X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/6be7cb1a82ff806f458cc062bb0d68efdf0d0709..f53f9d315364dae0fcea8561a7fdd3897200e7dd:/freeculture.nb.po diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 7447014..eeaf29e 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ # # Translators: # Petter Reinholdtsen , 2012. +# Anders Hagen Jarmund , 2012. msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-25 23:56+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-06 12:41+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -33,12 +34,12 @@ msgstr "Fri kultur" msgid "\"freeculture\"" msgstr "\"frikultur\"" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" msgstr "" -"Hvordan store mediaaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " +"Hvordan store medieaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " "og kontrollere kreativiteten" #. type: Content of: @@ -57,21 +58,69 @@ msgstr "Lawrence" msgid "Lessig" msgstr "Lessig" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Intellectual property—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Mass media—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Technological innovations—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Art—United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#, no-wrap +msgid "New York" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" -" 2004 Lawrence Lessig. This version of " -"Free Culture is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license " -"permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. " -"For more information about the license, click the icon above, or visit " -"http://" -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/ " +" The Penguin Press 2004 " +"Lawrence Lessig " +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +" " +msgstr "" +" " + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" +msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +"This version of Free Culture is licensed under a " +"Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this " +"work, so long as attribution is given. For more information about the " +"license, click the icon above, or visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/" msgstr "" -" 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Denne versjonen av " -"Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen " -"tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er " -"navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk " -"http://" -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/ " +"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensiert med en " +"Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen tillater ikke-kommersiell " +"utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er navngitt. For mer " +"informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk http://creativecommons." +"org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/" #. type: Content of: msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" @@ -79,13 +128,13 @@ msgstr "Om forfatteren" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> msgid "" -"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig." -"org</ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url=" -"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The " -"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " -"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</" +"ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://" +"creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The author of " +"The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " "Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " "Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " "Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " @@ -94,99 +143,119 @@ msgid "" "Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " "Appeals." msgstr "" -"Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig." -"org</ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://" -"creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har " -"gitt ut av The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws " -"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library " -"of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han " -"har vunnet Free Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free " +"Lawrense Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</" +"ulink>), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink url=\"http://" +"creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). Forfatteren har " +"gitt ut The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws of " +"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library of " +"Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han har " +"vunnet Free Software Foundation's Award for the Advancement of Free " "Software, to ganger vært oppført i BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" og omtalt " "som en av Scientific American's \"50 visjonærer\". Etter utdanning ved " "University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, " "assisterte Lessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " "Appeals." -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +# +# +# +#. testing different ways to tag the cover page +#. <imageobject remap="s" role="front"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail"> +#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" /> +#. </imageobject> +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject> +msgid "" +"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/" +"cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>" +msgstr "" + +#. LCCN from +#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page +#. +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +msgid "" +" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid class=\"isbn" +"\">1-59420-006-8</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"libraryofcongress" +"\">2003063276</biblioid>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" "Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ en av lenkene nedenfor:" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "Andre bøker av Lawrence Lessig" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS" -msgstr "The Penguin Press" - -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -msgid "NEW YORK" -msgstr "New York" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" +msgstr "The Penguin Press, New York" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "Fri Kultur" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "Lawrence Lessig" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" -"a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New York" +"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " +"New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig," -msgstr "Opphavsrett © Lawrence Lessig," - -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -msgid "All rights reserved" -msgstr "Alle rettigheter reservert" - -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -msgid "" -"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The " -"New York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York " -"Times Co. Reprinted with permission." +msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" +"Opphavsrettbeskyttet © Lawrence Lessig. Alle rettigheter reservert." #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" -"Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc." +"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright " +"© 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -msgid "All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." +msgid "" +"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " +"Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" -"Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. " -"Copps." +"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC " +"Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> @@ -249,7 +318,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "&translationblock;" -msgstr "Oversatt til bokmÃ¥l av Petter Reinholdtsen og Anders Hagen Jarmund." +msgstr "" +"Oversatt til bokmÃ¥l av Petter Reinholdtsen og Anders Hagen Jarmund. " +"Kildefilene til oversetterprosjektet er <ulink url=\"https://github.com/" +"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\">tilgjengelig fra github</ulink>. " +"Rapporter feil med oversettelsen via github." #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" @@ -257,9 +330,13 @@ msgid "" "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " "system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " "photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " -"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The " -"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via " -"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " +"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +msgid "" +"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " +"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " "punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " "do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." @@ -273,18 +350,6 @@ msgstr "" "Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for " "hvem saken fortsetter." -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title> -msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" -msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" - #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> msgid "List of figures" msgstr "Figurliste" @@ -299,21 +364,21 @@ msgstr "Pogue, David" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" -"At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " -"Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " -"technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:" +"At the end of his review of my first book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws " +"of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of " +"countless technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:" msgstr "" "David Pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige tekniske " "datarelaterte tekster, skrev dette pÃ¥ slutten av hans gjennomgang av min " -"første bok, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace:" +"første bok, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>:" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " -"2000." +"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" -"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30. januar " -"2000" +"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 30. januar 2000" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -334,51 +399,54 @@ msgid "" "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " "happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, " "drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-like simply flip a switch and be back home. Turn " -"off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in that " -"space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." +"off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in " +"<emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." msgstr "" "Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet som er kjernen av boken — at " "programvaren, eller \"koden\", fungerte som en slags lov — og foreslo " "i sin anmeldelse den lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace gikk dÃ¥rlig, " "sÃ¥ kan vi alltid som med en trylleformel slÃ¥ over en bryter og komme hjem " "igjen. SlÃ¥ av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som " -"finnes der ville ikke \"pÃ¥virke\" oss mer." +"finnes <emphasis>den</emphasis> virkeligheten ville ikke \"pÃ¥virke\" oss mer." #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " -"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " -"the troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is " -"an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have " -"fundamentally affected \"people who aren't online.\" There is no switch that " -"will insulate us from the Internet's effect." +"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " +"Culture</citetitle> is about the troubles the Internet causes even after the " +"modem is turned off. It is an argument about how the battles that now rage " +"regarding life on-line have fundamentally affected \"people who aren't " +"online.\" There is no switch that will insulate us from the Internet's " +"effect." msgstr "" "Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 — jeg er skeptisk, men det kan hende. " -"Men selv om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke argumentet gyldig nÃ¥. Fri Kultur " -"er om problemene internett forÃ¥rsaker selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. " -"Den er et argument om hvordan slagene som nÃ¥ brer om seg i livet on-line har " -"fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen " -"bryter som kan isolere oss fra internettets effekt." +"Men selv om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke argumentet gyldig nÃ¥. " +"<citetitle>Fri Kultur</citetitle> er om problemene internett forÃ¥rsaker selv " +"etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. Den er et argument om hvordan slagene som nÃ¥ " +"brer om seg i livet on-line har fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk som er ikke " +"pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen bryter som kan isolere oss fra internettets " +"effekt." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" -"But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It " -"is instead about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition " -"that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be " -"to admit, much more important." +"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " +"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " +"a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this " +"is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important." msgstr "" -"Men i motsetning til i boken Code, er argumentet her ikke sÃ¥ mye om " -"internett i seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av internett for en del " -"av vÃ¥r tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette " -"er for en geek-wanna-be Ã¥ innrømme, mye viktigere." +"Men i motsetning til i boken <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, er argumentet her " +"ikke sÃ¥ mye om internett i seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av " +"internett for en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og " +"uansett hvor hardt dette er for en geek-wanna-be Ã¥ innrømme, mye viktigere." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." +"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " +"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" -"Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. " -"2002)." +"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Fri programvare, Frie samfunn</citetitle> 57 " +"(Joshua Gay, red. 2002)." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" @@ -390,12 +458,12 @@ msgid "" "\"free will,\" and \"free elections.\" A free culture supports and protects " "creators and innovators. It does this directly by granting intellectual " "property rights. But it does so indirectly by limiting the reach of those " -"rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free " -"as possible from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture " -"without property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything " -"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"—a " -"culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the " -"powerful, or of creators from the past." +"rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain " +"<emphasis>as free as possible</emphasis> from the control of the past. A " +"free culture is not a culture without property, just as a free market is not " +"a market in which everything is free. The opposite of a free culture is a " +"\"permission culture\"—a culture in which creators get to create only " +"with the permission of the powerful, or of creators from the past." msgstr "" "Den tradisjonen er mÃ¥ten vÃ¥r kultur blir laget pÃ¥. Som jeg vil forklare i " "sidene som følger, kommer vi fra en tradisjon av \"fri kultur\"—ikke " @@ -406,11 +474,11 @@ msgstr "" "og oppfinnere. Dette gjør den direkte ved Ã¥ tildele immaterielle " "rettigheter. Men det gjør den indirekte ved Ã¥ begrense rekkevidden for " "disse rettighetene, for Ã¥ garantere at neste generasjon skapere og " -"oppfinnere er sÃ¥ fri som mulig fra kontroll fra fortiden. En fri kultur er " -"ikke en kultur uten eierskap, like lite som et fritt marked er et marked der " -"alt er gratis. Det motsatte av fri kultur er \"tillatelseskultur\"—en " -"kultur der skapere kun kan skape med tillatelse fra de mektige, eller fra " -"skaperne fra fortiden." +"oppfinnere forblir <emphasis>sÃ¥ fri som mulig</emphasis> fra kontroll fra " +"fortiden. En fri kultur er ikke en kultur uten eierskap, like lite som et " +"fritt marked er et marked der alt er gratis. Det motsatte av fri kultur er " +"\"tillatelseskultur\"—en kultur der skapere kun kan skape med " +"tillatelse fra de mektige, eller fra skaperne fra fortiden." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" @@ -451,7 +519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Vi sÃ¥ et glimt av dette tverrpolitiske raseri pÃ¥ forsommeren i 2003. Da FCC " "vurderte endringer i reglene for medieeierskap som ville slakke pÃ¥ " -"begrensningene rundt mediakonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " +"begrensningene rundt mediekonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " "mer enn 700 000 brev til FCC for Ã¥ motsette seg endringen. Mens William " "Safire beskrev Ã¥ marsjere \"ubehagelig sammen med CodePink Women for Peace " "and the National Rifle Association, mellom liberale Olympia Snowe og " @@ -461,11 +529,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22. mai 2003. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 22. mai 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -484,33 +552,35 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" -"This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " -"not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in " -"ownership, but more importantly, if because less visibly, on the " -"concentration of power produced by a radical change in the effective scope " -"of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering the way our culture " -"gets made; that change should worry you—whether or not you care about " -"the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The " -"inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of this book comes " -"from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, " -"as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays in Free Software, " -"Free Society, I realize that all of the theoretical insights I develop here " -"are insights Stallman described decades ago. One could thus well argue that " -"this work is \"merely\" derivative." -msgstr "" -"Denne idéen er et element i argumentet til Fri Kultur, selv om min fokus " -"ikke bare er pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen av makt som følger av konsentrasjonen i " -"eierskap, men mer viktig, og fordi det er mindre synlig, pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen " -"av makt som er resultat av en radikal endring i det effektive virkeomrÃ¥det " -"til loven. Loven er i endring, og endringen forandrer pÃ¥ hvordan vÃ¥r kultur " -"blir skapt. Den endringen bør bekymre deg—Uansett om du bryr deg om " -"internett eller ikke, og uansett om du er til venstre for Safires eller til " -"høyre. Inspirasjonen til tittelen og mye av argumentet i denne boken kommer " -"fra arbeidet til Richard Stallman og Free Software Foundation. Faktisk, da " -"jeg leste Stallmans egne tekster pÃ¥ nytt, spesielt essyene i Free Software, " -"Free Society, innser jeg at alle de teoretiske innsiktene jeg utvikler her " -"er innsikter som Stallman beskrev for tiÃ¥r siden. Man kan dermed godt " -"argumentere for at dette verket kun er et avledet verk." +"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free Culture</" +"citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of power " +"produced by concentrations in ownership, but more importantly, if because " +"less visibly, on the concentration of power produced by a radical change in " +"the effective scope of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering " +"the way our culture gets made; that change should worry you—whether or " +"not you care about the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on " +"his right. The inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of " +"this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software " +"Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays " +"in <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society</citetitle>, I realize that all of " +"the theoretical insights I develop here are insights Stallman described " +"decades ago. One could thus well argue that this work is \"merely\" " +"derivative." +msgstr "" +"Denne idéen er et element i argumentet til <citetitle>Fri Kultur</" +"citetitle>, selv om min fokus ikke bare er pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen av makt som " +"følger av konsentrasjonen i eierskap, men mer viktig, og fordi det er mindre " +"synlig, pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen av makt som er resultat av en radikal endring i " +"det effektive virkeomrÃ¥det til loven. Loven er i endring, og endringen " +"forandrer pÃ¥ hvordan vÃ¥r kultur blir skapt. Den endringen bør bekymre " +"deg—Uansett om du bryr deg om internett eller ikke, og uansett om du " +"er til venstre for Safires eller til høyre. Inspirasjonen til tittelen og " +"mye av argumentet i denne boken kommer fra arbeidet til Richard Stallman og " +"Free Software Foundation. Faktisk, da jeg leste Stallmans egne tekster pÃ¥ " +"nytt, spesielt essyene i <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society</citetitle>, " +"innser jeg at alle de teoretiske innsiktene jeg utvikler her er innsikter " +"som Stallman beskrev for tiÃ¥r siden. Man kan dermed godt argumentere for at " +"dette verket kun er et avledet verk." #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> @@ -584,11 +654,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " -"Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." +"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" -"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " -"Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." +"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -683,19 +753,21 @@ msgid "" "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " "destroyed the value of the Causbys' land. This example was suggested to me " "by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, \"(Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: " -"Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,\" Stanford Law Review 48 " -"(1996): 1293, 1333. See also Paul Goldstein, Real Property (Mineola, N.Y.: " -"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,\" <citetitle>Stanford Law " +"Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333. See also Paul Goldstein, " +"<citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press, " +"1984), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "USA mot Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. Domstolen fant at det kunne være " "Ã¥ \"ta\" hvis regjeringens bruk av sitt land reelt sett hadde ødelagt " "verdien av eiendomen til Causby. Dette eksemplet ble foreslÃ¥tt for meg i " "Keith Aokis flotte stykke, \"(intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: Notes " -"Toward a cultural Geography of Authorship\", Stanford Law Review 48 (1996): " -"1293, 1333. Se ogsÃ¥ Paul Goldstein, Real Property (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation " -"Press (1984)), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Toward a cultural Geography of Authorship\", <citetitle>Stanford Law Review</" +"citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333. Se ogsÃ¥ Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Real " +"Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press (1984)), " +"1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -739,10 +811,10 @@ msgstr "" "stilen til Douglas Ã¥ utbrodere. Andre dommere ville ha skrevet mange flere " "sider før de nÃ¥dde sin konklusjon, men for Douglas holdt det med en enkel " "linje: \"Idéen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\". Men uansett om det tar flere " -"sider eller kun noen fÃ¥ ord, sÃ¥ er det en genial egenskap med et lovpraksis-" -"system, slik som vÃ¥rt er, at loven tilpasser seg til aktuelle teknologiene. " -"Og mens den tilpasser seg, sÃ¥ endres den. Idéer som var solide som fjell i " -"en tidsalder knuses i en annen." +"sider eller kun noen fÃ¥ ord, sÃ¥ er det en genial egenskap med et " +"rettspraksis-system, slik som vÃ¥rt er, at loven tilpasser seg til aktuelle " +"teknologiene. Og mens den tilpasser seg, sÃ¥ endres den. Idéer som var " +"solide som fjell i en tidsalder knuses i en annen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -859,29 +931,29 @@ msgstr "Publikum hørte noe ingen hadde trodd var mulig:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong " -"(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." +"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong</" +"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" -"Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity:: Edwin Howard Armstrong " -"(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." +"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity:: Edwin Howard Armstrong</" +"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " -"like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " -"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " -"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " -"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " +"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " +"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa " +"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " +"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " "heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Et glass vann ble fylt opp foran mikrofonen i Yonkers, og det hørtes ut som " -"et plass som ble fylt opp. . . . Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og det " -"hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. . . . Sousa-marsjer " -"ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble utført. . . . " -"Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om noen gang før " -"hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"et glass som ble fylt opp. … Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og " +"det hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. … Sousa-" +"marsjer ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble " +"utført. … Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om " +"noen gang før hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -959,15 +1031,15 @@ msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " "threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, " -"posed . . . a complete reordering of radio power . . . and the eventual " -"overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had grown to " -"power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the " +"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had " +"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Kreftene til fordel for FM, i hovedsak ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke overvinne " "tyngden til strategien utviklet av avdelingene for salg, patenter og juss " "for Ã¥ undertrykke denne trusselen til selskapets posisjon. For FM utgjorde, " -"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger . . . en komplett endring i " -"maktforholdene rundt radio . . . og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " +"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger … en komplett endring i " +"maktforholdene rundt radio … og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " "begrensede AM-systemet som var grunnlaget for RCA stigning til makt." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -1154,7 +1226,14 @@ msgstr "" "Men de fleste legger ikke engang merke til denne endringen som internettet " "har introdusert." -#. PAGE BREAK 23 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Barlow, Joel" +msgstr "Barlow, Joel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Webster, Noah" +msgstr "Webster, Noah" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " @@ -1164,7 +1243,8 @@ msgid "" "rest. When old men sat around parks or on street corners telling stories " "that kids and others consumed, that was noncommercial culture. When Noah " "Webster published his \"Reader,\" or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was " -"commercial culture." +"commercial culture. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Vi kan fÃ¥ en følelse av denne endringen ved Ã¥ skille mellom kommersiell og " "ikke-kommersiell kultur, ved Ã¥ knytte lovens reguleringer til hver av dem. " @@ -1173,7 +1253,8 @@ msgstr "" "kultur\" mener jeg alt det andre. Da gamle menn satt rundt i parker eller pÃ¥ " "gatehjørner og fortalte historier som unger og andre lyttet til, sÃ¥ var det " "ikke-kommersiell kultur. Da Noah Webster publiserte sin \"Reader\", eller " -"Joel Barlow sin poesi, sÃ¥ var det kommersiell kultur." +"Joel Barlow sin poesi, sÃ¥ var det kommersiell kultur. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1197,7 +1278,7 @@ msgstr "" "klubber, deling av musikk, laging av kassetter—ble ikke styrt av " "lovverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "Brandeis, Louis D." @@ -1215,8 +1296,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er helt klart " "hovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal grunnlov. " "Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle " -"interesse nÃ¥r det gjalt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved Ã¥ " -"gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " +"interesse nÃ¥r det gjaldt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved " +"Ã¥ gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " "opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta " "om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy" "\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=" @@ -1242,13 +1323,17 @@ msgstr "" "USA. Men det var pÃ¥ ingen mÃ¥te dominerende i vÃ¥r tradisjon. Det var i " "stedet bare en del, en kontrollert del, balansert mot det frie." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Litman, Jessica" +msgstr "Litman, Jessica" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), " -"ch. 13." +"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), " -"kap. 13." +"Se Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " +"Prometheus bøker, 2001), kap. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1355,12 +1440,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " -"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 " -"January 2002." +"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York " +"Times</citetitle>, 17 January 2002." msgstr "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " -"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17. " -"januar 2002." +"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York " +"Times</citetitle>, 17. januar 2002." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1414,17 +1499,19 @@ msgstr "" "internettets \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ fjerne verdier fra vÃ¥r kultur som har vært " "integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon helt fra starten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " -"Journal 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" " +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " -"Journal 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" " +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1554,16 +1641,16 @@ msgid "" "importantly, its power to disable critical thought by policy makers and " "citizens. There has never been a time in our history when more of our " "\"culture\" was as \"owned\" as it is now. And yet there has never been a " -"time when the concentration of power to control the uses of culture has been " -"as unquestioningly accepted as it is now." +"time when the concentration of power to control the <emphasis>uses</" +"emphasis> of culture has been as unquestioningly accepted as it is now." msgstr "" "Mitt hÃ¥p er Ã¥ skyve denne sunne fornuften videre. Jeg har blitt stadig mer " "overrasket over kraften til denne idéen om immaterielle rettigheter og, mer " "viktig, dets evne til Ã¥ slÃ¥ av kritisk tanke hos lovmakere og innbyggere. " "Det har aldri før i vÃ¥r historie vært sÃ¥ mye av vÃ¥r \"kultur\" som har vært " "\"eid\" enn det er nÃ¥. Og likevel har aldri før konsentrasjonen av makt til " -"Ã¥ kontrollere bruken av kulturen vært mer akseptert uten spørsmÃ¥l enn det er " -"nÃ¥." +"Ã¥ kontrollere <emphasis>bruken</emphasis> av kulturen vært mer akseptert " +"uten spørsmÃ¥l enn det er nÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1694,15 +1781,15 @@ msgstr "" "historien om nok en konsekvens for denne type korrupsjon—en konsekvens " "for de fleste av oss forblir ukjent med." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "\"Piratvirksomhet\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1717,11 +1804,15 @@ msgstr "" "utvidet rekkevidden for engelsk opphavsrettslov til Ã¥ inkludere noteark," #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." -msgstr "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1732,7 +1823,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter eget forgodtbefinnende.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1748,7 +1839,7 @@ msgstr "" "distribuert intelligens, kan p2p-systemer muliggjøre enkel spredning av " "innhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ingen forestilte seg for en generasjon siden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1763,21 +1854,21 @@ msgstr "" "delingen har i sin tur ansporet til krigen, pÃ¥ grunn av at eiere av " "opphavsretter frykter delingen vil \"frata forfatteren overskuddet.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " "\"piracy.\" A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is being raised to " "believe that \"property\" should be \"free.\" Forget tattoos, never mind " -"body piercing—our kids are becoming thieves!" +"body piercing—our kids are becoming <emphasis>thieves</emphasis>!" msgstr "" "Krigerne har snudd seg til domstolene, til lovgiverne, og i stadig større " "grad til teknologi for Ã¥ forsvare sin \"eiendom\" mot denne " "\"piratvirksomheten\". En generasjon amerikanere, advarer krigerne, blir " "oppdratt til Ã¥ tro at \"eiendom\" skal være \"gratis\". Glem tatoveringer, " -"ikke tenk pÃ¥ kroppspiercing—vÃ¥re barn blir tyver!" +"ikke tenk pÃ¥ kroppspiercing—vÃ¥re barn blir <emphasis>tyver</emphasis>!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1789,11 +1880,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"-begrepet i en sammenheng. For mens begrepet blir mer og mer brukt, har " "det i sin kjerne en ekstraordinær idé som nesten helt sikkert er feil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "Idéen høres omtrent slik ut:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1807,38 +1898,42 @@ msgstr "" "som har verdi fra andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for " "piratvirksomhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " -"the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." +"the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 " +"(1990): 397." msgstr "" "Se Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in the " -"Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." +"Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 (1990): " +"397." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "Zittrain, Jonathan" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off the " -"Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" Boston " -"Globe, 24 November 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan " +"Zittrain, \"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free " +"Speech, No One Wins,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 24 November " +"2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 21. august 1996, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off " -"the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" " -"Boston Globe, 24. november 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21. august 1996, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan " +"Zittrain, \"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free " +"Speech, No One Wins,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 24. november " +"2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1850,13 +1945,22 @@ msgid "" "\" (the songs) so there must have been a \"right\"—even against the " "Girl Scouts." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +"Dette synet gÃ¥r dypt i de pÃ¥gÃ¥ende debattene. Det er hva jussprofessor " +"Rochelle Dreyfuss ved NYU kritiserer som \"hvis verdi, sÃ¥ rettighet\"-" +"teorien for kreative eierrettigheter <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +">—hvis det finnes verdi, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ noen ha rettigheten til denne verdien. " +"Det er perspektivet som fikk komponistenes rettighetsorganisasjon, ASCAP, " +"til Ã¥ saksøke jentespeiderne for Ã¥ ikke betale for sangene som jentene sagt " +"rundt jentespeidernes leirbÃ¥l.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Det " +"fantes \"verdi\" (sangene), sÃ¥ det mÃ¥tte ha vært en \"rettighet\"—til " +"og med mot jentespeiderne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "ASCAP" #. PAGE BREAK 32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1870,7 +1974,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdi, sÃ¥ rettighet\" for kreative eierrettigheter har aldri vært USAs teori " "for kreative eierrettigheter. It har aldri stÃ¥tt rot i vÃ¥rt lovverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1883,7 +1987,7 @@ msgstr "" "til verdien av kreativitet. Dagens debatt har snudd dette helt rundt. Vi " "har blitt sÃ¥ opptatt av Ã¥ beskytte instrumentet at vi mister verdien av syne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1896,8 +2000,7 @@ msgstr "" "og bygge pÃ¥ og gjøre om verket pÃ¥ den andre. Da opphavsretten kom var det " "kun publisering som ble berørt. Opphavsretten i dag regulerer begge." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1905,35 +2008,36 @@ msgid "" "the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" -"før teknologien av Internett, gjorde ikke denne conflation saken alle sÃ¥ " -"mye. teknologier i publisering var dyrt; Det betydde at det store flertallet " -"av publisering ble kommersielt. kommersielle selskaper kunne bære byrden av " -"loven—selv byrden av den bysantinske kompleksiteten som copyright lov " -"har blitt. Det var bare en mer utgifter ved Ã¥ gjøre forretninger." +"Før teknologiene til internettet dukket opp, betød ikke denne begrepsmessige " +"sammenblandingen mye. Teknologiene for Ã¥ publisere var kostbare, som betød " +"at det meste av publisering var kommersiell. Kommersielle aktører kunne " +"hÃ¥ndtere byrden pÃ¥lagt av loven—til og med byrden som den bysantiske " +"kompleksiteten som opphavsrettsloven har blitt. Det var bare nok en kostnad " +"ved Ã¥ drive forretning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "Florida, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard " -"Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of " -"creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address the legal " -"conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I certainly " -"agree with him about the importance and significance of this change, but I " -"also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are much more " -"tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " +"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " +"toward a labor of creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address " +"the legal conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I " +"certainly agree with him about the importance and significance of this " +"change, but I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are " +"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i rise of creative klassen (new york: grunnleggende bøker, 2002), richard " -"florida dokumenter et skifte i natur arbeid mot en arbeidskraft av " -"kreativitet. hans arbeid, men adressen ikke direkte de juridiske " -"betingelsene under at kreativiteten er aktivert eller halvkvalt. Jeg er enig " -"med ham om betydningen og betydningen av denne endringen, men jeg tror ogsÃ¥ " -"betingelser som funksjonen vil bli aktivert er mye vanskeligere." +"I <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " +"Books, 2002), dokumenterer Richard Florida en endring i arbeidsstokken mot " +"kreativitetsarbeide. Hans tekst omhandler derimot ikke direkte de juridiske " +"vilkÃ¥r som kreativiteten blir muliggjort eller hindret under. Jeg er helt " +"klart enig med ham i viktigheten og betydningen av denne endringen, men jeg " +"tror ogsÃ¥ at vilkÃ¥rene som disse endringene blir aktivert under er mye " +"vanskeligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1953,8 +2057,25 @@ msgid "" "Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of " "this creative class." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"Men da internettet dukket opp, forsvant denne naturlige begrensningen til " +"lovens virkeomrÃ¥de. Loven kontrollerer ikke bare kreativiteten til " +"kommersielle skapere, men effektivt sett kreativiteten til alle. Selv om " +"utvidelsen ikke ville bety stort hvis opphavsrettsloven kun regulerte " +"\"kopiering\", sÃ¥ betyr utvidelsen mye nÃ¥r loven regulerer sÃ¥ bredt og " +"obskurt som den gjør. Byrden denne loven gir oppveier nÃ¥ langt fordelene " +"den ga da den ble vedtatt—helt klart slik den pÃ¥virker ikke-" +"kommersiell kreativitet, og i stadig større grad slik den pÃ¥virker " +"kommersiell kreativitet. Dermed, slik vi ser klarere i kapitlene som " +"følger, er lovens rolle mindre og mindre Ã¥ støtte kreativitet, og mer og mer " +"Ã¥ beskytte enkelte industrier mot konkurranse. Akkurat pÃ¥ tidspunktet da " +"digital teknologi kunne sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mengde med kommersiell " +"og ikke-kommersiell kreativitet, tynger loven denne kreativiteten med " +"sinnsykt kompliserte og vage regler og med trusselen om uanstendig harde " +"straffer. Vi ser kanskje, som Richard Florida skriver, \"Fremveksten av den " +"kreative klasse\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dessverre ser vi " +"ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær fremvekst av reguleringer av denne kreative klassen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1964,77 +2085,76 @@ msgstr "" "den tradisjonen litt mer, og ved Ã¥ plassere dagens slag om oppførsel med " "merkelappen \"piratvirksomhet\" i sin rette sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "Kapittel en: Skaperne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " -"in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In November, in " -"New York City's Colony Theater, in the first widely distributed cartoon " -"synchronized with sound, Steamboat Willie brought to life the character that " -"would become Mickey Mouse." +"in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</" +"citetitle>. In November, in New York City's Colony Theater, in the first " +"widely distributed cartoon synchronized with sound, <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Willie</citetitle> brought to life the character that would become Mickey " +"Mouse." msgstr "" -"en tegneserie tegnet ble født i 1928. en tidlig Mikke Mus debuterte i mai " -"samme Ã¥r, i en stille flop kalt flyet gal. i november, i new york city's " -"colony theater, i de første spredt utover tegneserie synkronisert med lyden, " -"steamboat willie brakt til liv tegnet som skulle bli Mikke Mus." +"I 1928 ble en tegnefilmfigur født. En tidlig Mikke Mus debuterte i mai " +"dette Ã¥ret, i en stille flopp ved navn <citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>. " +"I november, i Colony teateret i New York City, ble den første vidt " +"distribuerte tegnefilmen med synkronisert lyd, <citetitle>Steamboat Willy</" +"citetitle>, vist frem med figuren som skulle bli til Mikke Mus." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " -"The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique and mix " -"sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work or, if it did work, " -"whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a test in the summer " -"of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney describes that first " -"experiment," -msgstr "" -"synkroniserte lyd hadde blitt introdusert til film Ã¥ret tidligere i filmen " -"jazz sanger. at suksess ledet walt disney Ã¥ kopiere teknikken og blande lyd " -"med tegneserier. ingen visste om det ville fungere, eller hvis det virket, " -"om det ville vinne et publikum. men nÃ¥r disney kjørte en test sommeren 1928, " -"resultatene var entydig. som disney beskriver det første eksperimentet" +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " +"the technique and mix sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work " +"or, if it did work, whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a " +"test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney " +"describes that first experiment," +msgstr "" +"Film med synkronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et Ã¥r tidligere i filmen " +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til Ã¥ " +"kopiere teknikken og mikse lyd med tegnefilm. Ingen visste hvorvidt det " +"ville virke eller ikke, og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans " +"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resultatet " +"entydig. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperimentet," #. PAGE BREAK 35 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " "arranged to pipe their sound into the room where our wives and friends were " "going to see the picture." msgstr "" -"et par av mine gutter kan lese musikk, og en av dem kunne spille en munn " -"orgel. Vi setter dem i et rom der de ikke kunne se skjermen og arrangert til " -"datakanal sine lyd inn i rommet hvor vÃ¥re hustruer og venner var kommer til " -"Ã¥ se bildet." +"Et par av guttene mine kunne lese noteark, og en av dem kunne spille " +"munnspill. Vi stappet dem inn i et rom hvor de ikke kunne se skjermen, og " +"gjorde det slik at lyden de spilte ble sendt videre til et rom hvor vÃ¥re " +"koner og venner var plassert for Ã¥ se pÃ¥ bildet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " "tune, the rest of us in the sound department bammed tin pans and blew slide " "whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close." msgstr "" -"gutter jobbet fra en musikk og lydeffekter score. etter flere falske starter " -"kom lyd og handling av med pistolen. munn-organisten spilte melodien, resten " -"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blÃ¥ste lysbilde plystre pÃ¥ beat. " -"synkroniseringen var ganske nær." +"Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark. Etter noen dÃ¥rlige oppstarter, " +"kom endelig lyd og handling i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte " +"melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret pÃ¥ tinnkasseroller og " +"blÃ¥ste pÃ¥ slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " -"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." +"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " +"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" -"Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " -"(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." +"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " +"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -2042,12 +2162,17 @@ msgid "" "again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Effekten pÃ¥ vÃ¥rt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk. De reagerte " +"nesten instinktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de " +"tullet med meg. SÃ¥ de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang pÃ¥ nytt. Det " +"var grufullt, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "Iwerks, Ub" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. " @@ -2059,8 +2184,7 @@ msgstr "" "begeistret i hele mitt liv. Ingenting annet har noen sinne vært like bra.\" " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " "Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -2070,69 +2194,87 @@ msgid "" "often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the " "work of others." msgstr "" -"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt nytt. " -"synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde " -"sjelden—unntatt i disney's hender—blitt noe mer enn filler for " -"andre filmer. gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's " -"oppfinnelse som satte standarden som andre kjempet for Ã¥ matche. og ganske " -"ofte disney's stor geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd pÃ¥ arbeidet til " -"andre." +"Disney hadde laget noe helt nyt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt nytt. Synkronisert " +"lyd ga liv til en form for kreativitet som sjeldent hadde—unntatt fra " +"Disneys hender—vært noe annet en fyllstoff for andre filmer. Gjennom " +"animasjonens tidligere historie var det Disneys oppfinnelse som satte " +"standarden som andre mÃ¥tte sloss for Ã¥ oppfylle. Og ganske ofte var Disneys " +"store geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, bygget pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " "genius created his last independently produced silent film. That genius was " -"Buster Keaton. The film was Steamboat Bill, Jr." +"Buster Keaton. The film was <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ er mye kjent. Hva du kanskje ikke vet er at 1928 ogsÃ¥ markerer en annen " -"viktig endring. Dette Ã¥ret produsert en tegneserie (i motsetning til " -"tegneserie) geni opprettet sitt siste uavhengig stumfilm. at geni var buster " -"keaton. filmen var steamboat bill, jr." +"Dette er kjent stoff. Det du kanskje ikke vet er at 1928 ogsÃ¥ markerer en " +"annen viktig overgang. I samme Ã¥r laget et komedie-geni (i motsetning til " +"tegnefilm-geni) sin siste uavhengig produserte stumfilm. Dette geniet var " +"Buster Keaton. Filmen var <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " -"laughter from his audience. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a classic of this form, " -"famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. The film was classic " -"Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its genre." -msgstr "" -"Keaton ble født inn i en vaudeville familie i 1895. i æra av stumfilm, hadde " -"han mestret med bred fysiske komedie som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gnist lyste latter fra " -"sitt publikum. Steamboat bill, jr. var en klassiker av dette skjemaet, kjent " -"blant film buffs for sin utrolige stunts. filmen var klassisk keaton—" -"vill populær og blant beste i sin sjanger." +"laughter from his audience. <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. was a " +"classic of this form, famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. " +"The film was classic Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its " +"genre." +msgstr "" +"Keaton ble født inn i en vauderville-familie i 1895. I stumfilm-æraen hadde " +"han mestret bruken av bredpenslet fysisk komedie pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som tente " +"ukontrollerbar latter fra hans publikum. <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</" +"citetitle>. var en klassiker av denne typen, berømt blant film-elskere for " +"sine utrolige stunts. Filmen var en klassisk Keaton—fantastisk " +"populær og blant de beste i sin sjanger." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " "Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for " -"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton" -"\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. " -"1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the " -"Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry " -"Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"Steamboat Bill, Jr. appeared before Disney's cartoon Steamboat Willie. The " -"coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat Willie is a direct " -"cartoon parody of Steamboat Bill,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"and both are built upon a common song as a source. It is not just from the " -"invention of synchronized sound in The Jazz Singer that we get Steamboat " -"Willie. It is also from Buster Keaton's invention of Steamboat Bill, Jr., " -"itself inspired by the song \"Steamboat Bill,\" that we get Steamboat " -"Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." -msgstr "" +"five songs in <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: \"Steamboat Bill,\" " +"\"The Simpleton\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry " +"No. 1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in " +"the Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to " +"Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er takknemlig overfor David Gerstein og hans nøyaktige historie, " +"beskrevet pÃ¥ <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. " +"I følge Dave Smith ved the Disney Archives, betalte Disney for Ã¥ bruke " +"musikken til fem sanger i <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: " +"\"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers" +"\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. 1\" (Baron), og \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). " +"En sjette sang, \"The Turkey in the Straw,\" var allerede allemannseie. " +"Brev fra David Smith til Harry Surden, 10. juli 2003, tilgjenglig i arkivet " +"til forfatteren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " +"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " +"Willie is a direct cartoon parody of Steamboat Bill,<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and both are built upon a common song as a source. " +"It is not just from the invention of synchronized sound in <citetitle>The " +"Jazz Singer</citetitle> that we get <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>. " +"It is also from Buster Keaton's invention of Steamboat Bill, Jr., itself " +"inspired by the song \"Steamboat Bill,\" that we get Steamboat Willie, and " +"then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. kom før Disneys tegnefilm " +"Steamboat Willie. Det er ingen tilfeldighet at titlene er sÃ¥ like. " +"Steamboat Willie er en direkte tegneserieparodi av Steamboat Bill," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og begge bygger pÃ¥ en felles sang " +"som kilde. Det er ikke kun fra nyskapningen med synkronisert lyd i " +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi fÃ¥r <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Willie</citetitle>. Det er ogsÃ¥ fra Buster Keatons nyskapning Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen \"Steamboat Bill\", at vi fÃ¥r " +"Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie fÃ¥r vi sÃ¥ Mikke Mus." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -2142,7 +2284,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -2155,9 +2297,19 @@ msgid "" "that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating " "something new out of something just barely old." msgstr "" +"Denne \"lÃ¥ningen\" var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for industrien. " +"Disney apet alltid etter full-lengde massemarkedsfilmene rundt ham." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det samme gjorde mange andre. " +"Tidlige tegnefilmer er stappfulle av etterapninger—smÃ¥ variasjoner " +"over suksessfulle temaer, gamle historier fortalt pÃ¥ nytt. Nøkkelen til " +"suksess var brilliansen i forskjellene. Med Disney var det lyden som ga " +"gnisten til hans animasjoner. Senere var det kvaliteten pÃ¥ hans arbeide " +"relativt til de masseproduserte tegnefilmene som han konkurrerte med. " +"Likevel var disse bidragene bygget pÃ¥ toppen av fundamentet som var lÃ¥nt. " +"Disney bygget pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre som kom før han, og skapte noe nytt ut " +"av noe som bare var litt gammelt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2167,17 +2319,16 @@ msgid "" "would dare to read these bloody, moralistic stories to his or her child, at " "bedtime or anytime." msgstr "" -"noen ganger var denne lÃ¥n liten. noen ganger var det betydelig. Tenk pÃ¥ " -"eventyr av the Sunday. Hvis du er sÃ¥ oblivious som jeg var, er du " -"sannsynligvis tror at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier, passer " -"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, dystre. " -"Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville vÃ¥ge Ã¥ lese " -"disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved " -"sengetid eller nÃ¥r som helst." +"Noen ganger var lÃ¥ningen begrenset, og noen ganger var den betydelig. Tenkt " +"pÃ¥ eventyrene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, sÃ¥ " +"tror du sannsynlighvis at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier som " +"passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene er, " +"for oss, ganske dystre. Det er noen sjeldne og kanskje spesielt ambisiøse " +"foreldre som ville vÃ¥ge Ã¥ lese disse blodige moralistiske historiene til " +"sine barn, ved leggetid eller hvilken som helst annet tidspunkt." #. PAGE BREAK 37 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2185,35 +2336,45 @@ msgid "" "dark and injected a genuine emotion of compassion where before there was " "fear. And not just with the work of the Brothers Grimm. Indeed, the catalog " "of Disney work drawing upon the work of others is astonishing when set " -"together: Snow White (1937), Fantasia (1940), Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo " -"(1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), Cinderella (1950), Alice in " -"Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp " -"(1955), Mulan (1998), Sleeping Beauty (1959), 101 Dalmatians (1961), The " -"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)—not to mention a " -"recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet " -"(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity " -"from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own " -"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. " -"Rip, mix, and burn." -msgstr "" -"Disney tok disse historiene og retold dem pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som førte dem inn i en " -"ny tidsalder. Han animert historiene, med bÃ¥de tegn og lys. uten Ã¥ fjerne " -"elementene i frykt og fare helt, han gjorde morsomt det var mørkt og " -"injisert en ekte følelse av medfølelse der før der var frykt. og ikke bare " -"med et verk av the Sunday. faktisk katalogen disney arbeid tegning pÃ¥ " -"arbeidet til andre er forbløffende nÃ¥r satt sammen: snø hvit (1937), " -"fantasia (1940), pinocchio (1940), dumbo (1941), bambi (1942), sang av Sør " -"(1946), cinderella (1950), alice in wonderland (1951), robin hood (1952), " -"peter pan (1953), lady og Landstrykeren (1955), mulan (1998), Tornerose " -"(1959), 101 dalmatians (1961), sverdet i steinen (1963), og Jungelboken " -"(1967)—ikke Ã¥ nevne en siste eksempel som vi bør kanskje raskt glemme, " -"skatt planeten (2003). i alle disse tilfellene, disney (eller disney, inc.) " -"dratt kreativitet fra kultur rundt ham, blandet at kreativiteten med sin " -"egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin " -"kultur. rippe blande og brenne." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"together: <citetitle>Snow White</citetitle> (1937), <citetitle>Fantasia</" +"citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> (1940), " +"<citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> (1942), " +"<citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), <citetitle>Cinderella</" +"citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</citetitle> (1951), " +"<citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), <citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> " +"(1953), <citetitle>Lady and the Tramp</citetitle> (1955), <citetitle>Mulan</" +"citetitle> (1998), <citetitle>Sleeping Beauty</citetitle> (1959), " +"<citetitle>101 Dalmatians</citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>The Sword in the " +"Stone</citetitle> (1963), and <citetitle>The Jungle Book</citetitle> (1967)" +"—not to mention a recent example that we should perhaps quickly " +"forget, <citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle> (2003). In all of these " +"cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity from the culture around " +"him, mixed that creativity with his own extraordinary talent, and then " +"burned that mix into the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn." +msgstr "" +"Disney tok disse historiene og fortalte dem pÃ¥ nytt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som førte dem " +"inn i en ny tidsalder. Han ga historiene liv, med bÃ¥de karakterer og lys. " +"Uten Ã¥ fjerne bitene av frykt og fare helt, gjorde han morsomt det som var " +"mørkt og satte inn en ekte følelse av medfølelse der det før var frykt. Og " +"ikke bare med verkene av brødrene Grimm. Faktisk er katalogen over Disney-" +"arbeid som baserer seg pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre ganske forbløffende nÃ¥r den " +"blir samlet: <citetitle>Snøhvit</citetitle> (1937), <citetitle>Fantasia</" +"citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> (1940), " +"<citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> (1942), " +"<citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), <citetitle>Askepott</" +"citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</citetitle> (1951), " +"<citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), <citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> " +"(1953), <citetitle>Lady og landstrykeren</citetitle> (1955), " +"<citetitle>Mulan</citetitle> (1998), <citetitle>Tornerose</citetitle> " +"(1959), <citetitle>101 dalmatinere</citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>Sverdet i " +"steinen</citetitle> (1963), og <citetitle>Jungelboken</citetitle> (1967)" +"—for ikke Ã¥ nevne et nylig eksempel som vi bør kanskje glemme raskt, " +"<citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle> (2003). I alle disse tilfellene, har " +"Disney (eller Disney, Inc.) hentet kreativitet fra kultur rundt ham, blandet " +"med kreativiteten fra sitt eget ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent " +"denne blandingen inn i sjelen til sin kultur. Hente, blande og brenne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2223,15 +2384,16 @@ msgid "" "of expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it " "something different." msgstr "" -"Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og " -"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det er ingen kreativitet bortsett fra denne " -"typen. Vi trenger ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt Ã¥ anerkjenne sin betydning. Vi kan " -"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt misvisende. " -"Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"—en form for uttrykk og " -"geni som bygger pÃ¥ kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." +"Dette er en type kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske pÃ¥ og " +"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det finnes ingen kreativitet bortsett fra " +"denne typen. Vi trenger ikke gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt for Ã¥ anerkjenne dens betydning. " +"Vi kan kalle dette \"Disney-kreativitet\", selv om det vil være litt " +"misvisende. Det er mer presist \"Walt Disney-kreativitet\"—en " +"uttrykksform og genialitet som bygger pÃ¥ kulturen rundt oss og omformer den " +"til noe annet." #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -2242,8 +2404,16 @@ msgid "" "see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Inntil 1976 ga opphavsrettsloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en " +"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet \"gjennomsnittlig" +"\" vernetid ved Ã¥ finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale registreringer for " +"et gitt Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 opphavsretter ble registrert i " +"Ã¥r 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er " +"gjennomsnittlig vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data " +"ligger pÃ¥ nettsidene tilknyttet denne boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. " "The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. " @@ -2254,9 +2424,17 @@ msgid "" "to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in limited " "ways required the permission of the copyright owner." msgstr "" +"I 1928 var kulturen som Disney fritt kunne trekke veksler pÃ¥ relativt " +"fersk. Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke veldig gammelt og var dermed ganske " +"levende. Gjennomsnittlig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare rundt tredve " +"Ã¥r—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyr at " +"i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verks " +"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til a kontrollere bestemte " +"typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ " +"de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -2265,17 +2443,17 @@ msgid "" "build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone— whether connected or not, " "whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build upon." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ slutten av en opphavsrett sikt sender et arbeid i public domain. Ingen " -"tillatelse kreves for deretter Ã¥ trekke pÃ¥, eller bruke som fungerer. Ingen " -"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free zone." -"\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende Ã¥rhundre var gratis for " -"disney du bruker, og bygger pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var gratis for alle—enten " -"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller " -"ikke—hvis du vil bruke, og bygge pÃ¥." +"NÃ¥r opphavsrettens vernetid er over, faller et verk i det fri og blir " +"allemannseie. Ingen tillatelse trengs da for Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ eller bruke dette " +"verket. Ingen tillatelse og dermed, ingen advokater. Allemannseie er en " +"\"advokat-fri sone\". Det meste av innhold fra det nittende Ã¥rhundre var " +"dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney Ã¥ bruke eller bygge pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var " +"tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett om de hadde forbindelser eller ikke, " +"om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller ikke—til Ã¥ bruke " +"og bygge videre pÃ¥." #. PAGE BREAK 38 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -2286,47 +2464,46 @@ msgid "" "Walt Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain " "is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." msgstr "" -"Dette er hvordan ting var alltid—inntil ganske nylig. for de fleste av " -"vÃ¥r historie var public domain litt over horisonten. fra 1978 var " -"gjennomsnittlig opphavsrett begrepet aldri mer enn tretti-to Ã¥r, noe som " -"betyr at de fleste kultur bare generasjon og et halvt gamle var gratis for " -"alle Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse fra noen andre. dagens tilsvarende ville " -"være til kreativt arbeid fra 1960- og 1970-tallet til nÃ¥ være gratis for " -"neste walt disney Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse. ennÃ¥ i dag, er den offentlige " -"sfæren presumptive bare for innhold fra før den store depresjonen." +"Dette er slik det alltid har vært—inntil ganske nylig. For " +"mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie, har allemannseiet vært like over horisonten. " +"Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittlige opphavsrettslige vernetiden aldri mer " +"enn trettito Ã¥r, som gjorde at det meste av kultur fra en og en halv " +"generasjon tidligere var tilgjengelig for enhver Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse " +"fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- og " +"1970-tallet nÃ¥ ville være fritt tilgjengelig for de neste Walt Disney Ã¥ " +"bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse. Men i dag er allemannseie presumtivt kun for " +"innhold fra før mellomkrigstiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " "within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal." msgstr "" -"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol pÃ¥ \"walt disney kreativitet." -"\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og unntatt i " -"totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske universell." +"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol pÃ¥ \"Walt Disney-kreativitet\". " +"Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og " +"unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt utnyttet og svært universell." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " -"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or comics. " -"The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of publications are " -"comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics. They are " -"everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, carried by a large " -"proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system of public " -"transportation." -msgstr "" -"Tenk deg for eksempel en form av kreativitet som synes underlig for mange " -"amerikanere, men det er uunngÃ¥elig i japansk kultur: manga, eller " -"tegneserier. Japansk er fanatikere om tegneserier. noen 40 prosent av " -"publikasjoner er tegneserier, og 30 prosent av publikasjonen inntekter " -"kommer fra tegneserier. de er overalt i japanske samfunnet, pÃ¥ hver " -"magasinet stÃ¥ bÃ¥ret av en stor andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære " -"systemet av offentlig transport." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: <citetitle>manga</" +"citetitle>, or comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 " +"percent of publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue " +"derives from comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every " +"magazine stand, carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's " +"extraordinary system of public transportation." +msgstr "" +"Vurder for eksempel en form for kreativitet som synes underlig for mange " +"amerikanere, men som er overalt i japansk kultur: <citetitle>manga</" +"citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er fanatiske nÃ¥r det gjelder " +"tegneserier. Over 40 prosent av publikasjoner er tegneserier, og 30 prosent " +"av publikasjonsomsetningen stammer fra tegneserier. De er over alt i det " +"japanske samfunnet, tilgjengelig fra ethvert tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene " +"pÃ¥ en stor andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære system for offentlig " +"transport." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2337,56 +2514,56 @@ msgid "" "Hemingway. People of different cultures distract themselves in different " "ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different way." msgstr "" -"Amerikanerne har en tendens til Ã¥ se pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er en " -"unattractive kjennetegnet av vÃ¥re. vi sannsynligvis misforstÃ¥ mye om manga, " -"fordi fÃ¥ av oss noensinne har lest noe nær historiene som disse \"grafiske " -"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale liv. " -"tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er ikke som " -"hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv hemingway. " -"mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg pÃ¥ forskjellige mÃ¥ter, japanske " -"pÃ¥ dette interessant annen mÃ¥te." +"Amerikanere har en tendens til Ã¥ se ned pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er " +"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstÃ¥r sannsynligvis mye " +"rundt manga, pÃ¥ grunn av at fÃ¥ av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner pÃ¥ " +"historiene i disse \"grafiske historiene\" forteller. For en japaner dekker " +"manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er tegneserier \"menn i " +"strømpebukser\". Og uansett er det ikke slik at T-banen i New York er full " +"av folk som leser Joyse eller Hemingway for den saks skyld. Folk i ulike " +"kulturer skiller seg ut pÃ¥ forskjellig mÃ¥ter, og japanerne pÃ¥ dette " +"interessante viset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " "perspective is quite familiar." msgstr "" -"men min hensikt her er ikke Ã¥ forstÃ¥ manga. Det er Ã¥ beskrive en variant pÃ¥ " -"manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney " -"perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." +"Men mitt formÃ¥l her er ikke Ã¥ forstÃ¥ manga. Det er Ã¥ beskrive en variant av " +"manga som fra en advokats perspektiv er ganske merkelig, men som fra en " +"Disneys perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." #. PAGE BREAK 39 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " -"a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It " -"is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution " -"to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A " -"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it " -"differently—with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the " -"character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for " -"what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be " -"different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are " -"committees that review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any " -"copycat comic that is merely a copy." -msgstr "" -"Dette er fenomenet doujinshi. doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ tegneserier, men de er en " -"slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det " -"er ikke doujinshi Hvis det er bare en kopi; kunstneren mÃ¥ gi et bidrag til " -"kunst som han overfører, gjøre det subtly eller betydelig. en doujinshi " -"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den " -"annerledes—med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde " -"tegnet i karakter, men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det " -"som gjør doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de mÃ¥ være " -"forskjellige hvis de skal anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer " -"som gjennomgÃ¥ doujinshi for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat " -"tegneserie som er bare en kopi." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " +"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " +"creation of doujinshi. It is not doujinshi if it is <emphasis>just</" +"emphasis> a copy; the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies, " +"by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A doujinshi comic can " +"thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently—with a " +"different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in character but " +"change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes the doujinshi " +"sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be different if they are to be " +"considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that review " +"doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic that is " +"merely a copy." +msgstr "" +"Dette er fenomenet <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ " +"tegneserier, men de er slags etterapings-tegneserier. En rik etikk styrer " +"de som skaper doujinshi. Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</" +"emphasis> er en kopi. Kunstneren mÃ¥ gjøre et bidrag til kunsten han " +"kopierer ved Ã¥ omforme det enten subtilt eller betydelig. En doujinshi-" +"tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en " +"annen retning—med en annen historie-linje. Eller tegneserien kan " +"beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt pÃ¥ utseendet. Det er ingen " +"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"forskjellig\". " +"Men de mÃ¥ være forskjellige hvis de skal anses som ekte doujinshi. Det er " +"faktisk komiteer som gÃ¥r igjennom doujinshi for Ã¥ bli med pÃ¥ messer, og " +"avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. " "More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce these " @@ -2398,18 +2575,17 @@ msgid "" "market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" -"disse copycat tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. de er " -"enorm. mer enn 33.000 \"sirkler\" av skaperne fra tvers japan produsere " -"disse biter av walt disney kreativitet. mer enn 450.000 japansk komme sammen " -"to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlig sammenkomst i landet, Ã¥ bytte og " -"selge dem. Dette markedet finnes i parallell til det mainstream kommersielle " -"manga-markedet. det Ã¥penbart konkurrerer med dette markedet pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter, " -"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle manga-" -"markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " -"konkurransen og til tross for loven." +"Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. Det " +"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 \"sirkler\" av skapere over hele Japan som " +"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 japanere " +"samles to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for Ã¥ " +"bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det kommersielle " +"massemarkeds-manga-markedet. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter konkurrerer det Ã¥penbart med det " +"markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som kontrollerer det " +"kommersielle manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi-markedet. Det blomstrer, " +"pÃ¥ tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2418,50 +2594,58 @@ msgid "" "\"derivative works.\" There is no general practice by doujinshi artists of " "securing the permission of the manga creators. Instead, the practice is " "simply to take and modify the creations of others, as Walt Disney did with " -"Steamboat Bill, Jr. Under both Japanese and American law, that \"taking\" " -"without the permission of the original copyright owner is illegal. It is an " -"infringement of the original copyright to make a copy or a derivative work " -"without the original copyright owner's permission." -msgstr "" -"funksjonen mest underlige i doujinshi markedet, for de jurist, minst, er at " -"det er tillatt Ã¥ eksistere i det hele tatt. under japansk lov om " -"opphavsrett, som i denne forbindelse (pÃ¥ papiret) gjenspeiler amerikansk lov " -"om opphavsrett, er doujinshi markedet en ulovlig. doujinshi er tydelig " -"\"avledede works.\" det er ingen generell fremgangsmÃ¥te ved doujinshi " -"artister for Ã¥ sikre tillatelse fra skaperne manga. i stedet, øvelsen er " -"ganske enkelt Ã¥ ta og endre kreasjoner av andre, som walt disney gjorde med " -"steamboat bill, jr. under bÃ¥de japanske og amerikanske loven, det \"tar\" " -"uten tillatelse fra eieren av opprinnelige opphavsretten er ulovlig. Det er " -"en krenkelse av opprinnelige opphavsretten til Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et " -"avledet arbeid uten den opphavspersonens tillatelse." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. Under both Japanese and American " +"law, that \"taking\" without the permission of the original copyright owner " +"is illegal. It is an infringement of the original copyright to make a copy " +"or a derivative work without the original copyright owner's permission." +msgstr "" +"Den mest gÃ¥tefulle egenskapen med doujinshi-markedet, for de som har " +"juridisk trening i hvert fall, er at det overhodet tillates Ã¥ eksistere. " +"Under japansk opphavsrettslov, som i hvert fall pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥det (pÃ¥ " +"papiret) speiler USAs opphavsrettslov, er doujinshi-markedet ulovlig. " +"Doujinshi er helt klart \"avledede verk\". Det er ingen generell praksis " +"hos doujinshi-kunstnere for Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse hos manga-skaperne. I " +"stedet er praksisen ganske enkelt Ã¥ ta og endre det andre har laget, slik " +"Walt Disney gjorde med <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. For bÃ¥de " +"japansk og USAs lov, er Ã¥ \"ta\" uten tillatelse fra den opprinnelige " +"opphavsrettsinnehaver ulovlig. Det er et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten til det " +"opprinnelige verket Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et avledet verk uten tillatelse fra " +"den opprinnelige rettighetsinnehaveren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "Winick, Judd" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " -"Perennial, 2000)." +"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" +"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" -"For en utmerket historie, se Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " -"Perennial, 2000)." +"For en utmerket historie, se Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" +"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " -"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " -"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " -"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan now. " +"… American comics were born out of copying each other. … " +"That's how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and " +"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " +"them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Likevel eksisterer dette illegale markedet og faktisk blomstrer i Japan, og " +"etter manges syn er det nettopp fordi det eksisterer at japansk manga " +"blomstrer. Som USAs tegneserieskaper Judd Winick fortalte meg, \"I " +"amerikansk tegneseriers første dager var det ganske likt det som foregÃ¥r i " +"Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til verden ved Ã¥ kopiere " +"hverandre. … Det er slik [kunstnerne] lærer Ã¥ tegne—ved Ã¥ se i " +"tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved Ã¥ se pÃ¥ dem og kopiere dem\" " +"og bygge basert pÃ¥ dem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. " @@ -2470,36 +2654,35 @@ msgid "" "it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty years " "old.\"" msgstr "" -"amerikanske tegneserier nÃ¥ er helt forskjellige, winick forklarer, delvis pÃ¥ " -"grunn av juridiske vanskelighetene med Ã¥ tilpasse tegneserier mÃ¥te doujinshi " -"er tillatt. Speaking of superman, winick fortalte meg, \"det er disse " -"reglene og du har Ã¥ holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" gjøre. " -"\"som en creator, det er frustrerende mÃ¥tte holde oss til noen parametere " -"som er femti Ã¥r.\"" +"Amerikanske tegneserier nÃ¥ er ganske annerledes, forklarer Winick, delvis pÃ¥ " +"grunn av de juridiske problemene med Ã¥ tilpasse tegneserier slik doujinshi " +"fÃ¥r lov til. Med for eksempel Supermann, fortalte Winick meg, \"er det en " +"rekke regler, og du mÃ¥ følge dem\". Det er ting som Supermann \"ikke kan\" " +"gjøre. \"For en som lager tegneserier er det frustrerende Ã¥ mÃ¥tte begrense " +"seg til noen parameter som er femti Ã¥r gamle.