#: freeculture.xml:12315 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17199,7 +17200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12328 +#: freeculture.xml:12330 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17209,7 +17210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12338 +#: freeculture.xml:12340 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17220,7 +17221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12351 +#: freeculture.xml:12353 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17229,7 +17230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12357 +#: freeculture.xml:12359 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17239,7 +17240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17253,7 +17254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12375 +#: freeculture.xml:12377 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17263,7 +17264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12385 +#: freeculture.xml:12387 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17279,7 +17280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12400 +#: freeculture.xml:12402 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17288,14 +17289,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12407 +#: freeculture.xml:12409 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12414 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17304,7 +17305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12419 +#: freeculture.xml:12421 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17313,7 +17314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12425 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17321,14 +17322,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12433 +#: freeculture.xml:12435 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12439 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17338,14 +17339,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12447 +#: freeculture.xml:12449 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12453 +#: freeculture.xml:12455 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17355,7 +17356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12462 +#: freeculture.xml:12464 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17365,7 +17366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12469 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17374,21 +17375,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12476 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12481 +#: freeculture.xml:12483 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12485 +#: freeculture.xml:12487 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17397,12 +17398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#: freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12495 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17410,7 +17411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12501 +#: freeculture.xml:12503 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17419,7 +17420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12509 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17435,7 +17436,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12522 +#: freeculture.xml:12524 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17444,7 +17445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12531 +#: freeculture.xml:12533 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17461,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12546 +#: freeculture.xml:12548 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17472,7 +17473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12554 +#: freeculture.xml:12556 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17480,7 +17481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12559 +#: freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17488,7 +17489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12565 +#: freeculture.xml:12567 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17499,7 +17500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12575 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17507,7 +17508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12580 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17516,7 +17517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12586 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17530,7 +17531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12597 +#: freeculture.xml:12599 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17543,7 +17544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12609 +#: freeculture.xml:12611 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17558,7 +17559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12622 +#: freeculture.xml:12624 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17572,7 +17573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12633 +#: freeculture.xml:12635 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17583,7 +17584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12640 +#: freeculture.xml:12642 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17591,12 +17592,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12645 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12647 +#: freeculture.xml:12649 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17614,7 +17615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12660 +#: freeculture.xml:12662 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17629,7 +17630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12675 +#: freeculture.xml:12677 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17637,7 +17638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12682 +#: freeculture.xml:12684 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17652,7 +17653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12693 +#: freeculture.xml:12695 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17671,7 +17672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12714 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17679,7 +17680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12719 +#: freeculture.xml:12721 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17688,7 +17689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12725 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17698,7 +17699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12733 +#: freeculture.xml:12735 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17708,7 +17709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12740 +#: freeculture.xml:12742 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17721,7 +17722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12749 +#: freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17735,7 +17736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12764 +#: freeculture.xml:12766 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17746,12 +17747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12778 freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:12785 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12773 +#: freeculture.xml:12775 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17762,19 +17763,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12781 +#: freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12782 +#: freeculture.xml:12784 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12786 +#: freeculture.xml:12788 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17787,12 +17788,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12797 +#: freeculture.xml:12799 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12799 +#: freeculture.xml:12801 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17805,7 +17806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12811 +#: freeculture.xml:12813 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17819,7 +17820,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12821 +#: freeculture.xml:12823 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17829,7 +17830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12829 +#: freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17837,7 +17838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:12836 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17849,12 +17850,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12842 freeculture.xml:13043 +#: freeculture.xml:12844 freeculture.xml:13045 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12844 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17868,7 +17869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:12858 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17881,22 +17882,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12866 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:12908 +#: freeculture.xml:12869 freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17919,7 +17920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12870 +#: freeculture.xml:12872 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17934,7 +17935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17944,7 +17945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12910 +#: freeculture.xml:12912 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17957,7 +17958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12920 +#: freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17968,7 +17969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12928 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17979,7 +17980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12936 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17991,7 +17992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12948 +#: freeculture.xml:12950 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -18002,7 +18003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12957 +#: freeculture.xml:12959 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -18020,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:12975 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -18035,7 +18036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -18048,7 +18049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12998 +#: freeculture.xml:13000 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18060,7 +18061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13007 +#: freeculture.xml:13009 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -18070,7 +18071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13014 +#: freeculture.xml:13016 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18080,7 +18081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13021 +#: freeculture.xml:13023 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18089,7 +18090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13027 +#: freeculture.xml:13029 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18107,7 +18108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13045 +#: freeculture.xml:13047 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18117,12 +18118,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13051 +#: freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13053 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18133,7 +18134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13062 +#: freeculture.xml:13064 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18145,7 +18146,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13070 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18167,7 +18168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18178,7 +18179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13099 +#: freeculture.xml:13101 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18191,7 +18192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13109 +#: freeculture.xml:13111 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18201,7 +18202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18215,12 +18216,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13128 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13130 +#: freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18233,12 +18234,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13140 +#: freeculture.xml:13142 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18251,7 +18252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18262,7 +18263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13162 +#: freeculture.xml:13164 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18273,7 +18274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13174 +#: freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18283,7 +18284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13181 +#: freeculture.xml:13183 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18295,47 +18296,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13193 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13194 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13196 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13197 +#: freeculture.xml:13199 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#: freeculture.xml:13201 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13201 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18345,7 +18346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13208 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18356,7 +18357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13223 +#: freeculture.xml:13225 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18367,7 +18368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13216 +#: freeculture.xml:13218 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18379,18 +18380,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13233 +#: freeculture.xml:13235 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13236 +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18401,7 +18402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:13246 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18414,7 +18415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13255 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18424,27 +18425,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13261 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13262 +#: freeculture.xml:13264 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13263 +#: freeculture.xml:13265 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13276 freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13278 freeculture.xml:13771 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13274 +#: freeculture.xml:13276 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18453,7 +18454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13265 +#: freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18465,13 +18466,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13280 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13288 +#: freeculture.xml:13290 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18486,7 +18487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13315 +#: freeculture.xml:13317 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18495,7 +18496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13282 +#: freeculture.xml:13284 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18518,7 +18519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13322 +#: freeculture.xml:13324 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18530,7 +18531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13332 +#: freeculture.xml:13334 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18541,7 +18542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13340 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18555,7 +18556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13355 +#: freeculture.xml:13357 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18573,7 +18574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13349 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18585,7 +18586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13377 +#: freeculture.xml:13379 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18598,12 +18599,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13386 +#: freeculture.xml:13388 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18614,7 +18615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13396 +#: freeculture.xml:13398 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18625,13 +18626,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13403 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13405 +#: freeculture.xml:13407 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18648,7 +18649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13427 +#: freeculture.xml:13429 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18656,7 +18657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13433 +#: freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18670,7 +18671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13448 +#: freeculture.xml:13450 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18682,7 +18683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13457 +#: freeculture.xml:13459 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18697,7 +18698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13473 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18714,68 +18715,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:14256 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13485 freeculture.xml:13498 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14173 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:13607 freeculture.xml:14175 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14320 +#: freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14322 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:13492 freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13491 +#: freeculture.xml:13493 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13492 +#: freeculture.xml:13494 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13493 +#: freeculture.xml:13495 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13494 freeculture.xml:13657 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13659 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13495 +#: freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13496 +#: freeculture.xml:13498 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18791,7 +18792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13500 +#: freeculture.xml:13502 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18816,7 +18817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13536 +#: freeculture.xml:13538 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18826,20 +18827,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13542 +#: freeculture.xml:13544 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13545 +#: freeculture.xml:13547 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13544 +#: freeculture.xml:13546 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18850,13 +18851,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13554 freeculture.xml:13710 +#: freeculture.xml:13556 freeculture.xml:13712 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18880,7 +18881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13580 +#: freeculture.xml:13582 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18889,17 +18890,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:15319 +#: freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:15321 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13590 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13594 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18913,13 +18914,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 +#: freeculture.xml:13604 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13618 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18940,7 +18941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13607 +#: freeculture.xml:13609 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18955,18 +18956,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:13638 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13637 +#: freeculture.xml:13639 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18984,25 +18985,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13658 +#: freeculture.xml:13660 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13659 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13669 +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13661 +#: freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -19015,7 +19016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13675 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -19025,12 +19026,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13741 +#: freeculture.xml:13685 freeculture.xml:13743 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13685 +#: freeculture.xml:13687 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -19042,12 +19043,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 +#: freeculture.xml:13698 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13701 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -19060,12 +19061,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13712 +#: freeculture.xml:13714 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13715 +#: freeculture.xml:13717 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -19081,7 +19082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13729 +#: freeculture.xml:13731 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -19097,7 +19098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13745 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19111,17 +19112,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13754 +#: freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13757 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19135,14 +19136,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13774 +#: freeculture.xml:13776 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13771 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19153,7 +19154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:13787 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19163,7 +19164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13794 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19176,7 +19177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13806 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19189,7 +19190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13817 +#: freeculture.xml:13819 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19201,7 +19202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13825 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19209,7 +19210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13831 +#: freeculture.xml:13833 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19224,7 +19225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13842 +#: freeculture.xml:13844 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19234,17 +19235,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13854 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13856 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19258,7 +19259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:13869 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19268,7 +19269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19278,7 +19279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19290,7 +19291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13892 +#: freeculture.xml:13894 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19300,7 +19301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:13901 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19311,20 +19312,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13910 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13916 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19343,7 +19344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13934 +#: freeculture.xml:13936 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19353,7 +19354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13941 +#: freeculture.xml:13943 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19361,7 +19362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13912 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19381,33 +19382,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13958 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13961 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13960 freeculture.xml:14351 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 freeculture.xml:14353 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13961 +#: freeculture.xml:13963 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13962 +#: freeculture.xml:13964 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13967 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19416,7 +19417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:13978 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19425,7 +19426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13964 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19444,20 +19445,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:13992 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13998 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14002 +#: freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19465,7 +19466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14007 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19474,7 +19475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:14015 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19483,7 +19484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:14022 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19493,12 +19494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14029 +#: freeculture.xml:14031 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14031 +#: freeculture.xml:14033 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19508,7 +19509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14038 +#: freeculture.xml:14040 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19521,13 +19522,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14048 +#: freeculture.xml:14050 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14052 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19539,7 +19540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14062 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19556,7 +19557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14078 +#: freeculture.xml:14080 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19567,22 +19568,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14086 +#: freeculture.xml:14088 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14089 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14089 +#: freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:14093 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19594,12 +19595,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 +#: freeculture.xml:14103 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14105 +#: freeculture.xml:14107 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19617,22 +19618,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14120 +#: freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14121 +#: freeculture.xml:14123 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14122 +#: freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14124 +#: freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19645,12 +19646,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14133 +#: freeculture.xml:14135 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14135 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19663,7 +19664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:14155 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19678,7 +19679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14147 +#: freeculture.xml:14149 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19692,12 +19693,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14176 +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19708,12 +19709,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14185 +#: freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19723,7 +19724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:14195 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19737,12 +19738,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14204 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14206 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19755,7 +19756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14215 +#: freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19765,12 +19766,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14224 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14228 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19781,7 +19782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14234 +#: freeculture.xml:14236 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19794,7 +19795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14245 +#: freeculture.xml:14247 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19805,12 +19806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14255 +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14257 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19818,23 +19819,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14261 +#: freeculture.xml:14263 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14264 +#: freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:14268 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19851,17 +19852,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:14283 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14282 +#: freeculture.xml:14284 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14284 +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19873,7 +19874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14295 +#: freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19881,7 +19882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14301 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19896,7 +19897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14313 +#: freeculture.xml:14315 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19907,7 +19908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14323 +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19921,7 +19922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:14339 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19932,24 +19933,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:14352 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14353 +#: freeculture.xml:14355 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14356 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14358 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19963,7 +19964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19982,7 +19983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14389 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19996,7 +19997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14398 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -20009,13 +20010,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14408 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14410 +#: freeculture.xml:14412 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -20029,7 +20030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14423 +#: freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -20044,7 +20045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -20054,7 +20055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14443 +#: freeculture.xml:14445 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -20068,7 +20069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14455 +#: freeculture.xml:14457 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20076,18 +20077,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14460 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14461 +#: freeculture.xml:14463 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14463 +#: freeculture.xml:14465 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20099,23 +20100,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14474 +#: freeculture.xml:14476 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14475 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14476 +#: freeculture.xml:14478 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:14495 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20124,7 +20125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14478 +#: freeculture.xml:14480 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20144,7 +20145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14502 +#: freeculture.xml:14504 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20159,7 +20160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14514 +#: freeculture.xml:14516 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20170,7 +20171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14524 +#: freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20181,7 +20182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14532 +#: freeculture.xml:14534 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20192,12 +20193,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14546 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20207,7 +20208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14555 +#: freeculture.xml:14557 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20216,12 +20217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14562 +#: freeculture.xml:14564 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14566 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20231,14 +20232,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14571 +#: freeculture.xml:14573 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14576 +#: freeculture.xml:14578 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20247,12 +20248,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14582 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14585 +#: freeculture.xml:14587 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20263,7 +20264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14594 +#: freeculture.xml:14596 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20278,7 +20279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14608 +#: freeculture.xml:14610 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20286,7 +20287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14606 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20296,7 +20297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14616 +#: freeculture.xml:14618 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20307,12 +20308,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14630 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14630 +#: freeculture.xml:14632 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20327,7 +20328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14643 +#: freeculture.xml:14645 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20339,7 +20340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14652 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20352,7 +20353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14662 +#: freeculture.xml:14664 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20366,12 +20367,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14679 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14679 +#: freeculture.xml:14681 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20383,7 +20384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14689 +#: freeculture.xml:14691 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20391,7 +20392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14695 +#: freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20405,7 +20406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14712 +#: freeculture.xml:14714 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20414,7 +20415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14705 +#: freeculture.xml:14707 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20430,7 +20431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14725 +#: freeculture.xml:14727 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20440,12 +20441,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14731 +#: freeculture.xml:14733 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14733 +#: freeculture.xml:14735 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20459,7 +20460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14745 +#: freeculture.xml:14747 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20470,7 +20471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14753 +#: freeculture.xml:14755 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20478,7 +20479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:14760 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20489,12 +20490,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14770 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14772 +#: freeculture.xml:14774 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20503,7 +20504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14785 +#: freeculture.xml:14787 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20511,7 +20512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14777 +#: freeculture.xml:14779 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20524,7 +20525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14792 +#: freeculture.xml:14794 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20533,7 +20534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14800 +#: freeculture.xml:14802 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20546,7 +20547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14811 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20560,13 +20561,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14821 +#: freeculture.xml:14823 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14832 +#: freeculture.xml:14834 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20574,7 +20575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14824 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20589,7 +20590,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:14845 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20606,7 +20607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14859 +#: freeculture.xml:14861 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20614,7 +20615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14865 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20624,12 +20625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14875 +#: freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14879 +#: freeculture.xml:14881 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20640,7 +20641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14887 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20652,20 +20653,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14895 +#: freeculture.xml:14897 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14901 +#: freeculture.xml:14903 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14897 +#: freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20677,12 +20678,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14914 +#: freeculture.xml:14916 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14910 +#: freeculture.xml:14912 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20691,7 +20692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14919 +#: freeculture.xml:14921 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20701,7 +20702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14926 +#: freeculture.xml:14928 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20713,7 +20714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:14941 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20728,7 +20729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14953 +#: freeculture.xml:14955 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20738,12 +20739,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14969 +#: freeculture.xml:14971 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14967 +#: freeculture.xml:14969 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20751,7 +20752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14961 +#: freeculture.xml:14963 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20761,7 +20762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14975 +#: freeculture.xml:14977 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20772,7 +20773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14982 +#: freeculture.xml:14984 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20782,12 +20783,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14992 +#: freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14994 +#: freeculture.xml:14996 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20797,7 +20798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15001 +#: freeculture.xml:15003 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20808,7 +20809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15010 +#: freeculture.xml:15012 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20818,7 +20819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15017 +#: freeculture.xml:15019 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20829,7 +20830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15026 +#: freeculture.xml:15028 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20837,7 +20838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15031 +#: freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20846,7 +20847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15037 +#: freeculture.xml:15039 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20855,7 +20856,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15043 +#: freeculture.xml:15045 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20863,7 +20864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15051 +#: freeculture.xml:15053 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20874,7 +20875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15059 +#: freeculture.xml:15061 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20884,7 +20885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15067 +#: freeculture.xml:15069 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20892,7 +20893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15072 +#: freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20907,7 +20908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15084 +#: freeculture.xml:15086 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20923,13 +20924,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15098 +#: freeculture.xml:15100 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15118 +#: freeculture.xml:15120 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20937,7 +20938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15100 +#: freeculture.xml:15102 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20959,7 +20960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15125 +#: freeculture.xml:15127 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20975,7 +20976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15141 +#: freeculture.xml:15143 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20989,7 +20990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15152 +#: freeculture.xml:15154 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -21001,7 +21002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15163 +#: freeculture.xml:15165 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -21014,7 +21015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15173 +#: freeculture.xml:15175 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -21027,7 +21028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15184 +#: freeculture.xml:15186 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -21039,7 +21040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15194 +#: freeculture.xml:15196 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -21052,7 +21053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15204 +#: freeculture.xml:15206 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21063,14 +21064,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15212 +#: freeculture.xml:15214 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15216 +#: freeculture.xml:15218 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21084,7 +21085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15227 +#: freeculture.xml:15229 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21095,17 +21096,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15234 freeculture.xml:15276 +#: freeculture.xml:15236 freeculture.xml:15278 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15274 +#: freeculture.xml:15276 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15240 +#: freeculture.xml:15242 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21147,7 +21148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15236 +#: freeculture.xml:15238 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21162,7 +21163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15290 +#: freeculture.xml:15292 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21180,7 +21181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15307 +#: freeculture.xml:15309 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21193,17 +21194,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15320 +#: freeculture.xml:15322 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15322 +#: freeculture.xml:15324 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15324 +#: freeculture.xml:15326 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21221,17 +21222,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15339 +#: freeculture.xml:15341 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15342 +#: freeculture.xml:15344 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15344 +#: freeculture.xml:15346 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21247,7 +21248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15356 +#: freeculture.xml:15358 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21258,13 +21259,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15365 +#: freeculture.xml:15367 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15370 +#: freeculture.xml:15372 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21273,19 +21274,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15377 +#: freeculture.xml:15379 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15383 +#: freeculture.xml:15385 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15387 +#: freeculture.xml:15389 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21293,14 +21294,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15393 +#: freeculture.xml:15395 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15398 +#: freeculture.xml:15400 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21309,7 +21310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15404 +#: freeculture.xml:15406 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21326,7 +21327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15418 +#: freeculture.xml:15420 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21336,12 +21337,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15429 +#: freeculture.xml:15431 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15431 +#: freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21350,7 +21351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15437 +#: freeculture.xml:15439 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21360,18 +21361,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15444 +#: freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15445 +#: freeculture.xml:15447 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15456 +#: freeculture.xml:15458 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21379,7 +21380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15447 +#: freeculture.xml:15449 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21392,7 +21393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15462 +#: freeculture.xml:15464 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21400,7 +21401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15472 +#: freeculture.xml:15474 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21420,7 +21421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15467 +#: freeculture.xml:15469 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21432,7 +21433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15496 +#: freeculture.xml:15498 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21442,7 +21443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15504 +#: freeculture.xml:15506 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21455,7 +21456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15514 +#: freeculture.xml:15516 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21466,7 +21467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15522 +#: freeculture.xml:15524 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21474,7 +21475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15529 +#: freeculture.xml:15531 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21487,7 +21488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15538 +#: freeculture.xml:15540 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21497,7 +21498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15547 +#: freeculture.xml:15549 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21505,12 +21506,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15556 +#: freeculture.xml:15558 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15558 +#: freeculture.xml:15560 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21524,12 +21525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15577 +#: freeculture.xml:15579 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15579 +#: freeculture.xml:15581 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21538,7 +21539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15586 +#: freeculture.xml:15588 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21554,7 +21555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15599 +#: freeculture.xml:15601 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21567,7 +21568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15610 +#: freeculture.xml:15612 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21589,7 +21590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15630 +#: freeculture.xml:15632 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21600,7 +21601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15639 +#: freeculture.xml:15641 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "