X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/5d0e24ea42c23722f84d8a4514ae40d9ac38b0cf..a317b10dbc7f3f645cc54510df122241736b7223:/freeculture.nb.po diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 990ba9f..92101c2 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ # Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # +# Translators: # Petter Reinholdtsen , 2012. msgid "" msgstr "" -"Project-Id-Version: \n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-14 23:54+0300\n" +"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-27 20:12+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -32,7 +33,19 @@ msgstr "Fri kultur" msgid "\"freeculture\"" msgstr "\"frikultur\"" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " +"CREATIVITY" +msgstr "" +"Hvordan store mediaaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " +"og kontrollere kreativiteten" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "2004-03-25" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: msgid "Version 2004-02-10" msgstr "Versjon 2004-02-10" @@ -46,19 +59,24 @@ msgstr "Lessig" #. type: Content of: msgid "" -" 2004 Lawrence Lessig. This version of " -"Free Culture is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license " -"permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. " -"For more information about the license, click the icon above, or visit " -"http://" -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/ " +" 2004 Lawrence Lessig " msgstr "" -" 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Denne versjonen av " -"Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen " -"tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er " -"navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk " -"http://" -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/ " +" 2004 Lawrence Lessig " + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +"This version of Free Culture is licensed under a " +"Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this " +"work, so long as attribution is given. For more information about the " +"license, click the icon above, or visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/" +msgstr "" +"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensert med en Creative Commons-lisens. " +"Denne lisensen tillater ikke-kommersiell utnyttelse av verket, hvis " +"opphavsinnehaveren er navngitt. For mer informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ " +"ikonet over eller besøk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/" #. type: Content of: msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" @@ -93,162 +111,147 @@ msgstr "" "Software, to ganger vært oppført i BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" og omtalt " "som en av Scientific American's \"50 visjonærer\". Etter utdanning ved " "University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, " -"assisterteLessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " +"assisterte Lessig dommer Richard Posner ved U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " "Appeals." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -msgid "Info" -msgstr "Info" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" "Du kan kjøpe en kopi av denne boken ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ en av lenkene nedenfor:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "Andre bøker av Lawrence Lessig" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS" -msgstr "The Penguin Press" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" +msgstr "The Penguin Press, New York" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "NEW YORK" -msgstr "New York" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "Fri Kultur" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "" -"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " -"CREATIVITY" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "Lawrence Lessig" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" -"a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New York" +"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " +"New York, New York" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig," -msgstr "Opphavsrett © Lawrence Lessig," - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "All rights reserved" -msgstr "Alle rettigheter reservert" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "" -"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The " -"New York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York " -"Times Co. Reprinted with permission." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" +"Opphavsrettbeskyttet © Lawrence Lessig. Alle rettigheter reservert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" -"Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc." +"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright " +"© 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -msgid "All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +msgid "" +"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " +"Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" -"Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. " -"Copps." +"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC " +"Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "&translationblock;" -msgstr "Oversatt til bokmÃ¥l av Petter Reinholdtsen." +msgstr "" +"Oversatt til bokmÃ¥l av Petter Reinholdtsen og Anders Hagen Jarmund. " +"Kildefilene til oversetterprosjektet er <ulink url=\"https://github.com/" +"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\">tilgjengelig fra github</ulink>. " +"Rapporter feil med oversettelsen via github." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " @@ -262,7 +265,7 @@ msgid "" "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." @@ -270,124 +273,148 @@ msgstr "" "Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for " "hvem saken fortsetter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title> msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><lot><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> msgid "List of figures" msgstr "Figurliste" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "Forord" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Pogue, David" +msgstr "Pogue, David" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" -"At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " -"Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " -"technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:" +"At the end of his review of my first book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws " +"of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of " +"countless technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:" msgstr "" "David Pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige tekniske " -"datamaskinrelaterte tekster, skrev dette pÃ¥ slutten av hans gjennomgang av " -"min første bok, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace:" +"datarelaterte tekster, skrev dette pÃ¥ slutten av hans gjennomgang av min " +"første bok, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " -"2000." +"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" -"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30. januar " -"2000" +"David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 30. januar 2000" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " "population is). And if you don't like the Internet's system, you can always " "flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"I motsetning til faktiske lover, sÃ¥ har ikke Internet-programvare " +"I motsetning til faktiske lover, sÃ¥ har ikke internett-programvare " "kapasiteten til Ã¥ straffe. Den pÃ¥virker ikke folk som ikke er online (og " "kun en veldig liten minoritet av verdens befolkning er online). Og hvis du " -"ikke liker systemet pÃ¥ Internet, sÃ¥ kan du alltid slÃ¥ av modemet." +"ikke liker systemet pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ kan du alltid slÃ¥ av modemet." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " "happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could always \"drizzle, " "drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-like simply flip a switch and be back home. Turn " -"off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in that " -"space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." +"off the modem, unplug the computer, and any troubles that exist in " +"<emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't \"affect\" us anymore." msgstr "" "Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet som er kjernen av boken — at " "programvaren, eller \"koden\", fungerte som en slags lov — og foreslo " "i sin anmeldelse den lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace gikk dÃ¥rlig, " "sÃ¥ kan vi alltid som med en trylleformel slÃ¥ over en bryter og komme hjem " "igjen. SlÃ¥ av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som " -"finnes der ville ikke \"pÃ¥virke\" oss mer." +"finnes <emphasis>den</emphasis> virkeligheten ville ikke \"pÃ¥virke\" oss mer." #. PAGE BREAK 12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " -"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " -"the troubles the Internet causes even after the modem is turned off. It is " -"an argument about how the battles that now rage regarding life on-line have " -"fundamentally affected \"people who aren't online.\" There is no switch that " -"will insulate us from the Internet's effect." -msgstr "" -"Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 — jeg er skeptisk, men den kan hende. " -"Men selv om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke argumentet gyldig nÃ¥. Fri Kultur " -"er om problemene Internet forÃ¥rsaker selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. Den " -"er et argument om hvordan slagene at nÃ¥ brer om seg om livet on-line har " +"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " +"Culture</citetitle> is about the troubles the Internet causes even after the " +"modem is turned off. It is an argument about how the battles that now rage " +"regarding life on-line have fundamentally affected \"people who aren't " +"online.\" There is no switch that will insulate us from the Internet's " +"effect." +msgstr "" +"Pogue kan ha hatt rett i 1999 — jeg er skeptisk, men det kan hende. " +"Men selv om han hadde rett da, sÃ¥ er ikke argumentet gyldig nÃ¥. <citetitle>Fri Kultur</citetitle> " +"er om problemene internett forÃ¥rsaker selv etter at modemet er slÃ¥tt av. " +"Den er et argument om hvordan slagene som nÃ¥ brer om seg i livet on-line har " "fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen " -"bryter som kan isolere oss fra Internetts effekt." +"bryter som kan isolere oss fra internettets effekt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" -"But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It " -"is instead about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition " -"that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be " -"to admit, much more important." +"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " +"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " +"a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this " +"is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important." msgstr "" -"Men i motsetning til i Code, er argumentet her ikke sÃ¥ mye om Internett i " -"seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av Internett for en del av vÃ¥r " -"tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette er for " -"en geek-wanna-be Ã¥ innrømme, mye viktigere." +"Men i motsetning til i boken <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, er argumentet her ikke sÃ¥ mye om " +"internett i seg selv. Istedet er det om konsekvensen av internett for en del " +"av vÃ¥r tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette " +"er for en geek-wanna-be Ã¥ innrømme, mye viktigere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." +"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " +"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" -"Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. " +"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Fri programvare, Frie samfunn</citetitle> 57 (Joshua Gay, red. " "2002)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " -"as in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the freesoftware " -"movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), but \"free\" as in " -"\"free speech,\" \"free markets,\" \"free trade,\" \"free enterprise,\" " +"as in \"free beer\" (to borrow a phrase from the founder of the free " +"software movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), but \"free\" as " +"in \"free speech,\" \"free markets,\" \"free trade,\" \"free enterprise,\" " "\"free will,\" and \"free elections.\" A free culture supports and protects " "creators and innovators. It does this directly by granting intellectual " "property rights. But it does so indirectly by limiting the reach of those " -"rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free " -"as possible from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture " -"without property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything " -"is free. The opposite of a free culture is a \"permission culture\"—a " -"culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the " -"powerful, or of creators from the past." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"rights, to guarantee that follow-on creators and innovators remain " +"<emphasis>as free as possible</emphasis> from the control of the past. A " +"free culture is not a culture without property, just as a free market is not " +"a market in which everything is free. The opposite of a free culture is a " +"\"permission culture\"—a culture in which creators get to create only " +"with the permission of the powerful, or of creators from the past." +msgstr "" +"Den tradisjonen er mÃ¥ten vÃ¥r kultur blir laget pÃ¥. Som jeg vil forklare i " +"sidene som følger, kommer vi fra en tradisjon av \"fri kultur\"—ikke " +"\"fri\" som i \"fri bar\" (for Ã¥ lÃ¥ne et uttrykk fra stifteren av fri " +"programvarebevegelsen<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), men \"fri\" " +"som i \"talefrihet\", \"fritt marked\", \"frihandel\", \"fri konkurranse\", " +"\"fri vilje\" og \"frie valg\". En fri kultur støtter og beskytter skapere " +"og oppfinnere. Dette gjør den direkte ved Ã¥ tildele immaterielle " +"rettigheter. Men det gjør den indirekte ved Ã¥ begrense rekkevidden for " +"disse rettighetene, for Ã¥ garantere at neste generasjon skapere og " +"oppfinnere forblir <emphasis>sÃ¥ fri som mulig</emphasis> fra kontroll fra fortiden. En fri kultur er " +"ikke en kultur uten eierskap, like lite som et fritt marked er et marked der " +"alt er gratis. Det motsatte av fri kultur er \"tillatelseskultur\"—en " +"kultur der skapere kun kan skape med tillatelse fra de mektige, eller fra " +"skaperne fra fortiden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -399,17 +426,20 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis vi forsto denne endringen, sÃ¥ tror jeg vi ville stÃ¥ imot den. Ikke \"vi" "\" pÃ¥ venstresiden eller \"dere\" pÃ¥ høyresiden, men vi som ikke har " "investert i den bestemt kulturindustrien som har definert det tjuende " -"Ã¥rhundre. Enten du er pÃ¥ venstre eller høyresiden, hvis du er i denne " -"forstand ikke har interesserer, vil historien jeg forteller her gi deg " -"problemer. For endringene jeg beskriver pÃ¥virker verdier som begge sider av " -"vÃ¥r politiske kultur anser som grunnleggende." +"Ã¥rhundre. Enten du er pÃ¥ venstre eller høyresiden, hvis du i denne forstand " +"ikke har interesser, vil historien jeg forteller her gi deg problemer. For " +"endringene jeg beskriver pÃ¥virker verdier som begge sider av vÃ¥r politiske " +"kultur anser som grunnleggende." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Safire, William" +msgstr "Safire, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -418,23