\"" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " -"All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" Rutgers Law Review 55 " -"(2002): 155, 182. \"[T]here might be a collective economic rationality that " -"would lead manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for " -"infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off " -"collectively if they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not " -"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved." -"\"" -msgstr "" -"se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare " -"hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov " -"gÃ¥ gjennom 55 (2002): 155, 182. \"[t] her kan være en kollektiv økonomiske " -"rasjonalitet som ville føre manga og anime kunstnere til Ã¥ forgo bringe " -"juridiske handlinger for krenkelse. én hypotese er at alle manga kunstnere " -"kan være bedre samlet hvis de satt deres individuelle egeninteresse og " -"bestemmer deg for ikke Ã¥ trykke sine juridiske rettigheter. Dette er " -"egentlig en fangens dilemma løst.\"" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " +"Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. \"[T]here might be a collective " +"economic rationality that would lead manga and anime artists to forgo " +"bringing legal actions for infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga " +"artists may be better off collectively if they set aside their individual " +"self-interest and decide not to press their legal rights. This is " +"essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.\"" +msgstr "" +"Se Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All " +"the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " +"Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. \"det kan være en kollektiv " +"økonomisk rasjonalitet som fÃ¥r manga- og anime-kunstnere til ikke Ã¥ saksøke " +"for opphavsrettsbrudd. Én hypotese er at alle manga-kunstnere kan være bedre " +"stilt hvis de setter sin individuelle egeninteresse til side og bestemmer " +"seg for ikke Ã¥ forfølge sine juridiske rettigheter. Dette er essensielt en " +"løsning pÃ¥ fangens dilemma.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2509,9 +2692,15 @@ msgid "" "Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not " "ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Normen i Japan reduserer denne juridiske utfordringen. Noen sier at det " +"nettopp er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske mangamarkedet som " +"forklarer denne reduksjonen. Jussprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple " +"University hypnotiserer for eksempel med at manga-markedet aksepterer disse " +"teoretiske bruddene fordi de fÃ¥r mangamarkedet til Ã¥ bli rikere og mer " +"produktivt. Alle ville fÃ¥ det verre hvis doujinshi ble bannlyst, sÃ¥ loven " +"bannlyser ikke doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2522,17 +2711,17 @@ msgid "" "artists, why is there not a more general pattern of blocking this \"free " "taking\" by the doujinshi culture?" msgstr "" -"problemet med denne historien, men er som mehra erkjenner tydelig, at " -"mekanismen produsere dette laissez faire svaret ikke er klart. Det kan godt " -"være at markedet som helhet er bedre om doujinshi er tillatt stedet " -"utestengt, men som ikke forklare hvorfor enkelte opphavsrett eiere ikke " -"saksøke likevel. Hvis loven har ingen generelle unntak for doujinshi og " -"faktisk i noen tilfeller individuelle manga kunstnere har saksøkte doujinshi " -"artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne " -"\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?" +"Problemet med denne historien, derimot, og som Mehra helt klart erkjenner, " +"er at mekanismen som produserer denne \"hold hendene borte\"-responsen ikke " +"er forstÃ¥tt. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis " +"doujinshi tillates i stedet for Ã¥ bannlyse den, men det forklarer likevel " +"ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke saksøker. Hvis loven " +"ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det finnes faktisk noen " +"tilfeller der individuelle manga-kunstnere har saksøkt doujinshi-kunstnere, " +"hvorfor er det ikke et mer generelt mønster for Ã¥ blokkere denne \"frie " +"takingen\" hos doujinshi-kulturen?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2540,15 +2729,14 @@ msgid "" "afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this." "\"" msgstr "" -"Jeg tilbrakte fire fantastiske mÃ¥neder i japan, og jeg spurt dette " -"spørsmÃ¥let sÃ¥ ofte som jeg kunne. kanskje ble den beste kontoen til slutt " -"tilbudt av en venn fra en større japansk advokatfirma. \"vi ikke har nok " -"advokater,\" han fortalte meg en ettermiddag. det \"bare ikke er nok " -"ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller som dette.\"" +"Jeg var fire nydelige mÃ¥neder i Japan, og jeg stilte dette spørsmÃ¥l sÃ¥ ofte " +"som jeg kunne. Kanskje det beste svaret til slutt kom fra en venn i et " +"større japansk advokatfirma. \"Vi har ikke nok advokater\", fortalte han meg " +"en ettermiddag. Det er \"bare ikke nok ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller " +"som dette\"." #. PAGE BREAK 41 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2560,47 +2748,51 @@ msgid "" "lawyers fighting this piracy help their clients or hurt them? Let's pause " "for a moment." msgstr "" -"Dette er et tema som vi kommer tilbake: at regulering av loven er en " -"funksjon av begge ordene pÃ¥ bøker og kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre disse ordene har " -"effekt. for nÃ¥, fokusere pÃ¥ det Ã¥penbare spørsmÃ¥let som er ba: ville japan " -"være bedre med mer advokater? ville manga bli rikere Hvis doujinshi artister " -"regelmessig ble rettslig forfulgt? ville den japanske gevinsten noe viktig " -"hvis de kunne avslutte denne praksisen med uncompensated deling? gjør vondt " -"piratkopiering her ofre for piratkopiering, eller betyr det hjelpe dem? vil " -"advokater slÃ¥ss denne sjørøver hjelpe sine kunder eller skade dem? La oss ta " -"en pause for et øyeblikk." +"Dette er et tema vi kommer tilbake til: at lovens regulering bÃ¥de er en " +"funksjon av ordene i bøkene, og kostnadene med Ã¥ fÃ¥ disse ordene til Ã¥ ha " +"effekt. Akkurat nÃ¥ er det endel Ã¥penbare spørsmÃ¥l som presser seg frem: " +"Ville Japan gjøre det bedre med flere advokater? Ville manga være rikere " +"hvis doujinshi-kunstnere ble regelmessig rettsforfulgt? Ville Japan vinne " +"noe viktig hvis de kunne stoppe praksisen med deling uten kompensasjon? " +"Skader piratvirksomhet ofrene for piratvirksomheten, eller hjelper den dem? " +"Ville advokaters kamp mot denne piratvirksomheten hjelpe deres klienter, " +"eller skade dem? La oss ta et øyeblikks pause." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " "about something you hadn't thought through before." msgstr "" -"Hvis du er som jeg var et tiÃ¥r siden, eller som folk flest er nÃ¥r de først " -"begynne Ã¥ tenke disse problemene, bør sÃ¥ bare om nÃ¥ du være rÃ¥dvill om noe " -"du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." +"Hvis du er som meg et tiÃ¥r tilbake, eller som folk flest nÃ¥r de først " +"begynner Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ disse temaene, da bør du omtrent nÃ¥ være rÃ¥dvill om noe " +"du ikke hadde tenkt igjennom før." -#. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" +msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " -"Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " -"Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " +"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " +"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). See also " +"Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " "\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-" -"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different." +"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " -"vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " -"press, 2001). Se ogsÃ¥ lawrence lessig, fremtiden for idéer (new york: random " -"house, 2001), 293 n. 26. begrepet beskriver nøyaktig et sett med rettigheter " -"for \"eiendom\"—opphavsrett, patenter, varemerker, og " -"forretningshemmeligheter— men innholdet av disse rettighetene er svært " -"forskjellige." +"Begrepet <citetitle>immateriell eiendom</citetitle> er av relativ ny " +"opprinnelse. Se See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " +"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Se " +"ogsÃ¥ Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " +"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. Begrepet presist beskriver et sett med " +"\"eiendoms\"-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, varemerker og " +"forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse rettighetene er " +"svært forskjellige.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2609,8 +2801,14 @@ msgid "" "diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, diverse, and " "modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property." msgstr "" +"Vi lever i en verden som feirer \"eiendom\". Jeg er en av de som feierer. " +"Jeg tror pÃ¥ verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ verdien av den " +"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller \"immateriell eiendom\"." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Et stort og variert samfunn kan " +"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten " +"immaterielle eierrettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -2624,23 +2822,33 @@ msgid "" "use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the " "taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" +"Men det tar bare noen sekunders refleksjon for Ã¥ innse at det er masse av " +"verdi der ute som \"eiendom\" ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke \"kjærlighet kan " +"ikke kjøpes med penger\" men heller, at en verdi som ganske enkelt er del av " +"produksjonsprosessen, bÃ¥de for kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell produksjon. " +"Hvis Disneys animatører hadde stjÃ¥let et sett med blyanter for Ã¥ tegne " +"Steamboat Willie, vi ville ikke nølt med Ã¥ dømme det som galt—selv om " +"det er trivielt og selv om det ikke blir oppdaget. Men det var intet galt, " +"i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller " +"fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra Keaton, fordi Disneys " +"bruk ville blitt ansett som \"rimelig\". Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra " +"brødrene Grimm fordi deres verker var allemannseie." #. PAGE BREAK 42 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " "our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free " "for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." msgstr "" -"SÃ¥ledes, selv om tingene som disney tok— eller mer generelt, tingene " -"som er tatt av noen utøve walt disney kreativitet—er verdifull, vÃ¥r " -"tradisjon ikke behandler disse takings som feil. noen ting fortsatt være " -"gratis for Ã¥ ta innenfor en fri kultur, og at frihet er bra." +"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tok—eller mer generelt, tingene " +"som blir tatt av enhver som utøver Walt Disney-kreativitet—er " +"verdifulle, sÃ¥ anser ikke vÃ¥r tradisjon det som galt Ã¥ ta disse tingene. " +"Noen ting forblir frie til Ã¥ bli tatt i en fri kultur og denne friheten er " +"bra." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2649,54 +2857,53 @@ msgid "" "stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, " "whether large or small." msgstr "" -"det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en " -"publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk— " -"eller selv en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, ville vi har ingen nøle i sier " -"kunstneren var galt. i tillegg til Ã¥ ha begÃ¥tt, ville han har stjÃ¥let noe av " -"verdi. lov forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller smÃ¥." +"Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brøt " +"seg inn pÃ¥ kontoret til en forlegger, og stakk av med tusen kopier av hans " +"siste verk—eller bare en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, sÃ¥ ville vi uten Ã¥ " +"nøle si at kunstneren har gjort noe galt. I tillegg til Ã¥ ha trengt seg inn " +"pÃ¥ andres eiendom, ville han ha stjÃ¥let noe av verdi. Loven forbyr stjeling " +"i enhver form, uansett hvor stort eller lite som blir tatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " "creativity is seen as fair and right, even if lawyers in particular find it " "hard to say why." msgstr "" -"Likevel er det en Ã¥penbar uvilje mot, selv blant japanske advokater, for Ã¥ " -"si at copycat comic kunstnerne er \"stjele.\" denne formen for walt disney " -"kreativitet er sett pÃ¥ som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt " -"finner det vanskelig Ã¥ si hvorfor." +"Likevel er det en Ã¥penbar motvilje, selv blant japanske advokater, for Ã¥ si " +"at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere \"stjeler\". Denne formen for Walt " +"Disney-kreativitet anses som rimelig og riktig, selv om spesielt advokater " +"synes det er vanskelig Ã¥ forklare hvorfor." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " "or paying for the privilege. (\"Excuse me, Professor Einstein, but may I " "have permission to use your theory of relativity to show that you were wrong " "about quantum physics?\") Acting companies perform adaptations of the works " -"of Shakespeare without securing permission from anyone. (Does anyone believe " -"Shakespeare would be better spread within our culture if there were a " -"central Shakespeare rights clearinghouse that all productions of Shakespeare " -"must appeal to first?) And Hollywood goes through cycles with a certain kind " -"of movie: five asteroid films in the late 1990s; two volcano disaster films " -"in 1997." -msgstr "" -"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt nÃ¥r du begynner Ã¥ se. " -"forskere bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere uten Ã¥ be om eller betale for " -"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " -"tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for Ã¥ vise at du var galt om " -"quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av " -"shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville " -"være bedre spredt i vÃ¥r kultur Hvis det var en sentral shakespeare " -"rettigheter clearinghouse som alle produksjoner Shakespeare mÃ¥ appellere til " -"første?) og hollywood gÃ¥r gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem " -"asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997." +"of Shakespeare without securing permission from anyone. (Does " +"<emphasis>anyone</emphasis> believe Shakespeare would be better spread " +"within our culture if there were a central Shakespeare rights clearinghouse " +"that all productions of Shakespeare must appeal to first?) And Hollywood " +"goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the " +"late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997." +msgstr "" +"Det er det same med tusen eksempler som dukker opp over alt med en gang en " +"begynner Ã¥ se etter dem. Forskerne bygger pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere " +"uten Ã¥ spørre eller betale for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor " +"Einstein, men kan jeg fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke din relativitetsteori til Ã¥ " +"vise at du tok feil om kvantefysikk?\") Teatertropper viser frem " +"bearbeidelser av verkene til Shakespeare uten Ã¥ sikre seg noen tillatelser. " +"(Er det <emphasis>noen</emphasis> som tror at Shakespeare ville vært mer " +"spredt i vÃ¥r kultur om det var et sentralt rettighetsklareringskontor for " +"Shakespeare som alle som laget Shakespeare-produksjoner mÃ¥tte appellere til " +"først?) Og Hollywood gÃ¥r igjennom sykluser med en bestemt type filmer: fem " +"astroidefilmer i slutten av 1990-tallet, to vulkankatastrofefilmer i 1997." #. PAGE BREAK 43 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2707,59 +2914,62 @@ msgid "" "bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than " "unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." msgstr "" -"skaperne er her og overalt alltid og pÃ¥ alle ganger bygge pÃ¥ kreativitet som " -"gikk før og som omgir dem nÃ¥. at bygningen er alltid og overalt i det minste " -"delvis gjort uten tillatelse, og uten kompenserende den opprinnelige " -"skaperen. Ingen samfunnet, gratis eller kontrollert og har noensinne krevd " -"at hver bruk betales for eller tillatelsen for walt disney kreativitet mÃ¥ " -"alltid bli søkt. i stedet alle samfunn har forlatt en bestemt bit av sin " -"kultur som er gratis for Ã¥ ta—gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, " -"men alle samfunn til en viss grad." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " -"are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this " -"culture?\" How much, and how broadly, is the culture free for others to take " -"and build upon? Is that freedom limited to party members? To members of the " -"royal family? To the top ten corporations on the New York Stock Exchange? Or " -"is that freedom spread broadly? To artists generally, whether affiliated " -"with the Met or not? To musicians generally, whether white or not? To " -"filmmakers generally, whether affiliated with a studio or not?" -msgstr "" -"Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke om en kultur er gratis. alle " -"kulturer er gratis til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i stedet er " -"\"hvordan gratis er denne kulturen?\" hvor mye og hvordan forstand, er " -"kultur som er gratis for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? er den friheten begrenset " -"til partiets medlemmer? til medlemmer av kongefamilien? til topp ti " -"selskaper pÃ¥ new york stock exchange? eller er at frihet spredt bredt? til " -"kunstnere vanligvis enten tilknyttet av the met eller ikke? til musikere " -"vanligvis om hvit eller ikke? til filmskapere vanligvis enten tilknyttet et " -"studio eller ikke?" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"Skapere her og overalt har alltid og til alle tider bygd pÃ¥ kreativiteten " +"som eksisterte før og som omringer dem nÃ¥. Denne byggingen er alltid og " +"overalt i det minste delvis gjort uten tillatelse og uten Ã¥ kompensere den " +"opprinnelige skaperen. Intet samfunn, fritt eller kontrollert, har noen " +"gang krevd at enhver bruk skulle bli betalt for eller at tillatelse for Walt " +"Disney-kreativitet alltid mÃ¥tte skaffes. Istedet har ethvert samfunn latt " +"en bestemt bit av sin kultur være fritt tilgjengelig for alle Ã¥ ta—" +"frie samfunn muligens i større grad enn ufrie, men en viss grad i alle " +"samfunn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " +"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " +"\"<emphasis>How</emphasis> free is this culture?\" How much, and how " +"broadly, is the culture free for others to take and build upon? Is that " +"freedom limited to party members? To members of the royal family? To the top " +"ten corporations on the New York Stock Exchange? Or is that freedom spread " +"broadly? To artists generally, whether affiliated with the Met or not? To " +"musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether " +"affiliated with a studio or not?" +msgstr "" +"Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur " +"er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let " +"er i stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen er?\" Hvor mye " +"og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? " +"Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer av " +"kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene pÃ¥ New York-børsen? Eller er " +"at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uansett om de er " +"tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uansett om " +"de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er " +"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " "culture. It is becoming much less so." msgstr "" -"gratis kulturer er kulturer som lar mye Ã¥pen for andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥; Unfree, " -"eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. vÃ¥re var en fri kultur. det blir " -"mye mindre." +"Frie kulturer er kulturer som etterlater mye Ã¥pent for andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. " +"Ufrie, eller tillatelse-kulturer etterlater mye mindre. VÃ¥r var en fri " +"kultur. Den er pÃ¥ tur til Ã¥ bli mindre fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" -msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\"" +msgstr "Kapittel to: \"Kun etter-apere\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "photography" +msgstr "fotografering" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "Daguerre, Louis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2767,18 +2977,23 @@ msgid "" "and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " "wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " "helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " -"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" +"competition down so as to keep prices up.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " -"produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt " -"\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var " -"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstÃ¥ende amatører. " -"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere " -"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved Ã¥ holde konkurranse Ã¥ holde " -"prisene.)" +"I 1839 fant Louis Daguerre opp den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " +"produsere det vi ville kalle \"fotografier\". Rimelig nok ble de kalt " +"\"daguerreotyper\". Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og feltet var " +"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen fÃ¥ ivrige og velstÃ¥ende " +"amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening som hjalp til " +"med Ã¥ regulere industrien, slik alle slike foreninger gjør, ved Ã¥ holde " +"konkurransen ned slik at prisene var høye.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Talbot, William" +msgstr "Talbot, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2787,24 +3002,25 @@ msgid "" "still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were " "developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its " "developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a " -"process within reach of most amateurs." -msgstr "" -"likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes " -"sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ gjøre " -"\"automatisk bilder.\" william talbot snart oppdaget en prosess for Ã¥ gjøre " -"\"negativer.\", men fordi negativene var glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes vÃ¥t, " -"prosessen forsatt dyre og tunge. i 1870, ble tørr platene utviklet, gjør det " -"enklere Ã¥ skille Ã¥ ta pÃ¥ et bilde fra sin utvikling. disse var fortsatt " -"plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor " -"rekkevidde de fleste amatører." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +"process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotyper " +"sterk. Dette inspirerte oppfinnere til Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ " +"lage \"automatiske bilder\". William Talbot oppdaget snart en prosess for Ã¥ " +"lage \"negativer\". Men da negativene var av glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes " +"fuktige, forble prosessen kostbar og tung. PÃ¥ 1870-tallet ble tørrplater " +"utviklet, noe som gjorde det enklere Ã¥ skille det Ã¥ ta et bilde fra Ã¥ " +"fremkalle det. Det var fortsatt plater av glass, og dermed var det fortsatt " +"ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste amatører. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "Eastman, George" #. PAGE BREAK 45 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2815,68 +3031,85 @@ msgid "" "photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he " "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" -"teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke " -"før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en " -"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-" -"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (sÃ¥ Ã¥ si), sÃ¥ eastman at hvis filmen kan " -"gjøres for Ã¥ være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt pÃ¥ en enkelt spindel. at " -"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " -"fotografering vesentlig. ved Ã¥ senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan " -"dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer." +"Den teknologiske endringen som gjorde masse-fotografering mulig skjedde ikke " +"før i 1888, og det var takket være en eneste mann. George Eastman, selv en " +"amatørfotograf, var frustrert over den plate-baserte fotografi-teknologien. " +"I et lysglimt av innsikt (for Ã¥ si det slik), forsto Eastman at hvis filmen " +"kunne gjøres bøyelig, sÃ¥ kunne den holdes pÃ¥ en enkel rull. Denne rullen " +"kunne sÃ¥ sendes til en fremkaller, og senke kostnadene til fotografering " +"vesentlig. Ved Ã¥ redusere kostnadene, forventet Eastman at han dramatisk " +"kunne utvide andelen fotografer." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " -"Press, 1975), 112." +"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " +"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" -"Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " -"Press, 1975), 112." +"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " +"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " "of its simplicity. \"You press the button and we do the rest.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in The Kodak Primer:" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in <citetitle>The Kodak Primer</" +"citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Eastman utviklet bøyelig, emulsjons-belagt papirfilm og plasserte ruller med " +"dette i smÃ¥, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheten ble markedsfør med grunnlag " +"dens enkelhet. \"Du trykker pÃ¥ knappen og vi fikser resten.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han beskrev det i <citetitle>The Kodak " +"Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "Coe, Brian" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), " -"53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " +"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Brian coe, fødselen av fotografering (new york: taplinger publiserer, 1977), " -"53." +"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " +"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " -"expert can do. . . . We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " +"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " "sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an " "instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the " "necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of " "the art. It can be employed without preliminary study, without a darkroom " "and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Prinsippet til Kodak-systemet er skillet mellom arbeidet som enhver kan " +"utføre nÃ¥r en tar fotografier, fra arbeidet som kun en ekspert kan gjøre. " +"… Vi utstyrte alle, menn, kvinner og barn, som hadde tilstrekkelig " +"intelligens til Ã¥ peke en boks i riktig retning og trykke pÃ¥ en knapp, med " +"et instrument som helt fjernet fra praksisen med Ã¥ fotografere " +"nødvendigheten av uvanlig utstyr eller for den del, noe som helst spesiell " +"kunnskap om kunstarten. Det kan tas i bruk uten forutgÃ¥ende studier, uten " +"et mørkerom og uten kjemikalier.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "Jenkins, 177." #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "Basert pÃ¥ et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2886,33 +3119,51 @@ msgid "" "camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more " "than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial " "production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material " -"sales increased by percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eastman " -"Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual increase " -"of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -msgstr "" +"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual " +"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For $25 kunne alle ta bilder. Det var allerede film i kameraet, og nÃ¥r det " +"var brukt ble kameraet returnert til en Eastman-fabrikk hvor filmen ble " +"fremkalt. Etter hvert, naturligvis, ble bÃ¥de kostnaden til kameraet og hvor " +"enkelt et var Ã¥ bruke forbedret. Film pÃ¥ rull ble dermed grunnlaget for en " +"eksplosiv vekst i fotografering blant folket. Eastmans kamera ble lagt ut " +"for salg i 1888, og et Ã¥r senere trykket Kodak mer enn seks tusen negativer " +"om dagen. Fra 1888 til 1909, mens produksjonen i industrien vokste med 4,7 " +"prosent, økte salget av fotografisk utstyr og materiale med 11 prosent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Salget til Eastman Kodak i samme " +"periode opplevde en Ã¥rlig vekst pÃ¥ over 17 prosent.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "Coe, 58." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " "they would never otherwise see. Amateur photography gave them the ability to " "record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As " "author Brian Coe notes, \"For the first time the snapshot album provided the " -"man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its " -"activities. . . . For the first time in history there exists an authentic " -"visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made " -"without [literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" +"man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its activities. " +"… For the first time in history there exists an authentic visual " +"record of the appearance and activities of the common man made without " +"[literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Den virkelige betydningen av oppfinnelsen til Eastman, var derimot ikke " +"økonomisk. Den var sosial. Profesjonell fotografering ga individer et " +"glimt av steder de ellers aldri ville se. Amatørfotografering ga dem " +"muligheten til Ã¥ arkivere deres liv pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som de aldri hadde vært i " +"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, \"For første gang " +"tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie og " +"dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en " +"autentisk visuell oppføring av utseende og aktivitet til vanlige mennesker " +"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2925,27 +3176,32 @@ msgid "" "ordinary people a way to express themselves more easily than any tools could " "have before." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten var kodak-kamera og film teknologier uttrykksmÃ¥ter. blyant " -"eller paintbrush var ogsÃ¥ en teknologi uttrykksmÃ¥ter, selvfølgelig. men det " -"tok Ã¥r med trening før de kan distribueres av amatører pÃ¥ noen nyttige eller " -"effektiv mÃ¥te. med kodak var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. barriere " -"til uttrykk ble senket. snobs ville hÃ¥nlig flir pÃ¥ sin \"kvalitet\"; " -"profesjonelle ville rabatt det som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere " -"hvordan du best som ramme for et bilde, og du fÃ¥r en følelse av opplevelsen " -"av kreativitet som kodak aktivert. demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en " -"mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke seg lettere enn noen verktøy kan har før." +"PÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten var Kodak-kameraet og film uttrykksteknologier. Blyanten og " +"malepenselen var selvfølgelig ogsÃ¥ en uttrykksteknologi. Men det tok Ã¥revis " +"med trening før de kunne bli brukt nyttig og effektiv av amatører. Med " +"Kodaken var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. Barrièren for Ã¥ uttrykke " +"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over \"kvaliteten\", profesjonelle " +"ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere hvordan best velge " +"bildemotiv og du fÃ¥r følelsen av hva slags kreativitetserfaring som Kodaken " +"muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke dem " +"selv pÃ¥ enklere enn noe annet verktøy kunne ha gjort før." #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 " -"S.E." +"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " +"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, " +"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." msgstr "" -"for illustrerende tilfeller, se, for eksempel pavesich v. ne livet ins. co, " -"50 se" +"For illustrerende saker, se for eksempel, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " +"mot <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " +"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. mot <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, " +"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> mot " +"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2956,10 +3212,17 @@ msgid "" "could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Hva krevdes for at denne teknologien skulle blomstre. Eastmans genialitet " +"var Ã¥penbart en viktig del. Men den juridiske miljøet som Eastmans " +"oppfinnelse vokste i var ogsÃ¥ viktig. For tidlig i historien til " +"fotografering, var det en rekke av rettsavgjørelser som godt kunne ha endret " +"kursen til fotograferingen betydelig. Domstoler ble spurt om fotografen, " +"amatør eller profesjonell, mÃ¥tte ha ha tillatelse før han kunne fange og " +"trykke hvilket som helst bilde han ønsket. Svaret var nei.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 47 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2968,28 +3231,28 @@ msgid "" "take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should " "these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." msgstr "" -"argumenter for Ã¥ trenge tillatelse vil lyde overraskende kjent. fotografen " -"ble \"tar\" noe fra personen eller bygge med fotografi han skjøt—" -"pirating noe av verdi. noen trodde selv han tok mÃ¥lets sjel. akkurat som " -"disney ikke var fritt til Ã¥ ta den blyanter hans animatører brukes til Ã¥ " -"tegne mickey, sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til Ã¥ ta bilder " -"som de trodde verdifull." +"Argumentene til fordel for Ã¥ kreve tillatelser vil høres overraskende kjent " +"ut. Fotografen \"tok\" noe fra personen eller bygningen som ble " +"fotografert—røvet til seg noe av verdi. Noen trodde til og med at han " +"tok mÃ¥lets sjel. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Disney ikke var fri til Ã¥ ta blyantene " +"som hans animatører brukte til Ã¥ tegne Mikke, sÃ¥ skulle heller ikke disse " +"fotografene være fri til Ã¥ ta bilder som de fant verdi i." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "Warren, Samuel D." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " -"Law Review 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " +"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"Samuel d. warren og louis d. brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law " -"gÃ¥ gjennom 4 (1890): 193." +"Samuel D. Warren og Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " +"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2997,26 +3260,38 @@ msgid "" "Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should " "be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something " -"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, Jr. " -"or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an image " -"without compensating the source." -msgstr "" +"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr</citetitle>. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free " +"to capture an image without compensating the source." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ den andre siden var et argument som ogsÃ¥ bør bør være kjent. Joda, det " +"var kanskje noe av verdi som ble brukt. Men borgerne burde ha rett til Ã¥ " +"fange i hvert fall de bildene som var tatt av offentlig omrÃ¥de. (Louis " +"Brandeis, som senere ble høyesterettsjustitiarus, mente regelen skulle være " +"annerledes for bilder tatt av private omrÃ¥der.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>) Det kan være at dette betyr at fotografen fÃ¥r noe for " +"ingenting. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Disney kunne hente inspirasjon fra " +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. eller Grimm-brødrene, sÃ¥ burde " +"fotografene stÃ¥ fritt til Ã¥ fange et bilde uten Ã¥ kompensere kilden." #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " -"Review 48 (1960) 398–407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., " -"971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." +"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " +"\"Privacy,\" <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) " +"398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Samsung " +"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), " +"cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." msgstr "" -"se melville b. nimmer, \"rett publisitet,\" lov og moderne problemer 19 " -"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gÃ¥ gjennom " -"48 (1960) 398­407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 f. 2D 1395 " -"(9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)." +"Se Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " +"\"Privacy,\" <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) " +"398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Samsung " +"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), " +"sert. nektet, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -3028,9 +3303,17 @@ msgid "" "without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +"Heldigvis for Mr. Eastman, og for fotografering generelt, gikk disse " +"tidligere avgjørelsene i favør av piratene. Generelt ble det ikke nødvendig " +"Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse før et bilde kunne tas og deles med andre. I stedet " +"var det antatt at tillatelse var gitt. Frihet var utgangspunktet. (Loven " +"ga etter en stund et unntak for berømte personer: kommersielle fotografer " +"som tok bilder av berømte personer for kommersielle formÃ¥l har flere " +"begrensninger enn resten av oss. Men i det vanlige tilfellet, kan bildet " +"fanges uten Ã¥ klarere rettighetene for a fange det.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -3045,21 +3328,21 @@ msgid "" "developed pictures. We could imagine a system developing to demonstrate that " "permission." msgstr "" -"Vi kan bare spekulere om hvordan fotografering ville ha utviklet seg hadde " -"loven gÃ¥tt den andre veien. Hvis antagelse hadde vært mot fotografen, ville " -"deretter fotografen ha hatt Ã¥ demonstrere tillatelse. kanskje eastman kodak " -"ville ha hatt Ã¥ demonstrere tillatelse, ogsÃ¥, før det utviklet filmen som " -"bildene ble tatt. tross alt, hvis du ikke var har tillatelse, deretter " -"eastman kodak ville være nytte mot \"tyveri\" begÃ¥tt av fotografen. like " -"napster avtatt opphavsrett infringements begÃ¥tt av brukere for napster, " -"ville kodak være nytte fra \"bildet til høyre\" krenkelse av sine " -"fotografer. Vi kunne tenke loven og som krever at noen form for tillatelse " -"bli vist før et selskap utviklet bilder. Vi kunne forestille seg et system Ã¥ " -"utvikle for Ã¥ demonstrere tillatelsen." +"Vi kan kun spekulere om hvordan fotografering ville ha utviklet seg om loven " +"hadde slÃ¥tt ut den andre veien. Hvis den hadde vært mot fotografen, da " +"ville fotografen mÃ¥ttet dokumentere at tillatelse var pÃ¥ plass. Kanskje " +"Eastman Kodak ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte ha dokumentert at tillatelse var gitt, før de " +"utviklet filmen som bildene ble fanget pÃ¥. Tross alt, hvis tillatelse ikke " +"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra \"tyveriet\" begÃ¥tt av " +"fotografer. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Napster nøt fordeler fra opphavsrettsbrudd " +"utført av Napster-brukere, sÃ¥ ville Kodak nytt fordeler fra \"bilde-" +"rettighets\"-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan forestille oss at loven da " +"krevede at en form for tillatelse ble vist frem før et selskap fremkalte " +"bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli utviklet for Ã¥ legge frem " +"slike tillatelser." #. PAGE BREAK 48 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -3083,29 +3366,30 @@ msgid "" "to learn something about media by doing something with media. By doing, " "they think. By tinkering, they learn." msgstr "" -"men selv om vi kunne tenke seg dette systemet av tillatelse, det ville være " -"svært vanskelig Ã¥ se hvordan fotografering kunne ha blomstret som det gjorde " -"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer det. " -"fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over tid. " -"profesjonelle ville har fortsatt Ã¥ bruke teknologi som de gjorde—siden " -"fagfolk kan lettere bÃ¥ret byrdene av tillatelse-systemet. Men spredning av " -"fotografering til vanlige folk ville ikke ha skjedd. ingenting som at " -"veksten ville har blitt realisert. og Ja, ingenting som at veksten i en " -"demokratisk teknologi uttrykksmÃ¥ter ville har blitt realisert. Hvis du " -"kjører gjennom san Franciscos presidio, kan du se to glorete gule " -"skolebusser malt over med fargerike og flotte bilder og logoen \"Tenk!\" i " -"stedet for navnet pÃ¥ en skole. men det er lite som er \"bare\" hjerne i " -"prosjekter som gjør at disse busser. disse busser er fylt med teknologier " -"som underviser barna Ã¥ tinker med film. ikke filmen av eastman. ikke engang " -"filmen av videospilleren. snarere den \"film\" av digitale kameraer. Tenk! " -"er et prosjekt som gjør at barna Ã¥ lage filmer, som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ forstÃ¥ og " -"kritikk av filmet kultur som de finner rundt dem. hvert Ã¥r, disse busser " -"reise til mer enn tretti skoler og aktivere tre hundre til fem hundre barn " -"til Ã¥ lære noe om medier ved Ã¥ gjøre noe med media. ved Ã¥ gjøre tror de. ved " -"fiksing og triksing lærer de." +"Men selv om vi kan tenke oss dette godkjenningssystemet, sÃ¥ vil det være " +"svært vanskelig Ã¥ se hvordan fotografering skulle ha blomstret slik det " +"gjorde hvis det var bygd inn krav om godkjenning i reglene som styrte det. " +"Fotografering ville eksistert. Det ville ha økt sin betydning over tid. " +"Profesjonelle ville ha fortsatt Ã¥ bruke teknologien slik de gjorde—" +"siden profesjonelle enklere kunne hÃ¥ndtert byrdene pÃ¥lagt dem av " +"godkjenningssystemet. Men spredningen av fotografering til vanlige folk " +"villa aldri ha skjedd. Veksten det skapte kunne aldri ha skjedd. Og det " +"ville uten tvil aldri vært realisert en slik vekst i demokratisk " +"uttrykksteknologi. Hvis du kjører gjennom omrÃ¥det Presidio i San Francisco, " +"kan det hende du ser to gusjegule skolebusser overmalt med fargefulle og " +"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen \"Just Think!\" i stedet for navnet pÃ¥ en " +"skole. Men det er lite som er \"bare\" mentalt i prosjektene som disse " +"bussene muliggjør. Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som lærer unger Ã¥ " +"fikle med film. Ikke filmen til Eastman. Ikke en gang filmen i din " +"videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om \"filmen\" til digitale kamera. " +"Just Think! er et prosjekt som gjør det mulig for unger Ã¥ lage filmer, som " +"en mÃ¥te Ã¥ forstÃ¥ og kritisere den filmede kulturen som de finner over alt " +"rundt seg. Hvert Ã¥r besøker disse bussene mer enn tredve skoler og gir " +"mellom tre hundre og fire hundre barn muligheten til Ã¥ lære noe om media ved " +"Ã¥ gjøre noe med media. Ved Ã¥ gjøre, sÃ¥ tenker de. Ved Ã¥ fikle, sÃ¥ lærer de." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -3117,7 +3401,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</" "ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. " "The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As " @@ -3129,49 +3413,57 @@ msgid "" "across the country where kids are learning more and more of something " "teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +"Disse bussene er ikke billige, men teknologien de har med seg blir billigere " +"og billigere. Kostnaden til et høykvalitets digitalt videosystem har falt " +"dramatisk. Som en analytiker omtalte det, \"for fem Ã¥r siden kostet et godt " +"sanntids redigerinssystem for digital video $25 000. I dag kan du fÃ¥ " +"profesjonell kvalitet for $595.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som ville kostet hundre-tusenvis av " +"dollar for bare ti Ã¥r siden. Og det er nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ forestille seg ikke bare " +"slike busser, men klasserom rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mer og mer " +"av det lærerne kaller \"medie-skriveføre\" eller \"mediekompetanse\"." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " -"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " +"puts it, \"is the ability … to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " "media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the way media works, " "the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the way people access " "it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"\"media leseferdighet,\" som dave yanofsky, administrerende direktør i " -"Tenk!, sier det, \"er... du kan forstÃ¥, analysere og deconstruct media " -"bilder. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ gjøre [barn] literate om mÃ¥ten mediet fungerer, hvordan " -"den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til den.\"" +"\"Media-skriveføre,\" eller \"mediekompetanse\" som administrerende direktør " +"Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, \"er evnen til … Ã¥ forstÃ¥, " +"analysere og dekonstruere mediebilder. Dets mÃ¥l er Ã¥ gjøre [unger] i stand " +"til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvordan mediene fungerer, hvordan de er konstruert, hvordan de " +"blir levert, og hvordan folk bruker dem\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " "split infinitives are the things that \"literate\" people know about." msgstr "" -"Dette kan virke som en merkelig mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ \"leseferdighet.\" for folk " -"flest, leseferdighet handler om lesing og skriving. Faulkner og hemingway og " -"merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om." +"Dette kan virke som en litt rar mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ \"skrivefør\". For de fleste " +"handler skrivefør Ã¥ kunne lese og skrive. \"Skriveføre folk kjenner ting " +"som Faulkner, Hemingway og Ã¥ kjenne igjen delte infinitiver." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " -"Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, " -"25 May 1997, B6." +"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " +"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family " +"and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May 1997, B6." msgstr "" -"Judith van evra, TV og barn utvikling (hillsdale, NJ: lawrence erlbaum " -"associates, 1990); \"funn pÃ¥ familie og tv studie,\" denver innlegg, 25 mai " -"1997, b6." +"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " +"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family " +"and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25. mai 1997, B6." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally," @@ -3181,9 +3473,15 @@ msgid "" "write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to write media by " "constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." msgstr "" +"Mulig det. Men i en verden hvor barn ser i gjennomsnitt 390 timer med TV-" +"reklaager i Ã¥ret, eller generelt mellom 20 000 og 45 000 reklameinnslag," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> sÃ¥ er det mer og mer viktig Ã¥ " +"forstÃ¥ \"gramatikken\" til media. For pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som det er en gramatikk " +"for det skrevne ord, sÃ¥ er det ogsÃ¥ en for media. Og akkurat slik som unger " +"lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive masse grusom prosa, sÃ¥ lærer unger Ã¥ skrive " +"media ved Ã¥ konstruere masse (i hvert fall i begynnelsen) grusom media." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -3194,17 +3492,17 @@ msgid "" "holds an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or " "builds suspense." msgstr "" -"et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for " -"leseferdighet som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. for om " -"noen som har skrevet forstÃ¥r hvor vanskelig skriving er—hvor vanskelig " -"det er Ã¥ sekvens historien, Ã¥ holde leserens oppmerksomhet, hÃ¥ndverket sprÃ¥k " -"Ã¥ være forstÃ¥elig—fÃ¥ av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig " -"media er. eller mer fundamentalt, fÃ¥ av oss har en følelse av hvordan media " -"fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en " -"artikkel, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning." +"Et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for " +"skriveføre som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. For selv om " +"de som har skrevet forstÃ¥r hvor vanskelig det er Ã¥ skrive—hvor " +"vanskelig det er Ã¥ bestemme rekkefølge i historien, Ã¥ holde pÃ¥ " +"oppmerksomheten hos leseren, Ã¥ forme sprÃ¥ket slik at det er forstÃ¥elig—" +"sÃ¥ har fÃ¥ av oss en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig medier er. Eller mer " +"fundamentalt, de færreste av av oss har en følelse for hvordan media " +"fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller leder leseren gjennom " +"historien, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger opp spenningen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. " @@ -3213,26 +3511,26 @@ msgid "" "one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then " "reflecting upon what one has created." msgstr "" -"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene godt. " -"men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om filmen. ferdigheten " -"kom fra opplever inngÃ¥else av en film, ikke fra Ã¥ lese en bok om den. en " -"lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive og deretter gjenspeiler pÃ¥ hva man har skrevet. " -"en lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva " -"man har opprettet." +"Det tok filmkusten en generasjon før den kunne gjøre disse tingene bra. Men " +"selv da, sÃ¥ var kunnskapen i filmingen, ikke i Ã¥ skrive om filmen. " +"Ferdigheten kom fra erfaring med Ã¥ lage en film, ikke fra Ã¥ lese en bok om " +"den. En lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive, og deretter reflektere over det en har " +"skrevet. En lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ lage dem, og deretter " +"reflektere over det en har laget." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "Crichton, Michael" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "Barish, Stephanie" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "Daley, Elizabeth" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -3243,7 +3541,7 @@ msgstr "" "id=\"1\"/>" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" @@ -3255,13 +3553,13 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" +"of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where " "a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The " "simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. " @@ -3271,13 +3569,26 @@ msgid "" "feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a wildly successful " "author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +"Denne gramatikken har endret seg etter hvert som media har endret seg. Da " +"det kun var film, som Elizabeth Daley, administrerende direktør ved " +"Universitetet i Sør-Califorias Anneberg-senter for kommunkasjon og rektor " +"ved USC skole for Kino-Televisjon, forklarte for meg, var gramatikken om " +"\"plasseringen av objekter, farger, … rytme, skritt og tekstur\"." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men etter hvert som datamaskiner " +"Ã¥pner opp et interaktivt rom hvor en historie blir \"spillt\" i tillegg til " +"opplevd, endrer gramatikken seg. Den enkle kontrollen til forstellerstemmen " +"er forsvunnet, og dermed er andre teknikker nødvendig. Forfatter Michael " +"Crichton hadde mestret fortellerstemmen til science fiction. Men da han " +"forsøkte Ã¥ lage et dataspill basert pÃ¥ et av sine verk, sÃ¥ var det et nytt " +"hÃ¥ndverk han mÃ¥tte lære. Det var ikke Ã¥penbart hvordan en leder folk " +"gjennom et spill uten at de far følelsen av Ã¥ ha blitt ledet, selv for en " +"enormt vellykket forfatter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "computer games" msgstr "dataspill" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -3285,60 +3596,58 @@ msgid "" "filmmaker succeeds you do not know how you were led.\" If you know you were " "led through a film, the film has failed." msgstr "" -"denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig hÃ¥ndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley " -"beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en " -"film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre at du ser det, sÃ¥ du har " -"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet." -"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." +"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er hÃ¥ndverket en lærer til de som lager filmer. " +"Som Daley skriver, \"folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir ledet " +"gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre deg fra Ã¥ se det, " +"sÃ¥ du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes sÃ¥ vet du ikke at du " +"har vært ledet.\" Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, sÃ¥ har " +"filmen feilet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " "directors. The aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. " "Instead, as Daley explained," msgstr "" -"men Skyv for en utvidet leseferdighet—en som gÃ¥r utover tekst til Ã¥ " -"inkludere lyd og visuelle elementer—ikke handler om Ã¥ gjøre bedre film " -"styremedlemmer. MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ forbedre yrket i filmskapning overhodet. i " -"stedet, som daley forklart," +"Likevel er innsatsen for Ã¥ utvide skriveføren—til en som gÃ¥r ut over " +"tekst til Ã¥ ta med lyd og visuelle elementer—handler ikke om Ã¥ lage " +"bedre filmregisører. MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ forbedre filmyrket i det hele tatt. I " +"stedet, som Daley forklarer," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " "that box works in. Otherwise only a very few people can write with this " "language, and all the rest of us are reduced to being read-only." msgstr "" -"fra mitt perspektiv er sannsynligvis den viktigste digital dividere ikke " -"tilgang til en boks. Det er muligheten til Ã¥ fÃ¥ flere muligheter med sprÃ¥ket " -"at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært fÃ¥ mennesker kan skrive med dette " -"sprÃ¥ket, og resten av oss er redusert til Ã¥ være skrivebeskyttet." +"Fra mitt perspektiv er antagelig det viktigste digitale skillet ikke om en " +"har tilgang til en boks eller ikke. Det er evnen til Ã¥ ha kontroll over " +"sprÃ¥ket som boksen bruker. I motsatt fall er det bare noen fÃ¥ som kan " +"skrive i dette sprÃ¥ket, og alle oss andre er redusert til Ã¥ ikke kunne " +"skrive." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" -"\"lese-bare.\" passiv mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. Couch " -"Poteter. forbrukere. Dette er verden av medier fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." +"\"Skrivebeskyttet.\" Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. " +"Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Intervju med Daley og Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "Ibid." msgstr "ibid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -3350,9 +3659,17 @@ msgid "" "language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Det tjueførste Ã¥rhundret kan bli annerledes. Dette er et kritisk punkt: Det " +"kan bli bÃ¥de lesing og skriving. Eller i det minste lesing og bedre " +"forstÃ¥else for hÃ¥ndverket Ã¥ skrive. Eller det beste, lesing og forstÃ¥ " +"verktøyene som gir skriving mulighet til Ã¥ veilede eller villede. MÃ¥let med " +"enhver skriveførhet, og denne skriveførheten spesielt, er Ã¥ \"gi folket " +"myndighet til Ã¥ velge det sprÃ¥ket som passer for det de trenger Ã¥ lage eller " +"uttrykke\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det gir studenter " +"mulighet \"til Ã¥ kommunisere i sprÃ¥ket til det tjueførste Ã¥rhundret\"." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -3364,18 +3681,18 @@ msgid "" "program that gave kids an opportunity to use film to express meaning about " "something the students know something about—gun violence." msgstr "" -"som med alle sprÃ¥k, kommer dette sprÃ¥ket lettere til noen enn for andre. det " -"kommer ikke nødvendigvis mer lett til de som excel i skriftlig sprÃ¥k. Daley " -"og stephanie barish, direktør for Institutt for multimedia leseferdighet pÃ¥ " -"arbeidet center, Beskriv et spesielt intens eksempel pÃ¥ et prosjekt de " -"kjørte pÃ¥ en high school. high school var en svært dÃ¥rlig indre-city los " -"angeles skole. i alle de tradisjonelle mÃ¥l for suksess var denne skolen en " -"fiasko. men daley og barish kjørte et program som ga barn en mulighet til Ã¥ " -"bruke filmen til Ã¥ uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om—pistol " -"vold." +"Som det alle andre sprÃ¥k, læres dette sprÃ¥ket lettere for noen enn for " +"andre. Det kommer ikke nødvendigvis lettere for de som gjør det godt " +"skriftlig. Daley og Stephanie Barish, direktør for Institutt for Multimedia-" +"skriveføre ved Annenberg-senteret, beskriver et spesielt sterkt eksempel fra " +"et prosjekt de gjennomførte i en videregÃ¥ende skole. Den videregÃ¥ende " +"skolen var en veldig fattig skole i den indre byen i Los Angeles. Etter " +"alle tradisjonelle mÃ¥leenheter for suksess var denne skolen en fiasko. Men " +"Daley og Barish gjennomførte et program som ga ungene en mulighet til Ã¥ " +"bruke film til Ã¥ uttrykke sine meninger om noe som studentene visste noe " +"om—vÃ¥pen-relatert vold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -3384,15 +3701,14 @@ msgid "" "were working harder than in any other class to do what education should be " "about—learning how to express themselves." msgstr "" -"klassen ble avholdt fredag ettermiddagen, og det opprettes et relativt nytt " -"problem for skolen. mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser fikk barna " -"framover, var utfordringen i denne klassen holde dem unna. The \"barna var " -"vise opp til 6 am og forlate ved 5 om natten,\" sa barish. de jobber hardere " -"enn i noen annen klasse Ã¥ gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent—lære Ã¥ " -"uttrykke seg." +"Klassen møttes fredag ettermiddag, og skapte et relativt nytt problem for " +"skolen. Mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser var Ã¥ fÃ¥ ungene til Ã¥ dukke " +"opp, var utfordringen for denne klassen Ã¥ holde dem unna. \"Ungene dukket " +"opp 06:00, og dro igjen 05:00 pÃ¥ natta\", sa Barish. De jobbet hardere enn i " +"noen annen klasse for Ã¥ gjøre det utdanning burde handle om—Ã¥ lære " +"hvordan de skulle uttrykke seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -3405,27 +3721,28 @@ msgid "" "students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands " "up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, " "because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do " -"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed well. " -"The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of " -"expression." -msgstr "" -"bruker noe \"gratis web ting de kunne finne\", og relativt enkle verktøy til " -"Ã¥ aktivere barna Ã¥ blande \"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa barish denne klassen " -"produsert en rekke prosjekter som viste noe om pistol vold som noen ellers " -"ville forstÃ¥. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse studentene. " -"prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem Ã¥ være i stand til Ã¥ bÃ¥de " -"forstÃ¥ det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet lyktes i lage " -"uttrykk—langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt skapt med " -"bare teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har Ã¥ gjøre det " -"i tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og gjort noe " -"annet,\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker seg i tekst " -"ikke noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er tekst et skjema " -"i som disse idéene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended " -"upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." +"well. Yet neither is text a form in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas " +"can be expressed well. The power of this message depended upon its " +"connection to this form of expression." +msgstr "" +"Ved Ã¥ bruke hva som helst av \"fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne finne" +"\", og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene Ã¥ blande " +"\"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa Barish at denne klassen produserte en serie av " +"prosjekter som viste noe om vÃ¥pen-basert vold som fÃ¥ ellers ville forstÃ¥. " +"Dette var et tema veldig nært livene til disse studentene. Prosjektet \"ga " +"dem et verktøy og bemyndiget dem slik at de bÃ¥de ble i stand til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " +"det og snakke om det\", forklarer Barish. Dette verktøyet lyktes med Ã¥ " +"skape uttrykk—mye mer vellykket og kraffylt enn noe som hadde blitt " +"laget ved Ã¥ kun bruke tekst. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studentene at " +"'du mÃ¥ gjøre dette i tekstform', sÃ¥ hadde de bare kastet hendene i været og " +"gÃ¥tt og gjort noe annet\", forklarer Barish. Delvis, uten tvil, fordi Ã¥ " +"uttrykke seg selv i tekstform ikke er noe disse studentene gjør godt. Heller " +"ikke er tekstform en form som kan uttrykke <emphasis>disse</emphasis> ideene " +"godt. Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for " +"for uttrykk." #. PAGE BREAK 52 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -3435,16 +3752,15 @@ msgid "" "not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As Daley explained " "in the most moving part of our interview," msgstr "" -"\"men ikke opplæring om undervise barna Ã¥ skrive?\" spurte jeg. delvis, " -"selvfølgelig, er det. men hvorfor er vi lærer barna Ã¥ skrive? utdanning, " -"daley forklart, handler om Ã¥ gi elever en mÃ¥te Ã¥ \"konstruksjon av ny " -"betydning.\" Ã¥ si at det betyr bare skrive er som Ã¥ si undervisning skriving " -"er bare om Ã¥ undervise barna hvordan Ã¥ stave. teksten er én del— og i " -"økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen—for Ã¥ bygge betydning. som daley " -"forklart i den mest flyttende del av vÃ¥rt intervju" +"\"Men handler ikke utdanning om Ã¥ lære unger Ã¥ skrive?\" spurte jeg. Jo " +"delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger Ã¥ skrive? Utdanning, " +"forklarer Daley, handler om Ã¥ gi studentene en mÃ¥te Ã¥ \"konstruere mening" +"\". Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som Ã¥ si at Ã¥ lære bort skriving kun " +"handler om Ã¥ lære ungene Ã¥ stave. Tekstforming er bare en del—og i " +"større grad ikke den kraftigste delen—for Ã¥ konstruere mening. Som " +"Daley forklarte i den mest rørende delen av vÃ¥rt intervju," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -3457,29 +3773,29 @@ msgid "" "[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, " "let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, " "or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that " -"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, " +"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and … saying, " "\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But " "instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are " -"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ." -msgstr "" -"Hva du ønsker er Ã¥ gi disse elevene mÃ¥ter for Ã¥ bygge betydning. Hvis alt du " -"gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til Ã¥ gjøre det pÃ¥. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, " -"du har johnny som kan se pÃ¥ en video, han kan spille et spill, kan han gjøre " -"graffiti hele din vegger, han kan ta din bil fra hverandre, og han kan gjøre " -"alle slags andre ting. han kan bare lese teksten. sÃ¥ johnny kommer til " -"skolen, og du sier, \"johnny, du er analfabeter. ingenting du kan gjøre " -"saker.\"Vel, johnny deretter har du to valg: han kan ignorere du eller han " -"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere du. " -"[men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan gjøre, " -"la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror " -"gjenspeiler som, eller vise meg bilder som du tror gjenspeile som, eller " -"tegne for meg noe som gjenspeiler som.\"ikke ved Ã¥ gi en gutt et videokamera " -"og... sa:\"La oss gÃ¥ har moro med videokameraet og gjøre en liten film.\", " -"men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med Ã¥ ta disse elementene du forstÃ¥r, som " -"er ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruere mening om emnet...." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"your language, and construct meaning about the topic.…" +msgstr "" +"Det du ønsker er Ã¥ gi disse studentene en mÃ¥te Ã¥ konstruere mening. Hvis alt " +"du gir dem er tekst, sÃ¥ kommer de ikke til Ã¥ gjøre det. Fordi de kan ikke. " +"Du vet, du har Johnny som kan se pÃ¥ en video, han kan spille pÃ¥ et TV-spill, " +"han kan spre grafitti over alle dine vegger, han kan ta fra hverandre bilen " +"din, og han kan gjøre alle mulige andre ting. Men han kan ikke lese teksten " +"din. SÃ¥ Jonny kommer pÃ¥ skolen og du sier \"Johnny, du er analfabet. " +"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe\". Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan avvise " +"deg eller han kan avvise seg selv. Hvis han har et sunt ego sÃ¥ vil han " +"avvise deg. Men hvis du i stedet sier, \"Well, med alle disse tingene som " +"du kan gjøre, la oss snakke om dette temaet. Spill musikk til meg som du " +"mener reflekterer over temaet, eller vis meg bilder som du mener reflekterer " +"over temaet, eller tegn noe til meg som reflektere temaet\". Ikke ved Ã¥ gi " +"en unge et videokamera og … si \"La oss dra Ã¥ ha det morsomt med " +"videokameraet og lage en liten film\". Men istedet, virkelig hjelpe deg Ã¥ ta " +"disse elementene som du forstÃ¥r, som er ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruer mening om " +"temaet.…" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -3487,28 +3803,27 @@ msgid "" "the teachers told Stephanie, they would rewrite a paragraph 5, 6, 7, 8 " "times, till they got it right." msgstr "" -"som gir enormt. og deretter hva som skjer, selvfølgelig, er til slutt, som " -"det har skjedd i alle disse klassene, de bump opp mot faktum, \"jeg trenger " -"Ã¥ forklare dette, og jeg virkelig trenger Ã¥ skrive noe.\", og som en av " -"lærerne fortalte stephanie, ville de omskrive et avsnitt 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, " -"till de fÃ¥tt det riktig." +"Dette bemyndiger enormt. Og det som skjer til slutt, selvfølgelig, som " +"det har skjedd i alle disse klassene, er at de stopper opp nÃ¥r de treffer " +"faktumet \"jeg trenger Ã¥ forklare dette, og da trenger jeg virkelig Ã¥ skrive " +"noe\". Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive om avsnittet " +"5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, helt til det blir riktig." #. PAGE BREAK 53 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " "needed to use a language that they didn't speak very well. But they had come " "to understand that they had a lot of power with this language.\"" msgstr "" -"fordi de mÃ¥tte. Det var en grunn for Ã¥ gjøre det. de trengte Ã¥ si noe, i " -"motsetning til bare hoppe gjennom ringer din. de faktisk har behov for Ã¥ " -"bruke et sprÃ¥k som de ikke snakker godt. men de hadde begynt Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at de " -"hadde mye kraft med dette sprÃ¥ket." +"Fordi de trengte det. Det var en grunn til Ã¥ gjøre det. De trengte " +"Ã¥ si noe, i motsetning til Ã¥ kun danse etter din pipe. De trengte " +"faktisk Ã¥ bruke det sprÃ¥ket de ikke hÃ¥ndterte veldig bra. Men de " +"hadde begynt Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at de hadde mye gjennomslagskraft med dette " +"sprÃ¥ket.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -3519,17 +3834,16 @@ msgid "" "act of terrorism was that the delayed second attack was perfectly timed to " "assure that the whole world would be watching." msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r to fly krasjet inn i world trade center, en annen i pentagon og en " -"fjerde i et felt i pennsylvania, flyttet alle medier rundt om i verden til " -"denne nyheter. hvert øyeblikk av omtrent hver dag for at uken, og for uker " -"etter, TV spesielt og media vanligvis retold historien om hendelsene som vi " -"bare hadde sett. telling var en gjenfortelling, fordi vi hadde sett " -"hendelsene som ble beskrevet. geni av denne forferdelig handling av " -"terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for Ã¥ sikre at " -"hele verden ville være Ã¥ se." +"Da to fly krasjet inn i World Trade Center, og et annet inn i " +"Pentagon, og et fjerde inn i et jorde i Pennsylvania, snudde alle " +"medier verden rundt seg til denne nyheten. Ethvert moment for omtreng " +"hver eneste dag den uka, og ukene som fulgte gjenfortalte TV spesielt, " +"men media generelt, historien om disse hendelsene som vi nettopp hadde " +"vært vitne til. Genialiteten i denne forferdelige terrorhandlingen " +"var at det forsinkede andre-angrepet var perfekt tidsatt for Ã¥ sikre " +"at hele verden ville være der for Ã¥ se pÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. " @@ -3537,21 +3851,22 @@ msgid "" "This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly come to expect " "it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is tragedy." msgstr "" -"disse retellings hadde en stadig familiær stemning. Det var musikk scoret " -"for intermissions og fancy grafikk som flashed hele skjermen. Det var en " -"formel til intervjuer. Det var \"balanse\" og seriøsitet. Dette var nyheter " -"koreograferte i mÃ¥ten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som " -"underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." +"Disse gjenfortellingene ga en økende familiær følelse. Det var musikk " +"spesiallaget for mellom-innslagene, og avansert grafikk som blinket tvers " +"over skjermen. Det var en formel for intervjuer. Det var \"balanse\" og " +"seriøsitet. Dette var nyheter koreaografert slik vi i stadig større grad " +"forventer det, \"nyheter som underholdning\", selv om underholdningen er en " +"tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "ABC" msgstr "ABC" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "CBS" msgstr "CBS" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " @@ -3562,9 +3877,9 @@ msgid "" "shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound recordings. " "There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide context. " "There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in the sense " -"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news event that " -"had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there " -"was also the Internet." +"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, " +"around a news event that had captured the attention of the world. There was " +"ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet." msgstr "" "men i tillegg til denne produsert nyheter om \"tragedie av 11 september\", " "de av oss knyttet til Internett kom Ã¥ se en svært forskjellige produksjon " @@ -3579,8 +3894,7 @@ msgstr "" "og cbs, men det var ogsÃ¥ Internett." #. PAGE BREAK 54 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3589,13 +3903,14 @@ msgid "" "on the \"Just Think!\" bus, the visual images could be mixed with sound or " "text." msgstr "" -"Jeg trenger ikke bety bare Ã¥ prise Internett - selv om jeg tror de som " -"støttes av denne formen for tale skal rost. Jeg mener i stedet til Ã¥ peke " -"til en betydning i denne formen for tale. for som en kodak muliggjør " -"Internett folk til Ã¥ ta bilder. og som i en film av en student pÃ¥ \"bare " -"tror!\"-bussen visuelle bilder kan blandes med lyd eller tekst." +"Det er ikke sÃ¥ enkelt som at jeg ønsker Ã¥ lovprise internettet—selv om " +"jeg mener at folkene som støtter denne formen for tale bør lovprises. Jeg " +"ønsker i stedet Ã¥ peke pÃ¥ viktigheten av denne formen for tale. For pÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥te som en Kodak, gjør internettet folk i stand til Ã¥ fange bilder. " +"Og pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som med en film laget av en av studentene pÃ¥ \"Just Think!" +"\"-bussen, kan visuelle bilder bli blandet med lyd og tekst." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " @@ -3613,7 +3928,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk, men at denne blandingen av tatt bilder, lyd, og kommentarer kan " "være vidt spredt nesten umiddelbart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " @@ -3621,8 +3936,8 @@ msgid "" "to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind " "of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions " "very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a " -"public way—it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available " -"anywhere in the world." +"public way—it's a kind of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</" +"citetitle>, available anywhere in the world." msgstr "" "11 september var ikke en villfarelse. Det var en begynnelse. rundt samme " "tid, en form for kommunikasjon som har vokst dramatisk var bare begynnelsen " @@ -3632,7 +3947,7 @@ msgstr "" "en offentlig mÃ¥te—det er en slags elektronisk jerry springer, " "tilgjengelig overalt i verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " @@ -3660,7 +3975,7 @@ msgstr "" "diskusjon som vi har." #. PAGE BREAK 55 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " @@ -3680,16 +3995,17 @@ msgstr "" "fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " -"trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." +"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" +"citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. " +"16." msgstr "" -"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. " -"Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." +"Se for eksempel Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" +"citetitle>, bk. 1, overs. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), kap. " +"16." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3707,15 +4023,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " -"Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." +"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " +"of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" -"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " -"Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." +"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " +"of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3726,15 +4042,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " -"65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " +"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" -"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " -"65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " +"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3746,7 +4062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " @@ -3763,7 +4079,7 @@ msgstr "" "public discourse uten publikum noensinne trenger Ã¥ samles i en enkelt " "offentlig sted." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. " @@ -3780,20 +4096,24 @@ msgstr "" "det er mange av alle politiske striper. og med blogger som ikke er politisk " "dekker politiske spørsmÃ¥l nÃ¥r anledningen fortjener." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Dean, Howard" +msgstr "Dean, Howard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " "blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an " -"effect." +"effect. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nÃ¥, men ikke sÃ¥ smÃ¥. navnet howard " -"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. " -"Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennÃ¥ lesing har en effekt." +"Betydningene av disse bloggene er liten nÃ¥, men ikke ubetydelig. Navnet " +"Howard Dean har i stor grad forsvunnet fra 2004-presidentvalgkampen bortsett " +"fra hos noen fÃ¥ blogger. Men selv om antallet lesere er lavt, sÃ¥ har det Ã¥ " +"lese dem en effekt. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " @@ -3802,7 +4122,11 @@ msgstr "" "Noah shachtman, \"med uopphørlig innlegg, en pundit stirs potten,\" new york " "times, 16 januar 2003, g5." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lott, Trent" +msgstr "Lott, Trent" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott \"misspoke" @@ -3813,23 +4137,23 @@ msgid "" "the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" " "emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the " "end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " "commercial entities. They must work to keep attention. If they lose " "readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on." msgstr "" -"Denne forskjellige syklusen er mulig fordi de samme kommersielt press ikke " -"finnes med blogger som med andre ventures. TV og aviser er kommersielle " -"selskaper. de mÃ¥ arbeide for Ã¥ holde oppmerksomheten. Hvis de mister lesere, " -"mister de inntekt. som haier, mÃ¥ de flytte." +"Denne annerledes syklusen er mulig pÃ¥ grunn av at et tilsvarende kommersielt " +"press ikke eksisterer hos blogger slik det gjør hos andre kanaler. " +"Televisjon og aviser er kommersielle aktører. De mÃ¥ arbeide for Ã¥ holde pÃ¥ " +"oppmerksomheten. Hvis de mister lesere, sÃ¥ mister de inntekter. Som haier, " +"mÃ¥ de bevege seg videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " @@ -3846,12 +4170,12 @@ msgstr "" "historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av " "en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "Winer, Dave" #. PAGE BREAK 57 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " @@ -3871,16 +4195,16 @@ msgstr "" "journalist simpelthen har ikke en konflikt av interesse, eller konflikt av " "interesse er sÃ¥ lett avslørt at du vet du kan liksom fÃ¥ det ut av veien.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "CNN" msgstr "CNN" #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "Telefonintervju med David Winer, 16. april 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3892,20 +4216,25 @@ msgid "" "with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter " "over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer " "a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they " -"told her that they were writing \"the story.\")" +"told her <emphasis>that</emphasis> they were writing \"the story.\")" msgstr "" #. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " -"Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " -"Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 " -"February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #10</ulink>." +"Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci " +"D. Kramer, \"Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online " +"Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." msgstr "" +"John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " +"Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar 2003, A28; Staci " +"D. Kramer, \"Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online " +"Journalism Review, 2. februar 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -3919,17 +4248,18 @@ msgid "" "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " -"Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as " -"accepting of employees who blog. Kevin Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq " -"who started a blog about his reporting of the war on March 9, stopped " -"posting 12 days later at his bosses' request. Last year Steve Olafson, a " -"Houston Chronicle reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, " -"published under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people " -"he was covering.\") <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all " +"news organizations have been as accepting of employees who blog. Kevin " +"Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a blog about his reporting of " +"the war on March 9, stopped posting 12 days later at his bosses' request. " +"Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> " +"reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a " +"pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was covering." +"\") <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "se michael falcone, \"betyr en redigering blyant ødelegge en weblogg?\" new " "york times, 29. september 2003, c4. (\"ikke alle nyhetsorganisasjoner har " @@ -3941,7 +4271,7 @@ msgstr "" "problemer og folk som han var dekket.\")" #. PAGE BREAK 58 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. " "\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public " @@ -3955,7 +4285,7 @@ msgid "" "copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " @@ -3984,36 +4314,35 @@ msgstr "" "blogger der skrive slike skjer. NÃ¥r det er ti millioner, vil det være noe " "ekstraordinære til rapporten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "Brown, John Seely" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " -"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " -"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" +"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and … the creation " +"of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.\"" msgstr "" -"John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans " -"arbeid, som hans webomrÃ¥det beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... " -"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for Ã¥ opprette... innovasjon.\"" +"John Seely Brown er sjefsforsker ved Xerox Corporation. Hans arbeid, i " +"følge hans eget nettsted, er \"menneskelig læring og … Ã¥ skape " +"kunnskapsøkologier for Ã¥ skape … innovasjon\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " "excited about any technology that might improve democracy. But his real " "excitement comes from how these technologies affect learning." msgstr "" -"brun dermed ser pÃ¥ disse teknologiene av digitale kreativitet litt " -"annerledes fra perspektiver jeg har skisserte sÃ¥ langt. Jeg er sikker pÃ¥ at " -"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre demokrati. " -"men hans hÃ¥v kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring." +"Brown ser dermed pÃ¥ disse teknologiene for digital kreativitet litt " +"annerledes enn fra perspektivene jeg har skissert opp sÃ¥ langt. Jeg er " +"sikker pÃ¥ at han blir begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre " +"demokratiet. Men det han virkelig blir begeistret over er hvordan disse " +"teknologiene pÃ¥virker læring." #. PAGE BREAK 59 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " @@ -4037,7 +4366,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller \"gratis collage,\" som brown kaller det. mange kommer til Ã¥ legge til " "eller forandre fiksing og den triksing av mange andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -4045,12 +4374,17 @@ msgid "" "program run. And anyone eager to learn how a particular bit of FS/OSS " "technology works can tinker with the code." msgstr "" +"Det beste eksemplet i større skala sÃ¥ langt pÃ¥ denne typen fikling er fri " +"programvare og Ã¥pen kildekode (FS/OSS). FS/OSS er programvare der " +"kildekoden deles ut. Alle kan laste ned teknologien som fÃ¥r et FS/OSS-" +"program til Ã¥ fungere. Og enhver som har lyst til Ã¥ lære hvordan en bestemt " +"bit av FS/OSS-teknologi fungerer kan fikle med koden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " -"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " +"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you … unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " "your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it." "\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " @@ -4063,13 +4397,13 @@ msgstr "" "hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"Ã¥pen kildekode blir en større læretid " "plattform.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " "and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that you're doing in " -"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. . . . You are " +"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. … You are " "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" @@ -4080,44 +4414,41 @@ msgstr "" "triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du " "forbedre, jo mer du lærer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " "processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. " -"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " -"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can " +"\"The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " +"visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot you can " "start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple " "forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" -"Denne samme ting skjer med innhold, ogsÃ¥. og det skjer pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " -"samarbeid nÃ¥r innholdet er en del av nettet. som brown sier det, \"web [er] " -"første mediet som virkelig tar hensyn til flere former for intelligens.\" " -"tidligere teknologi, for eksempel skrivemaskin eller " -"tekstbehandlingsprogrammer, bidro til Ã¥ forsterke tekst. Men nettet " -"forsterker mye mer enn tekst. \"web... sier Hvis du er musikalske, hvis du " -"er kunstnerisk, hvis du er visuelle, hvis du er interessert i filmen... [] " -"er det mye du kan begynne Ã¥ gjøre pÃ¥ dette mediet. [det] kan nÃ¥ forsterke og " -"respektere disse flere former for intelligens.\"" +"Denne sammen tingen skjer ogsÃ¥ med innhold. Og det skjer pÃ¥ samme " +"samarbeidende mÃ¥te nÃ¥r dette innholdet er del av nettet. Som Brown " +"formulerer det, \"nettet er det første medium som virkelig tar hensyn til " +"flere former for intelligens\". Tidligere teknologier, slik som " +"skrivemaskin eller tekstbehandling, hjelper med Ã¥ fremme tekst. Men nettet " +"fremmer mye mer enn tekst. \"Nettet … si hvis du er musikalsk, hvis " +"du er kunstnerisk, hvis du er visuell, hvis du er interessert i film …" +"da er det en masse du kan gÃ¥ igang med pÃ¥ dette mediet. Det kan fremme og " +"ta hensyn til alle disse formene for intelligens.\"" #. PAGE BREAK 60 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. " "It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of " "recognition." msgstr "" -"Brown snakker om hva elizabeth daley, stephanie barish og tror bare! lære: " -"som fiksing og denne triksing med kultur lærer samt oppretter. det utvikler " -"talenter annerledes, og det bygger en annen type gjenkjenning." +"Brown snakker om hva Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish Og Just Think! lærer " +"bort: at denne fiklingen med kultur lærer sÃ¥vel som den skaper. Den utvikler " +"talenter litt anderledes, og den bygger en annen type gjenkjenning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -4127,87 +4458,95 @@ msgid "" "increasingly, technology interfere with a freedom that technology, and " "curiosity, would otherwise ensure." msgstr "" -"frihet til Ã¥ tinker med disse objektene er ennÃ¥ ikke garantert. som vi ser " -"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært omstridt. " -"mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til Ã¥ tinker med motor, er " -"det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til Ã¥ tinker med bilder hun " -"finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet som " -"teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." +"Likevel er friheten til Ã¥ fikle med disse objektene ikke garantert. Faktisk, " +"som vi vil se i løpet av denne boken, er den friheten i stadig større grad " +"omstridt. Mens det ikke er noe tvil om at din far hadde rett til Ã¥ fikle " +"med bilmotoren, sÃ¥ er det stor tvil om dine barn vil ha retten til Ã¥ fikle " +"med bilder som hun finner over alt. Loven, og teknologi i stadig større " +"grad, forstyrrer friheten som teknolog, nysgjerrigheten, ellers ville sikre." #. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " -"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the " -"Association for Computer Machinery 43 (2000): 9." +"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" " +"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</" +"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9." msgstr "" -"Se for eksempel edward felten og andrew appel, \"teknologiske " -"tilgangskontroll forstyrrer noninfringing stipend,\" kommunikasjon av " -"association for computer machinery 43 (2000): 9." +"Se for eksempel, Edward Felten og Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " +"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" " +"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</" +"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " -"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " -"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " -"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " -"of the law." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a " +"powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it applies to " +"computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more fundamental. " +"It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because of the law." +msgstr "" +"Disse begresningene har blitt fokusen for forskere og akademikere. Professor " +"Ed Felten ved Princeton (som vi vil se mer fra i kapittel <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) har utviklet et kraftfylt " +"argument til fordel for \"retten til Ã¥ fikle\" slik det gjøres i informatikk " +"og til kunnskap generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men " +"bekymringen til Brown er tidligere, og mer fundamentalt. Det handler om hva " +"slags læring unger kan fÃ¥, eller ikke kan fÃ¥, pÃ¥ grunn av loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " "want to learn.\"" msgstr "" -"\"Dette er hvor utdanning i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundret er kommer,\" brown " -"forklarer. Vi trenger Ã¥ \"forstÃ¥ hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og " -"vil lære.\"" +"\"Dette er dit utviklingen av utdanning i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundret er pÃ¥ vei" +"\", forklarer Brown. Vi mÃ¥ \"forstÃ¥ hvordan unger som vokser opp digitalt " +"tenker og ønsker Ã¥ lære\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " -"tendencies of today's digital kids. . . . We're building an architecture " +"tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an architecture " "that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system that closes down " "that part of the brain.\"" msgstr "" -"\"ennÃ¥,\" som brown fortsatte, og som balanse av denne boken vil evince, " -"\"vi bygger en juridisk system som undertrykker helt naturlig tendensene til " -"dagens digitale barn.... bygger vi en arkitektur som unleashes 60 prosent av " -"hjernen [og] en juridisk system stenger ned som en del av hjernen.\"" +"\"Likevel\", fortsatte Brown, og som balansen i denne boken vil føre bevis " +"for, \"bygger vi et juridisk system som fullstendig undertrykker den " +"naturlige tendensen i dagens digitale unger. … We bygger en " +"arkitektur som frigjør 60 prosent av hjernen [og] et juridisk system som " +"stenger ned den delen av hjernen\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " "spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building the law to close down " "that technology." msgstr "" -"bygger vi en teknologi som tar magiske kodak, mikser flytte bilder og lyd, " -"og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre at " -"kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til Ã¥ lukke den teknologien." +"Vi bygger en teknologi som tar magien til Kodak, mikser inn bevegelige " +"bilder og lyd, og legger inn plass for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre " +"denne kreativiteten over alt. Men vi bygger loven for Ã¥ stenge ned denne " +"teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " -"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to " +"me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" -"\"ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøre en kultur\" som brewster kahle, hvem vil vi møtes i " -"kapittel 9, quipped til meg i en sjelden øyeblikk av despondence." +"\"Ikke mÃ¥ten Ã¥ drive en kultur pÃ¥\", sa Brewster Kahle, som vi møtte i " +"kapittel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " +"kommenterte til meg i et sjeldent øyeblikk av nedstemthet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "Kapittel tre: Kataloger" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -4221,7 +4560,7 @@ msgstr "" "en programmerer, bestemte Jesse seg i oktober Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ fikle med en " "søkemotorteknologi som var tilgjengelig pÃ¥ RPI-nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " @@ -4238,7 +4577,7 @@ msgstr "" "blanding av talent og erfaring til Ã¥ tenke og deretter bygge en generasjon " "for nettverk-alder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " @@ -4254,7 +4593,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." #. PAGE BREAK 62 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " @@ -4275,7 +4614,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan fÃ¥ personer utenfor bedriften. " "universiteter gjøre det ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " @@ -4293,7 +4632,7 @@ msgstr "" "Microsofts NFS til Ã¥ lage en indeks over alle filer som er tilgjengelige " "innenfor rpi-nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " @@ -4316,7 +4655,7 @@ msgstr "" "det problemet, ved Ã¥ legge til en knapp som en bruker kan klikke for Ã¥ se om " "maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " @@ -4330,7 +4669,7 @@ msgstr "" "mappen, inkludert alle typer innhold som kan være pÃ¥ brukernes datamaskiner." #. PAGE BREAK 63 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " @@ -4345,7 +4684,7 @@ msgstr "" "Universitetet brosjyrer—i utgangspunktet alt som brukere av rpi-" "nettverket gjøres tilgjengelig i en fellesmappe pÃ¥ datamaskinen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " @@ -4374,7 +4713,7 @@ msgstr "" "fiksing og triksing med teknologi i et miljø hvor fiksing og triksing med " "teknologi var nøyaktig hva han skulle gjøre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " @@ -4391,18 +4730,19 @@ msgstr "" "servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og sÃ¥ " "nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " -"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " -"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a search engine, " -"which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, " -"which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to " -"get access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and " -"the vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." +"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. " +"… I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I " +"ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any " +"way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the " +"search engine in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a " +"<emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using " +"the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable " +"members of the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not " +"himself created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do " +"with music." msgstr "" "\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " "Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " @@ -4416,7 +4756,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre med musikk." #. PAGE BREAK 64 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " @@ -4436,17 +4776,17 @@ msgstr "" "derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " -"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " -"5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group LCC</" +"citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." msgstr "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " -"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " -"5, tilgjengelig fra 2003 WL 55179443." +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group LCC</" +"citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, tilgjengelig fra 2003 WL 55179443." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. " @@ -4454,11 +4794,12 @@ msgid "" "detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for " "\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the " "claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award " -"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion—six times the total profit of the " -"film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the plaintiffs close to $100 <emphasis>billion</emphasis>—six times " +"the <emphasis>total</emphasis> profit of the film industry in 2001." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " @@ -4471,7 +4812,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre " "sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for Ã¥ avvise saken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " @@ -4493,7 +4834,7 @@ msgstr "" "krone jesse hadde lagret." #. PAGE BREAK 65 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " @@ -4512,7 +4853,7 @@ msgstr "" "vunnet, ville han ha et stykke papir som sa han hadde vunnet, og et stykke " "papir sier han og hans familie var konkurs." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -4521,27 +4862,27 @@ msgstr "" "eller $12.000 og et forlik." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " -"the Arts, More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)." +"the Arts, <citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)." msgstr "" "yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) (27­" "2042—musikere og vokalister). Se ogsÃ¥ nasjonale legat for arts, mer " "enn en i en blÃ¥ mÃ¥nen (2000)." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " -"Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." +"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" "Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relatert poeng i \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 10. september 2003, A24." +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, A24." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4554,7 +4895,7 @@ msgid "" "for running a search engine?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4565,11 +4906,11 @@ msgstr "" "fiklet med en datamaskin og blitt saksøkt for 15 millioner dollar en " "aktivist:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " -"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " +"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " "foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the " "RIAA has done." msgstr "" @@ -4578,14 +4919,14 @@ msgstr "" "jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det " "riaa har gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " -"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " -"I. . . . He's not a tree hugger. . . . I think it's bizarre that they would " -"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " -"message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" +"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do I. " +"… He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they " +"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the " +"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" "Jesses foreldre viser en viss stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. Som hans " "far fortalte meg, Jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og det samme " @@ -4593,11 +4934,11 @@ msgstr "" "plukket ut ham. Men han ønsker Ã¥ la folk fÃ¥ vite at de sender feil " "budskap, Og han ønsker Ã¥ korrigere posten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"Pirater\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " @@ -4615,25 +4956,25 @@ msgstr "" "definert. konsekvent historien er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med " "denne generasjon country club—før nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Film" msgstr "filmen" -#. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " -"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " -"87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent." +"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with " +"copyright and patent. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for Ã¥ sette meg til dette ekstraordinære " "historie. Se ogsÃ¥ siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 87­93, som " "inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent." #. PAGE BREAK 67 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4646,12 +4987,12 @@ msgid "" "demanded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "som en kommentator forteller en del av historien," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " @@ -4669,29 +5010,33 @@ msgstr "" "film lager til Ã¥ lage sine egne underjordisk marked." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " -"Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " -"posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture Patents Company " -"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the economic motive behind " -"both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on phonographs, see " -"Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent " -"and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright\" (September 2002), " -"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and " -"Economics, Working Paper No. 159." +"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " +"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " +"expanded texts posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture " +"Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the " +"economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on " +"phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: " +"Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright" +"\" (September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program " +"in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "Fox, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "Picker, Randal C." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4703,19 +5048,22 @@ msgid "" "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." +"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents Majority</" +"citetitle>, archived at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#12</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, arkivert pÃ¥ " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." +"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents Majority</" +"citetitle>, arkivert pÃ¥ <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#12</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like Fox. " "And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -4729,8 +5077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4738,17 +5085,18 @@ msgid "" "enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had expired. A new industry " "had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative property." msgstr "" -"Selvfølgelig, california vokste raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse av føderale " -"lov til slutt spre vest. men fordi patenter gi patent holder en virkelig " -"\"begrenset\" monopol (bare sytten Ã¥r pÃ¥ den tiden), etter tid nok føderale " -"marshals dukket opp, patentene var utløpt. en ny industri hadde blitt født, " -"delvis fra piratkopiering av Edisons kreative eiendom." +"California vokste naturligvis raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse av føderale " +"lover spredte seg til slutt vestover. Men fordi patenter tildeler " +"patentinnehaveren et i sannhet \"begrenset\" monopol (kun sytten Ã¥r pÃ¥ den " +"tiden), sÃ¥ patentene var utgÃ¥tt før nok føderale lovmenn dukket opp. En ny " +"industri var født, delvis fra piratvirksomhet mot Edison's kreative " +"rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "Innspilt musikk" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." @@ -4757,7 +5105,11 @@ msgstr "" "hvordan krever at en setter seg inn i detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer " "musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" +msgstr "Fourneaux, Henri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " @@ -4777,11 +5129,11 @@ msgstr "" "musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre det " "offentlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beatles" msgstr "Beatles" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " @@ -4814,26 +5166,29 @@ msgstr "" "deretter Kopier av disse innspillinger. pÃ¥ grunn av dette hullet i loven, sÃ¥ " "kunne jeg effektivt pirat andres sang uten Ã¥ betale sin komponist noe." -#. PAGE BREAK 69 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" +msgstr "Kittredge, Alfred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " -"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," +"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "komponister (og utgivere) var ingen sÃ¥ glade om denne kapasiteten til pirat. " "som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," -#. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " "sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " -"chairman), reprinted in Legislative History of the Copyright Act, E. Fulton " -"Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, " -"1976)." +"chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright Act</" +"citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N." +"J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings pÃ¥ s. " "6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer pÃ¥ patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 sess. " @@ -4841,7 +5196,7 @@ msgstr "" "reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton " "og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. " @@ -4852,7 +5207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " @@ -4862,7 +5217,7 @@ msgstr "" "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " @@ -4872,7 +5227,7 @@ msgstr "" "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " @@ -4881,7 +5236,7 @@ msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 23 (setning av " "john philip sousa, komponist)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -4893,7 +5248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " @@ -4905,7 +5260,7 @@ msgstr "" "new york)." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " @@ -4916,7 +5271,11 @@ msgstr "" "memorandum of philip mauro, patent sjefsjurist for amerikansk graphophone " "selskapet association)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4929,23 +5288,24 @@ msgid "" "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " "ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " -"artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid " -"for the \"mechanical reproductions\" of their music. But rather than simply " -"granting the composer complete control over the right to make mechanical " -"reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to record the music, " -"at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it to be recorded " -"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs possible. " -"Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to " -"record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by " -"the law." +"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer <emphasis>and</" +"emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that " +"composers would be paid for the \"mechanical reproductions\" of their music. " +"But rather than simply granting the composer complete control over the right " +"to make mechanical reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to " +"record the music, at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it " +"to be recorded once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover " +"songs possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others " +"are free to record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer " +"a fee set by the law." msgstr "" "loven løst snart denne kampen til fordel for komponisten og opptak " "kunstneren. kongressen endret loven Ã¥ sørge for at komponister ville bli " @@ -4958,7 +5318,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre gratis Ã¥ registrere samme sang, sÃ¥ lenge de betaler den opprinnelige " "komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " @@ -4975,11 +5335,11 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "Grisham, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " @@ -4998,14 +5358,15 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ bruke grisham's arbeide bortsett med tillatelse fra grisham." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. " "11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 " -"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in Legislative " -"History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. " -"(South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." +"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " +"<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. " +"Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman " +"Reprints, 1976)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision: hearings pÃ¥ s. 2499, s. 2900, hr 243 og hr 11794 før " "(felles) komiteen pÃ¥ patenter, 60 cong., 1 sess., 217 (1908) (setning av " @@ -5013,23 +5374,23 @@ msgstr "" "copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton og abe goldman, Red. (south " "hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " -"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " -"piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise " -"gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative " -"work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the " -"recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of " -"value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much " -"wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " -"its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " -"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"1\"/>" +"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " +"through a kind of piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right " +"than it otherwise gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over " +"their creative work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less " +"control are the recording industry and the public. The recording industry " +"gets something of value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public " +"gets access to a much wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress " +"was quite explicit about its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was " +"the monopoly power of rights holders, and that that power would stifle " +"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " @@ -5041,7 +5402,7 @@ msgstr "" "relaterer rapport fra house committee pÃ¥ rettsvesenet," #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " @@ -5053,7 +5414,7 @@ msgstr "" "er takknemlig for glenn brun for tegning min oppmerksomhet til denne " "rapporten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-" @@ -5069,7 +5430,7 @@ msgid "" "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " @@ -5078,32 +5439,33 @@ msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ begrense fordel rettighetene musikere har, ved delvis pirating sine " "skapende arbeid, registrere produsentene og offentligheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Radio" msgstr "Radio" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "Radio ble ogsÃ¥ født av piratkopiering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "Hand, Learned" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " -"companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " -"purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a radio station. " -"Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning attached to a record " -"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing Co. v. " -"Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From " +"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " +"the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" " +"and other messages purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a " +"radio station. Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning " +"attached to a record might restrict the rights of the radio station. See " +"<citetitle>RCA Manufacturing Co</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Whiteman</" +"citetitle>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From " "Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the " -"Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): " -"281. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Propertization of Copyright,\" <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</" +"citetitle> 70 (2003): 281. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "se 17, united states code, inndelinger 106 og 110. pÃ¥ begynnelsen av, spille " "inn selskapene skrives ut \"ikke lisensiert for radiosendingen\" og andre " @@ -5115,7 +5477,7 @@ msgstr "" "nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ " "gjennom 70 (2003): 281." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -5124,18 +5486,24 @@ msgid "" "owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lovett, Lyle" +msgstr "Lovett, Lyle" + #. PAGE BREAK 72 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " -"of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " -"recording artist's work. It's one thing to have \"Happy Birthday\" sung on " -"the radio by the local children's choir; it's quite another to have it sung " -"by the Rolling Stones or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the " -"value of the composition performed on the radio station. And if the law " -"were perfectly consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording " -"artist for his work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work." +"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " +"performing a copy of the <emphasis>recording artist's</emphasis> work. It's " +"one thing to have \"Happy Birthday\" sung on the radio by the local " +"children's choir; it's quite another to have it sung by the Rolling Stones " +"or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the value of the " +"composition performed on the radio station. And if the law were perfectly " +"consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording artist for his " +"work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "men nÃ¥r radiostasjonen spiller en post, det er ikke bare utføre en kopi av " "komponistens arbeid. radiostasjonen presterer ogsÃ¥ en kopi av den " @@ -5146,7 +5514,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosent konsekvente, radiostasjonen vil mÃ¥tte betale Plateartist for sitt " "arbeid, akkurat som det lønner seg komponist av musikken for sitt arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " @@ -5161,7 +5529,11 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ utføre den Plateartist arbeid gratis, selv om det mÃ¥ betale komponisten " "noe for privilegiet av Ã¥ spille sangen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Madonna" +msgstr "Madonna" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " @@ -5174,7 +5546,7 @@ msgstr "" "teateroppsetninger av at musikk. sÃ¥ hvis madonna ønsker Ã¥ synge sangen i det " "offentlige, hun har Ã¥ bli din tillatelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " @@ -5182,8 +5554,8 @@ msgid "" "our law, every time a radio station plays your song, you get some money. But " "Madonna gets nothing, save the indirect effect on the sale of her CDs. The " "public performance of her recording is not a \"protected\" right. The radio " -"station thus gets to pirate the value of Madonna's work without paying her " -"anything." +"station thus gets to <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work " +"without paying her anything." msgstr "" "forestille hun gjør synge sangen, og forestille hun liker det mye. Hun " "deretter bestemmer seg for Ã¥ gjøre en innspilling av sangen, og det blir en " @@ -5193,7 +5565,7 @@ msgstr "" "innspilling er ikke en \"beskyttet\" høyre. radiostasjonen fÃ¥r dermed pirat " "verdien av madonna's arbeid uten Ã¥ betale henne noe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. " @@ -5208,17 +5580,17 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre dette valget. ved Ã¥ gjøre valg for ham eller henne, gir loven " "radiostasjonen retten til Ã¥ ta noe for ingenting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "Kabel-TV" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "kabel-tv ble ogsÃ¥ født av en form for piratkopiering." #. PAGE BREAK 73 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " @@ -5237,16 +5609,16 @@ msgstr "" "noensinne—napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til " "Ã¥ gi bort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "Anello, Douglas" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "Burdick, Quentin" #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " @@ -5260,7 +5632,7 @@ msgstr "" "federal communications commission)." #. f14 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " @@ -5269,7 +5641,7 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 116 (setning av douglas a. anello, " "sjefsjurist av national association of broadcasters)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -5282,7 +5654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " @@ -5291,20 +5663,19 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 126 (setning av ernest w. jennes, " "sjefsjurist av tilknytningen for maksimal service telecasters, inc.)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" -msgstr "igjen, etterspørselen av rettighetshavere virket fornuftig nok:" +msgstr "Igjen, kravene til opphavsrettsinnehaverne virket rimelige nok:" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " @@ -5315,16 +5686,20 @@ msgstr "" "president i united artists Corporation og john sinn, president i united " "artists TV, inc.)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " "think there is any lesser word to describe it. I think there are harsher " "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Alt vi ber om er en veldig enkel ting, at folk som tar vÃ¥r eiendom gratis " +"betaler for den. Vi forsøker Ã¥ stoppe piratvirksomhet og jeg kan ikke tenke " +"pÃ¥ et svakere ord for Ã¥ beskrive det. Jeg tror det er sterkere ord som " +"ville passe.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." @@ -5332,7 +5707,7 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (vitnemÃ¥l fra Charlton Heston, " "president i Screen Actors Guild)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type=" @@ -5342,7 +5717,7 @@ msgstr "" "Actor's Guild, som \"tok lønna fra skuespillerne\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," @@ -5350,11 +5725,11 @@ msgstr "" "Men igjen, det er en annen side i debatten. Som assisterende justisminister " "Edwin Zimmerman sa det," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "Zimmerman, Edwin" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " @@ -5364,18 +5739,18 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 216 (setning av edwin m. Zimmerman " "fungerende assistent justisministeren)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " -"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"1\"/>" +"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation " +"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." @@ -5383,7 +5758,7 @@ msgstr "" "Opphavsrettinnehaverne tok kabelselskapene til retten. Høyesterett fant to " "ganger at kabelselskaper ikke skyldte opphavsrettinnehaverne noen ting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " @@ -5407,32 +5782,33 @@ msgstr "" "verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " -"Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. " -"\"The threat of piracy—the use of someone else's creative work without " -"permission or compensation—has grown with the Internet.\"" +"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " +"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " +"Information</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #13</ulink>. \"The threat of piracy—the use of someone " +"else's creative work without permission or compensation—has grown with " +"the Internet.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " "creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then every industry affected by copyright " -"today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, " -"records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. " -"Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—" -"until now." +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " +"affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind " +"of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. … The list is long and " +"could well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. " +"Every generation—until now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"Piratvirksomhet\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " @@ -5448,7 +5824,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det." #. PAGE BREAK 76 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " @@ -5465,22 +5841,22 @@ msgstr "" "tvetydig enn outright kopiering og loven skal konto for at tvetydighet som " "det sÃ¥ ofte har gjort i fortiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "piratkopiering jeg" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " -"Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #14</ulink>. See also Ben " -"Hunt, \"Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk,\" Financial Times, 14 " -"February 2003, 11." +"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " +"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " +"July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#14</ulink>. See also Ben Hunt, \"Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk,\" " +"<citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5491,7 +5867,7 @@ msgid "" "billion annually worldwide to piracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " @@ -5503,7 +5879,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne boken, bør trekke i tvil dette enkle punktet: denne piratkopiering er " "galt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. " @@ -5520,7 +5896,7 @@ msgstr "" "hypocritical for oss Ã¥ insistere sÃ¥ sterkt at andre utviklingsland behandle " "feil hva vi, for de første hundre Ã¥r av vÃ¥r eksistens, behandlet som høyre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " @@ -5544,7 +5920,7 @@ msgstr "" "internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt ogsÃ¥." #. PAGE BREAK 77 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. " @@ -5561,23 +5937,23 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "Drahos, Peter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " -"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement " -"obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms " -"for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing " -"countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple " -"industries such as agriculture. Critics of TRIPS question the disparity " -"between burdens imposed upon developing countries and benefits conferred to " -"industrialized nations. TRIPS does permit governments to use patents for " -"public, noncommercial uses without first obtaining the patent holder's " -"permission. Developing nations may be able to use this to gain the benefits " -"of foreign patents at lower prices. This is a promising strategy for " -"developing nations within the TRIPS framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" -"\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " +"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " +"Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual " +"Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates member nations to create " +"administrative and enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property rights, " +"a costly proposition for developing countries. Additionally, patent rights " +"may lead to higher prices for staple industries such as agriculture. Critics " +"of TRIPS question the disparity between burdens imposed upon developing " +"countries and benefits conferred to industrialized nations. TRIPS does " +"permit governments to use patents for public, noncommercial uses without " +"first obtaining the patent holder's permission. Developing nations may be " +"able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign patents at lower prices. " +"This is a promising strategy for developing nations within the TRIPS " +"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "se peter drahos med john braithwaite, informasjon Føydalisme: hvem som eier " "knowledge economy? (new york: ny press, 2003), 10­13, 209. handel-relaterte " @@ -5592,7 +5968,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunne bruke dette for Ã¥ fÃ¥ fordelene med utenlandske patenter til lavere " "priser. Dette er en lovende strategi for utviklingsland rammene turer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5603,20 +5979,21 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " -"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the " -"copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be " -"negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual engaging " -"in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating were not " -"an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances … the impact of " +"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the " +"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the " +"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if " +"pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se " "stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144­" @@ -5626,7 +6003,7 @@ msgstr "" "i pirating ikke ville ha kjøpt en original selv om pirating var ikke en " "alternativet. ibid., 149." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5635,7 +6012,7 @@ msgid "" "otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " @@ -5661,22 +6038,22 @@ msgstr "" "piratkopiering av en konkret." #. PAGE BREAK 78 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " -"right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " -"rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide the terms under " -"which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want to sell, she " -"doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory licenses that " -"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright owner. " -"Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content whether " -"or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not give " -"people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even if " -"the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is " -"properly balanced to the technology of a time, then it is wrong to take " -"property without the permission of a property owner. That is exactly what " -"\"property\" means." +"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property right. " +"Like all property rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide " +"the terms under which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want " +"to sell, she doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory " +"licenses that apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the " +"copyright owner. Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" " +"copyrighted content whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But " +"where the law does not give people the right to take content, it is wrong to " +"take that content even if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property " +"system, and that system is properly balanced to the technology of a time, " +"then it is wrong to take property without the permission of a property " +"owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means." msgstr "" "Dette argumentet er fortsatt veldig svak. men selv om opphavsrett er en " "egenskap høyre i en veldig spesiell sortering, er det en egenskap som er " @@ -5691,11 +6068,27 @@ msgstr "" "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt Ã¥ ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren " "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" +msgstr "GNU/Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Linux operating system" +msgstr "Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Microsoft" +msgstr "Microsoft" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> +msgid "Windows operating system of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Windows" msgstr "Windows" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -5707,10 +6100,12 @@ msgid "" "the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the " "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not " "eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft would " -"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. " @@ -5727,7 +6122,15 @@ msgstr "" "tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre nÃ¥r de blir jurister (og mÃ¥ " "betale høy abonnementsavgift)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Internet Explorer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Netscape" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5738,11 +6141,13 @@ msgid "" "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " -"access, then violating the law is still wrong." +"access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " @@ -5762,7 +6167,7 @@ msgstr "" "endret for Ã¥ tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat " "ut feil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " @@ -5782,7 +6187,7 @@ msgstr "" "har du noensinne utestengt alle \"piratkopiering\" i den forstand av " "begrepet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " @@ -5795,7 +6200,7 @@ msgstr "" "peer-to-peer deling litt mer før vi fordømmer det til galgen med ansvar for " "piratkopiering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " @@ -5808,7 +6213,7 @@ msgstr "" "bare utnytter en ny mÃ¥te Ã¥ distribuere innhold; men det er (3) i motsetning " "til kabel-tv, ingen selger innholdet som er delt pÃ¥ p2p tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " @@ -5818,18 +6223,22 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere samtidig som du gir denne deling til Ã¥ " "overleve." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "piratkopiering ii" #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." -msgstr "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777)." #. PAGE BREAK 80 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -5838,21 +6247,22 @@ msgid "" "alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " -"National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " -"HarperBusiness, 2000). Professor Christensen examines why companies that " -"give rise to and dominate a product area are frequently unable to come up " -"with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This " -"job usually falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology " -"in inventive ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence " -"Lessig, Future, 89–92, 139. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000). Professor Christensen examines " +"why companies that give rise to and dominate a product area are frequently " +"unable to come up with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their " +"own products. This job usually falls to outside innovators, who reassemble " +"existing technology in inventive ways. For a discussion of Christensen's " +"ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89–92, " +"139. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "se clayton m christensen, nyskapers dilemma: revolusjonerende nasjonale " "bestselgeren som endret mÃ¥ten vi gjør forretninger (new york: " @@ -5863,11 +6273,11 @@ msgstr "" "reassemble eksisterende teknologi pÃ¥ oppfinnsomme mÃ¥ter. for en diskusjon av " "Christensens idéer, kan du se lawrence lessig, fremtidige, 89­92, 139." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "Fanning, Shawn" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -5878,15 +6288,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " -"Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " -"Scientist, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures " -"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's Wake-" -"Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at War " -"with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18." +"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; " +"\"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" <citetitle>New Scientist</citetitle>, 6 July " +"2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures New Financing,\" " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's " +"Wake-Up Call,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 24 June 2000, 23; John " +"Naughton, \"Hollywood at War with the Internet\" (London) <citetitle>Times</" +"citetitle>, 26 July 2002, 18." msgstr "" "se carolyn lochhead, \"silicon valley dream, hollywood mareritt\" san " "francisco chronicle, 24 september 2002, a1; \"rock 'n' roll suicide,\" new " @@ -5895,7 +6307,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥kne opp samtalen,\" økonom, 24 juni 2000, 23; John naughton, \"hollywood " "krig med Internett\" (london) ganger, 26 juli 2002, 18." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -5910,13 +6322,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " -"(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " -"older have downloaded music off of the Internet and 30 percent have listened " -"to digital music files stored on their computers." +"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " +"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " +"Americans aged twelve and older have downloaded music off of the Internet " +"and 30 percent have listened to digital music files stored on their " +"computers." msgstr "" "se ipsos-innsikt, tempo: Ã¥ holde tritt med online musikk distribusjon " "(september 2002), rapportering som 28 prosent av amerikanere i alderen tolv " @@ -5924,31 +6337,31 @@ msgstr "" "digitale musikkfiler som er lagret pÃ¥ datamaskinene sine." #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " -"Times, 6 June 2003, A1." +"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" "Amy harmon, \"industri tilbyr en gulrot i online musikk kamp,\" new york " "times, 6. juni 2003 a1." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " "estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of " "Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey " -"by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million " -"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these are not " -"kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is being " -"\"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing " -"networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that they hadn't " -"before." +"by the NPD group quoted in <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> " +"estimated that 43 million citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange " +"content in May 2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast " +"majority of these are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive " +"quantity of content is being \"taken\" on these networks. The ease and " +"inexpensiveness of file-sharing networks have inspired millions to enjoy " +"music in a way that they hadn't before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. " @@ -5966,16 +6379,15 @@ msgstr "" "og hva slags skade det innebærer." #. PAGE BREAK 81 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" -"Fildelerne deler ulike typer innhold. Vi kan derel disse ulike typene inn i " +"Fildelerne deler ulike typer innhold. Vi kan dele disse ulike typene inn i " "fire typer." -#. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " @@ -5984,7 +6396,7 @@ msgid "" "takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available " "for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who " "would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " -"of purchasing." +"of purchasing. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe innhold. " "Derfor, nÃ¥r en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe cd, disse brukerne " @@ -5994,7 +6406,7 @@ msgstr "" "a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " @@ -6014,7 +6426,7 @@ msgstr "" "av musikk som er kjøpt." #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " @@ -6045,7 +6457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " @@ -6055,19 +6467,19 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er opphavsrettslig beskyttet, eller at eieren av " "opphavsretten ønsker Ã¥ gi bort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "Hvordan balanserer disse ulike delingstypene?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " +"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Se Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " +"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -6080,7 +6492,7 @@ msgid "" "around the issue suggests." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " @@ -6096,20 +6508,20 @@ msgstr "" "\"tyveri\", som er \"ødeleggende\" industrien." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " -"Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " -"industry's effort to stigmatize the budding practice of cassette taping in " -"the 1970s, including an advertising campaign featuring a cassette-shape " -"skull and the caption \"Home taping is killing music.\" At the time digital " -"audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a " -"survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten " -"had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology " -"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, OTA-" -"CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), " -"145–56." +"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " +"Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " +"describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding practice of " +"cassette taping in the 1970s, including an advertising campaign featuring a " +"cassette-shape skull and the caption \"Home taping is killing music.\" At " +"the time digital audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical " +"Assessment conducted a survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of " +"consumers older than ten had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. " +"Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, <citetitle>Copyright and Home " +"Copying: Technology Challenges the Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, " +"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), 145–56." msgstr "" "se cap gemini ernst og unge, teknologiutviklingen og music industriens " "business modell krisen (2003), 3. Denne rapporten beskriver musikkbransjens " @@ -6123,7 +6535,7 @@ msgstr "" "cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing office, oktober 1989), 145­" "56." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -6137,22 +6549,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." +msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "amerikanske Kongressen, copyright og hjem kopiering, 4." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " -"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " -"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' … was not the fault " +"of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but " +"had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " "major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " @@ -6160,8 +6572,9 @@ msgid "" "in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that " "inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, " "the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply " -"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A " -"sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of sharing are." +"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also <emphasis>how</" +"emphasis> harmful type A sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of " +"sharing are." msgstr "" "men nettopp fordi industrien var galt før betyr ikke det er galt i dag. Hvis " "du vil evaluere den virkelige trusselen at p2p fildeling presenterer til " @@ -6171,7 +6584,7 @@ msgstr "" "skadelig. spørsmÃ¥let er hvordan skadelige type er ogsÃ¥ en deling, og hvor " "nyttig de andre typene deling er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " @@ -6180,7 +6593,7 @@ msgid "" "sharing exceeds type B. If the record companies sold more records through " "sampling than they lost through substitution, then sharing networks would " "actually benefit music companies on balance. They would therefore have " -"little static reason to resist them." +"little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them." msgstr "" "Vi begynner Ã¥ svare pÃ¥ dette spørsmÃ¥let ved Ã¥ fokusere pÃ¥ netto skade, fra " "standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net skaden" @@ -6190,7 +6603,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettverk ville faktisk fordel musikk bedriftene pÃ¥ balanse. de ville derfor " "ha liten statisk grunn til Ã¥ motstÃ¥ dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " @@ -6202,27 +6615,28 @@ msgstr "" "Lukk." #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #15</ulink>. " -"A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording Industry " -"Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: " -"\"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 " -"percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the " -"United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are " -"down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on " -"U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from " -"a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based " -"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " +"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See " +"Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>Some Facts About Music " +"Piracy</citetitle>, 25 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: \"In the past four years, unit " +"shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion " +"units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the United States (based on units " +"shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are down 14 percent, from $14.6 " +"billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on U.S. dollar value of " +"shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from a $39 billion " +"industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based on U.S. " +"dollar value of shipments).\"" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "Black, Jane" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</" @@ -6232,7 +6646,7 @@ msgstr "" "2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type=" @@ -6244,14 +6658,14 @@ msgid "" "account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the average " "price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could also " -"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, \"The " -"soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You could " -"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"2\"/>" +"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of <citetitle>BusinessWeek</" +"citetitle> notes, \"The soundtrack to the film <citetitle>High Fidelity</" +"citetitle> has a list price of $18.98. You could get the whole movie [on " +"DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " @@ -6267,7 +6681,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. SÃ¥ledes, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble " "lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " @@ -6296,7 +6710,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis, og ennÃ¥ inntekter fra salg falt med bare 6.7 prosent, er det en stor " "forskjell mellom \"nedlasting av sanger og stjele en cd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " @@ -6308,7 +6722,7 @@ msgstr "" "hva verdien produserer det i tillegg til disse kostnadene?" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6318,7 +6732,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6328,41 +6742,41 @@ msgid "" "because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made " "available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the " "publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense " -"to the company to make it available." +"<emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available." msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " -"an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, The Quiet " -"Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book Market (2002), available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Used records " -"accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National Association of " -"Recording Merchandisers, \"2002 Annual Survey Results,\" available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." +"an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The " +"Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. " +"Used records accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National " +"Association of Recording Merchandisers, \"2002 Annual Survey Results,\" " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " "of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the " "content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell " -"this content, even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright " -"owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial " -"entities; their owners make money from the content they sell; but as with " -"cable companies before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the " -"copyright owner for the content they sell." +"this content, <emphasis>even if the content is still under copyright</" +"emphasis>, the copyright owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record " +"stores are commercial entities; their owners make money from the content " +"they sell; but as with cable companies before statutory licensing, they " +"don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "Bernstein, Leonard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " @@ -6387,7 +6801,7 @@ msgstr "" "klassen av innhold som ikke er kommersielt tilgjengelig. Internett gjør det " "tilgjengelig, gjennom felles deling, uten konkurrerer med markedet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " @@ -6403,21 +6817,21 @@ msgstr "" "stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt ogsÃ¥?" #. PAGE BREAK 86 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " "have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing " "clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, " -"for example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, " -"both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his " -"publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great " -"advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and " -"then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would " -"be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing " -"networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better " -"off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" +"for example, released his first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. " +"His (and his publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would " +"be a great advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-" +"line, and then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, " +"they would be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. " +"If sharing networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society " +"are better off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" msgstr "" "til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling " "oppstÃ¥r—deling av innhold som eiere av opphavsretter vil har delt " @@ -6432,7 +6846,7 @@ msgstr "" "sitt arbeid til Ã¥ bli spredt, er bÃ¥de han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye " "bedre av: det er en stor bok!)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " @@ -6445,7 +6859,7 @@ msgstr "" "løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d " "deling, sÃ¥ vi mister noe viktig for Ã¥ beskytte type en innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " @@ -6458,19 +6872,20 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være " "utilgjengelig?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " -"like the piracy I described in chapter 4, much of this piracy is motivated " -"by a new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " -"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, " -"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be " -"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while " -"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The " -"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that " -"balance will be found only with time." +"like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber" +"\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a new way of " +"spreading content caused by changes in the technology of distribution. Thus, " +"consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, radio, the recording " +"industry, and cable TV, the question we should be asking about file sharing " +"is how best to preserve its benefits while minimizing (to the extent " +"possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The question is one of " +"balance. The law should seek that balance, and that balance will be found " +"only with time." msgstr "" "for i motsetning til piratkopiering jeg beskrevet i den første delen av " "dette kapitlet, er mye av \"piratkopiering\" det arkiv deler aktiverer " @@ -6483,7 +6898,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunstnere. spørsmÃ¥let er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og " "denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -6492,17 +6907,17 @@ msgstr "" "bare det du kaller type A-deling?" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</ulink>. For an " -"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, All the " -"Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster (New York: Crown " -"Business, 2003), 269–82." +"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, " +"<citetitle>All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster</" +"citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6514,7 +6929,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " @@ -6537,7 +6952,7 @@ msgstr "" "den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener bare for Ã¥ sikre at det er " "null opphavsrett infringements forÃ¥rsaket av p2p." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " @@ -6555,7 +6970,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen " "ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " @@ -6577,7 +6992,7 @@ msgstr "" "blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har Ã¥ betale dem for kreativitet " "det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte fordel var nok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " @@ -6593,7 +7008,7 @@ msgstr "" "lenge de betalte lovbestemte pris." #. PAGE BREAK 88 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " @@ -6606,8 +7021,8 @@ msgid "" "associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new " "technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' " "content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus " -"Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without giving the past " -"(broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." +"Congress chose a path that would assure <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> " +"without giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." msgstr "" "denne sÃ¥rbarheten, som kompromiss som pÃ¥virker poster og spilleren pianoer, " "servert to viktige mÃ¥l—faktisk to sentrale mÃ¥lene noen opphavsrett " @@ -6622,11 +7037,11 @@ msgstr "" "Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten Ã¥ gi " "siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Betamax" msgstr "Betamax" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " @@ -6652,7 +7067,7 @@ msgstr "" "universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse." #. PAGE BREAK 89 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " @@ -6680,7 +7095,7 @@ msgstr "" "universal ønsket Ã¥ holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt." #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " @@ -6694,23 +7109,23 @@ msgstr "" "america, inc.)." #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475." #. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C." -"D. Cal., 1979)." +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " +"of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." msgstr "" "Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. " "429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." #. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " @@ -6719,7 +7134,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 485 (vitnesbyrd om jack " "valenti)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -6744,16 +7159,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " -"Cir. 1981)." +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " +"of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" -"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 659 f. 2d 963 " -"(9 cir. 1981)." +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. mot <citetitle>Sony " +"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kozinski, Alex" +msgstr "Kozinski, Alex" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6762,13 +7180,13 @@ msgid "" "liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under " "the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology—which Jack " "Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry" -"\" (worse yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film " -"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"\" (worse yet, it was a <emphasis>Japanese</emphasis> Boston Strangler of " +"the American film industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " @@ -6780,16 +7198,15 @@ msgstr "" "intervenere i slike konflikter. som domstol skrev," #. f23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " -"(1984)." +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" -"Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " -"417, 431 (1984)." +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6799,7 +7216,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " @@ -6812,73 +7229,65 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, denne \"tar\" til " "tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -msgid "Table" -msgstr "Tabell" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "CASE" -msgstr "tilfelle" +msgstr "Tilfelle" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" -msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\"" +msgstr "Hvems verdi ble \"røvet\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" -msgstr "Svar til domstolene" +msgstr "Responsen til domstolene" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Recordings" msgstr "Innspillinger" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Composers" msgstr "Komponister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "No protection" msgstr "Ingen beskyttelse" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "lovbestemte lisens" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "Innspillingsartister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "N/A" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Nothing" msgstr "Ingenting" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "Kringkastere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "VCR" msgstr "Videoopptakere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Film creators" msgstr "Filmskapere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " @@ -6886,12 +7295,13 @@ msgid "" "regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress " "imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the " "technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the " -"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U." -"S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the " -"opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, Future, " -"71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,\" University of " -"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. " +"4237, codified at 17 U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not " +"eliminate the opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See " +"Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to " +"the Broadcast Flag,\" <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</" +"citetitle> 70 (2003): 293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "disse er de viktigste forekomstene i vÃ¥r historie, men det finnes andre " "tilfeller ogsÃ¥. teknologi for digital audio tape (dat), for eksempel var " @@ -6904,7 +7314,7 @@ msgstr "" "datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget kringkasting,\" university of chicago " "lov gjennomgÃ¥ 70 (2003): 293­96." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6913,17 +7323,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " -"riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " -"law should assure that the copyright holder get all the value that his " -"copyright created. In every case, the copyright owners complained of " -"\"piracy.\" In every case, Congress acted to recognize some of the " -"legitimacy in the behavior of the \"pirates.\" In each case, Congress " -"allowed some new technology to benefit from content made before. It balanced " -"the interests at stake." +"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " +"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " +"cases did the courts or Congress insist that the law should assure that the " +"copyright holder get all the value that his copyright created. In every " +"case, the copyright owners complained of \"piracy.\" In every case, Congress " +"acted to recognize some of the legitimacy in the behavior of the \"pirates." +"\" In each case, Congress allowed some new technology to benefit from " +"content made before. It balanced the interests at stake." msgstr "" "Ingen av disse tilfellene enten domstoler eller Kongressen eliminere alle " "gratis ridning. Ingen av disse tilfellene gjorde domstoler eller Kongressen " @@ -6934,7 +7344,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for Ã¥ dra nytte av innhold gjort før. " "det balansert interesser pÃ¥ spill." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " @@ -6957,15 +7367,16 @@ msgstr "" "registrere en sang?" #. f25 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, (1984)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6973,12 +7384,12 @@ msgid "" "uses of his work.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Instead, the " "particular uses that the law regulates have been defined by balancing the " "good that comes from granting an exclusive right against the burdens such an " -"exclusive right creates. And this balancing has historically been done after " -"a technology has matured, or settled into the mix of technologies that " -"facilitate the distribution of content." +"exclusive right creates. And this balancing has historically been done " +"<emphasis>after</emphasis> a technology has matured, or settled into the mix " +"of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " @@ -7006,61 +7417,60 @@ msgstr "" "at innovasjon fortsette." #. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " -"Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." +"Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, C3." msgstr "" "John schwartz, \"nye økonomien: angrepet pÃ¥ node-til-node-programvare " "reflekterer forbi innsats,\" new york times, 22 september 2003, c3." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " "efficient in moving content across a widely diverse network. Left to " "develop, they could make the network vastly more efficient. Yet these " -"\"potential public benefits,\" as John Schwartz writes in The New York " -"Times, \"could be delayed in the P2P fight.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Yet when anyone begins to talk about \"balance,\" the copyright " -"warriors raise a different argument. \"All this hand waving about balance " -"and incentives,\" they say, \"misses a fundamental point. Our content,\" the " -"warriors insist, \"is our property. Why should we wait for Congress to " -"`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling the " -"police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress deliberate at " -"all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car thief had a " -"good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" +"\"potential public benefits,\" as John Schwartz writes in <citetitle>The New " +"York Times</citetitle>, \"could be delayed in the P2P fight.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Yet when anyone begins to talk about \"balance," +"\" the copyright warriors raise a different argument. \"All this hand waving " +"about balance and incentives,\" they say, \"misses a fundamental point. Our " +"content,\" the warriors insist, \"is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why " +"should we wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have " +"to wait before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why " +"should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask " +"whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " -"just as any other property is protected.\"" +"\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " +"should be protected just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" -"\"det er vÃ¥r eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ " -"samme mÃ¥te som en annen egenskap er beskyttet." +"\"Det er <emphasis>vÃ¥r eiendom</emphasis>,\" insisterer krigerne. \"og den " +"bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som all annen eiendom er beskyttet.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "\"Eiendom\"" #. PAGE BREAK 94 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " "copyright owner gets to hold out for any price he wants. Markets reckon the " "supply and demand that partially determine the price she can get." msgstr "" -"opphavsrett warriors er rett: opphavsretten er en type bolig. Det kan være " -"eid og solgt, og loven beskytter mot sin tyveri. vanligvis fÃ¥r eieren av " -"opphavsretten til Ã¥ holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner " -"tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan fÃ¥." +"Opphavsretts-krigerne har rett: Opphavsretten er en type eiendom. Den kan " +"eies og selges, og loven beskytter mot at den blir stjÃ¥let. Vanligvis, kan " +"opphavsrettseieren be om hvilken som helst pris som han ønsker. Markeder " +"bestemmer tilbud og etterspørsel som i hvert tilfelle bestemmer prisen hun " +"kan fÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " @@ -7068,9 +7478,10 @@ msgid "" "Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very odd. " "I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your " "backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you " -"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put " -"a picnic table in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying " -"a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" +"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good <emphasis>idea</" +"emphasis> you had to put a picnic table in the backyard—by, for " +"example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting it in my backyard? What " +"is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" "men i vanlig sprÃ¥k, Ã¥ ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt " "misvisende, for copyright-egenskapen er en odde type bolig. selve idéen om " @@ -7082,18 +7493,17 @@ msgstr "" "det jeg tar deretter?" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " -"Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " -"Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." +"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " +"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. " +"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." msgstr "" -"brev fra thomas jefferson til isaac mcpherson (13 august 1813) i skrifter av " -"thomas jefferson, vol. 6 (andrew a. lipscomb og albert ellery bergh, Red., " -"1903), 330, 333­34." +"Brev fra Thomas Jefferson til Isaac McPherson (13. august 1813) i " +"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. " +"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -7108,7 +7518,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " @@ -7122,7 +7532,7 @@ msgstr "" "blir immaterielle eiendom." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " @@ -7130,8 +7540,8 @@ msgid "" "against the world to do or not do certain things that may or may not attach " "to a physical object. The right itself is intangible, even if the object to " "which it is (metaphorically) attached is tangible. See Adam Mossoff, \"What " -"Is Property? Putting the Pieces Back Together,\" Arizona Law Review 45 " -"(2003): 373, 429 n. 241." +"Is Property? Putting the Pieces Back Together,\" <citetitle>Arizona Law " +"Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." msgstr "" "som de juridiske realistene lærte amerikansk lov, er alle " "eiendomsrettigheter immaterielle. egenskapen rett er ganske enkelt en " @@ -7141,7 +7551,7 @@ msgstr "" "se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? Ã¥ sette dem tilbake sammen,\"-arizona " "lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -7149,7 +7559,7 @@ msgid "" "proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " @@ -7169,93 +7579,96 @@ msgstr "" "implikasjoner vil bli avslørt som ganske forskjellig fra implikasjonene at " "opphavsrett krigere ville ha oss til Ã¥ tegne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "Kapittel seks: Grunnleggerne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " -"published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " -"written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and the plays that " -"he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever since. So " -"deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into our culture " -"that we often don't even recognize their source. I once overheard someone " -"commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: \"I liked it, but " -"Shakespeare is so full of clichés.\"" -msgstr "" -"William Shakespeare skrev \"Romeo og Julie\" i 1595. Skuespillet ble først " -"utgitt i 1597. Det var det ellevte store skuespillet Shakespeare hadde " -"skrevet. Han fortsatte Ã¥ skrive skuespill helt til 1613, og stykkene han " -"skrevhar fortsatt Ã¥ definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. SÃ¥ dypt har " -"verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vÃ¥r kultur at vi ofte ikke " -"engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere Kenneth " -"Branaghs utgave av Henry V: \"Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ full av " -"klisjeer.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. " +"The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that " +"Shakespeare had written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and " +"the plays that he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever " +"since. So deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into " +"our culture that we often don't even recognize their source. I once " +"overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: \"I " +"liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.\"" +msgstr "" +"William Shakespeare skrev <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> i 1595. " +"Skuespillet ble først utgitt i 1597. Det var det ellevte store skuespillet " +"Shakespeare hadde skrevet. Han fortsatte Ã¥ skrive skuespill helt til 1613, " +"og stykkene han skrevhar fortsatt Ã¥ definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. " +"SÃ¥ dypt har verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vÃ¥r kultur at vi " +"ofte ikke engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere " +"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: \"Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ " +"full av klisjeer.\"" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " -"handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to Romeo and " -"Juliet, he published an astonishing array of works that still remain at the " -"heart of the English canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben " -"Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, " -"Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31." +"handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to " +"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an astonishing array " +"of works that still remain at the heart of the English canon, including " +"collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. " +"See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" <citetitle>American Scholar</" +"citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgstr "" "Jacob Tonson er vanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-tallets litterære " "storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke\"ferdige versjoner\" av " -"klassiske verk. I tillegg til Romeo og Julie, utga han en utrolig rekke " -"liste av verk som ennÃ¥ er hjertet av den engelske kanon, inkludert de " -"samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og John Dryden. Se " -"Keith Walker: \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): " -"424-­31." +"klassiske verk. I tillegg til <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle>, utga " +"han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennÃ¥ er hjertet av den engelske " +"kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og " +"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" " +"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-­31." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " -"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." msgstr "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " -"Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." #. PAGE BREAK 97 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-" -"right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right of " -"a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called " -"the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled " -"bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a " -"perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired from " -"authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish copies of " -"a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus " -"kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." -msgstr "" -"I 1774, nesten 180 Ã¥r etter at Romeo og Julie ble skrevet, mente mange at " -"\"opphavsretten\" kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i London, John Tonson. " -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson var den mest fremstÃ¥ende av " -"en liten gruppe utgivere kalt \"the Conger\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. " -"The Conger hevdet at de hadde en evigvarende rett over \"kopier\" av bøker " -"de hadde fÃ¥tt av forfatterne. Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen " -"andre kunne publisere kopier av disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske " -"bøker holdt oppe; alle konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, " -"ble fjernet." - -#. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " +"written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " +"exclusive right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of " +"publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who " +"controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger " +"claimed a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had " +"acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could " +"publish copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the " +"classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper " +"editions was eliminated." +msgstr "" +"I 1774, nesten 180 Ã¥r etter at <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> ble " +"skrevet, mente mange at \"opphavsretten\" kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i " +"London, John Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson var " +"den mest fremstÃ¥ende av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt \"the Conger" +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i " +"England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde en " +"evigvarende rett over \"kopier\" av bøker de hadde fÃ¥tt av forfatterne. " +"Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere kopier av " +"disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle " +"konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, ble fjernet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." +"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Aom Siva Vaidhyanathan pent hevder, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette en \"lov " -"om opphavsrett.\" Se vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." +"Som Siva Vaidhyanathan sÃ¥ pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette " +"en \"opphavsrettslov.\" Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " +"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7264,9 +7677,9 @@ msgid "" "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once " "if the author was alive, and that all works already published by 1710 would " "get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in " -"1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control " -"in 1774?" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> should " +"have been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being " +"under Tonson's control in 1774?" msgstr "" "Men altsÃ¥, det er noe spennende med Ã¥ret 1774 for alle som vet litt om " "opphavsretts-lovgivning. Det mest kjente Ã¥ret for opphavsrett er 1710, da " @@ -7275,10 +7688,14 @@ msgstr "" "fjorten Ã¥r, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom forfatteren ennÃ¥ " "levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha en ekstraperiode " "pÃ¥ 22 tillegsÃ¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥ grunn av denne " -"loven, sÃ¥ skulle \"Rome og Julie\" ha falt i det fri i 1731. Hvordan kunne " -"da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?" +"loven, sÃ¥ skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha falt i det fri i " +"1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -7287,42 +7704,44 @@ msgid "" "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier " "for the Crown to control what was published. But after it expired, there " "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an " -"exclusive right to print books." +"exclusive right to print books. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva " +"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennÃ¥ ikke hadde bestemt hva " "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " "engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om " "opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " "av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " "noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " "etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde " -"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " -"Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " -"the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern how people are to " -"behave. We call the words from legislatures \"positive law.\" We call the " -"words from judges \"common law.\" The common law sets the background against " -"which legislatures legislate; the legislature, ordinarily, can trump that " -"background only if it passes a law to displace it. And so the real question " -"after the licensing statutes had expired was whether the common law " -"protected a copyright, independent of any positive law." -msgstr "" -"At det ikke fantes noen positiv lov, betydde ikke at det ikke fantes noen " -"lov. Den anglo-amerikanske juridiske tradisjon ser bÃ¥de til lover skapt av " -"politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover (prejudikater) skapt av " -"domstolene for Ã¥ bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. Vi kaller politikernes " -"lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra dommerne sedvanerett.\"Common " -"law\" angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, " -"vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare hvis det gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ " -"forskyve den. Og sÃ¥ var det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let etter lisensiering lover " -"hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket " -"positiv." +"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " +"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " +"of legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern " +"how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures \"positive law." +"\" We call the words from judges \"common law.\" The common law sets the " +"background against which legislatures legislate; the legislature, " +"ordinarily, can trump that background only if it passes a law to displace " +"it. And so the real question after the licensing statutes had expired was " +"whether the common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive " +"law." +msgstr "" +"At det ikke fantes noen <emphasis>positiv</emphasis> lov, betydde ikke at " +"det ikke fantes noen lov. Den anglo-amerikanske juridiske tradisjon ser bÃ¥de " +"til lover skapt av politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover " +"(prejudikater) skapt av domstolene for Ã¥ bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. " +"Vi kaller politikernes lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra " +"dommerne sedvanerett.\"Common law\" angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes " +"lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare " +"hvis det gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ forskyve den. Og sÃ¥ var det virkelige " +"spørsmÃ¥let etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet " +"opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket positiv." #. PAGE BREAK 98 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. " @@ -7340,7 +7759,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i \"Statute of " "Anne\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -7355,39 +7774,40 @@ msgstr "" "dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av " "hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne hadde tenkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " -"limit they set, but why would they limit the right at all?" +"limit they set, but why would they limit the right <emphasis>at all?</" +"emphasis>" msgstr "" "Men nÃ¥ det mest interessante med dette: Hvorfor ville parlamentet begrense " "trykkeretten? SprøsmÃ¥let er ikke hvorfor de bestemte seg for denne perioden, " -"men hvorfor ville de begrense den i det hele tatt?" +"men hvorfor ville de begrense retten <emphasis>i det hele tatt?</emphasis>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " -"strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " -"Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into the world. He didn't " -"take anybody's property when he created this play (that's a controversial " -"claim, but never mind), and by his creating this play, he didn't make it any " -"harder for others to craft a play. So why is it that the law would ever " -"allow someone else to come along and take Shakespeare's play without his, or " -"his estate's, permission? What reason is there to allow someone else to " -"\"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" +"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " +"That play was written by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into " +"the world. He didn't take anybody's property when he created this play " +"(that's a controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating this " +"play, he didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So why is it " +"that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and take " +"Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What reason is " +"there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" msgstr "" "Bokhandlerne, og forfatterne som de representerte, hadde et veldig sterkt " -"krav. Ta romeo og Julie som et eksempel: Skuespillet ble skrevet av " -"Shakespeare. Det var hans kreativitet som brakte det til verden. Han krenket " -"ikke noens rett da han skrev dette verket (det er en kontroversiell " -"pÃ¥standen, men det er urelevant), og med sin egen rett skapte han verket, " -"han gjorde det ikke noe vanskeligere for andre til Ã¥ lage skuespill. SÃ¥ " -"hvorfor skulle loven tillate at noen annen kunne komme og ta Shakespeares " -"verkuten hans, eller hans arvingers, tillatelse? Hvilke grunner finnes for Ã¥ " -"tillate at noen \"stjeler\" Shakespeares verk?" +"krav. Ta <citetitle>romeo og Julie</citetitle> som et eksempel: Skuespillet " +"ble skrevet av Shakespeare. Det var hans kreativitet som brakte det til " +"verden. Han krenket ikke noens rett da han skrev dette verket (det er en " +"kontroversiell pÃ¥standen, men det er urelevant), og med sin egen rett skapte " +"han verket, han gjorde det ikke noe vanskeligere for andre til Ã¥ lage " +"skuespill. SÃ¥ hvorfor skulle loven tillate at noen annen kunne komme og ta " +"Shakespeares verkuten hans, eller hans arvingers, tillatelse? Hvilke grunner " +"finnes for Ã¥ tillate at noen \"stjeler\" Shakespeares verk?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. " @@ -7398,7 +7818,7 @@ msgstr "" "Deretter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med bokhandlerne." #. PAGE BREAK 99 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -7406,10 +7826,10 @@ msgid "" "as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others from reprinting a " "book. In 1710, the \"copy-right\" was a right to use a particular machine to " "replicate a particular work. It did not go beyond that very narrow right. It " -"did not control any more generally how a work could be used. Today the right " -"includes a large collection of restrictions on the freedom of others: It " -"grants the author the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to " -"distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on." +"did not control any more generally how a work could be <emphasis>used</" +"emphasis>. Today the right includes a large collection of restrictions on " +"the freedom of others: It grants the author the exclusive right to copy, the " +"exclusive right to distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on." msgstr "" "Først om opphavsretten. I de siste tre hundre Ã¥r har vi kommet til Ã¥ bruke " "begrepet \"copyright\" i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke sÃ¥ " @@ -7417,12 +7837,13 @@ msgstr "" "svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre Ã¥ reprodusere en " "bok. I 1710 var \"kopi-rett\" en rett til Ã¥ bruke en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ " "replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover dette svært smale " -"formÃ¥let. Denkontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne brukes. " -"Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av restriksjoner pÃ¥ andres frihet: " -"den gir forfatteren eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " -"distribuere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ fremføre, og sÃ¥ videre." +"formÃ¥let. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne " +"<emphasis>brukes</emphasis>. Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av " +"restriksjoner pÃ¥ andres frihet: den gir forfatteren eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ fremføre, og " +"sÃ¥ videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7441,7 +7862,7 @@ msgstr "" "lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. \"Kopi-retten\" var bare en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " "trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -7465,7 +7886,7 @@ msgstr "" "oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende " "monopolet pÃ¥ publisering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -7483,15 +7904,15 @@ msgstr "" "skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " -"York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." +"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " +"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" -"Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " -"York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." +"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " +"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. " "It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " @@ -7515,7 +7936,7 @@ msgstr "" "derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig." "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7529,7 +7950,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskap burde være gratis er et kjennetegn for tiden, og disse kraftige " "kommersielle interesser forstyrret denne idéen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7550,7 +7971,7 @@ msgstr "" "Begrensninger med dato var en indirekte mÃ¥te Ã¥ skape konkurranse mellom " "utgivere, og slik en skapelse og spredning av kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7567,7 +7988,7 @@ msgstr "" "1737 de prøvde Ã¥ tvinge Parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide periodene. Tjueen Ã¥r var " "ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7576,25 +7997,18 @@ msgstr "" "idag," #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " "Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by " "Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such " "Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici " -"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) " -"(No. 01-618)." +"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." msgstr "" -"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " -"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " -"Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by " -"Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such " -"Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici " -"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) " -"(No. 01-618)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7611,7 +8025,7 @@ msgstr "" "forfatterne, men en stor avgift for folket; og alt dette kun for Ã¥ øke " "bokhandlernes personlige rikdom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7638,44 +8052,46 @@ msgstr "" "publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om \"Statute of Anne\" sa at de var " "falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." -#. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " -"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " +"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " +"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " -"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " +"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For en " +"fantastisk overbevisende fortelling, se Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " -"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . " -"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." +"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " +"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat " "for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the " "author's work gave." msgstr "" "Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende " "jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som " -"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne ... like bekymret " -"for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes rettigheter. " -"Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk ga." +"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne … like " +"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes " +"rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk " +"ga." #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " -"(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." +"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " +"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" -"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " -"(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." +"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " +"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7686,24 +8102,28 @@ msgstr "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " -"92." +"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " +"University Press, 1993), 92." msgstr "" -"Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " -"92." +"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " +"University Press, 1993), 92." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "Ibid., 93." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Boswell, James" +msgstr "Boswell, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "Erskine, Andrew" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -7713,7 +8133,8 @@ msgid "" "Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young " "James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an " "anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons \"the Conger\". Han startet in karriere " "i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av standardverk " @@ -7722,18 +8143,19 @@ msgstr "" "litterære skotter.\" \"Blant dem,\" skriver professor Mark Rose, var \"den " "unge James Boswell som, sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en " "hel antologi av skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " -"Borwell)." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " -"Borwell)." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7751,28 +8173,29 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være \"Statute of Anne\", var falt i det " "fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " -"the most important early victory being Millar v. Taylor." +"the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." msgstr "" "Londons bokselgere begynte straks Ã¥ slÃ¥ ned mot \"pirater\" som Donaldson. " "Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren i kampen " -"mellom Millar og Taylor." +"mellom <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " -"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " -"1152." +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</" +"citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." msgstr "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " -"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " -"1152." +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</" +"citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -7788,7 +8211,7 @@ msgstr "" "han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva \"Statute of Anne" "\" sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7809,7 +8232,7 @@ msgstr "" "publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem." #. PAGE BREAK 103 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—" @@ -7832,7 +8255,7 @@ msgstr "" "rimelig tid. Storbritannia skulle vokse fra den kontrollerte kulturen under " "kronen, inn i en fri og Ã¥pen kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." @@ -7840,54 +8263,56 @@ msgstr "" "Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare \"Statute of Anne\"s begrensninger sluttet uansett " "ikke der, for nÃ¥ kommer Donaldson." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "Beckett, Thomas" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "Ibid., 1156." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " "unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the " -"decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. Donaldson appealed " -"the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme " -"Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance to interpret the " -"meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before." +"decision in <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>, got an injunction against " +"Donaldson. Donaldson appealed the case to the House of Lords, which " +"functioned much like our own Supreme Court. In February of 1774, that body " +"had the chance to interpret the meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty " +"years before." msgstr "" "Millar døde kort tid etter sin seier. Boet hans solgte rettighetene over " "Thomsons dikt til et syndikat av utgivere, deriblant Thomas Beckett." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Da ga Donaldson ut en uautorisert " -"utgave av Thomsons verk. Etter avgjørelsen i Millar-saken, gikk Beckett til " -"sak mot Donaldson. Donaldson tok saken inn for Overhuset, som da fungerte " -"som en slags høyesterett. I februar 1774 hadde dette organet muligheten til " -"Ã¥ tolke Parlamentets mening med utøpsdatoen fra seksti Ã¥r før." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " -"attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " -"rights may have existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne terminated " -"those rights. After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only legal " -"protection for an exclusive right to control publication came from that " -"statute. Thus, they argued, after the term specified in the Statute of Anne " -"expired, works that had been protected by the statute were no longer " -"protected." -msgstr "" -"Rettssaken Donaldson mot Beckett fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele " -"Storbritannia. Donaldsons advokater mente at selv om det før fantes en del " -"rettigheter i sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av \"Statute of Anne\". " -"Etter at \"Statute of Anne\" var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige " -"beskyttelse for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d med " -"vilkÃ¥rene i \"Statute of Anne\", falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort " -"beskyttelsesperioden var over." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"utgave av Thomsons verk. Etter avgjørelsen i <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>-" +"saken, gikk Beckett til sak mot Donaldson. Donaldson tok saken inn for " +"Overhuset, som da fungerte som en slags høyesterett. I februar 1774 hadde " +"dette organet muligheten til Ã¥ tolke Parlamentets mening med utøpsdatoen fra " +"seksti Ã¥r før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " +"throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever rights may have " +"existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne terminated those rights. " +"After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only legal protection for an " +"exclusive right to control publication came from that statute. Thus, they " +"argued, after the term specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that " +"had been protected by the statute were no longer protected." +msgstr "" +"Rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Beckett</" +"citetitle> fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele Storbritannia. Donaldsons " +"advokater mente at selv om det før fantes en del rettigheter i " +"sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av \"Statute of Anne\". Etter at " +"\"Statute of Anne\" var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse " +"for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d med vilkÃ¥rene i " +"\"Statute of Anne\", falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort beskyttelsesperioden var over." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -7901,7 +8326,7 @@ msgstr "" "Overhuset." #. PAGE BREAK 104 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7918,96 +8343,99 @@ msgstr "" "hadde tolket sedvaneretten, var nÃ¥ kopiretten begrenset til en periode, og " "etter denne ville verket falle i det fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "Bacon, Francis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "Bunyan, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "Johnson, Samuel" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "Milton, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "Shakespeare, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " -"clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " -"argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public " -"domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal " -"control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " -"history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " -"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" -msgstr "" -"\"Å falle i det fri\". Før rettssaken Donaldson mot Beckett var det ingen " -"klar oppfatning om hva Ã¥ falle i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en " -"allmenn oppfatning om at kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble " -"Public Domain født.For første gang i angloamerikansk historie var den " -"lovlige beskyttelsen av et verk utgÃ¥tt, og de største verk i engelsk " -"historie - inkludert Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan - var " -"frie. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " +"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " +"domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong argument that common law " +"copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public domain was born. For the " +"first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control over creative works " +"expired, and the greatest works in English history—including those of " +"Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan—were free of legal " +"restraint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"\"Å falle i det fri\". Før rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot " +"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> var det ingen klar oppfatning om hva Ã¥ falle " +"i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en allmenn oppfatning om at " +"kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble Public Domain født.For første " +"gang i angloamerikansk historie var den lovlige beskyttelsen av et verk " +"utgÃ¥tt, og de største verk i engelsk historie - inkludert Shakespeare, " +"Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan - var frie. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "Rose, 97." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " "of the \"pirate publishers\" did their work, people celebrated the decision " -"in the streets. As the Edinburgh Advertiser reported, \"No private cause has " -"so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none has been tried " -"before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were " -"interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary " -"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"in the streets. As the <citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> reported, " +"\"No private cause has so much engrossed the attention of the public, and " +"none has been tried before the House of Lords in the decision of which so " +"many individuals were interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon " +"victory over literary property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Vi kan knapt forestille oss det, men denne avgjørelsen fra Overhuset fyrte " "opp under en svært populær og politisk reaksjon. I Skottland, hvor de fleste " "piratugiverne hadde holdt til, ble avgjørelsen feiret i gatene. Som " -"Edinburgh Advertiser skrev \"Ingen privatsak har noen gang fÃ¥tt slik " -"oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt prøvet i Overhuset har " -"interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.\" \"Stor glede i Edinburgh etter " -"seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev \"Ingen privatsak har noen " +"gang fÃ¥tt slik oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt prøvet i " +"Overhuset har interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.\" \"Stor glede i " +"Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " -"strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" +"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</" +"citetitle> reported:" msgstr "" "I London, ihvertfall blant utgiverne, var reaksjonen like sterk, men i " -"motsatt retning. Morning Chronicle skrev:" +"motsatt retning. <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle> skrev:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " -"purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " -"reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many of whom " -"sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner ruined, and " -"those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a competency " -"to provide for their families now find themselves without a shilling to " -"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " +"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " +"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many " +"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner " +"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a " +"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a " +"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen ... er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som er " -"blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " +"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen … er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som " +"er blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " "redusert til ingenting. Bokselgerne i London og Westminster, mange av dem " "har solgt hus og eiendom for Ã¥ kjøpe kopirettigheter, er med ett ruinerte, " "og mange som gjennom mange Ã¥r har opparbeidet kompetanse for Ã¥ brødfø " @@ -8015,85 +8443,83 @@ msgstr "" "id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 105 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " "the booksellers could no longer control how culture in England would grow " -"and develop. Culture in England was thereafter free. Not in the sense that " -"copyrights would not be respected, for of course, for a limited time after a " -"work was published, the bookseller had an exclusive right to control the " -"publication of that book. And not in the sense that books could be stolen, " -"for even after a copyright expired, you still had to buy the book from " -"someone. But free in the sense that the culture and its growth would no " -"longer be controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market " -"does, this free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and " -"producers chose. English culture would develop as the many English readers " -"chose to let it develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; " -"chose in the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive " -"context, not a context in which the choices about what culture is available " -"to people and how they get access to it are made by the few despite the " -"wishes of the many." +"and develop. Culture in England was thereafter <emphasis>free</emphasis>. " +"Not in the sense that copyrights would not be respected, for of course, for " +"a limited time after a work was published, the bookseller had an exclusive " +"right to control the publication of that book. And not in the sense that " +"books could be stolen, for even after a copyright expired, you still had to " +"buy the book from someone. But <emphasis>free</emphasis> in the sense that " +"the culture and its growth would no longer be controlled by a small group of " +"publishers. As every free market does, this free market of free culture " +"would grow as the consumers and producers chose. English culture would " +"develop as the many English readers chose to let it develop— chose in " +"the books they bought and wrote; chose in the memes they repeated and " +"endorsed. Chose in a <emphasis>competitive context</emphasis>, not a context " +"in which the choices about what culture is available to people and how they " +"get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many." msgstr "" "Ruinert er en overdrivelse. Men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ si at endringen " "var stor. Vedtaket fra Overhuset betydde at bokhandlerne ikke lenger kunnen " "kontrollere hvordan kulturen i England ville vokse og utvikle seg. Kulturen " -"i England var etter dette fri. Ikke i den betydning at kopiretten ble " -"ignorert, for utgiverne hadde i en begrenset periode rett over trykkingen. " -"Og heller ikke i den betydningen at bøker kunne stjeles, for selv etter at " -"boken var falt i det fri, sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte den kjøpes. Men i den betydningen at " -"kulturen og dens vekst ikke lenger var kontrollert av en liten gruppe " -"utgivere. Som alle frie markeder, ville dette markedet vokse og utvikle seg " -"etter tilbud og etterspørsel. Den engelske kulturen ble nÃ¥ formet slik " -"flertallet Englands lesere ville at det skulle formes - gjennom valget av " -"hva de kjøpte og skrev, gjennom valget av *memes* de gjentok og beundret. " -"Valg i en konkurrerende sammenheng, ikke der hvor valgene var om hvilken " -"kultur som skulle være tilgjengelig for folket og hvor deres tilgang til den " -"ble styrt av noen fÃ¥, pÃ¥ tros av flertallets ønsker." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"i England var etter dette <emphasis>fri</emphasis>. Ikke i den betydning at " +"kopiretten ble ignorert, for utgiverne hadde i en begrenset periode rett " +"over trykkingen. Og heller ikke i den betydningen at bøker kunne stjeles, " +"for selv etter at boken var falt i det fri, sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte den kjøpes. Men " +"<emphasis>fri</emphasis> i betydningen at kulturen og dens vekst ikke lenger " +"var kontrollert av en liten gruppe utgivere. Som alle frie markeder, ville " +"dette markedet vokse og utvikle seg etter tilbud og etterspørsel. Den " +"engelske kulturen ble nÃ¥ formet slik flertallet Englands lesere ville at det " +"skulle formes - gjennom valget av hva de kjøpte og skrev, gjennom valget av " +"*memes* de gjentok og beundret. Valg i en <emphasis>konkurrerende " +"sammenheng</emphasis>, ikke der hvor valgene var om hvilken kultur som " +"skulle være tilgjengelig for folket og hvor deres tilgang til den ble styrt " +"av noen fÃ¥, pÃ¥ tros av flertallets ønsker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " "Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less protected." msgstr "" -"Til sist, dette var en verden hvor Parlamentet var anitmonopolistisk, og " -"holdt stand mot utgivernes krav. I en verden hvor Parlamentet er mer " -"medgjørlig, vil den frie kultur være mindre beskyttet." +"Til sist, dette var en verden hvor Parlamentet var antimonopolistisk, og " +"holdt stand mot utgivernes krav. I en verden hvor parlamentet er lett Ã¥ " +"pÃ¥virke, vil den frie kultur være mindre beskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "Kapittel sju: Innspillerne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " "myself, I envy the loyalty and admiration that his students feel for him. (I " "met, by accident, two of his students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" msgstr "" -"Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har " -"vært svært vellykket i Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, og som lærer " -"meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for " -"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. " -"Han var deres Gud)." +"Jon Else er en filmskaper. Han er mest kjent for sine dokumentarer og har pÃ¥ " +"ypperlig vis klart Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, som meg selv, og " +"jeg misunner den lojaliteten og beundringen hans studenter har for ham. (Ved " +"et uhell møtte jeg to av hans studenter i et middagsselskap og han var deres " +"Gud.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" -"Ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar som jeg var involvert i. pÃ¥ en pause, han " -"fortalte meg en historie om frihet Ã¥ opprette med film i Amerika i dag." +"Else arbeidet med en dokumentarfilm hvor ogsÃ¥ jeg var involvert. I en pause " +"sÃ¥ fortalte han meg om hvordan det kunne være Ã¥ skape film i dagens Amerika." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "San Francisco Opera" -msgstr "" +msgstr "San Francisco Opera" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -8102,66 +8528,64 @@ msgid "" "make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i 1990, ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar om wagner's ring syklus. fokus var " -"stagehands ved san francisco opera. stagehands er et spesielt morsom og " -"fargerike element i en opera. under fremvisningen henger de nedenfor scenen " -"i fatt lounge og i loft belysning. de gjør en perfekt kontrast til kunst pÃ¥ " -"scenen." +"I 1990 arbeidet Else med en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Fokuset var pÃ¥ " +"*stagehands* pÃ¥ San Francisco Opera. Stagehands er spesielt morsomt og " +"fargerikt innslag i en opera. I løpet av forestillingen oppholder de seg " +"blant publikum og pÃ¥ lysloftet. De er en perfekt kontrast til kunsten pÃ¥ " +"scenen.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 107 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " "television set, while the stagehands played checkers and the opera company " -"played Wagner, was The Simpsons. As Else judged it, this touch of cartoon " -"helped capture the flavor of what was special about the scene." +"played Wagner, was <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. As Else judged it, " +"this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special about " +"the scene." msgstr "" -"under en av forestillinger, var ellers skyting noen stagehands spille " -"brikker. i et hjørne av rommet var en TV-apparatet. spille pÃ¥ TV-apparatet, " -"mens stagehands spilte brikker og opera selskapet spilte wagner, var " -"simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av " -"det som var spesielt med scenen." +"Under en forestilling, filmet Else noen stagehands som spilte *checkers*. I " +"et hjørne av rommet stod det et fjernsynsapparat. PÃ¥ fjernsynet, mens " +"forestillingen pÃ¥gikk og operakompaniet spilte Wagner, gikk <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle>. Slik Else sÃ¥ det, sÃ¥ hjalp dette tegnefilm-innslaget " +"med Ã¥ fange det spesielle med scenen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " -"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " -"course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and of course, to use copyrighted " -"material you need the permission of the copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" " -"or some other privilege applies." -msgstr "" -"Ã¥r senere, nÃ¥r han til slutt fikk finansiering for Ã¥ fullføre filmen, ellers " -"forsøkte Ã¥ tømme rettighetene for de noen sekunder av simpsons. for " -"selvfølgelig, er de fÃ¥ sekunder opphavsrettsbeskyttet; og selvfølgelig, hvis " -"du vil bruke opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale du trenger tillatelse fra " -"eieren av opphavsretten, med mindre \"fair use\" eller noen andre " -"privilegium gjelder." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle>. For of course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and " +"of course, to use copyrighted material you need the permission of the " +"copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" or some other privilege applies." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ noen Ã¥r senere, da han endelig hadde fÃ¥tt ordnet den siste " +"finansieringen, ville Else skaffe rettigheter til Ã¥ bruke disse fÃ¥ sekundene " +"med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse fÃ¥ sekundene var selvsagt " +"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og for Ã¥ bruke beskyttet materiale mÃ¥ man ha " +"tillatelse fra eieren, dersom det ikke er \"rimelig bruk\" eller det " +"foreligger spesielle avtaler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gracie Films" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Gracie Films" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " -"Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " -"tiny television set in the corner of the room. How could it hurt? Groening " -"was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, " -"the company that produces the program. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " +"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-" +"halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the room. How " +"could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else " +"to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. " -"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en " -"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade " -"for Ã¥ ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for Ã¥ kontakte gracie films, " -"firmaet som lager programmet." +"Else kontaktet <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-skaper Matt Groenings kontor " +"for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. Og Groening gav ham det. Det var tross alt kun snakk om " +"fire og et halvt sekund pÃ¥ et lite fjernsyn, bakerst i et hjørne av rommet. " +"Hvordan kunne det skade? Groening var glad for Ã¥ fÃ¥ ha det med i filmen, men " +"han ba Else om Ã¥ kontakte Gracie Films, firmaet som produserer programmet." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -8170,170 +8594,178 @@ msgid "" "just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Gracie films var bra med den, ogsÃ¥, men de, som groening, ønsket Ã¥ være " -"forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " -"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av " -"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var " -"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +"Gracie Films sa ogsÃ¥ at det var greit, men de, slik som Groening, ønsket Ã¥ " +"være forsiktige, og ba Else om Ã¥ kontakte Fox, konsernet som eide Gracie. Og " +"Else kontaktet Fox og forklarte situasjonen; at det var snakk om et klipp i " +"hjørnet i bakgrunnen i ett rom i filmen. Matt Groening hadde allerede gitt " +"sin tillatelse, sa Else. Han ville bare fÃ¥ det avklart med Fox.<placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " -"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered … " +"that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that " +"someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " "\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-" -"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the " -"corner of the shot.\"" +"point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" -"deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi " -"oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering— eller i " -"det minste at noen [pÃ¥ fox] mener han ikke eier sin egen etableringen. \"og " -"andre fox\"ville ti tusen dollar som en lisenskostnader avgift for oss Ã¥ " -"bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i " -"hjørnet av skutt.\"" +"Deretter, fortalte Else: \"skjedde to ting. Først oppdaget vi … at " +"Matt Groening ikke eide sitt eget verk — ihvertfall at noen [hos Fox] " +"trodde at han ikke eide sitt eget verk.\" Som det andre krevde Fox \"ti " +"tusen dollar i lisensavgift for disse fire og et halvt sekundene med " +"… fullstendig tilfeldig <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle> som var i et " +"hjørne i ett opptak.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " -"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. . . . We're asking for your " +"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for your " "educational rate on this.\" That was the educational rate, Herrera told " "Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he had been told." msgstr "" -"Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han jobbet seg opp noen trodde han " -"var vice president for lisensiering, rebecca herrera. Han forklarte henne, " -"\"det mÃ¥ være noen feil her.... Vi ber om din pedagogisk rate pÃ¥ dette.\"det " -"var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller sÃ¥ senere, ellers " -"kalles pÃ¥ nytt for Ã¥ bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt." +"Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han fikk tak i noen som han trodde " +"var nestleder for lisensiering, Rebecca Herrera. Han forklarte for henne at " +"\"det mÃ¥ være en feil her … Vi ber deg om en utdanningssats pÃ¥ dette." +"\" Og de hadde fÃ¥tt utdanningssats, fortalte Herrera. Kort tid etter ringte " +"Else igjen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ dette bekreftet." #. PAGE BREAK 108 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " -"of The Simpsons in the corner of a shot in a documentary film about Wagner's " -"Ring Cycle. And then, astonishingly, Herrera told Else, \"And if you quote " -"me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys.\" As an assistant to Herrera told " -"Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They just want the money.\"" +"of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> in the corner of a shot in a " +"documentary film about Wagner's Ring Cycle. And then, astonishingly, Herrera " +"told Else, \"And if you quote me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys.\" As " +"an assistant to Herrera told Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They " +"just want the money.\"" msgstr "" -"\"jeg ønsket Ã¥ sikre at jeg hadde min fakta rett,\" sa han til meg. \"Ja, du " -"har din fakta rett,\" sa hun. det ville koste $ 10 000 for Ã¥ bruke klippet " -"av simpsons i hjørnet av et skudd i en dokumentarfilm om wagner's ring " -"syklus. og deretter astonishingly, herrera fortalte annet \"og hvis du " -"siterer meg, vil jeg slÃ¥ deg til vÃ¥re advokater.\" som assistent for herrera " -"fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\"" +"\"Jeg mÃ¥tte være sikker pÃ¥ at jeg hadde riktige opplysninger foran meg,\" sa " +"han. \"Ja, du har riktige opplysninger,\" sa hun. Det ville koste $10 000 Ã¥ " +"bruke dette lille klippet av <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>, plassert " +"bakerst i et hjørne i en scene i en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om " +"det ikke var nok, forbløffet Herrera Else med Ã¥ si \"Og om du siterer meg, " +"vil du høre fra vÃ¥re advokater.\" En av Herreras assistenter fortalte Else " +"at \"De bryr seg ikke i det heletatt. Alt de vil ha er pengene.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Day After Trinity, The" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " "reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last " "minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot " -"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, The Day After Trinity, " -"from ten years before. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day " +"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"ellers har ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe retten til Ã¥ spille hva spilte pÃ¥ TV " -"backstage ved san francisco opera. Hvis du vil gjenskape denne virkeligheten " -"var utenfor den dokumentar filmskaper budsjett. i svært siste øyeblikk før " -"filmen var Ã¥ bli befridd, erstattet ellers digitalt skutt med et utklipp fra " -"en annen film som han hadde jobbet pÃ¥, dagen etter trinity, fra ti Ã¥r før." +"Men Else hadde ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe lisens for klippet. SÃ¥ Ã¥ gjenskape " +"denne delen av virkeligheten, lÃ¥ langt utenfor hans budsjett. Like før " +"dokumentaren skulle slippes, redigerte Else inn et annet klipp pÃ¥ " +"fjernsynet, et klipp fra en av hans andre filmer <citetitle>The Day After " +"Trinity</citetitle> fra ti Ã¥r tidligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " -"copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " -"copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the permission of the copyright " -"owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of the Simpsons copyright were " -"one of the uses restricted by the law, then he would need to get the " -"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. " -"And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the " -"price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control." -msgstr "" -"Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten " -"til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for Ã¥ bruke at " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale sÃ¥ledes noen ganger krever tillatelse fra " -"eieren av opphavsretten. Hvis Bruk som ellers ville være av simpsons " -"opphavsrett var en av de bruker begrenset av loven, ville han trenger Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten før han kunne bruke arbeidet pÃ¥ den " -"mÃ¥ten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan " -"angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren fÃ¥r kontroll." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " -"copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " -"episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come see \"My " -"Favorite Simpsons,\" then you need to get permission from the copyright " -"owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she " -"wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law." -msgstr "" -"\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " -"opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " -"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til Ã¥ komme se \"min favoritt simpsons" -"\", mÃ¥ du fÃ¥ tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " -"rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun " -"ønsker—$ 10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av " +"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " +"property. To use that copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the " +"permission of the copyright owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of " +"the <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> copyright were one of the uses " +"restricted by the law, then he would need to get the permission of the " +"copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. And in a free " +"market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the price for any " +"use that the law says the owner gets to control." +msgstr "" +"Det er ingen tvil om at noen, enten det er er Matt Groening eller Fox, eier " +"rettighetene til <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Rettighetene er deres " +"eiendom. For Ã¥ bruke beskyttet mteriale, kreves det ofte at men fÃ¥r " +"tillatelse fra eieren eller eierne. Dersom Else ønsket Ã¥ bruke " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> til noe hvor loven gir verket " +"beskyttelse, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ han innhente tillatelse fra eieren før han kan bruke det. " +"Og i et fritt markes er det eieren som bestemmer hvor mye han/hun vil ta for " +"hvilken som helst bruk (hvor loven krever tillatelse fra eier)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</" +"citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection " +"of favorite episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come " +"see \"My Favorite <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>,\" then you need to get " +"permission from the copyright owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my " +"view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her " +"right, as set by the law." +msgstr "" +"For eksempel \"offentlig fremvisning\"* av <citetitle>The Simpson</" +"citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. Dersom du " +"velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger billetter til " +"\"Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter\", sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du ha tillatelse " +"fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med rette, slik jeg ser " +"det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er hans rett ifølge " "loven." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " -"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred " -"\" (draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August " -"2003." +"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>\" (draft on file with author), University of " +"Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." msgstr "" -"Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at " -"jurister ikke tillater anerkjennelse som det er \"rettferdig bruk,\" se " -"richard a. posner med william f. patry, \"rettferdig bruk og lovbestemte " -"reform i kjølvannet av eldred\" (utkast pÃ¥ filen med forfatteren), " -"university of chicago law school, 5 august 2003." +"Ønsker du Ã¥ lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er \"fair use\", og " +"hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, sÃ¥ les Richard A. Posner og William " +"F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> \" (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), University of Chicago Law " +"School, 5. august 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " -"4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a Simpsons episode is clearly a fair use " -"of The Simpsons—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." +"4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> episode " +"is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>—and fair " +"use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r jurister hører denne historien om Jon Else og Fox, sÃ¥ er deres " +"første tanke \"rimelig bruk\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel pÃ¥ \"rimelig bruk\" av " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og \"rimelig bruk\" krever ingen " +"tillatelse fra noen." #. PAGE BREAK 109 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole pÃ¥ \"rettferdig bruk.\" her " -"annet hans svar:" +"SÃ¥ jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte pÃ¥ \"fair use\". Og her " +"er hans svar:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " -"lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " -"relevant in practice to those of us actually trying to make and broadcast " -"documentaries. I never had any doubt that it was \"clearly fair use\" in an " -"absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the concept in any concrete " -"way. Here's why:" +"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " +"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " +"is crushingly relevant in practice to those of us actually trying to make " +"and broadcast documentaries. I never had any doubt that it was \"clearly " +"fair use\" in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the concept in " +"any concrete way. Here's why:" msgstr "" -"simpsons fiasco var for meg en fin leksjon i avgrunnen mellom hvilket " -"advokater finne irrelevant i noen abstrakt forstand, og hva er crushingly " -"relevant i praksis for de av oss faktisk prøver Ã¥ gjøre og kringkaste " -"dokumentarer. Jeg har aldri hatt noen tvil om at det var \"klart fair use\" " -"i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ " -"noen konkret mÃ¥te. Her er hvorfor:" +"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-fiaskoen lærte meg om hvor stor avstand det " +"var mellom det jurister finner urelevant pÃ¥ en abstrakt mÃ¥te, og hva som er " +"knusende relevant pÃ¥ en konkret mÃ¥te for oss som prøver Ã¥ lage og kringkaste " +"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri pÃ¥ at dette helt klart var \"rimelig bruk\", " +"men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ noen konkret mÃ¥te. Og dette er " +"grunnen:" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet" @@ -8341,65 +8773,64 @@ msgid "" "take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the " "application process to a halt." msgstr "" -"før vÃ¥r filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og " -"utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" " -"liste over kilden og lisensiering status for hver skudd i filmen. de tar en " -"dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe " -"søknadsprosessen til Ã¥ stoppe." +"Før vÃ¥re filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en \"Errors " +"and Omissions\"-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert \"visual cue sheet\" " +"med alle kilder og lisens-status pÃ¥ alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt " +"syn pÃ¥ \"fair use\", og Ã¥ pÃ¥stÃ¥ at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i " +"verste fall stoppe, prosessen." -#. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lucas, George" +msgstr "Lucas, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " -"stopping unlicensed Simpsons usage, just as George Lucas had a very high " -"profile litigating Star Wars usage. So I decided to play by the book, " -"thinking that we would be granted free or cheap license to four seconds of " -"Simpsons. As a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, " -"the last thing I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal " -"trouble, and even to defend a principle." -msgstr "" -"Jeg skulle trolig aldri ha spurt matt groening i utgangspunktet. men jeg " -"visste (minst fra folklore) at fox hadde en historie for Ã¥ spore ned og " -"stopper ulisensiert simpsons-bruk, akkurat som george lucas hadde en meget " -"høy profil prosedere star wars-bruk. sÃ¥ jeg besluttet Ã¥ spille av boken, " -"tenker at vi ville bli gitt gratis eller Billige lisens til fire sekunder av " -"simpsons. som en dokumentar produsent arbeider til utmattelse pÃ¥ en " -"shoestring, var den siste tingen jeg ønsket Ã¥ risikere juridiske problemer, " -"selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for Ã¥ forsvare et " -"prinsipp." +"stopping unlicensed <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> usage, just as George " +"Lucas had a very high profile litigating <citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle> " +"usage. So I decided to play by the book, thinking that we would be granted " +"free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As " +"a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing " +"I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " +"defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg skulle nok aldri ha bedt om Matt Groenings tillatelse. Men jeg visste " +"(ihvertfall fra rykter) at Fox tidligere hadde brukt Ã¥ jakte pÃ¥ og stoppe " +"ulisensiert bruk av <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " +"George Lucas var veldig ivrig pÃ¥ Ã¥ forfølge bruken av <citetitle>Star Wars</" +"citetitle>. SÃ¥ jeg bestemte meg for Ã¥ følge boka, og trodde at vi kulle fÃ¥ " +"til en gratis, i alle fall rimelig, avtale for fire sekunders bruk av " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Som en dokumentarskaper, arbeidende pÃ¥ " +"randen av utryddelse, var det siste jeg ønsket en juridisk strid, selv for Ã¥ " +"forsvare et prinsipp." #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" -"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law " -"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " +"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " "would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " "of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " "the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" -"Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law " -"school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at fox " -"ville \"avsette og litigate du innenfor en tomme av livet,\" uavhengig av " -"fordelene ved mitt krav. Han gjorde det klart at det ville koker ned til " -"hvem som hadde større juridiske avdelingen og dypere lommebøker, meg eller " -"dem." +"Jeg snakket faktisk med en av dine kolleger pÃ¥ Stanford Law School … " +"som bekreftet at dette var rimelig bruk. Han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at Fox ville " +"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life\", uavhengig av " +"sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke ned til hvem " +"som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem." #. 4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" -"spørsmÃ¥let om rettferdig bruk kommer vanligvis pÃ¥ slutten av prosjektet, nÃ¥r " -"vi er opp mot en release frist og tom for penger." +"SpørsmÃ¥let om \"fair use\" dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten av " +"prosjektet, nÃ¥r vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8408,41 +8839,38 @@ msgid "" "effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the " "right aim; practice has defeated the aim." msgstr "" -"i teorien betyr fair use du trenger ingen tillatelse. teorien derfor støtter " -"fri kultur og isolerer mot en tillatelse kultur. men i praksis, rettferdig " -"bruk funksjonene veldig annerledes. krusete linjene av loven, knyttet til " -"det ekstraordinære ansvaret Hvis linjer er krysset, betyr at effektiv " -"rettferdig bruk for mange typer skaperne er liten. loven har høyre mÃ¥l; " -"praksis har beseiret mÃ¥let." +"I teorien betyr \"fair use\" at du ikke trenger tillatelse. Teorien støtter " +"derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. Men i praksis " +"fungerer \"fair use\" helt annerledes. Men de uklare linjene i lovverket, " +"samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar feil, gjør at mange " +"kunstnere ikke stoler pÃ¥ \"fair use\". Loven har en svært god hensikt, men " +"praksisen har ikke fulgt opp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-" "century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits " "against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that " "interferes with any use, transformative or not." msgstr "" -"denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet " -"røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for Ã¥ beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot " -"urettferdig konkurranse av en pirat. Det har modnet til et sverd som " -"forstyrrer bruke transformative eller ikke." +"Dette eksempelet viser hvor langt denne loven har kommet fra sine " +"syttenhundretalls røtter. Loven som skulle beskytte utgiverne mot " +"urettferdig piratkonkurranse, hadde utviklet seg til et sverd som slo ned pÃ¥ " +"_all_ bruk, transformativ* eller ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" -msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: transformatorer" +msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: Omformere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "Allen, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "Alben, Alex" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " @@ -8457,7 +8885,7 @@ msgstr "" "investere i ny teknologi for Ã¥ levere underholdning i pÃ¥vente av the power " "of networks." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " @@ -8476,7 +8904,7 @@ msgstr "" "eastwood. idéen var Ã¥ presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra " "hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " @@ -8490,7 +8918,7 @@ msgstr "" "inkludere dem pÃ¥ CD-ROMen." #. PAGE BREAK 112 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " @@ -8505,7 +8933,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin karriere ble brukt pÃ¥ warner brothers, og sÃ¥ var det relativt lett Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tillatelse for innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " @@ -8521,7 +8949,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt pÃ¥ en skuespiller-karriere." "\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " @@ -8530,15 +8958,15 @@ msgstr "" "Alben brakt idéen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "artists" msgstr "artister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " @@ -8552,7 +8980,7 @@ msgstr "" "mikse, brenne\" kreativitet, som evinces i dette kapitlet. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -8560,7 +8988,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " @@ -8575,7 +9003,7 @@ msgstr "" "skuespillerne, sÃ¥ det var ingen klar mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite akkurat hva starwave var Ã¥ " "gjøre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " @@ -8586,14 +9014,15 @@ msgstr "" "hans resourcefulness som skjult Ã¥penbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted " "alben bare hva de gjorde:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " -"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to " -"get the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get " -"his permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him." +"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from <citetitle>Dirty Harry</" +"citetitle>. But you then need to get the guy on the ground who's wiggling " +"under the gun and you need to get his permission. And then you have to " +"decide what you are going to pay him." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ vi gikk veldig mekanisk about looking up film klipp. Vi har gjort noen " "kunstneriske beslutninger om hva film klipp for Ã¥ inkludere—" @@ -8602,7 +9031,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin tillatelse. og deretter mÃ¥ du bestemme hva du skal betale ham." #. PAGE BREAK 113 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " @@ -8623,7 +9052,7 @@ msgstr "" "stuntman? og sÃ¥ begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og " "noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " @@ -8644,16 +9073,16 @@ msgstr "" "hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen pÃ¥ clint " "eastwood karriere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " -"totally in the clear.\"" +"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " +"sure whether we were totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" "Det var ett Ã¥r senere, \"og selv da vi var ikke sikker pÃ¥ om vi var helt i " "klartekst.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " @@ -8664,14 +9093,14 @@ msgstr "" "eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde pÃ¥tatt seg et kjempestort " "prosjekt for Ã¥ slippe en retrospektiv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " "there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.\" But we " "just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts and said, " -"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, . . . this many " +"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, … this many " "musicians,\" and we just went at it very systematically and cleared the " "rights." msgstr "" @@ -8683,7 +9112,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi bare gikk pÃ¥ den svært systematisk og fjernet rettighetene." #. PAGE BREAK 114 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " @@ -8692,19 +9121,20 @@ msgstr "" "og ingen tvil, selve produktet var usedvanlig god. Eastwood elsket det, og " "det selges godt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "Drucker, Peter" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " -"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." +"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " +"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</" +"citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#22</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8714,11 +9144,11 @@ msgid "" "Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " +"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few … have the time and resources, " +"and the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " "Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really " "thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to " "go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" @@ -8729,29 +9159,29 @@ msgstr "" "var noensinne Ã¥ gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du mÃ¥ gÃ¥ klart " "rettigheter for disse typer utklipp?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " -"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " -"used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I don't " -"think that that person . . . should be compensated for that." +"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " +"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I " +"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that." msgstr "" "jeg tror ikke det. NÃ¥r en aktør gjengir en forestilling i en film, han eller " "hun fÃ¥r svært godt betalt.... og deretter nÃ¥r 30 sekunder av denne " "prestasjonen brukes i et nytt produkt som er en retrospektiv av en persons " "karriere, jeg tror ikke at vedkommende... skal kompenseres for som." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " -"sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " -"could pay and be free to make derivative use of clips like this? Did it " -"really make sense that a follow-on creator would have to track down every " -"artist, actor, director, musician, and get explicit permission from each? " -"Wouldn't a lot more be created if the legal part of the creative process " -"could be made to be more clean?" +"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " +"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " +"statutory license that someone could pay and be free to make derivative use " +"of clips like this? Did it really make sense that a follow-on creator would " +"have to track down every artist, actor, director, musician, and get explicit " +"permission from each? Wouldn't a lot more be created if the legal part of " +"the creative process could be made to be more clean?" msgstr "" "eller minst, er dette hvordan kunstneren skal kompenseres? vil det være " "fornuftig, jeg spurte, for det for Ã¥ være en slags lovbestemte lisens som " @@ -8762,7 +9192,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosessen kan gjøres for Ã¥ være mer ren?" #. PAGE BREAK 115 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—" @@ -8797,7 +9227,7 @@ msgstr "" "visst antall mennesker kommer til Ã¥ holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir " "vanskeligere Ã¥ sette en av disse tingene sammen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " @@ -8831,7 +9261,7 @@ msgstr "" "bør se pÃ¥ rettighetene og spør, \"betyr dette fortsatt fornuftig?\"" #. PAGE BREAK 116 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " @@ -8848,23 +9278,23 @@ msgstr "" "firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, robert " "fairbank, hadde produsert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " -"century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " -"was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The judges loved every " -"minute of it." +"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " +"episode. The execution was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The " +"judges loved every minute of it." msgstr "" "Videoen var en glimrende sammenstilling av filmer fra hver periode i det " -"tjuende Ã¥rhundret, rammet inn rundt idéen om en episode i TV-serien 60 " -"Minutes. Utførelsen var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. " -"Dommerne elsket enhver minutt av den." +"tjuende Ã¥rhundret, rammet inn rundt idéen om en episode i TV-serien " +"<citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>. Utførelsen var perfekt, ned til seksti " +"minutter stoppeklokken. Dommerne elsket enhver minutt av den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "Nimmer, David" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8880,11 +9310,11 @@ msgstr "" "tale med et spørsmÃ¥l: \"Vet dere hvor mange føderale lover som nettopp brutt " "i dette rommet?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "Boies, David" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " @@ -8912,7 +9342,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nÃ¥ gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men " "du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " @@ -8927,11 +9357,11 @@ msgstr "" "omtrent alle bildet du ønsker; i en annen andre, kan du ha det plantet i " "presentasjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " @@ -8952,7 +9382,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og " "musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " @@ -8967,7 +9397,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke " "komme ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " @@ -8996,7 +9426,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke ha nytte av en full immaterielle rettigheter (som betyr retten " "til Ã¥ gi navn til sin egen pris) med mindre han registrerer arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " @@ -9010,17 +9440,17 @@ msgstr "" "ville alle ha til Ã¥ motsette seg det?" #. PAGE BREAK 118 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " -"the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " -"announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a \"unique " -"filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights " -"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and—" -"with the use of stateof-the-art digital technology—insert Myers and " -"other actors into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of " -"entertainment.\"" +"the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " +"Powers. According to the announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work " +"together to form a \"unique filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, " +"DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights to existing motion picture hits and " +"classics, write new storylines and—with the use of stateof-the-art " +"digital technology—insert Myers and other actors into the film, " +"thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\"" msgstr "" "i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic " "geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-" @@ -9030,7 +9460,7 @@ msgstr "" "og—med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi—sett myers og " "andre aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " @@ -9048,7 +9478,7 @@ msgstr "" "sier,\"Hvis noen kan opprette en mÃ¥te Ã¥ bringe gamle filmer til nye " "mÃ¥lgrupper, det er mike\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " @@ -9069,7 +9499,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nÃ¥ et privilegium reservert for morsomt " "og berømte— og antagelig rik." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " @@ -9096,11 +9526,11 @@ msgstr "" "prosessen er en prosess med Ã¥ betale advokater—igjen en rettighet, " "eller kanskje en forbannelse, forbeholdt fÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "Kapittel ni: Samlere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " @@ -9119,7 +9549,7 @@ msgstr "" "igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to mÃ¥neder, disse biter av koden tok " "kopier av Internett og lagret dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " @@ -9135,13 +9565,13 @@ msgstr "" "kalles \"vei tilbake maskinen\", kan du angi en web-side, og se alle dens " "Kopier gÃ¥ tilbake til 1996, og nÃ¥r disse sidene endres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " -"the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " -"assure that the current view of the world, approved of by the government, " -"was not contradicted by previous news reports." +"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " +"constantly updated to assure that the current view of the world, approved of " +"by the government, was not contradicted by previous news reports." msgstr "" "Dette er ting om Internett som orwell ville ha verdsatt. i dystopia " "beskrevet i 1984, ble gamle aviser stadig oppdatert for Ã¥ sikre som " @@ -9149,7 +9579,7 @@ msgstr "" "forrige nyhetsrapporter." #. PAGE BREAK 120 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " @@ -9160,7 +9590,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen mÃ¥te noen gang Ã¥ vite om historien du lese i dag var historie som ble " "skrevet ut pÃ¥ dato publisert pÃ¥ papiret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " @@ -9176,7 +9606,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥litelig minne." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " @@ -9191,7 +9621,7 @@ msgstr "" "endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" e-" "post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -9200,7 +9630,7 @@ msgid "" "forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember reading. " @@ -9221,15 +9651,15 @@ msgstr "" "huske—ikke bare hva det er praktisk Ã¥ huske, men husker noe nær " "sannheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. " -"That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we have " -"a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key is " -"whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by " -"collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for researchers, for " -"grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." +"That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget history. The " +"key is whether we have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More " +"directly, the key is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries " +"help do that, by collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for " +"researchers, for grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." msgstr "" "Det sies at de som ikke klarer Ã¥ huske historie er dømt til Ã¥ gjenta den. " "Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har en " @@ -9239,7 +9669,7 @@ msgstr "" "fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge." #. PAGE BREAK 121 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " @@ -9257,7 +9687,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi har scads av arkiver av aviser fra bittesmÃ¥ byer rundt om i verden, men " "det er én kopi av Internett—det ettall holdt av internet archive." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " @@ -9278,7 +9708,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en " "milliard sider per mÃ¥ned." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " @@ -9311,16 +9741,16 @@ msgstr "" "[arkivene], men hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," #. PAGE BREAK 122 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " "fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " "study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " -"between the two, the 60 Minutes episode that came out after it . . . it " -"would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are almost " -"unfindable. . . ." +"between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " +"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials " +"are almost unfindable. …" msgstr "" "husker du nÃ¥r dan quayle samhandlet med murphy brown? Husk at frem og " "tilbake surrealistisk opplevelse av en politiker samarbeidsstil et fiktive " @@ -9329,7 +9759,7 @@ msgstr "" "episoden som kom ut etter det... det ville være nesten umulig.... disse " "materialene er nesten unfindable...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " @@ -9346,7 +9776,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere tid enn forskere prøver Ã¥ forstÃ¥ virkningen av media pÃ¥ 1900-tallet " "Amerika?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " @@ -9362,20 +9792,21 @@ msgstr "" "at andre kan fÃ¥ tilgang til og kopiere arbeidet." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " -"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " -"Anthony Slide, Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the " -"United States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." +"Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 nos. " +"2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate Won't Wait: A History " +"of Film Preservation in the United States</citetitle> ( Jefferson, N.C.: " +"McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." msgstr "" "Doug herrick, \"mot en nasjonal Filmsamling: filmindustrien pÃ¥ library of " "congress,\" film biblioteket kvartalsvise 13 nr 2­3 (1980): 5; Anthony " "lysbildet, nitrat vil ikke vente: en historie om filmen bevaring i USA " "(jefferson, NC: mcfarland & Co, 1992), 36." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -9387,7 +9818,7 @@ msgid "" "company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " @@ -9409,7 +9840,7 @@ msgstr "" "kulturen er praktisk talt usynlige for alle som ville se." #. PAGE BREAK 123 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " @@ -9428,11 +9859,11 @@ msgstr "" "on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " "hendelsene den dagen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " @@ -9467,7 +9898,7 @@ msgstr "" "angrep? gÃ¥ til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen minutter—" "gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " @@ -9482,7 +9913,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke disse kopiene skal holdes av alle, eller for Ã¥ bli satt i et arkiv av " "alle. derfor finnes det ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ finne dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " @@ -9499,7 +9930,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell liv." #. PAGE BREAK 124 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " @@ -9518,7 +9949,7 @@ msgstr "" "levetid ekstremt viktig. uten denne reklamen marked, ville det være, mange " "hevder, mye mindre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " @@ -9536,15 +9967,15 @@ msgstr "" "informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " -"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " -"September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published between 1927 and 1946, " -"only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony Reese, \"The First Sale " -"Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,\" Boston College Law Review 44 " -"(2003): 593 n. 51." +"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago " +"Tribune</citetitle>, 5 September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published " +"between 1927 and 1946, only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony " +"Reese, \"The First Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,\" " +"<citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51." msgstr "" "Dave barns, \"fledgling karriere i antikke bøker: woodstock utleier, bar " "eier starter et nytt kapittel ved Ã¥ innta virksomhet,\" chicago tribune, 5 " @@ -9553,7 +9984,7 @@ msgstr "" "i tid med digitale nettverk,\" boston college lov gÃ¥ gjennom 44 (2003): 593 " "n. 51." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote" @@ -9564,7 +9995,7 @@ msgid "" "the spread and stability of culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " @@ -9585,7 +10016,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur." #. PAGE BREAK 125 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " @@ -9604,7 +10035,7 @@ msgstr "" "impossibly vanskelig Ã¥ gjøre noe med denne flyktige kultur; loven hadde lite " "praktiske effekten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " @@ -9621,7 +10052,7 @@ msgstr "" "bøker som er utgitt og stadig mer gjør det mulig Ã¥ forestille seg et arkiv " "over alle bevegelige bilder og lyd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " @@ -9633,17 +10064,17 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahles i vÃ¥r historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første gang " "ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. " -"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and " -"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. " -"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these " -"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be " -"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " +"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, … " +"and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " +"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " +"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " +"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " "Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different " -"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things " +"life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things " "humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, " "putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press." msgstr "" @@ -9659,20 +10090,20 @@ msgstr "" "alexandria." #. PAGE BREAK 126 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " -"libraries or archives could be. When the commercial life of creative " -"property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it does, Kahle and " -"his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and culture, remains " -"perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand it; some to " -"criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create the past " -"for the future. These technologies promise something that had become " -"unimaginable for much of our past—a future for our past. The " -"technology of digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria " -"real again." +"libraries or archives could be. <emphasis>When</emphasis> the commercial " +"life of creative property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it " +"does, Kahle and his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and " +"culture, remains perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand " +"it; some to criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create " +"the past for the future. These technologies promise something that had " +"become unimaginable for much of our past—a future <emphasis>for</" +"emphasis> our past. The technology of digital arts could make the dream of " +"the Library of Alexandria real again." msgstr "" "Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekar. internet archive er ikke det eneste " "arkivet. men kahle og internet archive foreslÃ¥ hva fremtiden for biblioteker " @@ -9685,7 +10116,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥r fortid—en fremtid for vÃ¥r fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan " "gjøre drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " @@ -9702,15 +10133,19 @@ msgstr "" "noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, " "og andre vil utøve." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "Kapittel ti: \"Eiendom\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "Johnson, Lyndon" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kennedy, John F." +msgstr "Kennedy, John F." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " @@ -9719,7 +10154,8 @@ msgid "" "on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " "the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " "established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " -"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Jack valenti har vært president i motion picture association of america " "siden 1966. først kom han til washington, DC, med lyndon johnson's " @@ -9728,35 +10164,35 @@ msgstr "" "bakgrunnen. i hans nesten førti Ã¥r kjører mpaa, har valenti etablert seg som " "kanskje mest iøynefallende og effektiv korridorpolitiker i washington." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "MGM" msgstr "MGM" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " @@ -9783,7 +10219,7 @@ msgstr "" "paramount bilder, 20th century fox, universal studios og warner brothers." #. PAGE BREAK 128 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " @@ -9806,7 +10242,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. NÃ¥r valenti gikk til washington, han " "mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian mÃ¥te." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " @@ -9824,7 +10260,7 @@ msgstr "" "er organisasjonens-innsats, epitomized i valenti's hver handling, til Ã¥ " "redefinere betydningen av \"kreative property.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" @@ -9832,7 +10268,7 @@ msgstr "" "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. " @@ -9847,20 +10283,20 @@ msgstr "" "rettsvesenet av house of representatives, 97th cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 " "(vitnesbyrd om jack valenti)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-" "charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women " "will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " -"animates this entire debate: Creative property owners must be accorded the " -"same rights and protection resident in all other property owners in the " -"nation. That is the issue. That is the question. And that is the rostrum on " -"which this entire hearing and the debates to follow must rest.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"animates this entire debate: <emphasis>Creative property owners must be " +"accorded the same rights and protection resident in all other property " +"owners in the nation</emphasis>. That is the issue. That is the question. " +"And that is the rostrum on which this entire hearing and the debates to " +"follow must rest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " @@ -9878,18 +10314,19 @@ msgstr "" "bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har " "fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " "elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim " -"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of Valenti's. " -"Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the nation's " -"foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of \"creative " -"property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual legal " -"tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined " -"that tradition, at least in Washington." +"made by <emphasis>anyone</emphasis> who is serious in this debate than this " +"claim of Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is " +"perhaps the nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and " +"scope of \"creative property.\" His views have <emphasis>no</emphasis> " +"reasonable connection to our actual legal tradition, even if the subtle pull " +"of his Texan charm has slowly redefined that tradition, at least in " +"Washington." msgstr "" "denne pÃ¥standen har en tydelig og kraftig intuitivt trekk. Det er oppgitt " "med slike klarhet som Ã¥ gjøre idéen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker " @@ -9902,7 +10339,7 @@ msgstr "" "har sakte redefinert denne tradisjonen, minst i washington." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " @@ -9910,8 +10347,8 @@ msgid "" "\"property right\" to my car gives me the right to exclusive use, but not " "the right to drive at 150 miles an hour. For the best effort to connect the " "ordinary meaning of \"property\" to \"lawyer talk,\" see Bruce Ackerman, " -"Private Property and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, " -"1977), 26–27." +"<citetitle>Private Property and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: " +"Yale University Press, 1977), 26–27." msgstr "" "advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en bunt " "av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed gir " @@ -9921,7 +10358,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale university " "press, 1977), 26­27." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -9932,7 +10369,7 @@ msgid "" "radical, and radically undesirable, change in our tradition." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " @@ -9948,7 +10385,7 @@ msgstr "" "kraftig kontroll over hvordan vÃ¥r kreative kultur ville utvikle." #. PAGE BREAK 130 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " @@ -9971,7 +10408,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn perfekt " "kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " @@ -9993,7 +10430,7 @@ msgstr "" "et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, mÃ¥ vi se " "lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " @@ -10002,8 +10439,9 @@ msgid "" "house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is required, " "under the Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just " "compensation\" for that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that " -"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the " -"property owner unless the government pays for the privilege." +"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot <emphasis>ever</emphasis> " +"be taken from the property owner unless the government pays for the " +"privilege." msgstr "" "forfatterne av vÃ¥r grunnlov elsket \"egenskapen.\" faktisk sÃ¥ sterkt gjorde " "de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis " @@ -10015,19 +10453,20 @@ msgstr "" "mindre regjeringen betaler for privilegiet." #. PAGE BREAK 131 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " -"create \"creative property,\" the Constitution requires that after a " -"\"limited time,\" Congress take back the rights that it has granted and set " -"the \"creative property\" free to the public domain. Yet when Congress does " -"this, when the expiration of a copyright term \"takes\" your copyright and " -"turns it over to the public domain, Congress does not have any obligation to " -"pay \"just compensation\" for this \"taking.\" Instead, the same " -"Constitution that requires compensation for your land requires that you lose " -"your \"creative property\" right without any compensation at all." +"create \"creative property,\" the Constitution <emphasis>requires</emphasis> " +"that after a \"limited time,\" Congress take back the rights that it has " +"granted and set the \"creative property\" free to the public domain. Yet " +"when Congress does this, when the expiration of a copyright term \"takes\" " +"your copyright and turns it over to the public domain, Congress does not " +"have any obligation to pay \"just compensation\" for this \"taking.\" " +"Instead, the same Constitution that requires compensation for your land " +"requires that you lose your \"creative property\" right without any " +"compensation at all." msgstr "" "men svært samme grunnlov snakker veldig annerledes om hva valenti samtaler " "\"kreative egenskapen.\" i setningsdelen gir Kongressen makt til Ã¥ opprette " @@ -10040,7 +10479,7 @@ msgstr "" "land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett uten noen " "kompensasjon overhodet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " @@ -10057,7 +10496,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i vÃ¥re " "Grunnloven selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " @@ -10080,14 +10519,14 @@ msgstr "" "andre som vi bør avvise ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ mitt argument ikke er bare at fordi " "jefferson gjorde det, vi bør, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " -"try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " -"they were, reject the claim that creative property be given the same rights " -"as all other property? Why did they require that for creative property there " -"must be a public domain?" +"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " +"property types that they were, reject the claim that creative property be " +"given the same rights as all other property? Why did they require that for " +"creative property there must be a public domain?" msgstr "" "i stedet, mitt argument er at fordi jefferson gjorde det, vi bør i det " "minste prøver Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvorfor. Hvorfor underskrev, fanatical egenskapstyper " @@ -10095,18 +10534,19 @@ msgstr "" "som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det mÃ¥ " "være et frivare?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " "we see clearly how differently these rights have been defined, we will be in " "a better position to ask the question that should be at the core of this " -"war: Not whether creative property should be protected, but how. Not whether " -"we will enforce the rights the law gives to creative-property owners, but " -"what the particular mix of rights ought to be. Not whether artists should be " -"paid, but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need " -"also control how culture develops." +"war: Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> creative property should be protected, " +"but how. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> we will enforce the rights the law " +"gives to creative-property owners, but what the particular mix of rights " +"ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> artists should be paid, but " +"whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need also " +"control how culture develops." msgstr "" "for Ã¥ besvare dette spørsmÃ¥let, trenger vi Ã¥ fÃ¥ noen perspektiv om disse " "\"kreative eiendom\", og kontrollen som de aktivert historie. NÃ¥r vi ser " @@ -10119,16 +10559,16 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollere hvordan kultur utvikler seg." #. PAGE BREAK 132 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " -"narrow language of the law allows. In Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, I " -"used a simple model to capture this more general perspective. For any " -"particular right or regulation, this model asks how four different " -"modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the right or " -"regulation. I represented it with this diagram:" +"narrow language of the law allows. In <citetitle>Code and Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace</citetitle>, I used a simple model to capture this more general " +"perspective. For any particular right or regulation, this model asks how " +"four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the " +"right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:" msgstr "" "Hvis du vil svare pÃ¥ disse spørsmÃ¥lene, trenger vi en mer generell mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "snakke om hvordan egenskapen er beskyttet. mer presist, trenger vi en mer " @@ -10139,18 +10579,17 @@ msgstr "" "støtte eller svekke høyre eller regulering. Jeg representerte det med dette " "diagrammet:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" -#. PAGE BREAK 133 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " @@ -10164,7 +10603,7 @@ msgid "" "willfully infringe Madonna's copyright by copying a song from her latest CD " "and posting it on the Web, you can be punished with a $150,000 fine. The " "fine is an ex post punishment for violating an ex ante rule. It is imposed " -"by the state." +"by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "midt pÃ¥ dette bildet er et regulert punkt: pÃ¥ personen eller gruppen som er " "mÃ¥let for regulering eller innehaveren av en rettighet. (i hvert fall i " @@ -10178,7 +10617,7 @@ msgstr "" "bokføre det\\/den pÃ¥ weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine " "er en ex post straff for Ã¥ bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pÃ¥lagt av staten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " @@ -10199,7 +10638,7 @@ msgstr "" "differansen er ikke av alvorlighetsgraden av regelen, men kilden for " "hÃ¥ndhevelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " @@ -10218,7 +10657,7 @@ msgstr "" "sett av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pÃ¥legger en " "samtidige begrensning pÃ¥ hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture" @@ -10247,7 +10686,7 @@ msgstr "" "et fly til new york, er det markedet som hÃ¥ndhever denne betingelsen." #. PAGE BREAK 134 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " @@ -10258,7 +10697,7 @@ msgstr "" "samhandler. restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av en kan bli forsterket av en annen. eller " "restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av en kan bli undergravd av en annen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " @@ -10276,11 +10715,11 @@ msgstr "" "blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) " "mÃ¥ vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "kjørehastighet, begrensninger pÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. " @@ -10308,16 +10747,17 @@ msgstr "" "ikke være sÃ¥ effektiv i en annen by, eller om natten." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " "only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-" "consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more " -"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace " -"(New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New " -"Chicago School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998." +"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence " +"Lessig, \"The New Chicago School,\" <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</" +"citetitle>, June 1998." msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ beskrive hvordan trenger ikke loven pÃ¥virker andre tre metoder, jeg " "bety Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ at tre andre ikke pÃ¥virker lov. Selvfølgelig, de gjør. law's " @@ -10328,7 +10768,7 @@ msgstr "" "skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." #. PAGE BREAK 135 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -10344,19 +10784,19 @@ msgid "" "driving." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "Commons, John R." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " @@ -10369,22 +10809,23 @@ msgid "" "of ordinary life. I don't mean to deny the value in this narrower view, " "which depends upon the context of the inquiry. I do, however, mean to argue " "against any insistence that this narrower view is the only proper view of " -"liberty. As I argued in Code, we come from a long tradition of political " -"thought with a broader focus than the narrow question of what the government " -"did when. John Stuart Mill defended freedom of speech, for example, from " -"the tyranny of narrow minds, not from the fear of government prosecution; " -"John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19. " -"John R. Commons famously defended the economic freedom of labor from " -"constraints imposed by the market; John R. Commons, \"The Right to Work,\" " -"in Malcom Rutherford and Warren J. Samuels, eds., John R. Commons: Selected " -"Essays (London: Routledge: 1997), 62. The Americans with Disabilities Act " -"increases the liberty of people with physical disabilities by changing the " -"architecture of certain public places, thereby making access to those places " -"easier; 42 United States Code, section 12101 (2000). Each of these " -"interventions to change existing conditions changes the liberty of a " -"particular group. The effect of those interventions should be accounted for " -"in order to understand the effective liberty that each of these groups might " -"face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"liberty. As I argued in <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, we come from a long " +"tradition of political thought with a broader focus than the narrow question " +"of what the government did when. John Stuart Mill defended freedom of " +"speech, for example, from the tyranny of narrow minds, not from the fear of " +"government prosecution; John Stuart Mill, <citetitle>On Liberty</citetitle> " +"(Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19. John R. Commons famously " +"defended the economic freedom of labor from constraints imposed by the " +"market; John R. Commons, \"The Right to Work,\" in Malcom Rutherford and " +"Warren J. Samuels, eds., <citetitle>John R. Commons: Selected Essays</" +"citetitle> (London: Routledge: 1997), 62. The Americans with Disabilities " +"Act increases the liberty of people with physical disabilities by changing " +"the architecture of certain public places, thereby making access to those " +"places easier; 42 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 12101 " +"(2000). Each of these interventions to change existing conditions changes " +"the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those interventions should " +"be accounted for in order to understand the effective liberty that each of " +"these groups might face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "noen mennesker objektet til denne mÃ¥ten av snakker om \"frihet.\" de " "objektet fordi deres fokus nÃ¥r de vurderer begrensninger som finnes pÃ¥ et " @@ -10413,7 +10854,7 @@ msgstr "" "bør tas med i betraktningen for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ den effektive frihet at hver av " "disse gruppene kan gjøre ansiktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -10423,11 +10864,11 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har rett" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " @@ -10440,19 +10881,19 @@ msgstr "" "domstolene Ã¥ forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne " "samlingspunkt fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" #. PAGE BREAK 136 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " @@ -10475,7 +10916,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥rt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med denne form for " "krenkelse av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " @@ -10492,7 +10933,7 @@ msgstr "" "før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett." #. PAGE BREAK 137 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " @@ -10508,15 +10949,15 @@ msgstr "" "rettigheter har gÃ¥tt tapt. Dette er Irak etter fallet av saddam, men denne " "gangen ingen regjering er rettferdiggjørende looting resultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " @@ -10540,7 +10981,7 @@ msgstr "" "skal utdanne barn Ã¥ bedre beskytte opphavsretten." #. PAGE BREAK 138 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " @@ -10569,7 +11010,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringen Ã¥ kausjon dem. NÃ¥r import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stÃ¥l " "industrien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " @@ -10587,7 +11028,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"arkitektur av inntekter.\"" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -10597,7 +11038,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -10608,20 +11049,22 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government " "should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the " "freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from " -"roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the subject of " -"this book, remote channel changers have weakened the \"stickiness\" of " -"television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote " -"makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this change has weakened " -"the television advertising market. But does anyone believe we should " -"regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them " -"to function only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an " -"hour?)" +"roads <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads? " +"Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened " +"the \"stickiness\" of television advertising (if a boring commercial comes " +"on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this " +"change has weakened the television advertising market. But does anyone " +"believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? " +"(Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to switch to only " +"ten channels within an hour?)" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." +msgid "" +"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " +"1994), 170–71." msgstr "" "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." @@ -10629,7 +11072,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "Gates, Bill" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -10647,7 +11090,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " @@ -10666,7 +11109,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ forespørsel fra de vondt ved Ã¥ endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare " "insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " @@ -10676,7 +11119,7 @@ msgid "" "wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " "the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " "game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " -"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " +"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of " "speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge" "\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— carefully—whether such " "regulation is justified." @@ -10694,7 +11137,7 @@ msgstr "" "regulering er begrunnet." #. PAGE BREAK 140 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " @@ -10710,19 +11153,19 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥l som mye avhenger av verdier, bør vi først be om vi forstÃ¥r effekten " "av endringene innhold industrien ønsker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "Her kommer metaforen som vil forklare argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "DDT" msgstr "DDT" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " @@ -10737,7 +11180,7 @@ msgstr "" "i verden til Ã¥ drepe sykdom-bærer skadedyr. Det ble ogsÃ¥ brukt til Ã¥ øke " "produksjonen av gÃ¥rden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " @@ -10748,29 +11191,29 @@ msgstr "" "som er en god ting. ingen tvil at arbeidet med müller var viktig og " "verdifull og sannsynligvis lagret liv, kanskje millioner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "Carson, Rachel" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " -"whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " -"consequences. Birds were losing the ability to reproduce. Whole chains of " -"the ecology were being destroyed. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/" -"> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " +"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " +"unintended environmental consequences. Birds were losing the ability to " +"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "men i 1962, rachel carson publisert stille vÃ¥ren, som hevdet at ddt, uansett " "dens primære fordeler, hadde ogsÃ¥ utilsiktede miljømessige konsekvenser. " "fugler var Ã¥ miste muligheten til Ã¥ reprodusere. hele kjeder av økologi ble " "blir ødelagt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " @@ -10789,16 +11232,18 @@ msgstr "" "miljøvennlig mÃ¥ten Ã¥ løse problemer som ddt var ment Ã¥ løse." #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." +"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " +"(1997): 87." msgstr "" -"Se, for eksempel, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." +"Se for eksempel James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " +"(1997): 87." #. PAGE BREAK 141 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for culture." @@ -10815,7 +11260,7 @@ msgid "" "our actions' effects on the environment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " @@ -10838,7 +11283,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne massive økningen i beskyttelse være ødeleggende for miljøet for " "kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " @@ -10847,11 +11292,11 @@ msgstr "" "i en linje: for Ã¥ drepe en mygg, er vi sprøyting ddt med konsekvenser, for " "fri kultur som vil være langt mer ødeleggende enn denne mygg, vil gÃ¥ tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "Opphav" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " @@ -10864,7 +11309,7 @@ msgstr "" "property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den " "engelske mÃ¥l Ã¥ unngÃ¥ altfor kraftig utgivere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " @@ -10876,7 +11321,7 @@ msgstr "" "setningsdelen i vÃ¥r grunnlov sier at:" #. PAGE BREAK 142 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " @@ -10884,9 +11329,10 @@ msgid "" "to their respective Writings and Discoveries. We can call this the " "\"Progress Clause,\" for notice what this clause does not say. It does not " "say Congress has the power to grant \"creative property rights.\" It says " -"that Congress has the power to promote progress. The grant of power is its " -"purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching " -"publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors." +"that Congress has the power <emphasis>to promote progress</emphasis>. The " +"grant of power is its purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the " +"purpose of enriching publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding " +"authors." msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap og nyttig kunst, " "ved Ã¥ sikre begrenset ganger til forfattere og oppfinnere den eksklusive " @@ -10897,12 +11343,13 @@ msgstr "" "og formÃ¥let er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller " "med hovedsakelig formÃ¥let med givende forfatternes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " -"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " -"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " +"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " +"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not " +"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " "reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors" @@ -10916,7 +11363,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsterket det mÃ¥let ved Ã¥ kreve at opphavsretten utvide \"til forfattere\" " "bare." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " @@ -10928,9 +11375,9 @@ msgid "" "federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the " "states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected " "by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to " -"select the president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances " -"into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable " -"concentrations of power." +"select the president. In each case, a <emphasis>structure</emphasis> built " +"checks and balances into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent " +"otherwise inevitable concentrations of power." msgstr "" "utformingen av fremdriften-setningsdelen gjenspeiler noe om grunnlovens " "design generelt. for Ã¥ unngÃ¥ et problem, bygget underskrev struktur. Hvis du " @@ -10944,7 +11391,7 @@ msgstr "" "struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, " "strukturert for Ã¥ hindre at ellers uunngÃ¥elig konsentrasjoner av makt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " @@ -10960,7 +11407,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥rene siden de først slo sin design." #. PAGE BREAK 143 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " @@ -10971,40 +11418,40 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi, og noen i lys av endringer i teknologi gitt en bestemt " "konsentrasjon av markedets makt. NÃ¥r det gjelder vÃ¥r modell startet vi her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "Vi kommer til Ã¥ ende opp her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr ""Opphavsrett" i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 144 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "Loven: Varighet" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "Crosskey, William W." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " -"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " -"485–86: \"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme Law of " -"the Land,' the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by some " -"to have, under the Common Law\" (emphasis added). <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " +"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " +"vol. 1, 485–86: \"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the " +"supreme Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, " +"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis>" +"\" (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "William W. Crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (London: " "Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485–86: \"slukke [ing], ved " @@ -11012,7 +11459,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettigheter som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen Ã¥ ha, under felles " "lov\" (vekt legges til)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -11027,7 +11474,7 @@ msgid "" "to reprint and distribute works." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " @@ -11044,7 +11491,7 @@ msgstr "" "at opphavsretten for alle engelsk arbeider utløpt, en føderale vedtekter " "betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " @@ -11060,16 +11507,17 @@ msgstr "" "bestÃ¥tt hans arbeid i public domain." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " -"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " -"Book Publishing in the United States, vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry, " -"1630–1865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints " -"recorded before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; " -"William J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright " -"Law of 1790 in Historical Context, 7–10 (2002), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " +"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " +"History of Book Publishing in the United States</citetitle>, vol. 1, " +"<citetitle>The Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865</citetitle> (New " +"York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded before 1790, only " +"twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William J. Maher, " +"<citetitle>Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of " +"1790 in Historical Context</citetitle>, 7–10 (2002), available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " "overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even " "those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, " "because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was " @@ -11077,7 +11525,7 @@ msgid "" "Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -11095,7 +11543,7 @@ msgstr "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 145 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -11110,17 +11558,18 @@ msgstr "" "ikke verdt det for samfunnet Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve opphavsretten." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " "a year-by-year analysis of copyright renewal rates, see Barbara A. Ringer, " -"\"Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,\" Studies on Copyright, vol. 1 (New " -"York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), 618. For a more recent and " -"comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, " -"\"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 " -"(2003): 471, 498–501, and accompanying figures." +"\"Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,\" <citetitle>Studies on Copyright</" +"citetitle>, vol. 1 (New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), 618. For a " +"more recent and comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and Richard " +"A. Posner, \"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" <citetitle>University of " +"Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, 498–501, and " +"accompanying figures." msgstr "" "noen rettighetshavere valgte noensinne Ã¥ fornye sine opphavsrettigheter. for " "eksempel av 25,006 opphavsretten registrert i 1883, ble bare 894 fornyet i " @@ -11131,7 +11580,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"pÃ¥ ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ gjennom " "70 (2003): 471, 498­501 og tilhørende tallene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -11140,23 +11589,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "Se Ringer, kap. 9, n. 2." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " "print after one year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When that " "happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the " -"books are no longer effectively controlled by copyright. The only practical " -"commercial use of the books at that time is to sell the books as used books; " -"that use—because it does not involve publication—is effectively " -"free." +"books are no longer <emphasis>effectively</emphasis> controlled by " +"copyright. The only practical commercial use of the books at that time is to " +"sell the books as used books; that use—because it does not involve " +"publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " @@ -11172,7 +11621,7 @@ msgstr "" "Republikken begrepet økt igjen. i 1909 utvidet Kongressen begrepet fornyelse " "av 14 Ã¥r til 28 Ã¥r, angi en maksimal periode pÃ¥ 56 Ã¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " @@ -11194,7 +11643,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue Ã¥r." #. PAGE BREAK 146 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " @@ -11212,7 +11661,7 @@ msgstr "" "million patenter vil passere i den offentlige sfæren, vil dermed null " "opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett sikt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-" @@ -11231,7 +11680,7 @@ msgstr "" "domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " @@ -11251,7 +11700,7 @@ msgstr "" "deretter tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti " "Ã¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " @@ -11269,7 +11718,7 @@ msgstr "" "\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " @@ -11282,7 +11731,7 @@ msgstr "" "tretti-to Ã¥r, og tretti Ã¥r i gjennomsnitt. se landes og posner, \"pÃ¥ " "ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" loc. cit." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -11293,11 +11742,11 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "Loven: VirkeomrÃ¥de" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " @@ -11310,7 +11759,7 @@ msgstr "" "er ikke nødvendigvis dÃ¥rlig. men vi bør forstÃ¥ omfanget av endringene Hvis " "vi Ã¥ holde denne debatten i sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " @@ -11337,7 +11786,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller Ã¥ tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " "(for eksempel et drama basert pÃ¥ en publiserte bok)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " @@ -11367,7 +11816,7 @@ msgstr "" "verk som er basert pÃ¥ en betydelig mÃ¥te pÃ¥ det første skapende arbeidet." #. PAGE BREAK 148 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " @@ -11377,9 +11826,9 @@ msgid "" "there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive " "the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any " "copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word " -"copyright. And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was " -"a requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright " -"could be secured." +"<emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. And for most of the history of American " +"copyright law, there was a requirement that works be deposited with the " +"government before a copyright could be secured." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme tid som har utvidet omfanget av copyright, er fremgangsmÃ¥ter for " "begrensninger til høyre avslappet. Jeg har allerede beskrevet fullstendig " @@ -11391,7 +11840,7 @@ msgstr "" "lov om opphavsrett, det var et krav at works settes med regjeringen før " "opphavsretten som kan sikres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " @@ -11418,7 +11867,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet et sted slik at den kan kopieres av andre uten Ã¥ finne den " "opprinnelige forfatteren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " @@ -11434,27 +11883,27 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten finnes om du merker arbeidet med en ©; og opphavsretten finnes " "om du faktisk lage en kopi tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ kopiere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" "Vurder et praktisk eksempel for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ omfanget av disse forskjellene." #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " -"American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " -"and Politics 255 (1997), and James Gilraeth, ed., Federal Copyright Records, " -"1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." +"American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " +"International Law and Politics</citetitle> 255 (1997), and James Gilraeth, " +"ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." msgstr "" "se thomas bender og david sampliner, \"poeter, pirater og etableringen av " "amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal lov " "og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett " "records, 1790­1800 (US g.p.o., 1987)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -11467,7 +11916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " @@ -11485,15 +11934,15 @@ msgstr "" "disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til utgivere " "var behersket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " -"note to your spouse, every doodle, every creative act that's reduced to a " -"tangible form—all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no " -"need to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not " -"the steps you take to protect it." +"note to your spouse, every doodle, <emphasis>every</emphasis> creative act " +"that's reduced to a tangible form—all of this is automatically " +"copyrighted. There is no need to register or mark your work. The protection " +"follows the creation, not the steps you take to protect it." msgstr "" "i dag historien er svært forskjellige: Hvis du skriver en bok, boken er " "automatisk beskyttet. faktisk, ikke bare i adresseboken. hver e-post, hver " @@ -11502,7 +11951,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopirettigheter. Det er ikke nødvendig Ã¥ registrere deg eller merke arbeidet " "ditt. beskyttelse følger etablering, ikke trinnene du ta for Ã¥ beskytte den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " @@ -11513,7 +11962,7 @@ msgstr "" "unntak) til Ã¥ kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den " "til Ã¥ publisere den pÃ¥ nytt, eller for Ã¥ dele et utdrag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " @@ -11538,7 +11987,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv rett til skrifter, men en eksklusiv rett til skrifter og en stor " "andel av skrifter som er inspirert av dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " @@ -11557,39 +12006,41 @@ msgstr "" "spøk av opphavsretten, slik loven ble riktig utvidet til Ã¥ omfatte disse smÃ¥ " "endringer, sÃ¥ vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" +"citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" -"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" +"citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " "applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. " "I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " -"whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different " -"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—they believe that " -"our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at " -"all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that " -"far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally " -"different from the wrong of direct piracy." +"whatever <emphasis>that</emphasis> wrong is, transforming someone else's " +"work is a different wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—" +"they believe that our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect " +"derivative rights at all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether " +"or not you go that far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is " +"fundamentally different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " "First Amendment) between mere \"copies\" and derivative works. See Jed " "Rubenfeld, \"The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality,\" " -"Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59)." +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 (2002): 1–60 (see " +"especially pp. 53–59)." msgstr "" "professor rubenfeld har presentert en kraftig konstitusjonelle argument om " "forskjellen som lov om opphavsrett bør trekke (fra perspektivet til den " @@ -11597,7 +12048,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's constitutionality,\" yale law " "journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (se spesielt s. 53­59)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -11606,7 +12057,7 @@ msgid "" "creative work are treated the same." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " @@ -11621,7 +12072,7 @@ msgstr "" "kalt \"Mikke Mus\", hvorfor skal du kunne gjøre Mikke Mus leker og være en " "til Ã¥ handle pÃ¥ verdien som disney opprinnelig opprettet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " @@ -11633,21 +12084,22 @@ msgstr "" "er grunnløs. meg sikte akkurat nÃ¥ er mye smalere: bare for Ã¥ gjøre det klart " "at denne utvidelsen er en betydelig endring fra de opprinnelig rettighetene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "Lov og arkitektur: Rekkevidde" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " "song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make " -"a copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes " -"doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 United States Code, section 112(a). But the " -"presumption under the existing law (which regulates \"copies;\" 17 United " -"States Code, section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." +"a copy; 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 106(4). And it " +"certainly sometimes doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 <citetitle>United States " +"Code</citetitle>, section 112(a). But the presumption under the existing law " +"(which regulates \"copies;\" 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, " +"section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." msgstr "" "Dette er en forenkling av loven, men ikke mye av en. loven absolutt " "regulerer mer enn \"Kopier\"—en offentlig fremføring av en " @@ -11657,7 +12109,7 @@ msgstr "" "antagelse under den eksisterende lov (som regulerer \"Kopier\"; 17 united " "states code, avsnitt 102) er at hvis det er en kopi, det er rett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -11667,17 +12119,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " -"to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " -"chapter, that \"creative property\" deserves the \"same rights\" as all " -"other property, it is the obvious that we need to be most careful about. For " -"while it may be obvious that in the world before the Internet, copies were " -"the obvious trigger for copyright law, upon reflection, it should be obvious " -"that in the world with the Internet, copies should not be the trigger for " -"copyright law. More precisely, they should not always be the trigger for " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for <emphasis>copy</" +"emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the " +"start of this chapter, that \"creative property\" deserves the \"same rights" +"\" as all other property, it is the <emphasis>obvious</emphasis> that we " +"need to be most careful about. For while it may be obvious that in the world " +"before the Internet, copies were the obvious trigger for copyright law, upon " +"reflection, it should be obvious that in the world with the Internet, copies " +"should <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the trigger for copyright law. More " +"precisely, they should not <emphasis>always</emphasis> be the trigger for " "copyright law." msgstr "" "\"Kopier.\" som absolutt høres ut som det Ã¥penbare tingen for opphavsrett Ã¥ " @@ -11690,7 +12143,7 @@ msgstr "" "presist, bør de ikke alltid være utløser for lov om opphavsrett." #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " @@ -11703,7 +12156,7 @@ msgstr "" "for dens utvidelse der den does, og bør ikke avgjøre sin rekkevidde pÃ¥ " "grunnlag av vilkÃ¥rlig og automatiske endringer forÃ¥rsaket av teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -11713,35 +12166,35 @@ msgid "" "contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle." msgstr "" "Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "Alle potensielle bruk av en bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 152 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " -"its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " -"because the uses don't create a copy. If you read a book, that act is not " -"regulated by copyright law. If you give someone the book, that act is not " -"regulated by copyright law. If you resell a book, that act is not regulated " -"(copyright law expressly states that after the first sale of a book, the " -"copyright owner can impose no further conditions on the disposition of the " -"book). If you sleep on the book or use it to hold up a lamp or let your " -"puppy chew it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright law, because " -"those acts do not make a copy." +"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " +"by copyright law, because the uses don't create a copy. If you read a book, " +"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you give someone the book, " +"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you resell a book, that act " +"is not regulated (copyright law expressly states that after the first sale " +"of a book, the copyright owner can impose no further conditions on the " +"disposition of the book). If you sleep on the book or use it to hold up a " +"lamp or let your puppy chew it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright " +"law, because those acts do not make a copy." msgstr "" "Tenk pÃ¥ en bok i virkelige rommet, og tenke denne sirkelen til Ã¥ " "representere alle dens potensial bruker. de fleste av disse bruksomrÃ¥dene er " @@ -11755,15 +12208,15 @@ msgstr "" "disse handlinger er regulert av lov om opphavsrett, fordi disse handlinger " "ikke gjør en kopi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "Eksempler pÃ¥ uregulert bruk av en bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " @@ -11780,26 +12233,25 @@ msgstr "" "paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første " "diagrammet pÃ¥ neste side)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" -"Endelig er det en liten sliver i regulert Ellers kopierer bruker som forblir " -"unregulated fordi loven vurderer disse \"rimelig bruk\"." +"Til slutt er det en tynn skive av ellers regulert kopierings-bruk som " +"forblir uregluert pÃ¥ grunn av at loven anser dette som \"rimelig bruk\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " @@ -11820,26 +12272,26 @@ msgstr "" "slike \"fair bruker\" for offentlig politikk (og muligens first endring) " "grunner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Uregulert kopiering anses som "rimelig bruk"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 154 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " @@ -11852,7 +12304,7 @@ msgstr "" "visninger." #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " @@ -11867,7 +12319,7 @@ msgstr "" "digital network kan være utformet for Ã¥ slette noe det kopierer slik at det " "samme antallet kopier forblir." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -11883,16 +12335,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " -"plausible copyright-related argument that the copyright owner could make to " -"control that use of her book. Copyright law would have nothing to say about " -"whether you read the book once, ten times, or every night before you went to " -"bed. None of those instances of use—reading— could be regulated " -"by copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy." +"plausible <emphasis>copyright</emphasis>-related argument that the copyright " +"owner could make to control that use of her book. Copyright law would have " +"nothing to say about whether you read the book once, ten times, or every " +"night before you went to bed. None of those instances of use—" +"reading— could be regulated by copyright law because none of those " +"uses produced a copy." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ la oss være svært spesifikke Ã¥ gjøre herfra Generelt og fjerner. før " "Internett, hvis du kjøpte en bok og Les det ti ganger, ville det ikke " @@ -11903,18 +12356,18 @@ msgstr "" "lesing—kan reguleres av lov om opphavsrett, fordi ingen av de bruker " "produsert en kopi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " -"only once a month, then copyright law would aid the copyright owner in " -"exercising this degree of control, because of the accidental feature of " -"copyright law that triggers its application upon there being a copy. Now if " -"you read the book ten times and the license says you may read it only five " -"times, then whenever you read the book (or any portion of it) beyond the " -"fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the copyright " -"owner's wish." +"only once a month, then <emphasis>copyright law</emphasis> would aid the " +"copyright owner in exercising this degree of control, because of the " +"accidental feature of copyright law that triggers its application upon there " +"being a copy. Now if you read the book ten times and the license says you " +"may read it only five times, then whenever you read the book (or any portion " +"of it) beyond the fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to " +"the copyright owner's wish." msgstr "" "men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med regler. " "nÃ¥ hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, eller " @@ -11925,7 +12378,7 @@ msgstr "" "ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover den " "femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " @@ -11938,7 +12391,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ gjøre det klart endringen. NÃ¥r du ser dette punktet, bli noen andre " "punkter ogsÃ¥ klar:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " @@ -11955,18 +12408,18 @@ msgstr "" "policy her for Ã¥ skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur " "før Internett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " -"commercial piracy. But the law now purports to regulate any transformation " -"you make of creative work using a machine. \"Copy and paste\" and \"cut and " -"paste\" become crimes. Tinkering with a story and releasing it to others " -"exposes the tinkerer to at least a requirement of justification. However " -"troubling the expansion with respect to copying a particular work, it is " -"extraordinarily troubling with respect to transformative uses of creative " -"work." +"commercial piracy. But the law now purports to regulate <emphasis>any</" +"emphasis> transformation you make of creative work using a machine. \"Copy " +"and paste\" and \"cut and paste\" become crimes. Tinkering with a story and " +"releasing it to others exposes the tinkerer to at least a requirement of " +"justification. However troubling the expansion with respect to copying a " +"particular work, it is extraordinarily troubling with respect to " +"transformative uses of creative work." msgstr "" "andre, dette skiftet er spesielt troubling i sammenheng med transformative " "bruk av kreative innholdet. igjen, kan vi alle forstÃ¥ feil i kommersielle " @@ -11978,7 +12431,7 @@ msgstr "" "svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid." #. PAGE BREAK 156 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " @@ -12001,15 +12454,16 @@ msgstr "" "behovet for en rettferdig bruk forsvar. retten til Ã¥ lese var effektivt " "beskyttet før fordi lesing ikke ble regulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " "use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " "effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense " -"when the vast majority of uses are unregulated. But when everything becomes " -"presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not enough." +"when the vast majority of uses are <emphasis>unregulated</emphasis>. But " +"when everything becomes presumptively regulated, then the protections of " +"fair use are not enough." msgstr "" "dette punktet om rimelig bruk er helt ignorert, selv av talsmenn gratis " "kultur. Vi har vært cornered til kranglet at vÃ¥re rettigheter er avhengige " @@ -12018,7 +12472,7 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men nÃ¥r alt blir presumptively " "regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " @@ -12033,7 +12487,7 @@ msgstr "" "video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere pÃ¥ bÃ¥nd, og " "solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " @@ -12051,7 +12505,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil ogsÃ¥ kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den." #. PAGE BREAK 157 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " @@ -12078,7 +12532,7 @@ msgstr "" "de hadde. sÃ¥ de anlagt en sak Ã¥ be retten Ã¥ erklære at disse rettighetene " "var faktisk sine rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " @@ -12099,7 +12553,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktivere video butikker Ã¥ selge kopier av disse filmene, var disney nÃ¥ suing " "video rørledning for $100 millioner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " @@ -12117,7 +12571,7 @@ msgstr "" "vise titlene pÃ¥ filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til Ã¥ vise klipp av " "filmer som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ selge dem uten disney's tillatelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " @@ -12144,7 +12598,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontroll, fordi teknologien bygger en kopi til hver transaksjon." #. PAGE BREAK 158 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " @@ -12173,7 +12627,7 @@ msgstr "" "men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette skjer " "er ganske liten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " @@ -12190,11 +12644,11 @@ msgstr "" "eiere velge. i enkelte sammenhenger, minst, er det faktum harmløse. men det " "er en oppskrift pÃ¥ katastrofe i enkelte sammenhenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "Arkitektur og lov: Makt" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " @@ -12207,7 +12661,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥virker ikke rekkevidden av opphavsrett regulering; det pÃ¥virker hvordan " "slike regulering fremtvinges." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " @@ -12222,53 +12676,63 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonen med loven og cognizant av saldoer som tradisjon omfavnet, som sa " "om og hvordan loven ville begrense friheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "Casablanca" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Marx Brothers" +msgstr "" + #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." +"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" -"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." +"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " -"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " -"Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the Marxes, warning them " -"that there would be serious legal consequences if they went forward with " -"their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of <citetitle>Casablanca</" +"citetitle>. Warner Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the " +"Marxes, warning them that there would be serious legal consequences if they " +"went forward with their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er en berømt historie om en kamp mellom Marx-brødrene (the Marx " "Brothers) og Warner Brothers. Marx-brødrene planla Ã¥ lage en parodi av " -"Casablanca. Warner Brothers protesterte. De skrev et ufint brev til Marx-" -"brødrene og advarte dem om at det ville fÃ¥ seriøse juridiske konsekvenser " -"hvis de gikk videre med sin plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>. Warner Brothers protesterte. De skrev et " +"ufint brev til Marx-brødrene og advarte dem om at det ville fÃ¥ seriøse " +"juridiske konsekvenser hvis de gikk videre med sin plan.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." -msgstr "Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Marx Brothers therefore owned the word " -"brothers, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying to control Casablanca, " -"then the Marx Brothers would insist on control over brothers." +"<citetitle>brothers</citetitle>, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying " +"to control <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, then the Marx Brothers would " +"insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>." msgstr "" "Dette fikk Marx-brødrene til Ã¥ svare tilbake med samme mynt. De advarte " "Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene \"var brødre lenge før dere var det\"." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide derfor ordet " -"Brothers, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterte pÃ¥ Ã¥ forsøke Ã¥ kontrollere " -"Casablanca, sÃ¥ ville Marx-brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontroll over Brothers." +"<citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterte pÃ¥ Ã¥ " +"forsøke Ã¥ kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, sÃ¥ ville Marx-" +"brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontroll over <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. " @@ -12280,7 +12744,7 @@ msgstr "" "hÃ¥ndheve et slikt dumt krav. Denne ekstremismen var irrelevant for de ekte " "friheter som alle (inkludert Warner Brothers) nøt godt av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " @@ -12300,11 +12764,15 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke fÃ¥ humor av the marx brothers. Konsekvensen av dette er overhodet " "ikke morsomt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "La oss se pÃ¥ livet til min Adobe eBook Reader." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -12316,7 +12784,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruker Ã¥ levere e-bøker. Den bidrar med teknologien, og utgiveren leverer " "innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." @@ -12324,16 +12792,17 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." #. PAGE BREAK 160 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " -"Middlemarch, for example, is in the public domain. Some of them reproduce " -"content that is not in the public domain: My own book The Future of Ideas is " -"not yet within the public domain. Consider Middlemarch first. If you click " -"on my e-book copy of Middlemarch, you'll see a fancy cover, and then a " -"button at the bottom called Permissions." +"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, for example, is in the public domain. " +"Some of them reproduce content that is not in the public domain: My own book " +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> is not yet within the public " +"domain. Consider <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> first. If you click on " +"my e-book copy of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, you'll see a fancy " +"cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions." msgstr "" "som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken biblioteket. " "noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: middlemarch, er " @@ -12342,15 +12811,15 @@ msgstr "" "vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, " "vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp pÃ¥ bunnen kalt tillatelser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "Bilde av en gammel versjon av Adobe eBook Reader." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " @@ -12359,26 +12828,27 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene " "som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" "Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene " "som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 161 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " "text to the clipboard.) I also have the permission to print ten pages from " "the book every ten days. Lastly, I have the permission to use the Read Aloud " -"button to hear Middlemarch read aloud through the computer." +"button to hear <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> read aloud through the " +"computer." msgstr "" "Ifølge min eBok-leser har jeg tillatelse til Ã¥ kopiere til utklippstavlen pÃ¥ " "datamaskinen ti tekstomrÃ¥der ti dager. (sÃ¥ langt jeg har kopiert ingen tekst " @@ -12386,24 +12856,33 @@ msgstr "" "boken ti dager. til slutt, jeg har tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke lese høyt knapp " "for Ã¥ høre middlemarch lest høyt gjennom datamaskinen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Aristotle" +msgstr "Aristoteles" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" +msgstr "<citetitle>Politikk</citetitle>, (Aristotles)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's Politics." +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert " -"oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk." +"Her er e-boken for et annet allemannseid verk (inkludert oversettelsen): " +"Aristoteles <citetitle>Politikk</citetitle> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "E-bok av Aristoteles "Politikk"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. " @@ -12412,38 +12891,38 @@ msgstr "" "i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det " "hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for Ã¥ høre boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." -msgstr "Liste med tillatelser for Aristotles "Politics"." +msgstr "Liste med tillatelser for Aristotles "Politikk"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " -"e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" +"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" "Endelig (og mest embarrassingly), her er du tillatelsene for den " "opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for idéer:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" "Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og vÃ¥g ikke Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ lytte til denne boken!" #. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " @@ -12460,21 +12939,21 @@ msgstr "" "kontrakten, ikke fra lov om opphavsrett og forpliktelsene ved kontrakt ville " "ikke nødvendigvis gÃ¥ til alle som senere kjøpt boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " "works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the " "power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not under " "copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy " -"only ten text selections into the memory every ten days, what that really " -"means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I " -"use the book on my computer, far beyond the control that the law would " -"enable." +"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have " +"the permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten " +"days, what that really means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the " +"publisher to control how I use the book on my computer, far beyond the " +"control that the law would enable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " @@ -12506,27 +12985,28 @@ msgstr "" "hvis du gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, " "maskinen bare vil ikke lese høyt." -#. PAGE BREAK 163 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " -"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner Brothers," -"\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." +"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " +"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " +"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx " "brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde Ã¥ skrive inn " "\"warner brothers,\" slettet \"brødre\" fra setningen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " -"code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " -"ratified by courts; the controls over access to content will be controls " -"that are coded by programmers. And whereas the controls that are built into " -"the law are always to be checked by a judge, the controls that are built " -"into the technology have no similar built-in check." +"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright <emphasis>law</" +"emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The controls over access " +"to content will not be controls that are ratified by courts; the controls " +"over access to content will be controls that are coded by programmers. And " +"whereas the controls that are built into the law are always to be checked by " +"a judge, the controls that are built into the technology have no similar " +"built-in check." msgstr "" "Dette er fremtiden til lov om opphavsrett: ikke sÃ¥ mye copyright lov som " "opphavsrett kode. Kontroller over tilgangen til innholdet kan ikke " @@ -12536,7 +13016,7 @@ msgstr "" "dommer, kontrollene som er innebygd i teknologien har ingen tilsvarende " "innebygde kontroller." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " @@ -12551,7 +13031,7 @@ msgstr "" "programvaren, men det var trivielle beskyttelse til tap. Hvorfor vil ikke " "være trivielt Ã¥ beseire slik beskyttelse ogsÃ¥?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " @@ -12560,31 +13040,36 @@ msgstr "" "Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gÃ¥ tilbake til adobe eBok-" "leser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " -"Adobe site was a copy of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. This wonderful " -"book is in the public domain. Yet when you clicked on Permissions for that " -"book, you got the following report:" +"Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</" +"citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you " +"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "tidlig i livet av adobe eBok reader LED adobe et PR mareritt. Blant bøkene " "som du kan laste ned gratis pÃ¥ adobe siden var en kopi av alice's adventures " "in wonderland. denne fantastiske boken er offentlig tilgjengelig. ennÃ¥ nÃ¥r " "du klikket pÃ¥ tillatelser for boken, fikk du det fulgte rapporten:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 164 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " @@ -12595,7 +13080,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ lÃ¥ne, ikke lov til Ã¥ gi og, som \"tillatelser\" angitt, ikke lov til Ã¥ " "\"lese høyt\"!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " @@ -12611,7 +13096,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense høyre for foreldre, for eksempel Ã¥ lese boken til sine barn, som " "syntes Ã¥ si mildt, absurd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " @@ -12637,7 +13122,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettferdig? Adobe ikke svare fordi svaret, men absurde det kan virke, er " "ingen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " @@ -12652,7 +13137,7 @@ msgstr "" "det mulig for kontroll, og adobe har et insentiv til Ã¥ forsvare denne " "kontrollen. dette insentiv er forstÃ¥elig, men hva som skaper er ofte gal." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " @@ -12661,11 +13146,11 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en " "favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "Aibo robothund" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " @@ -12677,7 +13162,7 @@ msgstr "" "av et rot (i det minste i huset)." #. PAGE BREAK 165 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " @@ -12694,7 +13179,7 @@ msgstr "" "informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo Ã¥ gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony " "hadde lært det pÃ¥ det omrÃ¥det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " @@ -12711,16 +13196,17 @@ msgstr "" "pet om hvordan Ã¥ hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " "(derfor aibohack.com)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " -"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. " -"Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or " -"coders, as I call them, hack is a much more positive term. Hack just means " -"code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally intended " -"or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you might " -"find the old computer doesn't run, or \"drive,\" the printer. If you " +"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " +"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly connotation. " +"Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even " +"worse. But to programmers, or coders, as I call them, <citetitle>hack</" +"citetitle> is a much more positive term. <citetitle>Hack</citetitle> just " +"means code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally " +"intended or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you " +"might find the old computer doesn't run, or \"drive,\" the printer. If you " "discovered that, you'd later be happy to discover a hack on the Net by " "someone who has written a driver to enable the computer to drive the printer " "you just bought." @@ -12736,7 +13222,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil du senere gjerne til Ã¥ oppdage en hack pÃ¥ nettet av noen som har skrevet " "en driver for Ã¥ aktivere datamaskinen til Ã¥ kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " @@ -12749,7 +13235,7 @@ msgstr "" "en viss respekt som gÃ¥r med talent Ã¥ hacke godt. Det er en velfortjent " "respekt som gÃ¥r med talent Ã¥ hacke etisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " @@ -12763,7 +13249,7 @@ msgstr "" "forvandlet hunden til en mer talentfull skapning enn sony hadde bygget." #. PAGE BREAK 166 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " @@ -12774,8 +13260,8 @@ msgid "" "dance jazz. Nor is it a crime to teach your dog to dance jazz. Nor should it " "be a crime (though we don't have a lot to go on here) to teach your robot " "dog to dance jazz. Dancing jazz is a completely legal activity. One imagines " -"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, What possible problem could there be " -"with teaching a robot dog to dance?" +"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, <emphasis>What possible problem could " +"there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>" msgstr "" "Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, bÃ¥de i og utenfor USA. " "NÃ¥r jeg ble spurt av en rÃ¥dvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for en " @@ -12788,7 +13274,7 @@ msgstr "" "en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem kan det være " "med undervisning en robot hunden Ã¥ danse?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " @@ -12810,25 +13296,27 @@ msgstr "" "felten stÃ¥tt sin bakken. Han var ikke om Ã¥ bli mobba til Ã¥ være stille om " "noe han visste godt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "Elektronisk forpost-stiftelsen (EFF)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " -"Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the " -"Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks,\" American Prospect, January 2002; " -"\"Court Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,\" Intellectual " -"Property Litigation Reporter, 11 December 2001; Bill Holland, \"Copyright " -"Act Raising Free-Speech Concerns,\" Billboard, May 2001; Janelle Brown, \"Is " -"the RIAA Running Scared?\" Salon.com, April 2001; Electronic Frontier " -"Foundation, \"Frequently Asked Questions about Felten and USENIX v. RIAA " +"<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " +"Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks,\" " +"<citetitle>American Prospect</citetitle>, January 2002; \"Court Dismisses " +"Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,\" <citetitle>Intellectual Property " +"Litigation Reporter</citetitle>, 11 December 2001; Bill Holland, \"Copyright " +"Act Raising Free-Speech Concerns,\" <citetitle>Billboard</citetitle>, May " +"2001; Janelle Brown, \"Is the RIAA Running Scared?\" Salon.com, April 2001; " +"Electronic Frontier Foundation, \"Frequently Asked Questions about " +"<citetitle>Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v. <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> " "Legal Case,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper " @@ -12837,7 +13325,7 @@ msgid "" "Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " @@ -12856,7 +13344,7 @@ msgstr "" "være del av et \"klarert system\" av kontroll som ville fÃ¥ innholdseiere kan " "stole pÃ¥ systemet av Internett mye mer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " @@ -12870,7 +13358,7 @@ msgstr "" "problemer til konsortiet." #. PAGE BREAK 167 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " @@ -12883,7 +13371,7 @@ msgstr "" "samme svakhet, og felten og teamet hans trodde det verdt Ã¥ pÃ¥peke dette til " "de som studerer kryptering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. " @@ -12900,7 +13388,7 @@ msgstr "" "av kritikk. at kritikk er sannsynlig, i sin tur til Ã¥ forbedre systemer " "eller personer eller idéer kritisert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " @@ -12915,7 +13403,7 @@ msgstr "" "for fleste. men det viste klart svakhetene i sdmi-systemet, og hvorfor sdmi " "ville ikke, sÃ¥ dag konstituert, lykkes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " @@ -12926,7 +13414,7 @@ msgstr "" "mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com banalisere. " "Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " @@ -12937,7 +13425,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopibeskyttelse protokollen utgjør et brudd pÃ¥ anti-omgÃ¥else bestemmelsene i " "digital millennium copyright act." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " @@ -12949,7 +13437,7 @@ msgstr "" "lese:" #. PAGE BREAK 168 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " @@ -12962,7 +13450,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunne utsettes du og din undersøkelsesgruppen for handlinger under digital " "millennium copyright act (\"dmca\")." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " @@ -12973,7 +13461,7 @@ msgstr "" "spredningen av informasjon. digital millennium copyright act gjort sprer seg " "slik informasjon en krenkelser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " @@ -12981,8 +13469,9 @@ msgid "" "response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new " "technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies " "to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They " -"were designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to " -"reestablish some protection for copyright owners." +"were designed as <emphasis>code</emphasis> to modify the original " +"<emphasis>code</emphasis> of the Internet, to reestablish some protection " +"for copyright owners." msgstr "" "dmca ble vedtatt som en reaksjon pÃ¥ opphavsrett eiernes første frykt om " "cyberspace. frykt var at opphavsrett kontroll var effektivt død; svaret var " @@ -12992,20 +13481,21 @@ msgstr "" "utviklet som kode for Ã¥ endre den opprinnelige koden for Internett, for Ã¥ " "gjenopprette noe beskyttelse for eiere av opphavsretter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " -"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " -"intended to buttress software code which itself was intended to support the " -"legal code of copyright." +"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " +"<emphasis>legal code</emphasis> intended to buttress <emphasis>software " +"code</emphasis> which itself was intended to support the <emphasis>legal " +"code of copyright</emphasis>." msgstr "" "dmca var litt av loven som er ment Ã¥ sikkerhetskopiere beskyttelse av denne " "koden som er utformet for Ã¥ beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Det " "var vi kunne si, Juridisk Lisenstekst ment Ã¥ buttress programvarekode som " "selv var ment Ã¥ støtte Juridisk Lisenstekst av opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " @@ -13023,7 +13513,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjort mulig ved at omgÃ¥else ville ha vært et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten." #. PAGE BREAK 169 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " @@ -13046,7 +13536,7 @@ msgstr "" "av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten. spørsmÃ¥let er om " "et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " @@ -13063,7 +13553,11 @@ msgstr "" "selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre " "til Ã¥ krenke andres opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conrad, Paul" +msgstr "Conrad, Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " @@ -13071,8 +13565,9 @@ msgid "" "be banned because it was a copyright-infringing technology: It enabled " "consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " "doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " -"\"Mr. Rogers,\" for example, had testified in that case that he wanted " -"people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." +"\"<citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,\" for example, had testified in that " +"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "bizarreness av disse argumentene er fanget i en tegneserie tegnet i 1981 av " "paul conrad. pÃ¥ den tiden, en domstol i california hadde holdt at " @@ -13083,12 +13578,13 @@ msgstr "" "fall at han ønsket Ã¥ fremkalle gratis Ã¥ tape mr. rogers' neighborhood." #. f23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " -"455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " -"Lardner, Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR " +"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " +"City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " +"never changed his view about the VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast " +"Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> " "(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71." msgstr "" "Sony corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " @@ -13096,7 +13592,7 @@ msgstr "" "james lardner, spole fremover: hollywood, japanske og onslaught av " "videoopptakeren (new york: w. w. norton, 1987), 270­71." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -13114,7 +13610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " @@ -13124,20 +13620,21 @@ msgstr "" "Selv om det var bruker som var juridiske, fordi det var noen bruksomrÃ¥der " "som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" "ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve Ã¥ komme nær." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " @@ -13155,7 +13652,7 @@ msgstr "" "god slutt." #. PAGE BREAK 171 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " @@ -13169,23 +13666,24 @@ msgstr "" "bruk ville vært bra. det, ogsÃ¥, er en teknologi som har bÃ¥de gode og dÃ¥rlige " "bruker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " -"technologies) are illegal. Flash: No one ever died from copyright " -"circumvention. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies absolutely, " -"despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits guns, " -"despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +"technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " +"circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " +"absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "den Ã¥penbare punkt conrad's tegneserie er weirdness av en verden der guns er " "juridisk, til tross for skade som de kan gjøre, mens videospillere (og " @@ -13194,7 +13692,7 @@ msgstr "" "tross for potensialet som de kan gjøre noe godt, men tillater vÃ¥pen, til " "tross for den Ã¥penbare og tragisk skaden de gjør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " @@ -13210,17 +13708,18 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ rimelig bruk som de innføre gjennom koden. teknologien blir et middel som " "kan bli slettet fair use; loven av dmca sikkerhetskopierer at sletting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " -"and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " -"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law—increasing " -"its regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would " -"otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code " -"becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that " -"copyright owners effect—at least for those copyright holders with the " -"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." +"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " +"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " +"rules the violation of which is also a violation of the law. In this way, " +"the code extends the law—increasing its regulation, even if the " +"subject it regulates (activities that would otherwise plainly constitute " +"fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code becomes law; code extends the " +"law; code thus extends the control that copyright owners effect—at " +"least for those copyright holders with the lawyers who can write the nasty " +"letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien " "for kopiering og tilgang beskyttelse bli regler bryter som er ogsÃ¥ et brudd " @@ -13231,7 +13730,7 @@ msgstr "" "de innehaverne av opphavsrett med advokater som kan skrive ekkel bokstavene " "som felten og aibopet.com som er mottatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " @@ -13254,27 +13753,27 @@ msgstr "" "identiteten til de som bryter reglene." #. f24 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " -"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " -"Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1997): 651." +"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " +"Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 (1997): 651." msgstr "" "for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, \"legal-" "fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles " "underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " -"every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " -"the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain Kirk. The characters " -"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue it." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " +"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " +"fan fiction about the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain " +"Kirk. The characters would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply " +"continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " @@ -13289,7 +13788,7 @@ msgstr "" "av vÃ¥r kultur. du ble tillatt Ã¥ bygge videre pÃ¥ det som du selv ønsker, uten " "frykt for juridisk kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " @@ -13310,7 +13809,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er " "rask." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " @@ -13327,12 +13826,12 @@ msgstr "" "utstede billetter basert pÃ¥ dataene du har overført. det vil si, hva som " "skjer her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "Marked: Konsentrasjon" #. PAGE BREAK 173 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " @@ -13362,7 +13861,7 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av regjeringens kontroll over innovasjon og kreativitet; det ville " "være helt ugjenkjennelige til de som fødte copyright's kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " @@ -13377,7 +13876,7 @@ msgstr "" "godt forstÃ¥tt. Det er den som oppretter nettopp grunnen til Ã¥ være bekymret " "for alle andre endringer jeg har beskrevet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " @@ -13398,18 +13897,14 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥r vil vi lever i en verden der bare tre selskaper kontrollere mer enn " "prosent av media." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" "Det er her to sorter endringer: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -msgid "BMG" -msgstr "BMG" - #. f25 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " @@ -13420,26 +13915,46 @@ msgstr "" "108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)." #. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " -"New York Times, 23 December 2002." +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." msgstr "" "lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette Ã¥ " "skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002." #. f27 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " -"May 2003." +"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " +"Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" "Molly ivins, \"media konsolidering mÃ¥ stoppes,\" charleston gazette, 31 kan " "2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "BMG" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "McCain, John" +msgstr "McCain, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -13448,20 +13963,23 @@ msgid "" "BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 " "percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the " -"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"7\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-" -"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. During that " -"period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners dropped by 34 " -"percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters control 74 " -"percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 " -"percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." +"five stations. Today <emphasis>one</emphasis> company owns more than 1,200 " +"stations. During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio " +"owners dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest " +"broadcasters control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just " +"four companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." msgstr "" "historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets " "største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag " @@ -13471,7 +13989,7 @@ msgstr "" "markedet inntekter. Total, bare fire selskaper styre 90 prosent av landets " "radio annonsering inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " @@ -13491,11 +14009,11 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt Ã¥ beskytte. Det er " "faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet—av markedet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "Fallows, James" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " @@ -13506,21 +14024,21 @@ msgstr "" "natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " "artikkel om rupert murdoch," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " -"89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</" +"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (september 2003): " -"89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</" +"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . " -"Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " -"content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " -"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " "distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " "Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " "Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " @@ -13528,7 +14046,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " @@ -13541,73 +14059,69 @@ msgstr "" "uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre " "dette mønsteret:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "Mønster for moderne mediaeierskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 175 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " "content?" msgstr "" -"har denne konsentrasjonen saken? vil det pÃ¥virke hva er gjort, eller hva er " -"distribuert? eller er det bare en mer effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ produsere og " +"Betyr denne konsentrasjonen noe? PÃ¥virker det hva som blir laget, eller hva " +"som blir distribuert? Eller er det bare en mer effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ produsere og " "distribuere innhold?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " "listening to a barrage of creators try to convince me to the contrary, I am " "beginning to change my mind." msgstr "" -"Jeg var at konsentrasjon ikke ville saken. Jeg trodde det var ingenting mer " -"enn en mer effektive økonomiske strukturen. men nÃ¥, etter at lese og lytte " -"til en barrage av skaperne prøver Ã¥ overbevise meg om det motsatte, jeg " -"begynner Ã¥ endre meg sinn." +"Mitt syn var at konsentrasjonen ikke betød noe. Jeg tenkte det ikke var noe " +"mer enn en mer effektiv finansiell struktur. Men nÃ¥, etter Ã¥ ha lest og " +"hørt pÃ¥ en haug av skapere prøve Ã¥ overbevise meg om det motsatte, har jeg " +"begynt Ã¥ endre mening." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" -"Her er en representant historie som begynner Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ hvordan denne " -"integreringen kan saken." +"Her er en representativ historie som kan foreslÃ¥ hvorfor denne integreringen " +"er viktig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "Lear, Norman" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " -"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told Lear. " -"Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC was " -"exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less edgy, " -"not more." +"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too " +"edgy, they told Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy " +"than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told " +"Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more." msgstr "" -"i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten " -"til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var ogsÃ¥ irritabel, fortalte de " -"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn først. " -"ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre " -"irritabel, ikke mer." +"I 1969 laget Norman Lear en polit for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. Han tok piloten til ABC, og nettverket likte det ikke. Da sa " +"til Lear at det var for pÃ¥ kanten. Gjør det om igjen. Lear lagde piloten pÃ¥ " +"nytt, mer pÃ¥ kanten enn den første. ABC ble fra seg. Du fÃ¥r ikke med deg " +"poenget, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil ha det mindre pÃ¥ kanten, ikke mer." #. f29 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -13617,16 +14131,20 @@ msgid "" "notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " "Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"I stedet for Ã¥ føye seg, to Lear ganske enkelt serien sin til noen andre. " +"CBS var glad for Ã¥ ha seriene, og ABC kunne ikke stoppe Lear fra Ã¥ gÃ¥ til " +"andre. Opphavsretten som Lear hadde sikret uavhengighet fra nettverk-" +"kontroll.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 176 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " @@ -13644,7 +14162,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"uavhengige\" av nettverk." #. f30 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. " @@ -13655,7 +14173,7 @@ msgid "" "Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -13673,27 +14191,28 @@ msgid "" "decreased 63%.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " -"had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " -"of any show developed for a network is increasingly owned by the network." +"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show less " +"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is " +"increasingly owned by the network." msgstr "" "i dag, en annen norman lear med en annen alle i familien ville finne at han " "mÃ¥tte velge Ã¥ gjøre showet mindre irritabel eller sparken: innholdet i et " "hvilket som helst Vis utviklet for et nettverk er i økende grad eid av " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "Diller, Barry" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "Moyers, Bill" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " @@ -13706,14 +14225,18 @@ msgstr "" "moyers," #. f32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " -"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." +"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " +"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" +"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " +"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</" +"ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -13723,7 +14246,7 @@ msgid "" "you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " @@ -13746,25 +14269,26 @@ msgstr "" "kritiske, forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et " "demokrati." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "Clark, Kim B." #. f33 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " -"Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business " -"School Press, 1997). Christensen acknowledges that the idea was first " -"suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. Clark, \"The Interaction of Design " -"Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution,\" Research " -"Policy 14 (1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster " -"and Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " -"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them (New " -"York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." +"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen " +"acknowledges that the idea was first suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. " +"Clark, \"The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in " +"Technological Evolution,\" <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 (1985): " +"235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and Sarah Kaplan, " +"<citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " +"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them</" +"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -13777,7 +14301,7 @@ msgid "" "little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " @@ -13788,14 +14312,14 @@ msgstr "" "hva konsentrasjon og integrering vil gjøre. effektiviteten er viktig, og " "effekten pÃ¥ kultur er vanskelig Ã¥ mÃ¥le." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "men det er en typiske Ã¥penbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. " @@ -13807,7 +14331,7 @@ msgstr "" "og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen." #. PAGE BREAK 178 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " @@ -13839,7 +14363,7 @@ msgstr "" "redusert narkotikabruk av amerikanerne kunne muligens oppveier disse " "kostnadene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " @@ -13851,7 +14375,7 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig fundamentalt pressen for Ã¥ informere amerikanerne om disse " "problemene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " @@ -13874,7 +14398,7 @@ msgstr "" "av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). " "pluggen pÃ¥ slutten er en damning angrep pÃ¥ pro-legalization kampanjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " @@ -13883,7 +14407,7 @@ msgstr "" "Fair nok. Det er en god annonse. ikke veldig misvisende. Det gir sin melding " "godt. Det er en rettferdig og rimelig melding." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " @@ -13897,7 +14421,7 @@ msgstr "" "stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?" #. PAGE BREAK 179 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. " @@ -13910,19 +14434,27 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ hjelpe deg Ã¥ fÃ¥ budskapet. kan du være sikker pÃ¥ at meldingen vil " "deretter bli hørt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Comcast" msgstr "Comcast" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "NBC" +msgstr "NBC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "WJOA" -msgstr "" +msgstr "WJOA" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "WRC" +msgstr "WRC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -13933,24 +14465,27 @@ msgid "" "collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These " "restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for example, " "Nat Ives, \"On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection " -"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-" -"related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing " -"to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, " -"\"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and " -"Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a more " -"recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see Radio-Television " -"News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal " -"authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a recent example " -"from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that " -"criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, " -"\"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. " -"The ground was that the criticism was \"too controversial.\" <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +"from TV Networks,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 13 March 2003, " +"C4. Outside of election-related air time there is very little that the FCC " +"or the courts are willing to do to even the playing field. For a general " +"overview, see Rhonda Brown, \"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial " +"Advertising on Television and Radio,\" <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy " +"Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a more recent summary of " +"the stance of the FCC and the courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News " +"Directors Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d " +"872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as " +"the networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco " +"transit authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. " +"Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, \"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects " +"Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was " +"\"too controversial.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -13963,7 +14498,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " @@ -13985,11 +14520,11 @@ msgstr "" "der bare en noen kommer til Ã¥ bestemme hvilke problemer med resten av oss fÃ¥ " "vite om." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Together" msgstr "Sammen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " @@ -14003,7 +14538,7 @@ msgstr "" "Anarkisten kan uenige." #. PAGE BREAK 180 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " @@ -14027,7 +14562,7 @@ msgstr "" "fundamentalt endres frihet i denne kulturen til Ã¥ dyrke og bygge pÃ¥ vÃ¥r " "fortid, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " @@ -14039,7 +14574,7 @@ msgstr "" "copyright eller gÃ¥ tilbake til 1700-tallet. det ville være en totalt feil, " "katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vÃ¥r kultur i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " @@ -14061,7 +14596,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's " "regulering—en svekkelse av den reguleringen, Ã¥ styrke kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " @@ -14070,9 +14605,9 @@ msgid "" "as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " "lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the " "past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need " -"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be reductions in " -"the scope of copyright, in response to the extraordinary increase in control " -"that technology and the market enable." +"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be " +"<emphasis>reductions</emphasis> in the scope of copyright, in response to " +"the extraordinary increase in control that technology and the market enable." msgstr "" "lov om opphavsrett har ikke vært en rock of gibraltar. Det er ikke et sett " "med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenÃ¥ringer og " @@ -14085,15 +14620,15 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi og markedet aktivere." #. PAGE BREAK 181 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " "the effect of changing law, concentrated markets, and changing technology, " -"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: Never in our history have " -"fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of our culture " -"than now." +"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: <emphasis>Never in our " +"history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of " +"our culture than now</emphasis>." msgstr "" "for enkeltpunkt som er tapt i denne krigen mot pirater er et punkt som vi " "ser bare etter kartlegging pÃ¥ rekke disse endringene. NÃ¥r du legger sammen " @@ -14102,39 +14637,39 @@ msgstr "" "færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " "enn nÃ¥." -#. f35 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " -"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." +"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" " -"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 159­60." +"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans \"fire kapitulasjoner\" " +"for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, " +"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " "tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there " "were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film " "studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " -"Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad " -"a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of " -"regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of " -"a nation at the founding—is now a massive regulation of the overall " -"creative process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn " -"this historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " -"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"<emphasis>Never</emphasis> has copyright protected such a wide range of " +"rights, against as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as " +"long. This form of regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the " +"creative energy of a nation at the founding—is now a massive " +"regulation of the overall creative process. Law plus technology plus the " +"market now interact to turn this historically benign regulation into the " +"most significant regulation of culture that our free society has known." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nÃ¥ kort oppgis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " @@ -14149,33 +14684,32 @@ msgstr "" "Fjern tilordning av endringene som har gjennomgÃ¥tt en lov om opphavsrett. i " "1790, loven sÃ¥ ut som dette:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "PUBLISH" -msgstr "Publiser" +msgstr "Publisere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "TRANSFORM" -msgstr "transformere" +msgstr "Omforme" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Commercial" msgstr "Kommersiell" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "©" msgstr "©" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Free" msgstr "Fri" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "Ikke-kommersiell" #. PAGE BREAK 182 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. " @@ -14189,12 +14723,12 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-" "kommersielt arbeid var ogsÃ¥ gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" -msgstr "ved slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre, hadde loven endres til dette:" +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre hadde loven blitt endret til dette:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " @@ -14207,7 +14741,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielt. men ikke-kommersiell publisering og transformasjon var fortsatt " "hovedsakelig gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " @@ -14222,15 +14756,15 @@ msgstr "" "kunne som fotokopiering maskiner ble mer vanlig, vi si loven begynte Ã¥ se " "slik ut:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "COPY" -msgstr "Kopier" +msgstr "Kopiere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "©/Free" msgstr "©/Fri" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " @@ -14245,7 +14779,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nÃ¥ ser slik ut:" #. PAGE BREAK 183 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " @@ -14258,7 +14792,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller ikke, transformative eller ikke – med de samme reglene som er utformet " "for Ã¥ regulere kommersielle utgivere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " @@ -14270,16 +14804,18 @@ msgstr "" "virker ikke godt. SÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør spørre akkurat nÃ¥ er enten utvide " "forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " "regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " "transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " -"chapters 7 and 8, one might well wonder whether it does more harm than good " -"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " -"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" "Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " "men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra nÃ¥r regulerer (som " @@ -14289,15 +14825,19 @@ msgstr "" "for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil " "bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset." -#. f36 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "legal realist movement" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " "and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of Property," -"\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. " -"(New York: New York University Press, 1980)." +"\" in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland Pennock and " +"John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980). " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for Ã¥ " "demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for Ã¥ balansere " @@ -14305,7 +14845,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. " "(new york: new york university press, 1980)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -14315,13 +14855,14 @@ msgid "" "need to give authors and artists incentives with the equally important need " "to assure access to creative work. This balance has always been struck in " "light of new technologies. And for almost half of our tradition, the " -"\"copyright\" did not control at all the freedom of others to build upon or " -"transform a creative work. American culture was born free, and for almost " -"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." +"\"copyright\" did not control <emphasis>at all</emphasis> the freedom of " +"others to build upon or transform a creative work. American culture was born " +"free, and for almost 180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant " +"and rich free culture." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " @@ -14354,7 +14895,7 @@ msgstr "" "fri kultur er svært forskjellig fra ekstremistgrupper visjonen som dominerer " "debatten i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " @@ -14378,39 +14919,39 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten til Ã¥ opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der " "oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet mÃ¥ kontrollere med en advokat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "Nøtter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "Wells, H. G." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " -"Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " -"Oxford University Press, 1996)." +"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " +"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " +"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." msgstr "" "h. g. wells, \"land for blind\" (1904, 1911). se h. g. wells, landet av " "blind og andre historier, michael sherborne, ed. (new york: oxford " "university press, 1996)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -14423,17 +14964,17 @@ msgid "" "life as a king." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " -"They don't have the word blind. They think he's just thick. Indeed, as they " -"increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the sound of grass being " -"stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to control him. He, in turn, " -"becomes increasingly frustrated. \"`You don't understand,' he cried, in a " -"voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. `You are " -"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\"" +"They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just " +"thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the " +"sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to " +"control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. \"`You don't " +"understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, " +"and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\"" msgstr "" "ting gÃ¥r ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver Ã¥ forklare idéen om " "synet til landsbyboere. de forstÃ¥r ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind." @@ -14445,7 +14986,7 @@ msgstr "" "være! \"\"" #. PAGE BREAK 187 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " @@ -14467,7 +15008,7 @@ msgstr "" "overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare " "halvparten forstÃ¥r, men hun var mysteriously glad.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " @@ -14480,7 +15021,7 @@ msgstr "" "instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe " "høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " @@ -14489,16 +15030,17 @@ msgstr "" "etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" " "rapporterer han." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " -"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" +"the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to affect his brain." +"\"" msgstr "" "\"hva pÃ¥virker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " "sykelig... pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som pÃ¥virker hans hjernen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " @@ -14511,7 +15053,7 @@ msgstr "" "operasjon – nemlig Ã¥ fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\"" #. PAGE BREAK 188 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " @@ -14523,7 +15065,7 @@ msgid "" "The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the " "skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the " "DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood " -"was at the scene. . . .\"" +"was at the scene. …\"" msgstr "" "\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av " "denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham Ã¥ være tillatt hans brud. (du mÃ¥ " @@ -14535,7 +15077,7 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med " "100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble pÃ¥ scenen....\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " @@ -14552,7 +15094,7 @@ msgstr "" "chimera). vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " "virkeligheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " @@ -14580,7 +15122,7 @@ msgstr "" "relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling " "selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " @@ -14599,14 +15141,15 @@ msgstr "" "vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt Ã¥ dele musikk med \"vÃ¥re ti tusen beste " "venner.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " "that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) releases a " "new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free copy to " -"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower." +"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te nÃ¥r den andre siden, sier, \"fildeling er akkurat som Ã¥ vandre " "inn i en tower records og tar en cd av sokkelen og vandre ut med det,\" som " @@ -14615,7 +15158,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopi til Ã¥ ta, det er veldig mye som Ã¥ stjele en kopi fra tÃ¥rnet." #. PAGE BREAK 189 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " @@ -14634,7 +15177,7 @@ msgstr "" "california lov, i det minste er $1000. Ifølge riaa, derimot, er hvis jeg " "dataoverføre en ti-sang-cd, jeg ansvarlig for $1,500,000 i skader.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " @@ -14649,11 +15192,15 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "Berman, Howard L." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -14662,15 +15209,16 @@ msgid "" "Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman (D-Calif.) have introduced a bill " "that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with " "punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, " -"\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. " -"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent " -"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " -"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a " -"family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon " -"Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could " -"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures " -"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. " +"\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</" +"citetitle>, 17 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per " +"copied song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's " +"demand that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more " +"than 600 songs through a family computer, see <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon Internet Services)</" +"citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could face " +"liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures furnish " +"the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. " "Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of " "heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance " "next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to " @@ -14679,12 +15227,13 @@ msgid "" "\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file " "sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-" "sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " -"to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"to Name Students,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -14696,7 +15245,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " @@ -14711,7 +15260,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet. gjøre fildeling som sladder: regulert, hvis i det " "hele tatt, av sosiale normer, men ikke av loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " @@ -14719,8 +15268,9 @@ msgid "" "recognizes the truth in both. And while I end this book with a sketch of a " "system that does just that, my aim in the next chapter is to show just how " "awful it would be for us to adopt the zero-tolerance extreme. I believe " -"either extreme would be worse than a reasonable alternative. But I believe " -"the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse of the two extremes." +"<emphasis>either</emphasis> extreme would be worse than a reasonable " +"alternative. But I believe the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse " +"of the two extremes." msgstr "" "enten svar er mulig. Jeg tror enten ville være feil. i stedet for Ã¥ omfavne " "en av disse to ytterpunktene, bør vi omfavne noe som gjenkjenner sannheten i " @@ -14731,7 +15281,7 @@ msgstr "" "løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene." #. PAGE BREAK 190 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " @@ -14747,7 +15297,7 @@ msgstr "" "aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny " "innovasjon og nye kreativitet gÃ¥r tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " @@ -14770,7 +15320,7 @@ msgstr "" "innovators sette emusic.com, det nÃ¥r kritiserer dmca ekstra beskyttelse for " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " @@ -14779,7 +15329,7 @@ msgstr "" "eMusic motsetter musikk piratkopiering. Vi er distributør av " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker Ã¥ beskytte disse rettighetene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " @@ -14795,7 +15345,7 @@ msgstr "" "annen industri-modell." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " @@ -14812,7 +15362,7 @@ msgstr "" "global offentlig politikk og standarder, emusic.com), tilgjengelig i lexis, " "føderale dokumentet Ã¥ fjerne huset Kongressens vitnesbyrd fil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -14824,16 +15374,21 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Vivendi Universal" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " -"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." +"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "i april 2001, ble emusic.com kjøpt av vivendi universal, en av \"den store " "etiketter.\" posisjonen pÃ¥ disse sakene er nÃ¥ endret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " @@ -14844,11 +15399,11 @@ msgstr "" "ofre verdier som er viktig for denne kulturen og vil drepe muligheter som " "kan være svært verdifull." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "Kapittel tolv: Skader" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " @@ -14863,7 +15418,7 @@ msgstr "" "direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil " "disse skader bli rammet mest av vÃ¥re egne folk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " @@ -14876,7 +15431,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen " "rettferdiggjøres?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " @@ -14888,7 +15443,7 @@ msgstr "" "første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare nÃ¥r strømmen av " "egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er pÃ¥ sitt største i vÃ¥r historie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " @@ -14902,7 +15457,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille." #. PAGE BREAK 193 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " @@ -14917,12 +15472,12 @@ msgstr "" "første beskytte moderne rcas, men det er ingen howard armstrong i vingene Ã¥ " "bekjempe dagens monopolists kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "Begrensende skaperne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " @@ -14951,7 +15506,7 @@ msgstr "" "Mashup—av sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den " "tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " @@ -14973,7 +15528,7 @@ msgstr "" "til kultur rundt." #. PAGE BREAK 194 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -14987,7 +15542,7 @@ msgstr "" "samling med naboer i en liten landsby. Forestill deg sÃ¥ den samme " "historiefortellingen utvidet til Ã¥ nÃ¥ over hele verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " @@ -15010,24 +15565,25 @@ msgstr "" "over Internett. men som loven er nÃ¥ laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively " "ugyldig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "Worldcom" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " -"N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " -"see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. District Court Approval for SEC " -"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #37</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " +"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " +"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. " +"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "Bush, George W." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -15040,7 +15596,7 @@ msgid "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -15061,15 +15617,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. " -"For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #41</ulink>." +"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +"citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +"citetitle>, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -15088,17 +15648,18 @@ msgid "" "is critical or reflective." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " -"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " -"part has to do with the increasing ease with which infractions can be " -"tracked. As users of file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a " -"trivial matter for copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service " -"providers to reveal who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape " -"player transmitted a list of the songs that you played in the privacy of " -"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." msgstr "" "en del av Ã¥rsaken til denne frykten for illegality har Ã¥ gjøre med endring " "loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda " @@ -15109,7 +15670,7 @@ msgstr "" "sendt en liste over sanger som du har spilt i personvernet til din egen " "hjemmeside som noen kunne tune inn uansett grunn de valgte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " @@ -15132,13 +15693,14 @@ msgstr "" "kulturelle: ikoner; retten til Ã¥ dyrke og forvandle dem er ikke pÃ¥ samme " "mÃ¥te gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " -"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " -"I have been lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was " -"fair use, and hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." msgstr "" "advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg " "beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar pÃ¥ historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon " @@ -15147,7 +15709,7 @@ msgstr "" "regulerer slik bruk." #. PAGE BREAK 196 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " @@ -15168,7 +15730,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en " "forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg pÃ¥ rettssikkerhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " @@ -15189,7 +15751,7 @@ msgstr "" "og disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste " "seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " @@ -15210,19 +15772,19 @@ msgstr "" "tar en studert blindhet for folk Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ tro de bor i en kultur som er " "gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg," #. PAGE BREAK 197 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " "And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " -"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it " +"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it " "distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " "lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on " "PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control " @@ -15236,12 +15798,12 @@ msgstr "" "skal ikke engang fÃ¥ det pÃ¥ pbs uten den typen tillatelse. Det er poenget som " "de kontrollen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "Begrensende innovators" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " @@ -15256,7 +15818,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk til hva synes Ã¥ være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror " "det er lite i denne historien Ã¥ bekymre deg over." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " @@ -15274,7 +15836,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"fritt marked\" hvert sted som jeg har omtalt \"gratis kultur.\" poenget er " "det samme, selv om interesser som pÃ¥virker kultur er mer grunnleggende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " @@ -15299,23 +15861,24 @@ msgstr "" "regulering aktiverer bare de kraftige industriene i dag for Ã¥ beskytte seg " "mot konkurrenter i morgen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "Barry, Hank" #. PAGE BREAK 198 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " -"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " -"liability tied to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators " -"who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " -"sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " -"taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach " -"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank " -"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has " -"been learned." +"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied " +"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to " +"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off " +"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught " +"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture " +"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry " +"calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has been " +"learned." msgstr "" "Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " @@ -15327,18 +15890,18 @@ msgstr "" "ceo hank barry kaller en \"kjernefysisk pall\" som har falt over dalen—" "har blitt lært." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " -"The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " -"extraordinaire) would never have predicted." +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " +"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted." msgstr "" "vurdere ett eksempel for Ã¥ gjøre punktet, en historie som begynnelsen jeg " "fortalt i fremtiden for idéer og som har kommet i en mÃ¥te at selv jeg " "(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " @@ -15355,14 +15918,14 @@ msgstr "" "en arena for Ã¥ distribuere sine kreativitet, uten Ã¥ kreve en eksklusiv " "engasjement fra skaperne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " "leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new " "artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And " -"so on." +"so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pÃ¥litelig " "mÃ¥te Ã¥ anbefale musikk til sine brukere. idéen bak denne alternative var Ã¥ " @@ -15370,7 +15933,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til Ã¥ nyte bonnie raitt. og sÃ¥ " "videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3." "com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -15384,7 +15947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " @@ -15399,7 +15962,7 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet de allerede eid, til Ã¥ oppdage hva slags innhold som brukerne " "likte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " @@ -15422,7 +15985,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette var 50 000 eksemplarer, det var 50,000 kopier som er rettet mot Ã¥ gi " "kunder noe de hadde allerede kjøpt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " @@ -15441,11 +16004,11 @@ msgstr "" "saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3." "com omtrent et Ã¥r senere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "Den delen av historien har jeg fortalt før. NÃ¥ kommer konklusjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " @@ -15465,7 +16028,7 @@ msgstr "" "krevde." #. PAGE BREAK 200 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -15483,22 +16046,23 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥ du. SÃ¥ de av dere som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv bør " "innse at et slikt syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste deg og ditt firma dyrt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "Hummer, John" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " -"23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " -"the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The Music Revolution Will " -"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, \"Online " -"Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001." +"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " +"Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " +"effects on innovation in the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The " +"Music Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also " +"Jon Healey, \"Online Music Services Besieged,\" <citetitle>Los Angeles " +"Times</citetitle>, 28 May 2001." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -15513,42 +16077,43 @@ msgid "" "in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you " "not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " -"that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, Rafe Needleman describes " -"a discussion with BMW:" +"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> msgid "BMW" msgstr "BMW" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. " -"I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +"citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this " +"example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " -"tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" -"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot " +"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " "had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " "but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " "with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " -"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. . . . <placeholder " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -15563,7 +16128,7 @@ msgstr "" "selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." #. PAGE BREAK 201 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " @@ -15590,7 +16155,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre " "levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " @@ -15614,7 +16179,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet." #. PAGE BREAK 202 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " @@ -15654,7 +16219,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold for Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ regulere direkte teknologi pÃ¥ Internett slik " "at det bedre beskytter innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " @@ -15676,7 +16241,7 @@ msgstr "" "sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -15685,12 +16250,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "gartnerg2, 26­27." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -15706,7 +16271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " @@ -15722,7 +16287,7 @@ msgstr "" "trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " @@ -15731,16 +16296,21 @@ msgstr "" "se david mcguire, \"tech execs torget off over piratkopiering,\" newsbytes, " "februar 2002 (underholdning)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "Intel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not " "that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection " -"should not do more harm than good." +"should not do more harm than good. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/" +">" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—" @@ -15749,7 +16319,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er en tydeligere mÃ¥te der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en " "historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " @@ -15762,27 +16332,28 @@ msgstr "" "gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. NÃ¥r gjort galt, det " "er regulering kraftig bruk Ã¥ beseire konkurrenter." -#. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." +"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " -"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when " -"new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure " -"that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses " -"have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) " -"has been another." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and " +"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book " +"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, " +"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to " +"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, " +"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of " +"the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " @@ -15798,20 +16369,21 @@ msgstr "" "av smothering ny for Ã¥ dra nytte av gamle." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " -"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. " -"1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers " -"of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright " -"infringement for a device that is unable to record or redistribute music (a " -"device whose only copying function is to render portable a music file " -"already stored on a user's hard drive). At the district court level, the " -"only exception is found in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, " -"Ltd., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found the " -"link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated to " -"make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement " +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " +"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " +"Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of " +"appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player " +"were not liable for contributory copyright infringement for a device that is " +"unable to record or redistribute music (a device whose only copying function " +"is to render portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). " +"At the district court level, the only exception is found in <citetitle>Metro-" +"Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</" +"citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found " +"the link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated " +"to make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement " "liability." msgstr "" "Det eneste unntaket fra circuit court er funnet i innspillingen industry " @@ -15827,7 +16399,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " "medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" "to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright " @@ -15844,7 +16416,7 @@ msgid "" "#44</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and " @@ -15854,17 +16426,18 @@ msgid "" "radio." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 204 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " -"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " -"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist " +"doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he or she is also the " +"composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a version of " +"\"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before " +"President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " -"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." +"Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 4, nÃ¥r en radiostasjon spiller en sang, fÃ¥r " "ikke innspillingen artisten betalt for at \"radio ytelse\" med mindre han " @@ -15875,7 +16448,7 @@ msgstr "" "eierne av \"happy birthday\" ville fÃ¥ noen penger, mens marilyn monroe ville " "ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " @@ -15896,7 +16469,7 @@ msgstr "" "ganske god til Ã¥ stoppe enhver innsats for Ã¥ fÃ¥ Kongressen til Ã¥ kreve " "kompensasjon for artistene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " @@ -15913,7 +16486,7 @@ msgstr "" "san francisco, selv om det er ingen mÃ¥te for meg Ã¥ stille inn pÃ¥ en vanlig " "radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " @@ -15939,7 +16512,7 @@ msgstr "" "millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn pÃ¥ denne nye formen for radio." #. PAGE BREAK 205 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " @@ -15957,18 +16530,18 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ aktivere fm-radio," #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "Lessing, 239." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " "longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " "limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " -"restrictions. . . . Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " "radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " "governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " "mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " @@ -15979,12 +16552,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f13. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "ibid., 229." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -15992,7 +16565,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " @@ -16008,7 +16581,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?" #. PAGE BREAK 206 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " @@ -16018,9 +16591,9 @@ msgid "" "for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While " "terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " "it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, " -"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet " -"radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens " -"terrestrial radio." +"<emphasis>Internet radio does</emphasis>. Not only is the law not neutral " +"toward Internet radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more " +"than it burdens terrestrial radio." msgstr "" "men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny " "industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde " @@ -16032,11 +16605,11 @@ msgstr "" "nøytral mot Internett-radio—loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer " "enn det byrder bakkesendte radio." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -16047,16 +16620,17 @@ msgid "" "Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " "analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, \"Copyright as Entry " -"Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" Antitrust Bulletin (Summer/Fall " -"2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just old-fashioned entry " -"barriers. Analog radio stations are protected from digital entrants, " -"reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, this is done in the name of " -"getting royalties to copyright holders, but, absent the play of powerful " -"interests, that could have been done in a media-neutral way.\" <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" <citetitle>Antitrust Bulletin</" +"citetitle> (Summer/Fall 2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just " +"old-fashioned entry barriers. Analog radio stations are protected from " +"digital entrants, reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, this is done " +"in the name of getting royalties to copyright holders, but, absent the play " +"of powerful interests, that could have been done in a media-neutral way.\" " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -16066,67 +16640,61 @@ msgid "" "broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " -"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " -"would have to collect the following data from every listening transaction:" +"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " +"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening " +"transaction</emphasis>:" msgstr "" "byrden er ikke økonomiske bare. under de opprinnelige reglene som ble " "foreslÃ¥tt, Internett-radiostasjonen (men ikke en terrestriske radiostasjon) " "ville ha til Ã¥ samle inn følgende data fra hver lytting transaksjon:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "name of the service;" -msgstr "navnet pÃ¥ tjenesten," +msgstr "navn pÃ¥ tjenesten," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" -msgstr "" +msgstr "kanalen til programmet (AM/FM-stasjoner bruker stasjons-ID);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" -msgstr "" +msgstr "type program (fra arkivet/i løkke/direkte);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "date of transmission;" -msgstr "dato for overføring;" +msgstr "dato for sending;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "time of transmission;" -msgstr "tidspunktet for overføring;" +msgstr "tidspunkt for sending;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" -msgstr "tidssonen til opprinnelse av overføring;" +msgstr "tidssone til opprinnelsen for sending;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" -msgstr "varigheten av overføring (til nærmeste sekund):" +msgstr "varigheten av sending (til nærmeste sekund):" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "sound recording title;" -msgstr "Lydinnspilling-tittel;" +msgstr "lydinnspilling-tittel;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" -msgstr "ISRC-koden pÃ¥ opptaket;" +msgstr "ISRC-kode for opptaket;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " @@ -16136,84 +16704,74 @@ msgstr "" "gi Ã¥r av albumet per opphavsrett og nÃ¥r det gjelder samlealbum, utgivelsesÃ¥r " "av albumet og kopi høyre datoen for spor;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "featured recording artist;" -msgstr "anbefalte Plateartist;" +msgstr "spillende plateartist;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "retail album title;" -msgstr "detaljhandel albumtittel;" +msgstr "tittel pÃ¥ album i butikker;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "recording label;" msgstr "plateselskap;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" -msgstr "UPC koden for selge i detalj albumet;" +msgstr "UPC-koden for albumet i butikker;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "katalognummer;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "copyright owner information;" -msgstr "opphavsrettsinnehaveren informasjon;" +msgstr "informasjon om opphavsrettsinnehaver;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" -msgstr "musikksjanger av kanal eller -programmet (stasjon format);" +msgstr "musikksjanger for kanal eller programmet (stasjonsformat);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "name of the service or entity;" -msgstr "navnet pÃ¥ tjenesten eller selskap;" +msgstr "navn pÃ¥ tjenesten eller selskap;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "kanal eller program;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget pÃ¥ (i brukerens tidssone);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget ut (i brukerens tidssone);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "tidssone der signalet ble mottatt (bruker);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Unique User identifier;" -msgstr "unik bruker identifikator;" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "unique user identifier;" +msgstr "unik bruker-identifikator;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." -msgstr "landet som brukeren mottok sendinger." +msgstr "landet til brukeren som mottok sendingene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " "arbitration panel charged with setting rates. But the basic difference " "between Internet radio and terrestrial radio remains: Internet radio has to " -"pay a type of copyright fee that terrestrial radio does not." +"pay a <emphasis>type of copyright fee</emphasis> that terrestrial radio does " +"not." msgstr "" "bibliotekaren til Kongressen stoppet til slutt disse rapportering krav, " "ventende videre studium. og han endret ogsÃ¥ de opprinnelige prisene ved " @@ -16221,7 +16779,7 @@ msgstr "" "forskjellen mellom Internett-radio og bakkesendte radio gjenstÃ¥r: Internett " "radio har Ã¥ betale en type opphavsrett gebyr som bakkesendte radio ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " @@ -16232,7 +16790,7 @@ msgstr "" "økonomiske konsekvensene fra Internett-radio som ville forsvare disse " "forskjellene? var motivet Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere mot piratkopiering?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " @@ -16244,18 +16802,18 @@ msgstr "" "networks, meg:" #. PAGE BREAK 208 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " "it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " "perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " -"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, . . . \"How do you come up with " -"a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because here " -"we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that should " -"establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're going to " -"drive the small webcasters out of business. . . .\"" +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … \"How do you come up " +"with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because " +"here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that " +"should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're " +"going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …\"" msgstr "" "riaa, som var som representerer plateselskapene, presentert noen vitnesbyrd " "om hva de tenkte en villig kjøper betaler til en villig selger, og det var " @@ -16267,20 +16825,20 @@ msgstr "" "etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen sÃ¥ høyt, du kommer til Ã¥ " "drive smÃ¥ webcasters ut av business.... \"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " -"with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " -"know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate and it's a stable, " -"predictable market.\" (Emphasis added.)" +"with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " +"with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate and it's a " +"stable, predictable market</emphasis>.\" (Emphasis added.)" msgstr "" "og riaa eksperter sa, \"Vel, vi ikke virkelig modell dette som industri med " "tusenvis av webcasters, vi tror det bør være en bransje med, du vet, fem " "eller sju store spillere som kan betale en høy hastighet, og det er en " "stabil, forutsigbar marked.\" (vekt legges)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " @@ -16298,12 +16856,12 @@ msgstr "" "praktisk talt ingen, enten til høyre eller venstre, som gjør noe effektivt " "for Ã¥ hindre den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "ødelegge borgere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " @@ -16314,7 +16872,7 @@ msgstr "" "dinosaurer vetorett over fremtiden. det avfall ekstraordinær mulighet for en " "demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør det mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " @@ -16326,7 +16884,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettssikkerhet." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -16336,33 +16894,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " -"of citizens. According to The New York Times, 43 million Americans " -"downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million Americans is a " -"felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent of America " -"into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only the Napsters " -"and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search engines, and " -"increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the technologies " -"for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal use. It is an " -"arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side inviting a more " -"extreme response by the other." +"of citizens. According to <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 43 " +"million Americans downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million " +"Americans is a felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent " +"of America into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only " +"the Napsters and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search " +"engines, and increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the " +"technologies for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal " +"use. It is an arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side " +"inviting a more extreme response by the other." msgstr "" #. f16. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " -"Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." +"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" "Alex pham, \"etikettene streik tilbake: ny jente settles riaa tilfelle,\" " "los angeles times, 10 september 2003, business." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -16384,17 +16942,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " -"Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." +"Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " +"(1991): 242." msgstr "" "Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" " "amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." #. f18. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " @@ -16406,18 +16965,22 @@ msgstr "" "direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)." #. f19. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " -"Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " -"literature)." +"<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " +"of compliance literature)." msgstr "" "se james andreoni, brian Eberhard og jonathon feinstein, \"skatt samsvar,\" " "journal av økonomiske litteratur 36 (1998): 818 (undersøkelse av samsvar " "litteratur)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -16435,10 +16998,15 @@ msgid "" "that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an " "endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a " -"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law." +"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "law schools" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " @@ -16454,7 +17022,7 @@ msgid "" "Americans—more significantly in some parts of America than in others, " "but still, everywhere in America today—can't live their lives both " "normally and legally, since \"normally\" entails a certain degree of " -"illegality." +"illegality. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "denne tilstanden av saker er ikke uten konsekvens. Det er en spesielt " "fremtredende spørsmÃ¥let for lærere som meg, hvis jobb er det Ã¥ undervise law " @@ -16471,7 +17039,7 @@ msgstr "" "liv bÃ¥de normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av " "illegality." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " @@ -16493,7 +17061,7 @@ msgstr "" "vurdere alternativet." #. PAGE BREAK 211 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " @@ -16508,7 +17076,7 @@ msgstr "" "mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett Ã¥ utestenge " "drap alltid og overalt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " @@ -16536,7 +17104,7 @@ msgstr "" "alder siden Internett innført denne annen idé om \"deling.\" vi trenger Ã¥ " "kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " @@ -16559,13 +17127,13 @@ msgstr "" "felons? betyr det fornuftig hvis det finnes andre mÃ¥ter Ã¥ sikre at artister " "fÃ¥r betalt uten Ã¥ transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel." #. PAGE BREAK 212 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " @@ -16580,7 +17148,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett for meg Ã¥ selge min klassisk poster pÃ¥ en brukte platebutikk og " "kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " @@ -16597,11 +17165,11 @@ msgstr "" "foreslÃ¥ at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple " "godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "Adromeda" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " @@ -16623,7 +17191,7 @@ msgstr "" "uavhengig verdifull. samlinger av sanger er kreative og meningsfull i egen " "rett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " @@ -16643,7 +17211,7 @@ msgstr "" "identifisere rippede innhold pÃ¥ folks maskiner." #. PAGE BREAK 213 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " @@ -16666,7 +17234,7 @@ msgstr "" "plast eller var del av en svært kompleks \"digital rights management\" " "systemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " @@ -16684,7 +17252,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre ord, et annet system kan forsikre kompensasjon til kunstnere samtidig " "som du beholder ogsÃ¥ bevege innhold lett?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " @@ -16705,7 +17273,7 @@ msgstr "" "med andre ord, ville ikke være mellom eiendom og piratkopiering; valget " "ville være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " @@ -16724,7 +17292,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke lenger utøve denne ekstreme av kontroll. de ville heller gÃ¥ veien for " "hest trukket buggy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " @@ -16737,7 +17305,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " "kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " @@ -16762,23 +17330,28 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" +msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," +"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter,\" forklarer von " +"Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " -"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " "hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " "you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " -"continue to receive Internet access? . . . Our sensibilities change as soon " -"as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" Well, " -"what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" " +"Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " "percentage of the American Internet-using population into \"lawbreakers.\"" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ plutselig en rekke grunnleggende frihet for sivil beskyttelse fordampe " @@ -16791,7 +17364,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ slÃ¥ en bemerkelsesverdig prosent av den amerikanske internett-bruker " "befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " @@ -16802,7 +17375,7 @@ msgstr "" "til kriminelle er at den blir triviell, som et spørsmÃ¥l om grunn prosessen " "til Ã¥ effektivt viske ut mye av personvernet mest ville anta." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " @@ -16819,19 +17392,20 @@ msgstr "" "det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt." #. f20. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " -"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " -"September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, \"Worried Parents Pull Plug on File " -"`Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents " -"are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,\" Orlando Sentinel " -"Tribune, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, \"Recording Industry Sues " -"Parents,\" USA Today, 15 September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, \"She Says She's " -"No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, Either,\" New York Times, 25 September 2003, " -"C1; Margo Varadi, \"Is Brianna a Criminal?\" Toronto Star, 18 September " -"2003, P7." +"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, \"Worried Parents Pull " +"Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File " +"Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,\" " +"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; " +"Jefferson Graham, \"Recording Industry Sues Parents,\" <citetitle>USA Today</" +"citetitle>, 15 September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, \"She Says She's No Music " +"Pirate. No Snoop Fan, Either,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 " +"September 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, \"Is Brianna a Criminal?\" " +"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7." msgstr "" "se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmÃ¥l møte overrasket over mÃ¥l; enkelt mor i " "California, 12-Ã¥r gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 " @@ -16844,7 +17418,7 @@ msgstr "" "2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 " "september 2003, p7." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -16857,14 +17431,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f21. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #47</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -16875,24 +17449,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " -"Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " -"Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at Colleges,\" Washington " -"Post, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, \"Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at " -"Their Own Risk,\" Christian Science Monitor, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert " -"Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students " -"Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, " -"1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,\" Internet " -"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: " -"Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against " -"File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, " -"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 September 2000, 3D." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " +"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File " +"Sharing at Colleges,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, " +"E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, \"Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,\" " +"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; " +"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two " +"Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" <citetitle>Chicago " +"Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy " +"Guns on Universities,\" <citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</" +"ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This " +"Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,\" " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, " +"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 26 " +"September 2000, 3D." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -16908,8 +17485,7 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 216 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " @@ -16919,7 +17495,8 @@ msgid "" "university might not believe her. It might treat this \"contraband\" as " "presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have already " "learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of wars of " -"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann," +"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "nÃ¥, selvfølgelig, hun vil ha rett til Ã¥ forsvare seg selv. Du kan leie en " "advokat for henne (pÃ¥ $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne " @@ -16930,7 +17507,7 @@ msgstr "" "uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke " "annerledes. sier von sang," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " @@ -16945,7 +17522,7 @@ msgid "" "[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " "liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " "it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " -"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have " +"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have " "become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " "civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." msgstr "" @@ -16966,7 +17543,7 @@ msgstr "" "glatt skrÃ¥ning Ã¥ miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti " "millioner av dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " @@ -16983,25 +17560,23 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥re egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vÃ¥rt demokrati for Ã¥ endre " "vÃ¥r lov?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "Maktfordeling" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. " "Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with " "gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ her er bildet: du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden av veien. bilen er pÃ¥ brann. du er sint " -"og lei fordi delvis du hjalp starte til brann. nÃ¥ vet du hvordan du setter " -"det. siden du er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. Ã¥penbart, bensin vil ikke sette " -"brann ut." +"SÃ¥ her er bildet: Du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden av veien. Bilen din er pÃ¥ brann. Du er " +"sint og opprørt fordi du delvis bidro til Ã¥ starte brannen. NÃ¥ vet du ikke " +"hvordan du slokker den. Ved siden av deg er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. " +"Bensin vil Ã¥penbart ikke slukke brannen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -17009,14 +17584,13 @@ msgid "" "gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will " "ignite is about to ignite everything around." msgstr "" -"som du tenke rotet, kommer noen andre. i en panikk griper hun bøtte. før du " -"har en sjanse til Ã¥ fortelle henne til Ã¥ slutte— eller før hun forstÃ¥r " -"bare hvorfor hun bør stoppe—bøtte er i luften. til bensin er om Ã¥ " -"treffe Lynrask bilen. og brann som bensin vil antennes er om Ã¥ antennes alt " -"rundt." +"Mens du tenker over situasjonen, kommer noen andre forbi. I panikk griper " +"hun bøtta, og før du har hatt sjansen til Ã¥ be henne stoppe—eller før " +"hun forstÃ¥r hvorfor hun bør stoppe—er bøtten i svevet. Bensinen er pÃ¥ " +"tur mot den brennende bilen. Og brannen som bensinen kommer til Ã¥ fyre opp " +"vil straks sette fyr pÃ¥ alt i omgivelsene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -17025,15 +17599,15 @@ msgid "" "themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that " "if let alone would burn itself out." msgstr "" -"en krig om opphavsrett rages rundt— og vi alle fokuserer pÃ¥ feil. " -"ingen tvil, truer aktuell teknologi eksisterende virksomheter. de kan uten " -"tvil True kunstnere. men teknologier endre. næringen og Teknologorganisasjon " -"har masse av veier Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot gjeldende " -"trusler pÃ¥ Internett. Dette er en brann at hvis enn si ville brenne seg." +"En krig om opphavsrett pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt— og vi fokuserer alle pÃ¥ feil " +"ting. Det er ingen tvil om at dagens teknologier truer eksisterende " +"virksomheter. Uten tvil kan de true artister. Men teknologier endrer seg. " +"Industrien og teknologer har en rekke mÃ¥ter Ã¥ bruke teknologi til Ã¥ beskytte " +"dem selv mot dagens trusler pÃ¥ Internet. Dette er en brann som overlatt til " +"seg selv vil brenne ut." #. PAGE BREAK 219 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -17041,55 +17615,54 @@ msgid "" "this culture faces. For while we watch this small fire in the corner, there " "is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around." msgstr "" -"beslutningstakere er ennÃ¥ ikke villige til Ã¥ forlate denne brann til seg " -"selv. primed med masse lobbyister penger, er de opptatt av Ã¥ intervenere for " -"Ã¥ eliminere problemet de oppfatter. men problemet de oppfatter er ikke den " -"virkelige trusselen denne kulturen stÃ¥r overfor. for mens vi se denne liten " -"brann i hjørnet, det er massiv gjøres en endring i mÃ¥ten kultur som skjer " -"rundt." +"Likevel er ikke besluttningstagere villig til Ã¥ la denne brannen i fred. " +"Ladet med masse penger fra lobbyister er de lystne pÃ¥ Ã¥ gÃ¥ i mellom for Ã¥ " +"fjerne problemet slik de oppfatter det. Men problemet slik de oppfatter det " +"er ikke den reelle trusselen som denne kulturen stÃ¥r med ansiktet mot. For " +"mens vi ser pÃ¥ denne lille brannen i hjørnet er det en massiv endring i " +"hvordan kultur blir skapt som pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt. " -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " "onto this fire." msgstr "" -"noe har vi Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ slÃ¥ oppmerksomhet til dette mer viktig og " -"grunnleggende problemet. noe har vi Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ pouring bensin " -"bort pÃ¥ denne brann." +"PÃ¥ en eller annen mÃ¥te mÃ¥ vi klare Ã¥ snu oppmerksomheten mot dette mer " +"viktige og fundametale problemet. Vi mÃ¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ Ã¥ helle " +"bensin pÃ¥ denne brannen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " "broadly, it is the simple, binary view that remains. We rubberneck to look " "at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road." msgstr "" -"Vi har ikke funnet den mÃ¥ten ennÃ¥. i stedet synes vi fanget i en enklere, " -"binære visning. men mye mange folk skyve for Ã¥ ramme denne debatten mer " -"forstand, det er den enkle, binære visningen som gjenstÃ¥r. Vi rubberneck for " -"Ã¥ se pÃ¥ ilden nÃ¥r vi skal holde vÃ¥re øyne pÃ¥ veien." +"Vi har ikke funne denne mÃ¥ten ennÃ¥. Istedet synes vi Ã¥ være fanget i en " +"enklere og sort-hvit tenkning. Uansett hvor mange folk som presser pÃ¥ for Ã¥ " +"gjøre rammen for debatten litt bredere, er det dette enkle sort-hvit-synet " +"som bestÃ¥r. Vi kjører sakte forbi og stirrer pÃ¥ brannen nÃ¥r vi i stedet " +"burde holde øynene pÃ¥ veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " "efforts, so far failed, to find a way to refocus this debate. We must " "understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require." msgstr "" -"denne utfordringen har vært livet disse siste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ vært min " -"feil. i to kapitlene som følger, beskriver jeg en liten klammeparentes av " -"innsats, sÃ¥ langt ikke klart, Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ refokusere denne debatten. " -"Hvis vi Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hva suksess vil kreve, mÃ¥ vi forstÃ¥ disse feil." +"Denne utfordringen har vært livet mitt de siste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ vært " +"min falitt. I de to neste kapittlene, beskriver jeg en liten innsats, sÃ¥ " +"langt uten suksess, pÃ¥ Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ endre fokus pÃ¥ denne debatten. Vi " +"mÃ¥ forstÃ¥ disse mislyktede forsøkene hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hva som kreves for " +"Ã¥ lykkes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " @@ -17106,7 +17679,7 @@ msgstr "" "koblinger til bilder og forklarende tekst, ville gjøre av 1800-tallet " "forfatterens arbeid blir levende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " @@ -17120,7 +17693,7 @@ msgstr "" "skanning disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis." #. PAGE BREAK 221 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " @@ -17139,18 +17712,20 @@ msgstr "" "eldred transformert hawthorne, og mange andre, til et skjema som er mer " "tilgjengelig—teknisk tilgjengelig—i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " -"as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " -"1907. It was free for anyone to take without the permission of the Hawthorne " -"estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press and Penguin Classics, take " -"works from the public domain and produce printed editions, which they sell " -"in bookstores across the country. Others, such as Disney, take these stories " -"and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes successfully (Cinderella), " -"sometimes not (The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Treasure Planet). These are all " -"commercial publications of public domain works." +"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " +"into the public domain in 1907. It was free for anyone to take without the " +"permission of the Hawthorne estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press " +"and Penguin Classics, take works from the public domain and produce printed " +"editions, which they sell in bookstores across the country. Others, such as " +"Disney, take these stories and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes " +"successfully (<citetitle>Cinderella</citetitle>), sometimes not " +"(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure " +"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain " +"works." msgstr "" "eldred's frihet til Ã¥ gjøre dette med hawthorne's arbeid vokste fra den " "samme kilden som disney's. hawthorne's sange hadde gÃ¥tt inn i den offentlige " @@ -17163,7 +17738,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " @@ -17194,7 +17769,7 @@ msgstr "" "en tro det minst like viktig Ã¥ beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-" "kommersiell pornographers." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -17207,19 +17782,20 @@ msgid "" "culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " -"of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " -"wanted to post that collection in his free public library. But Congress got " -"in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in 1998, for the eleventh time in " -"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights—this " -"time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent " -"than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would " -"pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress " -"extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period, more than 1 " -"million patents will pass into the public domain." +"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " +"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " @@ -17233,7 +17809,7 @@ msgstr "" "mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " @@ -17251,7 +17827,7 @@ msgstr "" "forslag til et uttrykk til Ã¥ vare evig mindre en dag. Komiteen kan kanskje " "se pÃ¥ at neste Kongressen,\"144 cong. REC h9946, 9951-2 (7. oktober 1998)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -17259,7 +17835,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " @@ -17276,7 +17852,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre eldred en forbryter—om noen klaget. Dette var en farlig strategi " "for en deaktivert programmerer Ã¥ gjennomføre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " @@ -17291,17 +17867,17 @@ msgstr "" "av Grunnloven, hadde det alltid slo meg som viktigere forskjellige. som du " "vet, Grunnloven sier," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . " -"Writings. . . ." +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved Ã¥ sikre for " "begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " @@ -17309,9 +17885,9 @@ msgid "" "to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " "example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War." "\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " -"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " -"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times." -"\"" +"\"promote … Progress\"—through means that are also " +"specific— by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) " +"\"for limited Times.\"" msgstr "" "som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" "setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver andre " @@ -17321,11 +17897,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"fremme... fremgang\"—gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke—av " "\"sikre\" \"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "Jaszi, Peter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " @@ -17346,7 +17922,7 @@ msgstr "" "evigvarende vilkÃ¥r \"pÃ¥ avbetaling plan,\" som professor peter jaszi sÃ¥ pent " "sette den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " @@ -17367,7 +17943,7 @@ msgstr "" "være villig til Ã¥ betale mye penger Ã¥ se sine opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r utvidet. og " "sÃ¥ congress er ganske fornøyd med Ã¥ holde denne Kjøttsaft tog gÃ¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " @@ -17386,7 +17962,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense handlingene til disse tingene det mÃ¥ gjøre— og de tingene som " "betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " @@ -17405,7 +17981,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelse av opphavsrett, siden ingen publisher vil betale eiendom noen " "penger hvis dikt frost skrev publiseres av alle gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " @@ -17419,7 +17995,7 @@ msgstr "" "rÃ¥dgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:" #. PAGE BREAK 224 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " @@ -17430,7 +18006,7 @@ msgstr "" "utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste Ã¥r, vi vil ikke lenger motta Ã¥rlige royalty " "kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " @@ -17443,7 +18019,7 @@ msgstr "" "tjue Ã¥r. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. sÃ¥ vi bør hÃ¥pe " "passerer denne regningen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?" @@ -17451,7 +18027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "\"hÃ¥per?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " @@ -17461,7 +18037,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rÃ¥dgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av " "en rekke representanter Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sikre at de støtter regningen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " @@ -17472,7 +18048,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi fÃ¥ Hvis denne " "utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rÃ¥dgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " @@ -17485,7 +18061,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi bruker til Ã¥ evaluere eiendom investeringer (6 prosent), og denne loven " "vil være verdt $1,146,000 til eiendom.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " @@ -17493,7 +18069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " @@ -17504,7 +18080,7 @@ msgstr "" "kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker pÃ¥ disse bidragene vil forsikre at " "regningen ble sendt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " @@ -17516,7 +18092,7 @@ msgstr "" "som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" #. PAGE BREAK 225 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " @@ -17534,7 +18110,7 @@ msgstr "" "filtypen. og sÃ¥ hver gang opphavsrett er om Ã¥ opphøre, det er en enorm " "mengde lobbyvirksomhet for Ã¥ fÃ¥ opphavsrett begrepet utvidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " @@ -17546,18 +18122,18 @@ msgstr "" "ytterligere utvidelser av copyright." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " -"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " -"Tribune, 17 October 1998, 22." +"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." msgstr "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " -"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " -"Tribune, 17. oktober 1998, 22." +"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -17567,17 +18143,18 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>." #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8. august 1990, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8. august 1990, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</" +"ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -17591,7 +18168,7 @@ msgid "" "campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " @@ -17613,16 +18190,16 @@ msgstr "" "forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen." #. PAGE BREAK 226 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " -"extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " -"this Court has increasingly restricted the power of Congress when it has " -"viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power granted to it by the " -"Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most famous example of this " -"trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to strike down a law that " -"banned the possession of guns near schools." +"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " +"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " +"Court's work knows, this Court has increasingly restricted the power of " +"Congress when it has viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power " +"granted to it by the Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most " +"famous example of this trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to " +"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools." msgstr "" "Det var ogsÃ¥ mitt skjønn at denne Høyesterett ikke ville tillate at " "Kongressen til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. alle nær Høyesterett arbeid " @@ -17632,7 +18209,7 @@ msgstr "" "av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 Ã¥ ramme en lov som forbød " "besittelse av vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " @@ -17647,7 +18224,7 @@ msgstr "" "makt til Ã¥ inkludere makt til Ã¥ regulere alle aktiviteter som bare berørt " "utdanningen handel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " @@ -17662,19 +18239,19 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begrense Kongressens makt ble i stedet tolket for Ã¥ innføre ingen " "grense." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " -"United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " -"schools affected interstate commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, " -"crime lowers property values, and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief " -"Justice asked the government whether there was any activity that would not " -"affect interstate commerce under the reasoning the government advanced. The " -"government said there was not; if Congress says an activity affects " -"interstate commerce, then that activity affects interstate commerce. The " -"Supreme Court, the government said, was not in the position to second-guess " -"Congress." +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " +"government had argued that possessing guns near schools affected interstate " +"commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, crime lowers property values, " +"and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief Justice asked the government " +"whether there was any activity that would not affect interstate commerce " +"under the reasoning the government advanced. The government said there was " +"not; if Congress says an activity affects interstate commerce, then that " +"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government " +"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress." msgstr "" "Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. " "lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler berørt " @@ -17688,29 +18265,34 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U." +"S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)." #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " +"U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " "Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered interstate " "commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The decision in " -"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States v. Morrison." +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed five years later in " +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " @@ -17732,7 +18314,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for." #. PAGE BREAK 227 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -17745,15 +18327,16 @@ msgid "" "extend the term of existing copyrights." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " -"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " -"Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over " -"Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected " -"that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the " -"decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an " +"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " +"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for politics—a " +"conservative Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its " +"power over Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I " +"rejected that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after " +"the decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an " "interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides " "cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was " "not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine " @@ -17770,23 +18353,23 @@ msgstr "" "til undervisning statsrett Hvis disse ni justiariusene skulle være smÃ¥lig " "politikere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " -"Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " -"copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious " -"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. " -"When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, " -"the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim " -"changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly " -"for their work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the " -"Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six " -"years, they created new work. But now these entities were using their " -"power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' money—to get " -"another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be " -"taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects " -"us all." +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " +"Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing " +"piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—" +"piracy of the public domain. When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt " +"Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six " +"years. Because of interim changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a " +"seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. They had gotten the benefit of " +"the bargain that the Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly " +"protected for fifty-six years, they created new work. But now these entities " +"were using their power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' " +"money—to get another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year " +"dollop would be taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a " +"piracy that affects us all." msgstr "" "NÃ¥ la oss pause for et øyeblikk Ã¥ sørge for at vi forstÃ¥r hva argumentet i " "eldred ikke var om. ved Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, " @@ -17804,14 +18387,19 @@ msgstr "" "oss alle." #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U." -"S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." +"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. " +"01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #51</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -17819,10 +18407,10 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in our " "constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " "Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " -"pirate's charter." +"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " @@ -17841,7 +18429,7 @@ msgstr "" "perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper " "ikke, sÃ¥ lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for Ã¥ utvide dem igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " @@ -17863,15 +18451,16 @@ msgstr "" "lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " -"See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." +"See Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -17882,7 +18471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " @@ -17899,7 +18488,7 @@ msgstr "" "for verden i iarchive prosjektet gjenværende 9,873. Hva ville du trenger Ã¥ " "gjøre?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " @@ -17916,7 +18505,7 @@ msgstr "" "og fornyelse postene for verk utgitt i 1930. som vil produsere en liste over " "bøker som fortsatt under opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " @@ -17925,7 +18514,7 @@ msgstr "" "deretter for bøkene fortsatt under opphavsrett trenger du Ã¥ finne gjeldende " "opphavsrett eiere. How 'd du gjøre det?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " @@ -17937,7 +18526,7 @@ msgstr "" "være tusenvis og tusenvis av regjeringen monopoler uten det er minst en " "liste?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " @@ -17952,7 +18541,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike poster—spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er " "nødvendigvis gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " @@ -17962,15 +18551,15 @@ msgstr "" "apologists for systemet svarer. \"Hvorfor skulle det være en liste over " "eiere av opphavsretter?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " -"what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " -"there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty good at suggesting who " -"the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in your backyard is probably " -"yours.) So formally or informally, we have a pretty good way to know who " -"owns what tangible property." +"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " +"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " +"to cars. And where there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty " +"good at suggesting who the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in " +"your backyard is probably yours.) So formally or informally, we have a " +"pretty good way to know who owns what tangible property." msgstr "" "Vel, egentlig, er Hvis du tenker pÃ¥ det, det masse av lister av hvem som " "eier hva egenskapen. Tenk pÃ¥ gjerninger pÃ¥ hus eller titler til biler. og " @@ -17980,7 +18569,7 @@ msgstr "" "vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen." #. PAGE BREAK 230 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " @@ -18003,7 +18592,7 @@ msgstr "" "der eieren vi ikke finner lett. Det er unntaket som beviser regelen: at vi " "vanligvis vet svært godt hvem som eier hva egenskapen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " @@ -18026,7 +18615,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥rt, der er det en forbrytelse Ã¥ bruke slike eiendom uten egenskapen " "eierens tillatelse, egenskapen er ikke skal brukes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " @@ -18037,18 +18626,27 @@ msgstr "" "vil bare rot bort pÃ¥ hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er " "mye mer dire." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "Agee, Michael" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" +msgstr "" + #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " -"Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " -"Books at Stake; Supreme Court Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down " -"Copyright Extension,\" Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 9 October 2002." +"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " +"\"Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court Hears Arguments Today " +"on Striking Down Copyright Extension,\" <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</" +"citetitle>, 9 October 2002." msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se david g. savage, \"high court scene av showdown pÃ¥ lov om " "opphavsrett\" los angeles times, 6 oktober 2002; David streitfeld, " @@ -18056,20 +18654,25 @@ msgstr "" "dag pÃ¥ støtning ned opphavsrett forlengelsen,\"orlando sentinel tribune, 9 " "oktober 2002." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lucky Dog, The" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " "beneficiary of the Bono Act. The Laurel and Hardy films were made between " -"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, The Lucky Dog, is currently out of " -"copyright. But for the CTEA, films made after 1923 would have begun entering " -"the public domain. Because Agee controls the exclusive rights for these " -"popular films, he makes a great deal of money. According to one estimate, " -"\"Roach has sold about 60,000 videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's " -"silent films.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</" +"citetitle>, is currently out of copyright. But for the CTEA, films made " +"after 1923 would have begun entering the public domain. Because Agee " +"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal " +"of money. According to one estimate, \"Roach has sold about 60,000 " +"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent films.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " @@ -18083,7 +18686,7 @@ msgstr "" "generasjon av american film." #. PAGE BREAK 231 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " @@ -18101,16 +18704,17 @@ msgstr "" "overskride kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " -"Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " -"also Brief of Amicus Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet " -"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." +"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</" +"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See also Brief of Amicus " +"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -18120,7 +18724,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " @@ -18135,14 +18739,15 @@ msgstr "" "rettighetene. og for Ã¥ sikre rettighetene for en film som er under " "opphavsrett, du trenger Ã¥ finne eieren av opphavsretten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " -"copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " -"person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as many as can " -"hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large number. Thus the " -"costs of clearing the rights to these films is exceptionally high." +"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " +"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " +"a single person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as " +"many as can hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large " +"number. Thus the costs of clearing the rights to these films is " +"exceptionally high." msgstr "" "eller mer nøyaktig, eiere. som vi har sett, det er ikke bare en enkelt " "copyright tilknyttet en film; Det er mange. Det er ikke en eneste person " @@ -18150,7 +18755,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for Ã¥ være et svært stort tall. dermed " "kostnadene ved Ã¥ fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " @@ -18174,7 +18779,7 @@ msgstr "" "advokat er det samme som Ã¥ si du ikke gjøre noen penger." #. PAGE BREAK 232 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " @@ -18189,7 +18794,7 @@ msgstr "" "agee hevdet, filmen vil ikke bli restaurert og distribuert til opphavsretten " "utløper." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " @@ -18202,7 +18807,7 @@ msgstr "" "tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nÃ¥ lagret bli fylt med " "noe mer enn støv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " @@ -18217,7 +18822,7 @@ msgstr "" "incentiver til Ã¥ produsere og distribuere skapende arbeid. for at liten " "brøkdel fungerer opphavsretten som en \"motoren i fri ytring.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " @@ -18234,7 +18839,7 @@ msgstr "" "faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid " "slutter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " @@ -18256,7 +18861,7 @@ msgstr "" "trenger vi Ã¥ ha tilgang til denne historien." #. PAGE BREAK 233 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " @@ -18267,17 +18872,17 @@ msgstr "" "uttrykksmÃ¥ter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. " "opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " -"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no copyright-" -"related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a book went " -"out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you could still " -"buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells it, in " -"America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner anything. " -"Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended was a use " -"that was independent of copyright law." +"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " +"<emphasis>copyright-related use</emphasis> that would be inhibited by an " +"exclusive right. When a book went out of print, you could not buy it from a " +"publisher. But you could still buy it from a used book store, and when a " +"used book store sells it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the " +"copyright owner anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its " +"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law." msgstr "" "Likevel, for det meste av vÃ¥r historie, de ogsÃ¥ gjorde lite skade. for de " "fleste av vÃ¥r historie, nÃ¥r et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det " @@ -18288,7 +18893,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten noe. dermed var vanlig bruk av en bok etter sin kommersiell " "levetid avsluttet en bruk som var uavhengig av lov om opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " @@ -18306,7 +18911,7 @@ msgstr "" "arkivert for litt, men det var slutten av sitt liv sÃ¥ lenge markedet ikke " "har mer Ã¥ tilby." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " @@ -18319,12 +18924,12 @@ msgstr "" "sin kommersiell verdi. lang opphavsretten for disse arbeider ville ikke har " "interfered med noe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "men denne situasjonen er nÃ¥ endret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " @@ -18348,7 +18953,7 @@ msgstr "" "kultur, mens før det ikke var." #. PAGE BREAK 234 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " @@ -18369,17 +18974,17 @@ msgstr "" "som ønsker Ã¥ utforske, er nÃ¥ inhibited med et sett med regler som ble " "skrevet for en radikalt annen sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " -"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful copyright purpose, for " -"the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial market that spreads " -"culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has lived its commercial " -"life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose at all related to the " -"spread of knowledge. In this context, copyright is not an engine of free " -"expression. Copyright is a brake." +"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful <emphasis>copyright</" +"emphasis> purpose, for the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial " +"market that spreads culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has " +"lived its commercial life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose " +"<emphasis>at all</emphasis> related to the spread of knowledge. In this " +"context, copyright is not an engine of free expression. Copyright is a brake." msgstr "" "Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkÃ¥r: nÃ¥ som teknologi gjør det " "mulig for oss Ã¥ gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. " @@ -18390,7 +18995,7 @@ msgstr "" "spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis " "uttrykksmÃ¥ter. Copyright er en brems." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " @@ -18401,7 +19006,7 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ " "ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i Ã¥ spre kultur allment?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " @@ -18424,7 +19029,7 @@ msgstr "" "oss." #. f13. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -18434,7 +19039,7 @@ msgstr "" "December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #54</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -18447,7 +19052,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " @@ -18463,7 +19068,7 @@ msgstr "" "at utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene krenket av Grunnloven \"begrenset ganger\" " "krav, og (2) at utvide vilkÃ¥rene ved en annen tjue Ã¥r krenket first endring." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " @@ -18478,7 +19083,7 @@ msgstr "" "en av de mest konservative dommerne pÃ¥ at domstolen. at ga dissens livet " "vÃ¥rt krav." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " @@ -18500,7 +19105,7 @@ msgstr "" "sentelle hevdet, ville være Ã¥ nekte Kongressen makt til Ã¥ utvide " "eksisterende vilkÃ¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " @@ -18514,7 +19119,7 @@ msgstr "" "der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for Ã¥ høre tilfelle." #. PAGE BREAK 236 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " @@ -18527,7 +19132,7 @@ msgstr "" "tatel. bÃ¥de den mest konservative og mest liberale dommere i DC-krets mente " "Kongressen hadde overstepped sin grensene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " @@ -18542,7 +19147,7 @@ msgstr "" "og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en " "vedtekt nÃ¥r ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgÃ¥tt vedtektene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " @@ -18554,7 +19159,7 @@ msgstr "" "satt for oktober 2002. sommeren ville være utbrent skrive truser og " "forberede for argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " @@ -18575,7 +19180,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥rsaken. og ingen fra jordhaugen var mer betydelig for meg enn e-post fra " "min klient, eric eldred." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. " "It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story " @@ -18586,12 +19191,12 @@ msgstr "" "historien til meg selv, kan jeg aldri unnslippe troen pÃ¥ at det er min feil " "at vi ikke vant." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey" #. PAGE BREAK 237 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. " "Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -18609,15 +19214,15 @@ msgstr "" "advokatfirmaer noen sinne ville gjøre), og ga alt de hadde gjennom hele " "saken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "Ayer, Don" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "Bromberg, Dan" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " @@ -18635,7 +19240,7 @@ msgstr "" "dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de " "aldri stemt mot \"de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " @@ -18671,7 +19276,7 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle basert pÃ¥ Grunnloven, ikke basert pÃ¥ om de likte verdiene " "som underskrev de innlegge Grunnloven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " @@ -18688,7 +19293,7 @@ msgstr "" "forfatningsstridig." #. PAGE BREAK 238 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " @@ -18700,11 +19305,11 @@ msgid "" "the case was not to demonstrate how bad the Sonny Bono Act was but to " "demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument " "against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " -"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not " -"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible " -"critics—credible not because they were rich and famous, but because " -"they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional " -"regardless of one's politics." +"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in " +"<emphasis>law</emphasis> and not politics, then, we tried to gather the " +"widest range of credible critics—credible not because they were rich " +"and famous, but because they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law " +"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" "Det var en mÃ¥te, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde " "et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre vÃ¥re " @@ -18720,15 +19325,15 @@ msgstr "" "troverdig ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at " "denne loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " @@ -18756,7 +19361,7 @@ msgstr "" "bidrag til sentrale aktører pÃ¥ komiteene. Det var penger, ikke " "rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue Ã¥r i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " @@ -18771,7 +19376,7 @@ msgstr "" "grense for Kongressens makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. som sterkt konservativ " "argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -18781,23 +19386,34 @@ msgid "" "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " "the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " -"National Writers Union." +"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "disse truser innrammet et juridisk argument. deretter for Ã¥ støtte " "argumentet juridiske, var det en rekke kraftige truser av biblioteker og " "arkiver, inkludert internet archive, american association av loven " "biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " @@ -18810,27 +19426,27 @@ msgstr "" "ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre " "gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "Akerlof, George" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "Buchanan, James" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "Coase, Ronald" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "Friedman, Milton" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " @@ -18851,11 +19467,19 @@ msgstr "" "slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"—fancy sikt " "økonomer bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "Fried, Charles" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "Morrison, Alan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " @@ -18867,7 +19491,8 @@ msgid "" "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " "Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "samme innsats pÃ¥ balanse ble reflektert i det juridiske teamet vi samles for " "Ã¥ skrive vÃ¥re truser i tilfelle. jones dag advokater hadde blitt med oss fra " @@ -18879,7 +19504,7 @@ msgstr "" "hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en " "første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " @@ -18903,7 +19528,7 @@ msgstr "" "posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte Ã¥rsaken " "var en stemme av tilliten i vÃ¥r argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " @@ -18916,7 +19541,7 @@ msgstr "" "økonomer. truser pÃ¥ den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av " "store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " @@ -18934,30 +19559,30 @@ msgstr "" "ønsket Ã¥ kontroll." #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " -"(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." +"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." msgstr "" "kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 " "amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " -"the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." +"the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" "dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer " "fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "Gershwin, George" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -18966,13 +19591,14 @@ msgid "" "drugs or to create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its " "\"protection\" of the work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to " -"license Porgy and Bess to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the " -"cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this " -"part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to " -"help them effect that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"license <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> to anyone who refuses to use " +"African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"That's their view of how this part of American culture should be controlled, " +"and they wanted this law to help them effect that control. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " @@ -18997,7 +19623,7 @@ msgstr "" "snakke pÃ¥ en bestemt mÃ¥te, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er " "tradisjonelt ment Ã¥ blokkere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " @@ -19016,23 +19642,24 @@ msgstr "" "februar og oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne " "saken. tidlig som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " "included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, Justice Scalia, Justice " "Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the most consistent in " -"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the Lopez/" -"Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be " -"interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits." +"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the " +"<citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle> line of cases that said that an " +"enumerated power had to be interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had " +"limits." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "Breyer, Stephen" #. PAGE BREAK 242 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " @@ -19053,7 +19680,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest " "konsekvent avtalt med, var de ogsÃ¥ stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig Ã¥ fÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " @@ -19074,7 +19701,7 @@ msgstr "" "makt i denne sammenheng Ã¥ gjøre som det ønsket, selv om hva Kongressen " "ønsket gjort lite fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " @@ -19090,7 +19717,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse " "retrospektiv utvidelser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. " @@ -19107,7 +19734,7 @@ msgstr "" "argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var " "ganske trygg pÃ¥ han ville anerkjenne grenser her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " @@ -19126,17 +19753,18 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressens makt mÃ¥ tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger." #. PAGE BREAK 243 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " -"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " -"under the government's argument here, Congress would always have unlimited " -"power to extend existing terms. If anything was plain about Congress's power " -"under the Progress Clause, it was that this power was supposed to be " -"\"limited.\" Our aim would be to get the Court to reconcile Eldred with " -"Lopez: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, too, " -"must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited." +"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, under the government's argument here, " +"Congress would always have unlimited power to extend existing terms. If " +"anything was plain about Congress's power under the Progress Clause, it was " +"that this power was supposed to be \"limited.\" Our aim would be to get the " +"Court to reconcile <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> with <citetitle>Lopez</" +"citetitle>: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, " +"too, must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited." msgstr "" "Dette var deretter kjernen i vÃ¥r strategi—en strategi som jeg er " "ansvarlig. Vi ville fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ se at akkurat som du er med under " @@ -19147,7 +19775,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til Ã¥ regulere handel var begrenset, " "deretter sÃ¥, ogsÃ¥, congress's makt til Ã¥ regulere copyright skal begrenses." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " @@ -19162,7 +19790,7 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nÃ¥ si at praksis er " "unconstitutional." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " @@ -19176,7 +19804,7 @@ msgstr "" "regelmessig—betingelser elleve ganger i førti Ã¥r." #. PAGE BREAK 244 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " @@ -19208,7 +19836,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " "justiariusene brann spørsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ wannabe vinnere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " @@ -19225,7 +19853,7 @@ msgstr "" "følge: ikke utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. moots var en effektiv praksis, Jeg " "har funnet mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ta alle spørsmÃ¥l tilbake til dette sentrale idéen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " @@ -19239,7 +19867,7 @@ msgstr "" "stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin " "bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " @@ -19255,7 +19883,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke noen sjanse til Ã¥ vinne." #. PAGE BREAK 245 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " @@ -19284,7 +19912,7 @@ msgstr "" "proceedings. score tilbragte natten pÃ¥ Høyesterett trinnene slik at de ville " "være trygg pÃ¥ et sete." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " @@ -19312,7 +19940,7 @@ msgstr "" "ned ved bordet, sÃ¥ jeg jack valenti sitter i delen spesielle vanligvis " "forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " @@ -19325,7 +19953,7 @@ msgstr "" "sak om nummerert kreftene, jeg sa, og om de nummerert kreftene hadde noen " "grense." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " @@ -19334,7 +19962,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettferdighet o'connor stoppet meg ett minutts min Ã¥pning. historien var " "plaget henne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " @@ -19347,7 +19975,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes Ã¥ være en praksis som begynte med " "svært første akt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " @@ -19359,7 +19987,7 @@ msgstr "" "understreke begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt." #. PAGE BREAK 246 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " @@ -19370,7 +19998,7 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let er, er det en mÃ¥te Ã¥ tolke sine ord som gir kraft til hva de " "hadde i tankene, og svaret er Ja." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " @@ -19379,7 +20007,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det var to poeng i dette argumentet nÃ¥r jeg burde ha sett hvor domstolen " "skulle. Først var et spørsmÃ¥l av rettferdighet kennedy, som observert," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " @@ -19393,7 +20021,7 @@ msgstr "" "avbrudd, er som for alle disse Ã¥rene loven har hindret fremgang i vitenskap " "og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser ikke noen empiriske bevis for dette." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " @@ -19401,7 +20029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " @@ -19416,7 +20044,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er nødvendig for Ã¥ sikre at det ville være et effektivt evigvarende sikt " "ikke tillates under lover om opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " @@ -19430,19 +20058,19 @@ msgstr "" "skrevet om den. han ønsket Ã¥ høre den. og her var sted don ayer's rÃ¥d skal " "ha mattered. Dette var en softball; mitt svar var en swing og en glipp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " -"For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped that he " -"would see this case as its second cousin." +"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, " +"and we hoped that he would see this case as its second cousin." msgstr "" "andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for " "justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi hÃ¥pet at ville han " "se denne saken som sin andre fetter." #. PAGE BREAK 247 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " @@ -19451,7 +20079,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmÃ¥let at han ikke var pÃ¥ alle sympatisk. " "til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. sÃ¥ han spurte:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " @@ -19460,7 +20088,7 @@ msgstr "" "Chief justice: godt, men du ønsker mer enn som. du vil ha rett til Ã¥ kopiere " "ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " @@ -19473,7 +20101,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan begrunnes under vanlige første endring analyse eller under en riktig " "lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " @@ -19484,7 +20112,7 @@ msgstr "" "plukket opp pÃ¥ kjernen av vÃ¥re krav. som rettferdighet spurte scalia advokat " "generelt olson" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " @@ -19496,7 +20124,7 @@ msgstr "" "[av Grunnloven], men det er nettopp argumentet som gjøres av petitioners " "her, det en begrenset periode som er utvidbart er samme en ubegrenset tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " @@ -19523,7 +20151,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til min side." #. PAGE BREAK 248 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " @@ -19535,7 +20163,7 @@ msgstr "" "hadde svart pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te. men en mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ dette tilfellet forlatt " "meg optimistisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " @@ -19564,7 +20192,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville konservative—føle seg begrenset av rettssikkerhet at det hadde " "etablert andre steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " @@ -19579,7 +20207,7 @@ msgstr "" "the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " "justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " @@ -19590,24 +20218,25 @@ msgstr "" "postet en kunngjøring til vÃ¥r blogg, og satte meg ned for Ã¥ se hvor jeg " "hadde vært feil i mitt resonnement." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " -"reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " -"looking for reasoning." +"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " +"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " +"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning." msgstr "" "mitt resonnement. Her var en sak som pitted alle pengene i verden mot " "resonnement. og her var den siste naivt lov professoren, scouring sider, pÃ¥ " "jakt etter resonnement." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " -"principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " -"to be found. The case was not even cited. The argument that was the core " -"argument of our case did not even appear in the Court's opinion." +"principle in this case from the principle in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. " +"The argument was nowhere to be found. The case was not even cited. The " +"argument that was the core argument of our case did not even appear in the " +"Court's opinion." msgstr "" "Jeg scoured først mening, ser for hvordan domstol vil skille prinsippet i " "dette tilfellet fra prinsippet i lopez. argumentet var ingensteds Ã¥ bli " @@ -19615,7 +20244,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥rt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening." #. PAGE BREAK 249 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " @@ -19626,30 +20255,31 @@ msgstr "" "konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, " "hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " -"Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an " -"opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked " -"so hard to defeat." +"Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too much to " +"expect them to write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the " +"doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat." msgstr "" "hennes mening var helt rimelig—for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. " "Ingen av dem tror pÃ¥ lopez. det ville være for mye Ã¥ forvente dem til Ã¥ " "skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de " "hadde arbeidet sÃ¥ hardt for Ã¥ beseire." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " "powers with the Commerce Clause and unlimited powers with the Progress " "Clause. It had never even occurred to me that they could reconcile the two " -"simply by not addressing the argument. There was no inconsistency because " -"they would not talk about the two together. There was therefore no " -"principle that followed from the Lopez case: In that context, Congress's " -"power would be limited, but in this context it would not." +"simply <emphasis>by not addressing the argument</emphasis>. There was no " +"inconsistency because they would not talk about the two together. There was " +"therefore no principle that followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " +"case: In that context, Congress's power would be limited, but in this " +"context it would not." msgstr "" "men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg " "hadde sagt det var ingen mÃ¥te denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter " @@ -19660,7 +20290,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng " "vil det ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " @@ -19681,7 +20311,7 @@ msgstr "" "system der domstolen fÃ¥r velge konstitusjonelle verdiene som det vil " "respektere,." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " @@ -19705,7 +20335,7 @@ msgstr "" "kostnad gÃ¥ ubesvart." #. PAGE BREAK 250 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " @@ -19727,14 +20357,14 @@ msgstr "" "begrepet var sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ være effektivt ubegrenset, sÃ¥ det var " "forfatningsstridig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " -"neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " -"reason to reject this extension. The case was decided without anyone having " -"addressed the argument that we had carried from Judge Sentelle. It was " -"Hamlet without the Prince." +"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " +"willing to push it as a reason to reject this extension. The case was " +"decided without anyone having addressed the argument that we had carried " +"from Judge Sentelle. It was <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> without the Prince." msgstr "" "disse to justiariusene forstÃ¥tt alle argumentene vi hadde gjort. men fordi " "ingen trodde i lopez-saken, heller ikke var villig til Ã¥ skyve den som en " @@ -19742,7 +20372,7 @@ msgstr "" "har adressert argumentet om at vi hadde fraktet fra dommer sentelle. Det var " "hamlet uten prinsen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " @@ -19753,18 +20383,19 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " "Dette sinne var inälvor." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " -"thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " -"this case. That wouldn't have been a very convincing argument, I don't " -"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. " -"But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in " -"particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " -"Constitution is \"originalism\"—to first understand the framers' text, " -"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. " -"That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " +"thing for them to have explained why the principle of <citetitle>Lopez</" +"citetitle> didn't apply in this case. That wouldn't have been a very " +"convincing argument, I don't believe, having read it made by others, and " +"having tried to make it myself. But it at least would have been an act of " +"integrity. These justices in particular have repeatedly said that the " +"proper mode of interpreting the Constitution is \"originalism\"—to " +"first understand the framers' text, interpreted in their context, in light " +"of the structure of the Constitution. That method had produced " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " "was their \"originalism\" now?" msgstr "" "Det var første sinne pÃ¥ fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for " @@ -19779,7 +20410,7 @@ msgstr "" "nÃ¥?" #. PAGE BREAK 251 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " @@ -19804,7 +20435,7 @@ msgstr "" "resultat som de likte. det ikke produsere en grunn som var i samsvar med sin " "egen prinsipper." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " @@ -19814,7 +20445,7 @@ msgstr "" "mitt sinne med høyre raskt gitt til sinne med meg selv. for jeg hadde la en " "visning av loven som jeg likte forstyrre en visning av loven som det er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " @@ -19838,7 +20469,7 @@ msgstr "" "det bør ogsÃ¥ følge i popularitet." #. PAGE BREAK 252 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " @@ -19871,7 +20502,7 @@ msgstr "" "brukt et annet sted. Det var ikke grunnlag som en domstol bør avgjøre " "problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " @@ -19882,7 +20513,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært annerledes hvis don ayer hadde hevdet det? eller charles stekt? " "eller kathleen sullivan?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " @@ -19895,7 +20526,7 @@ msgstr "" "mye mer Ã¥ vise vÃ¥rt samfunn hvorfor vÃ¥re underskrev hadde rett. og nÃ¥r vi " "gjør det, vil vi være i stand til Ã¥ vise at domstolen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " @@ -19910,7 +20541,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate " "rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " @@ -19926,7 +20557,7 @@ msgstr "" "før det er." #. PAGE BREAK 253 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " @@ -19943,7 +20574,7 @@ msgid "" "been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good " "thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was " "attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. " -"The New York Times wrote in its editorial," +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," msgstr "" "etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han " "var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, " @@ -19961,7 +20592,7 @@ msgstr "" "fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin " "redaksjonell," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " @@ -19978,34 +20609,47 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " -"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " -"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref linkend=" +"\"fig-18\"/>). The \"powerful and wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the " +"punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—" "av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " "bolling, gjengis pÃ¥ neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstÃ¥ende\" er en " "smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sÃ¥nn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " -"The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " -"is over? When I can make light of it, I think, \"Honey, I shrunk the " -"Constitution.\" But I can rarely make light of it. We had in our " -"Constitution a commitment to free culture. In the case that I fathered, the " -"Supreme Court effectively renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would " -"have made them see differently." +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " +"the \"public domain\" is over? When I can make light of it, I think, " +"\"Honey, I shrunk the Constitution.\" But I can rarely make light of it. We " +"had in our Constitution a commitment to free culture. In the case that I " +"fathered, the Supreme Court effectively renounced that commitment. A better " +"lawyer would have made them see differently." msgstr "" "bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new " "york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? " @@ -20014,20 +20658,20 @@ msgstr "" "engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett " "effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " -"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied—" -"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was " -"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly " -"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles " -"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-" -"ed piece." +"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " +"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—meaning the case was really " +"finally over—fate would have it that I was giving a speech to " +"technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly long flight to my " +"least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles was delayed because " +"of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece." msgstr "" "dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var Ã¥ reise til " "washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet—noe " @@ -20037,7 +20681,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsinket pÃ¥ grunn av trafikk, sÃ¥ jeg Ã¥pnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en " "op-ed brikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " @@ -20059,14 +20703,14 @@ msgstr "" "politikk." #. PAGE BREAK 256 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " -"Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " -"required to register the work and pay a small fee. If he paid the fee, he " -"got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he did not, the work " -"passed into the public domain." +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " +"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " +"copyright owner would be required to register the work and pay a small fee. " +"If he paid the fee, he got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he " +"did not, the work passed into the public domain." msgstr "" "new york times publisert arb. i den, jeg foreslÃ¥tt en enkel Fiks: femti Ã¥r " "etter at et arbeid er publisert, eieren av opphavsretten ville være " @@ -20074,7 +20718,7 @@ msgstr "" "gebyret, fikk han fordelen med full sikt av opphavsrett. Hvis han ikke " "gjorde bestÃ¥tt arbeidet i public domain." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " @@ -20085,7 +20729,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred var slag nok Ã¥ la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det " "vil ikke fÃ¥ gÃ¥tt med mindre det er et annet navn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " @@ -20102,11 +20746,11 @@ msgstr "" "av kunnskap. La det for sÃ¥ lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der " "er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "Forbes, Steve" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " @@ -20129,7 +20773,7 @@ msgstr "" "demokratene og republikanerne pÃ¥ dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de " "dumme skader som dagens ordning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " @@ -20151,16 +20795,16 @@ msgstr "" "systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved Ã¥ etablere minst én registret der " "eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "Bern-konvensjonen (1908)" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " @@ -20177,8 +20821,9 @@ msgid "" "books published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British " "Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where " "the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous " -"works. Paul Goldstein, International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and " -"Materials (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." +"works. Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, " +"Cases and Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), " +"153–54." msgstr "" "før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett " "lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med " @@ -20196,20 +20841,21 @@ msgstr "" "anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for " "immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 153­54." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " -"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" -"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " -"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " -"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " -"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when " +"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before " +"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" Natural rights " +"don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-American tradition " +"that required copyright owners to follow form if their rights were to be " +"protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly respect the dignity of " +"the author. My right as a creator turns on my creativity, not upon the " +"special favor of the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " @@ -20224,7 +20870,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet\" er ødelagt nÃ¥r det er ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hva er beskyttet " "og hva som ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " @@ -20232,8 +20878,9 @@ msgid "" "to require copyright terms of life plus fifty years, as well as the " "abolition of copyright formalities. The formalities were hated because the " "stories of inadvertent loss were increasingly common. It was as if a Charles " -"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an i or " -"cross a t resulted in the loss of widows' only income." +"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an " +"<citetitle>i</citetitle> or cross a <citetitle>t</citetitle> resulted in the " +"loss of widows' only income." msgstr "" "kampen mot formaliteter oppnÃ¥dde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. " "internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til Ã¥ " @@ -20243,7 +20890,7 @@ msgstr "" "charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av Ã¥ " "dot en i eller pÃ¥ tvers av en t ført til tap av enker eneste inntekt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " @@ -20259,7 +20906,7 @@ msgstr "" "formaliteter helt, burde svaret i berlin vært Ã¥ omfavne en mer rettferdig " "system for registrering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " @@ -20274,7 +20921,7 @@ msgstr "" "unødvendig regulatoriske belastning pÃ¥tvang skapere." #. PAGE BREAK 258 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " @@ -20293,7 +20940,7 @@ msgstr "" "alle som ville stjele tabellen, om han har informert regjeringen av sitt " "eierskap av tabellen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " @@ -20310,7 +20957,7 @@ msgstr "" "formaliteter svarer pÃ¥ spesielle fysikk av kreative eiendom, Ã¥ sikre at det " "kan være effektivt og ganske spredt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " @@ -20341,8 +20988,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av " "beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt." -#. PAGE BREAK 259 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " @@ -20353,7 +20999,8 @@ msgid "" "And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " "confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author " "and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without " -"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place." +"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions " +"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om " "opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen " @@ -20365,7 +21012,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten " "formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " @@ -20384,7 +21031,7 @@ msgstr "" "fjorten Ã¥r, ville under underskrev system, et arbeid presumptively " "kontrolleres. etter fjorten Ã¥r, ville det være presumptively ukontrollerte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " @@ -20392,7 +21039,8 @@ msgid "" "burden on the creative process. If the only way a library can offer an " "Internet exhibit about the New Deal is to hire a lawyer to clear the rights " "to every image and sound, then the copyright system is burdening creativity " -"in a way that has never been seen before because there are no formalities." +"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no " +"formalities</emphasis>." msgstr "" "men nÃ¥ som opphavsrett kan være omtrent et Ã¥rhundre lang, manglende evne til " "Ã¥ vite hva er beskyttet og hva er ikke beskyttet blir en stor og Ã¥penbare " @@ -20402,7 +21050,7 @@ msgstr "" "systemet bebyrde kreativitet pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som aldri har vært sett før fordi " "det er ingen formaliteter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " @@ -20417,7 +21065,7 @@ msgstr "" "tillatelse hvis de vil bruke arbeidet. og du vil fÃ¥ nytte av en utvidet " "opphavsrett sikt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " @@ -20432,7 +21080,7 @@ msgstr "" "der alle kan kopiere den, eller bygge arkivet med det eller opprette en film " "basert pÃ¥ den. Det bør bli gratis hvis det ikke er verdt $1 for deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -20444,22 +21092,22 @@ msgstr "" "registrering?" #. PAGE BREAK 260 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " "because they are terribly funded) in enabling simple and cheap " "registrations. Any real solution to the problem of formalities must address " -"the real problem of governments standing at the core of any system of " -"formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That solution " -"essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was Amazon that " -"ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click registration. The " -"Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration fifty years after " -"a work was published. Based upon historical data, that system would move up " -"to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that no longer had a " -"commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. What do you " -"think?" +"the real problem of <emphasis>governments</emphasis> standing at the core of " +"any system of formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That " +"solution essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was " +"Amazon that ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click " +"registration. The Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration " +"fifty years after a work was published. Based upon historical data, that " +"system would move up to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that " +"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. " +"What do you think?" msgstr "" "Det stemmer. Ekstraarbeidet er forferdelig. Systemet som finnes nÃ¥ er " "grufult. Jeg helt enig at opphavsrettkontoret har gjort en dÃ¥rlig jobb " @@ -20475,7 +21123,7 @@ msgstr "" "fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen " "femti Ã¥r. hva tror du?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -20487,23 +21135,29 @@ msgstr "" "introdusere en Eldred-lov. og jeg hadde noen fÃ¥ som foreslo direkte at de " "kan være villige til Ã¥ ta det første skrittet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" +msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on " "the Eldred Act blog, \"we are close.\" There was a general reaction in the " -"blog community that something good might happen here." +"blog community that something good might happen here. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "En representant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gikk sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal " "lov. Det pÃ¥la de enklest mulige forutsetninger pÃ¥ innehaverne av " "opphavsretter. I mai 2003 sÃ¥ det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. " "16. mai, postet jeg pÃ¥ Eldred Act-bloggen, \"vi er nære\". Det oppstod en " -"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kanne skje her." +"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " @@ -20521,7 +21175,7 @@ msgstr "" "om." #. PAGE BREAK 261 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " @@ -20560,7 +21214,7 @@ msgstr "" "skjedde i public domain. men hva risikoen er at? Hvis det er allemannseie, " "deretter er filmen en gyldig avledet bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " @@ -20576,7 +21230,7 @@ msgstr "" "er fri til Ã¥ gi bort deres copyright eller ikke—kontroversielle krav i " "alle fall—hvis de ikke kjenner om opphavsretten, sannsynligvis de ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " @@ -20595,7 +21249,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilfelle gjorde de interessen har makt til Ã¥ beskytte seg mot denne nye " "konkurransedyktig trusselen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -20609,7 +21263,7 @@ msgstr "" "sunne fornuften?" #. PAGE BREAK 262 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " @@ -20631,7 +21285,11 @@ msgstr "" "hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner Ã¥rsakene til Ã¥ begrense " "opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig Ã¥ se god tro i motstanden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kelly, Kevin" +msgstr "Kelly, Kevin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " @@ -20641,7 +21299,7 @@ msgid "" "to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate " "what Kevin Kelly calls the \"Dark Content\" that fills archives around the " "world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should ask one " -"simple question:" +"simple question: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "men nÃ¥r opphavsrett eierne motsette et forslag som eldred act, sÃ¥, til " "slutt, er det et eksempel at legger bare naken selfinterest kjører denne " @@ -20652,20 +21310,21 @@ msgstr "" "verden. sÃ¥ nÃ¥r warriors motsette en endring som dette, bør vi ber ett enkelt " "spørsmÃ¥l:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "Hva ønsker denne industrien egentlig?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " -"their content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an effort to assure " -"that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is another step to " -"assure that the public domain will never compete, that there will be no use " -"of content that is not commercially controlled, and that there will be no " -"commercial use of content that doesn't require their permission first." +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an " +"effort to assure that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is " +"another step to assure that the public domain will never compete, that there " +"will be no use of content that is not commercially controlled, and that " +"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require " +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first." msgstr "" "med svært liten innsats, kunne warriors beskytte deres innhold. sÃ¥ innsatsen " "for Ã¥ blokkere noe som eldred loven er ikke virkelig om Ã¥ beskytte sitt " @@ -20675,14 +21334,14 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen " "kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " "the protection of \"property\" but the rejection of a tradition. Their aim " -"is not simply to protect what is theirs. Their aim is to assure that all " -"there is is what is theirs." +"is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to assure " +"that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>." msgstr "" "motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. " "mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som mÃ¥let ikke " @@ -20691,7 +21350,7 @@ msgstr "" "er deres." #. PAGE BREAK 263 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " @@ -20708,8 +21367,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er koblet til et offentlig som nÃ¥ har mulighet til Ã¥ opprette med det og " "dele sin egen etablering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -20717,13 +21375,13 @@ msgid "" "these remote and forgotten copyright holders might block the progress of " "others." msgstr "" -"Hva er vanskelig Ã¥ forstÃ¥ er grunnen til at offentligheten tar denne " -"visningen. Det er som om loven gjort fly trespassers. mpaa stÃ¥r med causbys " -"og krav at deres ekstern og unyttig eiendomsrettigheter bli respektert, slik " -"at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften " -"for andre." +"Det som er vanskelig Ã¥ forstÃ¥ er hvorfor folket innehar dette synet. Det er " +"som om loven gjorde at flymaskiner tok seg inn pÃ¥ annen manns eiendom. MPAA " +"stÃ¥r side om side med Causbyene og krever at deres fjerne og ubrukelige " +"eierrettigheter blir respektert, slik at disse fjerne og glemte " +"opphavsrettsinnehaverne kan blokkere fremgangen til andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " @@ -20866,13 +21524,15 @@ msgstr "Braithwaite, John" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " +"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who " +"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20895,35 +21555,36 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " -"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " -"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " -"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</" -"ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see " -"Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human " -"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., Ser. " -"No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James Love)." +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over " +"South Africa, see Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug " +"Policy, and Human Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., " +"1st sess., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James " +"Love)." msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " -"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " -"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " -"15." +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." msgstr "" -"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " -"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en rapport " -"forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D." -"C., 2000), 15." +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en " +"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " -"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" +"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … not " +"to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " "Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" "and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " @@ -20941,7 +21602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med Ã¥ være imot. Som " "International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, " -"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika . . . til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " +"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " "lisensiering eller parallellimport\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" "> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-" "Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge press bak den forespørselen, " @@ -20949,7 +21610,7 @@ msgstr "" "handelsrestriksjoner. Samme Ã¥r gikk mer enn førti farmasiselskaper til " "retten for Ã¥ utfordre myndighetenes handlinger. USA fikk selskap av andre " "myndigheter fra EU. Deres pÃ¥stand, og pÃ¥standen til farmasiselskapene, var " -"at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser ved Ã¥ distriminere mot " +"at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser ved Ã¥ diskriminere mot " "en bestemt type patenter—farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse " "myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-Afrika skulle respektere disse " "patentene pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som alle andre patenter, uavhengig av eventuell " @@ -21013,16 +21674,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " -"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> " -"(\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a threat to the entire system " -"of intellectual property protection\"); Robert Weissman, \"AIDS and " -"Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,\" Foreign " -"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. " -"Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding " -"the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a " -"Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring 2001): 175." +"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" +"citetitle>, 24 May 1999, A1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a " +"threat to the entire system of intellectual property protection\"); Robert " +"Weissman, \"AIDS and Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential " +"Medicines,\" <citetitle>Foreign Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (August " +"1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</" +"ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical " +"Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,\" " +"<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21116,7 +21778,7 @@ msgstr "" "selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille koster " "en amerikansker $1500?\" Da det ikke finnes et \"kjapt svar\" pÃ¥ det " "spørsmÃ¥let, ville effekten bli regulering av priser i Amerika. " -"Medisinprodusentene unngÃ¥rd dermed denne spiralen ved Ã¥ sikre at det første " +"Medisinprodusentene unngÃ¥r dermed denne spiralen ved Ã¥ sikre at det første " "steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at eierrettigheter skal være " "ukrenkelige. De legger seg pÃ¥ en rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell " "omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at kanskje millioner dør. Og den " @@ -21176,7 +21838,7 @@ msgid "" "common sense open its eyes." msgstr "" "Men vi som kultur har mistet denne følelsen for balanse. Vi har mistet det " -"kritiske blikket som hjelper oss til Ã¥ se forkjellen mellom sannhet og " +"kritiske blikket som hjelper oss til Ã¥ se forskjellen mellom sannhet og " "ekstremisme. En slags eiendomsfundamentalisme, uten grunnlag i vÃ¥r " "tradisjon, hersker nÃ¥ i vÃ¥r kultur—sært, og med konsekvenser mer " "alvorlig for spredningen av idéer og kultur enn nesten enhver annen politisk " @@ -21206,40 +21868,50 @@ msgid "" "attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free culture." msgstr "" "SÃ¥ langt sover sunn fornuft. Det er intet opprør. Sunn fornuft ser ennÃ¥ " -"ikke hva det er Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nÃ¥ domunerer denne " +"ikke hva det er Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nÃ¥ dominerer denne " "debatten resonerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er " "forsterket av vÃ¥re moderne RCA-ene. De fører en frenetisk krig for Ã¥ " "bekjempe \"piratvirksomhet\" og knuser kreativitetskultur. De forsvarer " "idéen om \"kreativt eierskap\", mens de endrer ekte skapere til moderne " -"leilendinger. De blir fornermet av idéen om at rettigheter skulle være " +"leilendinger. De blir fornærmet av idéen om at rettigheter skulle være " "balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne innholdskrigen selv hadde " "fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet rÃ¥r. Men i en by som " -"Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lakt merke til. Mektige lobbyister, " +"Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lagt merke til. Mektige lobbyister, " "kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn gir en \"perfekt storm\" " "for fri kultur." #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " -"2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting " -"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William " -"New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" National " -"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." -msgstr "" -"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, august " -"2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting " -"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" -"ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" " -"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on " +"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes " +"`Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on " +"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official " +"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's " +"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "IBM" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" @@ -21263,27 +21935,30 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual " "Property Organiation om Ã¥ avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> PÃ¥ forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interresenter hadde WIPO " -"bestemt Ã¥ avholde et møte for Ã¥ diskutere \"Ã¥pne og sammarbeidende " -"prosjekter for Ã¥ skape goder for felleskapet\". Disse prosjektene som hadde " -"lyktes i Ã¥ produsere goder for fellesskapet uten Ã¥ basere seg eksklusivt pÃ¥ " -"bruken av proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer " -"internettet og verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet pÃ¥ grunnlag av " -"protokoller i allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for Ã¥ støtte " -"Ã¥pne akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-" -"prosjektet som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a " -"utvikle enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt Ã¥ fÃ¥ stor betydning " -"i biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium " -"av Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert " +"\"0\"/> PÃ¥ forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interressenter hadde WIPO " +"bestemt Ã¥ avholde et møte for Ã¥ diskutere \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter " +"for Ã¥ skape goder for felleskapet\". Disse prosjektene som hadde lyktes i Ã¥ " +"produsere goder for fellesskapet uten Ã¥ basere seg eksklusivt pÃ¥ bruken av " +"proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer internettet og " +"verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet pÃ¥ grunnlag av protokoller i " +"allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for Ã¥ støtte Ã¥pne " +"akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-prosjektet " +"som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a utvikle " +"enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt Ã¥ fÃ¥ stor betydning i " +"biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium av " +"Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert " "Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, " "Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " "Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " "frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21318,7 +21993,7 @@ msgstr "" "Dermed var, fra perspektivet i denne boken, denne konferansen ideell." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Prosjektene innenfor temaet var " "bÃ¥de kommersielle og ikkekommersielle verker. De involverte i hovedsak " -"vitenskapet, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for " +"vitenskapen, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for " "denne diskusjonen, siden WIPO var den fremstÃ¥ende internasjonale aktør som " "drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmÃ¥l." @@ -21408,14 +22083,14 @@ msgid "" "opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft\" license, " "meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the same terms on any " "derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling " -"the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software " -"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, " -"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. " -"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial " -"Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of Business " -"(3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#63</ulink>." +"the Marketplace to Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source " +"Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for " +"Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " +"Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " +"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York " +"University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" "Microsofts posisjon om Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare er mer " "sofistikert. De har flere ganger forklart at de har ikke noe problem med " @@ -21424,13 +22099,18 @@ msgstr "" "lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " "som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " "Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " -"Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: " -"AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise " -"Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, " -"Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial Software Model, diskusjon " -"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig " -"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory " +"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), " +"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</" +"ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " +"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York " +"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21442,18 +22122,23 @@ msgid "" "\"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, " "to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " "entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " -"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" msgstr "" "Jeg mener ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for Ã¥ gjøre " "det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell " "programvare. Det er mange viktige selskaper som er fundamentalt avhengig av " "fri programvare, der IBM er den mest fremtredende. IBM har i stadig større " "grad skiftet sitt fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, det mest berømte " -"biten av \"fri programvare\"—og IBM er helt klart en kommernsiell " +"biten av \"fri programvare\"—og IBM er helt klart en kommersiell " "aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " "kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " "programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21473,7 +22158,7 @@ msgid "" "copyright law just as Microsoft does." msgstr "" "Mer viktig for vÃ¥re formÃ¥l, er at Ã¥ støtte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare\" ikke er Ã¥ motsette seg opphasvrett. \"Åpen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\" ikke er Ã¥ motsette seg opphavsrett. \"Åpen kildekode og fri " "programvare\" er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, pÃ¥ " "samme mÃ¥te som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne " "av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens blir " @@ -21481,7 +22166,7 @@ msgstr "" "er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvarelisens. " "For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige " "lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle " -"som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun " +"som endrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun " "effektivt hvis opphavsrett rÃ¥der over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke " "rÃ¥der over programvare, sÃ¥ kunne ikke fri programvare pÃ¥legge slike krav pÃ¥ " "de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av " @@ -21496,23 +22181,29 @@ msgstr "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "Krim, Jonathan" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " "use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. " "And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to " -"Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in " -"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled." +"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " +"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " +"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " +"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er dermed forstÃ¥elig at Microsoft, som utviklere av proprietær " "programvare, gikk imot et slikt WIPO-møte, og like fullt forstÃ¥elig at de " "bruker sine lobbyister til Ã¥ fÃ¥ USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ gÃ¥ imot møtet. Og " "ganske riktig, det er akkurat dette som i følge rapporter hadde skjedd. I " -"følge Jonathan Krim i Washington Post, lyktes Microsofts lobbyister i Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ legge ned veto mot et slikt møte.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA ble møtet avlyst." +"følge Jonathan Krim i <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, lyktes " +"Microsofts lobbyister i Ã¥ fÃ¥ USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ legge ned veto mot et " +"slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA " +"ble møtet avlyst. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21539,10 +22230,10 @@ msgid "" "us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.\"" msgstr "" "Det som var overraskende var USAs regjerings begrunnelse for Ã¥ være imot " -"møtet. Igjen, siterert av krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for " +"møtet. Igjen, sitert av Krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for " "internasjonale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemerkekontor, at " "\"programvare med Ã¥pen kildekode gÃ¥r imot til formÃ¥let til WIPO, som er Ã¥ " -"fremme immatterielle rettigheter.\". Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, \"Å " +"fremme immaterielle rettigheter.\". Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, \"Å " "holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " "rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.\"" @@ -21561,9 +22252,9 @@ msgid "" "law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing " "with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" -"For det første er de ganske enkelt enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er " -"det meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " -"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil begresningene " +"For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er det " +"meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " +"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil begrensningene " "definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si at de \"gÃ¥r imot" "\" formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær " "mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs " @@ -21590,7 +22281,7 @@ msgstr "" "rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat vet, er det " "vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i immaterielle rettighetsjuss Ã¥ finne den balansen. " "Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man ønsker Ã¥ " -"spørre Ms. boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert pÃ¥ medisiner med " +"spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert pÃ¥ medisiner med " "patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker allemannseie " "immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " "hadde vært patentert?" @@ -21600,24 +22291,26 @@ msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " "are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with " -"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to \"waive" -"\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, totally " -"appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do good in " -"the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the property " -"system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is supposed to " -"be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with their " -"property. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</emphasis> rights. If " +"they want to \"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our " +"tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 " +"billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the " +"objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a " +"property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to " +"decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "For det tredje, selv om en tror at formÃ¥let med WIPO var Ã¥ maksimere " "immaterielle rettigheter, sÃ¥ innehas immaterielle rettigheter, i vÃ¥r " "tradisjon, av individer og selskaper. De fÃ¥r bestemme hva som skal gjøres " -"med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er de som eier rettigetene. Hvis de " -"ønsker Ã¥ \"frafalle\" eller \"frasi\" seg sine rettigheter, sÃ¥ er det helt " -"etter boka i vÃ¥r tradisjon. NÃ¥r Bill Gates gir bort mer enn $20 milliarder " -"til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er ikke det uforenelig med mÃ¥lene til eiendomssystemet. " -"Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva eiendomssysstemet er ment Ã¥ oppnÃ¥, at " -"individer har retten til Ã¥ bestemme hva de vil gjøre med sin eiendom. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som eier " +"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker Ã¥ \"frafalle\" eller \"frasi\" seg sine " +"rettigheter, sÃ¥ er det helt etter boka i vÃ¥r tradisjon. NÃ¥r Bill Gates gir " +"bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er ikke det uforenelig med " +"mÃ¥lene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva " +"eiendomssysstemet er ment Ã¥ oppnÃ¥, at individer har retten til Ã¥ bestemme " +"hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21635,8 +22328,8 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter\", sÃ¥ sier hun at WIPO har en " "interesse i Ã¥ pÃ¥virke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier immaterielle " "rettigheter. At pÃ¥ en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være Ã¥ stoppe individer " -"fra Ã¥ \"frakrive\" eller \"frafalle\" seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. At " -"interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " +"fra Ã¥ \"fraskrive\" eller \"frafalle\" seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. " +"At interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " "ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21662,25 +22355,26 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only " -"choice now is whether that information society will be free or feudal. The " -"trend is toward the feudal." +"choice now is whether that information society will be <emphasis>free</" +"emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is toward the feudal." msgstr "" "Som Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite beskriver, dette er nøyaktig det valget " "vi nÃ¥ gjør om immaterielle rettigheter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/> Vi kommer til Ã¥ fÃ¥ et informasjonssamfunn. SÃ¥ mye er sikkert. VÃ¥rt " -"eneste valg nÃ¥ er hvorvidt dette informasjonssamfunnet skal være fritt eller " -"føydalt. Trenden er mot det føydale." +"eneste valg nÃ¥ er hvorvidt dette informasjonssamfunnet skal være " +"<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er " +"mot det føydale." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21728,8 +22422,8 @@ msgstr "" "trodde forfatteren støttet idéen om at det vÃ¥re myndigheter burde gjøre var " "Ã¥ søke balanse. (Min kritikk av Ms Boland, selvfølgelig, var ikke om " "hvorvidt hun søkte balanse eller ikke; min kritikk var at hennes kommentarer " -"avslørte en feil kun en førsteÃ¥rs jussstudent burde kunne gjøre. Jeg har " -"noen illusjon om ekstremismen hos vÃ¥re myndigheter, uansett om de er " +"avslørte en feil kun en førsteÃ¥rs jusstudent burde kunne gjøre. Jeg har noen " +"illusjon om ekstremismen hos vÃ¥re myndigheter, uansett om de er " "republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er " "hvorvidt vÃ¥re myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)" @@ -21742,7 +22436,7 @@ msgid "" "believed, my own silly utopianism. \"Typical for an academic,\" the poster " "might well have continued." msgstr "" -"Det var dermot Ã¥penbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I " +"Det var derimot Ã¥penbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I " "stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig verden " "skulle \"mÃ¥let\" til myndighetene være \"Ã¥ fremme den riktige balanse\" for " "immaterielle rettigheter. Det var Ã¥penbart tÃ¥pelig for ham. Og det " @@ -21756,9 +22450,9 @@ msgid "" "academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)." msgstr "" "Jeg forstÃ¥r kritikken av akademisk utopisme. Jeg mener ogsÃ¥ at utopisme er " -"tÃ¥pelig, og jeg vil være blant de første til Ã¥ gjøre narr av de aburde " -"urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i " -"vÃ¥rt eget lands historie)." +"tÃ¥pelig, og jeg vil være blant de første til Ã¥ gjøre narr av de absurde " +"urealistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i vÃ¥rt " +"eget lands historie)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21814,8 +22508,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Hvis dette er galskap, sÃ¥ la det være mer gærninger. Snart. Det finnes " "øyeblikk av hÃ¥p i denne kampen. Og øyeblikk som overrasker. Da FCC vurderte " -"mindre strenge eierskapregler, som ville ytterligere konsentrere " -"mediaeierskap, dannet det seg en en ekstraordinær koalisjon pÃ¥ tvers av " +"mindre strenge eierskapsregler, som ville ytterligere konsentrere " +"medieeierskap, dannet det seg en en ekstraordinær koalisjon pÃ¥ tvers av " "partiene for Ã¥ bekjempe endringen. For kanskje første gang i historien " "organiserte interesser sÃ¥ forskjellige som NRA, ACLU, moveon.org, William " "Safire, Ted Turner og Codepink Women for Piece seg for Ã¥ protestere pÃ¥ denne " @@ -21832,9 +22526,9 @@ msgid "" "sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media." msgstr "" "Disse protestene stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i " -"senatet for Ã¥ reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fientlige høringene som ledet " +"senatet for Ã¥ reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fiendtlige høringene som ledet " "til avstemmingen avslørte hvor mektig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var " -"ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " +"ingen betydningsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " "vedvarende støtte for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21861,7 +22555,7 @@ msgid "" "property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " "bigness bad." msgstr "" -"Faren med mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " +"Faren med mediekonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " "kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles " "til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige " "selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " @@ -21895,7 +22589,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med " "pÃ¥ en kampanje for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i idéen om " "\"intellektuell eiendom\". Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon. " -"Jeg agumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til Ã¥ " +"Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til Ã¥ " "tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " "godt trent i denne tradisjonen." @@ -21919,34 +22613,35 @@ msgid "" "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " -"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " -"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with " +"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." msgstr "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, september " "2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " "8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " -"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " -"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10. september 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" -"ulink>." +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with " +"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " "17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #68</ulink>." @@ -21995,7 +22690,7 @@ msgstr "" "Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " "dele innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "Creative Commons" @@ -22040,14 +22735,14 @@ msgid "" "technology being destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, " "it will take some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." msgstr "" -"I mens pÃ¥ andre siden av atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil " +"I mens pÃ¥ andre siden av Atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil " "bygge opp et \"kreativt arkiv\" som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-" "innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en " "folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative Commons for Ã¥ " "gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten " -"mer mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen " +"er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen " "Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss " "fri kultur inn i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister taper og uten at " "potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og " @@ -22073,38 +22768,36 @@ msgid "" "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " "might be done." msgstr "" -"I det minste noen som har lest helt hit vil være enig med meg om at noe mÃ¥ " -"gjøres for Ã¥ endre hvilken retning vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " +"I hvert fall noen av de som har lest helt hit vil være enig med meg om at " +"noe mÃ¥ gjøres for Ã¥ endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " "kartlegger hva som kan gjøres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " "draw from the history of remaking common sense, it is that it requires " "remaking how many people think about the very same issue." msgstr "" -"jeg dele dette kartet i to deler: at som alle kan gjøre nÃ¥, og som krever " -"hjelp av lovgivere. Hvis det er en lærdom som vi kan trekke fra historien om " -"remaking sunn fornuft, er det at det krever remaking hvor mange mennesker " -"tenker om det samme problemet." +"Jeg deler dette kartet i to deler: det som enhver kan gjøre nÃ¥, og det som " +"krever hjelp fra lovgiverne. Hvis det er en lærdom vi kan trekke fra " +"historien om Ã¥ endre pÃ¥ sunn fornuft, sÃ¥ er det at det krever Ã¥ endre " +"hvordan mange mennesker tenker pÃ¥ den aktuelle saken. " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " "musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own " "words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important." msgstr "" -"Det betyr at denne bevegelsen mÃ¥ begynne i gatene. Det mÃ¥ rekruttere et " -"betydelig antall foreldre, lærere, bibliotekarer, skaperne, forfattere, " -"musikere, filmskapere, forskere—alle for Ã¥ fortelle historien med egne " -"ord og Ã¥ fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er sÃ¥ viktig." +"Det betyr at denne bevegelsen mÃ¥ starte i gatene. Det mÃ¥ rekrutteres et " +"signifikant antall foreldre, lærere, bibliotekarer, skapere, forfattere, " +"musikere, filmskapere, forskere—som alle mÃ¥ fortelle denne historien " +"med sine egne ord, og som kan fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er " +"sÃ¥ viktig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -22112,17 +22805,18 @@ msgid "" "still, it matters. And thus, in the second part below, I sketch changes that " "Congress could make to better secure a free culture." msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r denne bevegelsen har sin effekt i gatene, har det noe hÃ¥p om Ã¥ ha en " -"effekt i washington. Vi er fortsatt et demokrati. Hva folk tror saker. ikke " -"sÃ¥ mye som det skal, minst nÃ¥r en rca stÃ¥r imot, men likevel, det teller. og " -"sÃ¥ledes, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen " -"kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." +"NÃ¥r denne bevegelsen har hatt sin effekt i gatene, sÃ¥ er det et visst hÃ¥p om " +"at det kan ha effekt i Washington. Vi er fortsatt et demokrati. Hva folk " +"mener betyr noe. Ikke sÃ¥ mye som det burde, i hvert fall nÃ¥r en RCA stÃ¥r " +"imot, men likevel, det betyr noe. Og dermed vil jeg skissere, i den andre " +"delen som følger, endringer som kongressen kunne gjøre for Ã¥ bedre sikre en " +"fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -22130,7 +22824,7 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " @@ -22152,7 +22846,7 @@ msgstr "" "du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -22169,7 +22863,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -22196,7 +22890,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " @@ -22211,11 +22905,11 @@ msgstr "" "gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -22234,25 +22928,26 @@ msgstr "" "Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" " "var trygg pÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " -"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " -"data and hence a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather " -"that data. If you were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, " -"no doubt your privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA " -"would (we hope) find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to " -"track you. But for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The " -"highly inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly " -"robust amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not " -"by law (there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in " -"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " -"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in many " +"places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the " +"costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." msgstr "" "Vel, hvis vi tror nÃ¥r det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, " "personvernet var forsikret pÃ¥ grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for Ã¥ samle " @@ -22268,11 +22963,15 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Amazon" msgstr "Amazon" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -22282,7 +22981,7 @@ msgid "" "pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function of " "cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The friction " "has disappeared, and hence any \"privacy\" protected by the friction " -"disappears, too." +"disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Angi Internett, der kostnaden for sporing av surfing spesielt har blitt " "ganske liten. Hvis du er en kunde pÃ¥ amazon, deretter samler som du blar " @@ -22292,7 +22991,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -22312,19 +23011,20 @@ msgstr "" "friksjon i gÃ¥r." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " -"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " -"Review 1 (2001): par. 6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples in which " -"technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: " -"Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, " -"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." +"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " +"Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. 6–18, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing " +"examples in which technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey " +"Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an " +"Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2004) (mapping tradeoffs " +"between technology and privacy)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -22336,14 +23036,15 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " "When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " "software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You " "couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, " -"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." +"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-" "bevegelsen. NÃ¥r datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig " @@ -22352,11 +23053,11 @@ msgstr "" "maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om " "hvordan du styrer deres programvare." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "Stallman, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -22370,7 +23071,7 @@ msgstr "" "smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman Ã¥ basere " "seg frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre pÃ¥ andre personers arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " @@ -22392,7 +23093,7 @@ msgstr "" "være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " "ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " @@ -22412,7 +23113,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " @@ -22427,15 +23128,22 @@ msgstr "" "og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " "dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " "the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" kernel " -"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system." +"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann pÃ¥ et prosjekt for Ã¥ bygge et fritt " +"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle " +"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen til " +"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere GNU/Linux-" +"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " @@ -22456,7 +23164,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. hans grunnleggende mÃ¥let var frihet; nyskapende, kreative " "koden var en byproduct." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " @@ -22473,7 +23181,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt " "beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " @@ -22485,7 +23193,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler er produsert." #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " @@ -22513,7 +23221,7 @@ msgstr "" "den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " @@ -22531,7 +23239,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting galt med Ã¥ selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet " "med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " @@ -22542,7 +23250,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til Ã¥ bla " "gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " @@ -22567,7 +23275,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen til en papir-journal." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " @@ -22582,7 +23290,7 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " @@ -22607,7 +23315,7 @@ msgstr "" "utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " "forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " @@ -22624,29 +23332,29 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen i vÃ¥r tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt nÃ¥r det " "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" -msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" -"samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ økende kontrollen " -"berørt gjennom lov og teknologi." +"Den samme strategien kan brukes pÃ¥ kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ den økende " +"kontrollen som gjennomføres gjennom lov og teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " -"aim is to build a layer of reasonable copyright on top of the extremes that " -"now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to build upon other " -"people's work, by making it simple for creators to express the freedom for " -"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to human-" -"readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this possible." +"aim is to build a layer of <emphasis>reasonable</emphasis> copyright on top " +"of the extremes that now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to " +"build upon other people's work, by making it simple for creators to express " +"the freedom for others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied " +"to human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this " +"possible." msgstr "" "Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i " "massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ bygge " @@ -22657,22 +23365,22 @@ msgstr "" "vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " -"developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " -"Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and " -"reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable " -"versions of the license that enable computers automatically to identify " -"content that can easily be shared. These three expressions together—a " -"legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-readable tags—" -"constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license " -"constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the license, and more " -"importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person associated with the " -"license believes in something different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. " -"Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is " -"waived, but that certain freedoms are given." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " +"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " +"attach to their content, Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content " +"that can easily, and reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to " +"machine-readable versions of the license that enable computers automatically " +"to identify content that can easily be shared. These three expressions " +"together—a legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-" +"readable tags—constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative " +"Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the " +"license, and more importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person " +"associated with the license believes in something different than the \"All\" " +"or \"No\" extremes. Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean " +"that copyright is waived, but that certain freedoms are given." msgstr "" "enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved Ã¥ " "utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, " @@ -22687,7 +23395,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-" "merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -22709,7 +23417,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruk, sÃ¥ lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk " "bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " @@ -22730,11 +23438,11 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "Garlick, Mia" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -22756,7 +23464,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -22779,14 +23487,14 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " "begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " -"fiction author. His first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, was " -"released on-line and for free, under a Creative Commons license, on the same " -"day that it went on sale in bookstores." +"fiction author. His first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, was released on-line and for free, under a Creative " +"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores." msgstr "" "Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i Ã¥ gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for Ã¥ " "bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-" @@ -22794,7 +23502,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " "pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " @@ -22805,7 +23513,7 @@ msgid "" "bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and then " "decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods than bad-" "(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably " -"increase sales of Cory's book." +"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" "Hvorfor ville en utgiver noensinne samtykker til dette? Jeg mistenker at " "hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der " @@ -22817,7 +23525,7 @@ msgstr "" "(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " "trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " @@ -22828,17 +23536,26 @@ msgstr "" "første utskrift er oppbrukt mÃ¥neder før utgiveren hadde forventet. denne " "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." -#. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Wayner, Peter" +msgstr "Wayner, Peter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " -"book about the free software movement titled Free for All, made an " -"electronic version of his book free on-line under a Creative Commons license " -"after the book went out of print. He then monitored used book store prices " -"for the book. As predicted, as the number of downloads increased, the used " -"book price for his book increased, as well." +"book about the free software movement titled <citetitle>Free for All</" +"citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " +"Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " +"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "idéen at gratis innhold kan øke verdien av nonfree innhold ble bekreftet av " "opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri " @@ -22849,15 +23566,19 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " -"(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " -"production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#72</ulink>." +"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " +"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " +"Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Leaphart, Walter" +msgstr "Leaphart, Walter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -22867,15 +23588,16 @@ msgid "" "noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are " "just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. " "This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from others. " -"Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of " -"the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has " -"stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because " -"the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these " -"artists release into the creative environment content that others can build " -"upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." +"Because the <emphasis>legal</emphasis> costs of sampling are so high (Walter " +"Leaphart, manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the " +"music of others, has stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to " +"sample anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative " +"environment content that others can build upon, so that their form of " +"creativity might grow. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " @@ -22899,7 +23621,7 @@ msgstr "" "det til andre." #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " @@ -22916,7 +23638,7 @@ msgstr "" "med creative commons-friheter. sÃ¥ er neste trinn Ã¥ se pÃ¥ og feire skaperne " "som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " @@ -22931,7 +23653,7 @@ msgstr "" "commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ dette Ã¥ gjenoppbygge. de " "vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " @@ -22948,11 +23670,11 @@ msgstr "" "forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " "at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "Dem, snart" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " @@ -22966,7 +23688,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " @@ -22979,11 +23701,11 @@ msgstr "" "skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei " "til vÃ¥r side." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " @@ -22997,7 +23719,7 @@ msgstr "" "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " @@ -23006,7 +23728,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -23019,19 +23741,20 @@ msgstr "" "registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang Ã¥ merke innholdet. standard er " "kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why?" msgstr "hvorfor?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " -"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " -"burden on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when " -"the law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to " -"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In " +"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on " +"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law " +"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect " +"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." msgstr "" "som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til Ã¥ avskaffe formaliteter en " "god en. i verden før digital teknologi pÃ¥lagt formaliteter en byrde pÃ¥ " @@ -23039,7 +23762,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren mÃ¥ bære Ã¥ " "beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " @@ -23049,8 +23772,8 @@ msgid "" "records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know " "how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of " "copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that " -"builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into " -"silence where they otherwise could speak." +"builds upon our past. And thus, the <emphasis>lack</emphasis> of formalities " +"forces many into silence where they otherwise could speak." msgstr "" "men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en " "byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i " @@ -23063,7 +23786,7 @@ msgstr "" "styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " @@ -23074,7 +23797,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " "land ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " @@ -23083,7 +23806,7 @@ msgid "" "formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " @@ -23099,11 +23822,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra " "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "Registrering og fornying" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " @@ -23128,7 +23851,7 @@ msgstr "" "første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " "til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " @@ -23147,7 +23870,7 @@ msgstr "" "private selskaper Ã¥ tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen " "angir." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " @@ -23168,7 +23891,7 @@ msgstr "" "opp." #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " @@ -23191,11 +23914,11 @@ msgstr "" "lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer " "som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "MARKING" msgstr "Merking" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " @@ -23214,7 +23937,7 @@ msgstr "" "og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves jevnt pÃ¥ " "tvers av alle medier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " @@ -23226,7 +23949,7 @@ msgstr "" "mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " "tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " @@ -23248,7 +23971,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " @@ -23260,7 +23983,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -23274,7 +23997,7 @@ msgid "" "would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " @@ -23289,18 +24012,18 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " "steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " "Office would hold a hearing, at which other proposals could be made. The " "Copyright Office would then select the proposal that it judged preferable, " -"and it would base that choice solely upon the consideration of which method " -"could best be integrated into the registration and renewal system. We would " -"not count on the government to innovate; but we would count on the " -"government to keep the product of innovation in line with its other " -"important functions." +"and it would base that choice <emphasis>solely</emphasis> upon the " +"consideration of which method could best be integrated into the registration " +"and renewal system. We would not count on the government to innovate; but we " +"would count on the government to keep the product of innovation in line with " +"its other important functions." msgstr "" "for eksempel hvis en recording industry association devises en metode for Ã¥ " "merke CDer, ville det foreslÃ¥ som til opphavsrett kontoret. opphavsrett " @@ -23311,7 +24034,7 @@ msgstr "" "skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole pÃ¥ regjeringen for Ã¥ holde produktet av " "innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " @@ -23327,7 +24050,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " "unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " @@ -23338,7 +24061,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting for Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for Ã¥ gjøre ting " "som er uklart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " @@ -23355,42 +24078,44 @@ msgstr "" "type innhold; det ville være enkelt Ã¥ hevde de rettighetene og Ã¥ fornye at " "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " "authors." msgstr "" -"begrepet av opphavsrett har gÃ¥tt fra fjorten Ã¥r til ninety-fem Ã¥r for " -"corporate forfattere og livet forfatter pluss sytti Ã¥r for naturlig " -"forfattere." +"Vernetiden i opphavsretten har gÃ¥tt fra fjorten Ã¥r til nittifem Ã¥r der " +"selskap har forfatterskapet , og livstiden til forfatteren pluss sytti Ã¥r " +"for individuelle forfattere." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." +"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " +"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" -"\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25. januar 2003): 15, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</" -"ulink>." +"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25. " +"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #74</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" -"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in five-" -"year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That seemed " -"radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, the " -"proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal for a " -"fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents." +"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" +"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " +"every five years. That seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, the " +"proposals became even more radical. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> " +"endorsed a proposal for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others have proposed tying the term to the term for " +"patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " @@ -23402,15 +24127,15 @@ msgstr "" "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " -"create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " -"authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from publishers), rights to " -"the same work (not derivative works) might be extended further. The key is " -"not to tie the work up with legal regulations when it no longer benefits an " -"author." +"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " +"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " +"protections for authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from " +"publishers), rights to the same work (not derivative works) might be " +"extended further. The key is not to tie the work up with legal regulations " +"when it no longer benefits an author." msgstr "" "holde det kort: begrepet skal være sÃ¥ lenge som nødvendig for Ã¥ gi " "insentiver til Ã¥ opprette, men ikke lenger. Hvis det var knyttet til veldig " @@ -23421,28 +24146,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -msgid "" -"Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " -"must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " -"distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" That kind of law gives " -"them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected " -"versus unprotected. The value of short terms is that there is little need " -"to build exceptions into copyright when the term itself is kept short. A " -"clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes the complexities of \"fair use\" " -"and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." -msgstr "" -"Gjør det enkelt: Skillelinjen mellom verker uten opphavsrettslig vern og " -"innhold som er beskyttet mÃ¥ forbli klart. Advokater liker uklarheten som " -"\"rimelig bruk\" og forskjellen mellom \"idéer\" og \"uttrykk\" har. Denne " -"type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som skrev grunnloven hadde en " -"enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av korte vernetider er at " -"det er lite behov for Ã¥ bygge inn unntak i opphavsretten nÃ¥r vernetiden " -"holdes kort. En klar og aktiv \"advokat-fri sone\" gjør komplesiteten av " -"\"rimelig bruk\" og \"idé/uttrykk\" mindre nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " +"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " +"use,\" and the distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" That kind " +"of law gives them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler idea in mind: " +"protected versus unprotected. The value of short terms is that there is " +"little need to build exceptions into copyright when the term itself is kept " +"short. A clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes the complexities of " +"\"fair use\" and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Gjør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellom verker uten " +"opphavsrettslig vern og innhold som er beskyttet mÃ¥ forbli klart. Advokater " +"liker uklarheten som \"rimelig bruk\" og forskjellen mellom \"idéer\" og " +"\"uttrykk\" har. Denne type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som " +"skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av " +"korte vernetider er at det er lite behov for Ã¥ bygge inn unntak i " +"opphavsretten nÃ¥r vernetiden holdes kort. En klar og aktiv \"advokat-fri " +"sone\" gjør komplesiteten av \"rimelig bruk\" og \"idé/uttrykk\" mindre " +"nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " @@ -23452,34 +24178,39 @@ msgstr "" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "veterans' pensions" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" -"Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " -"maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " -"periodically that he wants the protection continued. This need not be an " -"onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly protection has to be " -"granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes for a veteran to apply " -"for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If we make veterans " -"suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't require authors to spend ten " -"minutes every fifty years to file a single form." +"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " +"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " +"required to signal periodically that he wants the protection continued. This " +"need not be an onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly " +"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes " +"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't " +"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single " +"form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " -"lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " -"extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the law to offer authors " -"only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's possible. If it was a " -"mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer authors to create in " -"1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct that mistake today " -"by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we will not increase the " -"number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can increase the reward " -"that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase the copyright " -"burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But increasing " -"their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's not done is " -"not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " +"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " +"given should not be extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the " +"law to offer authors only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's " +"possible. If it was a mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer " +"authors to create in 1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct " +"that mistake today by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we " +"will not increase the number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can " +"increase the reward that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase " +"the copyright burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But " +"increasing their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's " +"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." msgstr "" "holde det potensielle: hva begrepet av opphavsrett skal være, klareste " "lærdommen om at økonomer lære er at en term nÃ¥r gitt ikke bør utvides. Det " @@ -23493,17 +24224,18 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " "er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" -"These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " -"shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " -"years. We should be aiming for the same." +"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " +"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " +"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." msgstr "" -"Disse endringene vil sammen gi en gjennomsnittlig opphavsrettslig vernetid " -"som er mye kortere enn den gjeldende vernetiden. Frem til 1976 var " -"gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være det samme." +"Disse endringene vil sammen gi en <emphasis>gjennomsnittlig</emphasis> " +"opphavsrettslig vernetid som er mye kortere enn den gjeldende vernetiden. " +"Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være " +"det samme." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -23515,11 +24247,11 @@ msgstr "" "lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " "be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " @@ -23536,7 +24268,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" @@ -23554,31 +24286,35 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " -"University Press, 1967), 32." +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" -"Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " -"University Press, 1967), 32." +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " "courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. " "This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, " -"Judge Benjamin Kaplan." +"Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "ibid., 56." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -23586,7 +24322,7 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " @@ -23601,16 +24337,16 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " -"be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " -"to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at least I'm willing to " -"assume it does); but it does not make sense for that right to run for the " -"same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative right could be " -"important in inducing creativity; it is not important long after the " -"creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " +"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " +"John Grisham's right to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at " +"least I'm willing to assume it does); but it does not make sense for that " +"right to run for the same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative " +"right could be important in inducing creativity; it is not important long " +"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "begrepet: Hvis Kongressen vil gi et derivat rett, og at høyre skal være for " "en mye kortere sikt. Det er fornuftig Ã¥ beskytte john grisham's rett til Ã¥ " @@ -23620,19 +24356,19 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " -"there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " -"be specified. But the law should draw clear lines around regulated and " -"unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all \"reuse\" of creative " -"material was within the control of businesses, perhaps it made sense to " -"require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes sense for lawyers " -"to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative possibilities that " -"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the machines. " -"That's what this general requirement of permission does to the creative " -"process. Smothers it." +"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " +"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " +"important. Those should be specified. But the law should draw clear lines " +"around regulated and unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all " +"\"reuse\" of creative material was within the control of businesses, perhaps " +"it made sense to require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes " +"sense for lawyers to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative " +"possibilities that digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses " +"into the machines. That's what this general requirement of permission does " +"to the creative process. Smothers it." msgstr "" "omrÃ¥de: pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. " "igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal " @@ -23645,7 +24381,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " "Smothers det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " @@ -23660,21 +24396,21 @@ msgstr "" "poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " "her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " -"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " -"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -23683,7 +24419,7 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " @@ -23699,7 +24435,7 @@ msgstr "" "med innovasjon." #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " @@ -23714,11 +24450,11 @@ msgstr "" "kultur for andre Ã¥ dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at " "gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " @@ -23732,7 +24468,7 @@ msgstr "" "fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmÃ¥l som " "bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " @@ -23750,7 +24486,7 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " @@ -23765,13 +24501,14 @@ msgstr "" "offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist Ã¥ " "kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " -"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter 5, they enable " -"four different kinds of sharing:" +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different " +"kinds of sharing:" msgstr "" "fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved Ã¥ aktivere spredning av " "innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke " @@ -23779,7 +24516,7 @@ msgstr "" "fire forskjellige typer deling:" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -23787,7 +24524,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " @@ -23798,7 +24535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -23809,7 +24546,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -23819,7 +24556,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " "opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " @@ -23834,20 +24571,21 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " "er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " -"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " -"assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than " -"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy" +"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes " +"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other " +"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the " +"dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" "som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forÃ¥rsaket av deling " "kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " "Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " "b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." @@ -23855,7 +24593,7 @@ msgstr "" "Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " "omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " @@ -23880,7 +24618,7 @@ msgstr "" "idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " @@ -23908,7 +24646,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" @@ -23918,27 +24656,28 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " "is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " -"point: When it is extremely easy to connect to services that give access to " -"content, it will be easier to connect to services that give you access to " -"content than it will be to download and store content on the many devices " -"you will have for playing content. It will be easier, in other words, to " -"subscribe than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the " -"download-sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content " -"services will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge " -"money for the content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in " -"Japan offer music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs " -"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free" -"\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type=" +"point: When it is <emphasis>extremely</emphasis> easy to connect to services " +"that give access to content, it will be <emphasis>easier</emphasis> to " +"connect to services that give you access to content than it will be to " +"download and store content <emphasis>on the many devices you will have for " +"playing content</emphasis>. It will be easier, in other words, to subscribe " +"than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the download-" +"sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content services " +"will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge money for the " +"content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in Japan offer " +"music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs for " +"headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free\" " +"content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " @@ -23964,7 +24703,7 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " @@ -23986,7 +24725,7 @@ msgstr "" "med ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ " "eliminere kidnapping." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -24003,7 +24742,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -24023,7 +24762,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" @@ -24043,7 +24782,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis som handel bøker." #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " @@ -24062,7 +24801,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " "denne handelen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " @@ -24082,7 +24821,7 @@ msgstr "" "royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte " "en kommersiell utgiver." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " @@ -24098,7 +24837,7 @@ msgstr "" "som problemet er, forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien " "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." @@ -24107,7 +24846,7 @@ msgstr "" "sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " "seg om." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " @@ -24129,7 +24868,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold industrien." #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -24144,16 +24883,21 @@ msgstr "" "eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " "bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "Fisher, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " -"October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and " -"the Future of Entertainment (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " +"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" +"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " "Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that " "would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would " @@ -24161,28 +24905,64 @@ msgid "" "Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. " "For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" " -"Washington Post, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman " -"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate " -"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A Quick " -"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " -"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, 13 " -"May 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum " -"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" " -"CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. " +"Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, " +"Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; " +"Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee " +"(IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon " +"Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May " +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</" +"ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, " +"1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News." +"com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " "Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not " "pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get " "more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal " "predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" +"citetitle> (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +"Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, " +"2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel har foreslÃ¥tt en relatert ide som " +"ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder ikke-kommersiell deling fra og " +"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for Ã¥ balansere eventuelle tap. Se " +"Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P " +"File Sharing,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #79</ulink>. For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding " +"Back Broadband?\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, " +"A17; Philip S. Corwin pÃ¥ vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator " +"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. " +"februar. 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for " +"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " +"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" <citetitle>USA " +"Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright " +"Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, " +"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</" +"ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard Stallman " +"nÃ¥r det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, ville Stallmanns " +"forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer populære artister " +"ville fÃ¥ mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er typisk med Stallman, " +"la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti Ã¥r før dagens debatt. Se <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -24196,21 +24976,21 @@ msgid "" "be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " -"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " -"Keep. The modification that I would make is relatively simple: Fisher " -"imagines his proposal replacing the existing copyright system. I imagine it " -"complementing the existing system. The aim of the proposal would be to " -"facilitate compensation to the extent that harm could be shown. This " -"compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating a transition between " -"regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of years. If it " -"continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, supported " -"through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form of " -"protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the old " -"system of controlling access." +"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. The modification that I would make " +"is relatively simple: Fisher imagines his proposal replacing the existing " +"copyright system. I imagine it complementing the existing system. The aim " +"of the proposal would be to facilitate compensation to the extent that harm " +"could be shown. This compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating " +"a transition between regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of " +"years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " +"supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " +"of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " +"old system of controlling access. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million " "spørsmÃ¥lene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover Ã¥ holde. " @@ -24226,7 +25006,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangen." #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " @@ -24246,7 +25026,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -24275,7 +25055,7 @@ msgstr "" "en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " "musikk pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -24299,7 +25079,7 @@ msgstr "" "seter og mÃ¥ltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i " "Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -24308,19 +25088,19 @@ msgid "" "right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and " "barbarically severe punishments of the law." msgstr "" -"Dette konkurranseregimet, med en sikringsmekanisme Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere ikke " -"taper, ville bidra mye til nyskapning innen levering av innhold. " +"Dette konkurranseregimet, med en sikringsmekanisme for Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere " +"ikke taper, ville bidra mye til nyskapning innen levering av innhold. " "Konkurransen ville fortsette Ã¥ redusere type-A-deling. Det ville inspirere " "en ekstraordinær rekke av nye innovatører—som ville ha retten til a " "bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " "fra loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -24332,28 +25112,27 @@ msgstr "" "denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " "effektive teknologien vi kan lage." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" "Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" msgstr "" -"tillater ikke-kommersiell type c deling uten erstatningsansvar og " -"kommersielle type c deling med en lav og fast hastighet ved lov;" +"tillate ikke-kommersiell type-C-deling uten erstatningsansvar, og " +"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." @@ -24361,7 +25140,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " "den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -24373,34 +25152,35 @@ msgstr "" "signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " "Burde loven gjøre noe da?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " "is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real issue is its " "effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology that is 95 " -"percent secure and produces a market of size x, or (b) to have a technology " -"that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of five times x? Less secure " -"might produce more unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a " -"much bigger market in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to " -"assure artists' compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's " -"assured, then it may well be appropriate to find ways to track down the " -"petty pirates." +"percent secure and produces a market of size <citetitle>x</citetitle>, or " +"(b) to have a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of " +"five times <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Less secure might produce more " +"unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a much bigger market " +"in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to assure artists' " +"compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may " +"well be appropriate to find ways to track down the petty pirates." msgstr "" "Ja, det bør den. Men, nok en gang, hva den bør gjøre avhenger hvordan " "realitetene utvikler seg. Disse endringene fjerner kanskje ikke all type-A-" "deling. Men det virkelige spørmÃ¥let er ikke om de eliminerer deling i " "abstrakt betydning. Det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let er hvilken effekt det har pÃ¥ " "markedet. Er det bedre (a) Ã¥ ha en teknologi som er 95 prosent sikker og " -"gir et marked av størrelse x, eller (b) Ã¥ ha en teknologi som er 50 prosent " -"sikker, og som gir et marked som er fem ganger større enn x? Mindre sikker " -"kan gi mer uautorisert deling, men det vil sannsynligvis ogsÃ¥ gi et mye " -"større marked for autorisert deling. Det viktigste er Ã¥ sikre kunstneres " -"kompensasjon uten Ã¥ ødelegge internettet. NÃ¥r det er pÃ¥ plass, kan det " -"hende det er riktig Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." +"gir et marked av størrelse <citetitle>x</citetitle>, eller (b) Ã¥ ha en " +"teknologi som er 50 prosent sikker, og som gir et marked som er fem ganger " +"større enn <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Mindre sikker kan gi mer uautorisert " +"deling, men det vil sannsynligvis ogsÃ¥ gi et mye større marked for " +"autorisert deling. Det viktigste er Ã¥ sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten Ã¥ " +"ødelegge internettet. NÃ¥r det er pÃ¥ plass, kan det hende det er riktig Ã¥ " +"finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -24414,11 +25194,11 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " "internettet er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -24430,7 +25210,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " "jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -24446,15 +25226,17 @@ msgstr "" "synet ødelegge loven." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " -"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." +"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " +"1069–70." msgstr "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " -"Memorial Lecture), UCLA law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." +"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " +"1069–70." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -24474,7 +25256,7 @@ msgstr "" "utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -24484,40 +25266,41 @@ msgstr "" "imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " "om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " "question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially " "predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then " "revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view " -"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True " -"Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"(reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. " -"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</" -"ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating " -"the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he " -"underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, " -"174–76. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) " +"with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" " +"working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely " +"valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, " +"however, he underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, " +"<citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Et godt eksempel er arbeidet til professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz bør fÃ¥ " "ros for sin nøye gjennomgang av data om opphavsrettsbrudd, som fikk ham til " "Ã¥ stille spørsmÃ¥l med sin egen uttalte posisjon—to ganger. I starten " "predicated han at nedlasting ville pÃ¥føre industrien vesentlig skade. Han " "endret sÃ¥ sitt syn etter i lys av dataene, og han har siden endret sitt syn " -"pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The " -"True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"(gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) med Stan J. " -"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" artikkelutkast, " -"juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt verdifull " -"i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt syn " -"underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " -"eksempel, Rethinking, 174–76. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) " +"med Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" " +"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt " +"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt " +"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " +"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -24534,7 +25317,7 @@ msgstr "" "samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -24549,7 +25332,7 @@ msgstr "" "med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " "aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -24568,7 +25351,7 @@ msgstr "" "av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " "mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -24584,7 +25367,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " "og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -24594,7 +25377,7 @@ msgstr "" "unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " "altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -24613,7 +25396,7 @@ msgstr "" "virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -24627,7 +25410,7 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥let: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". NÃ¥r de blir utfordret om det " "utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "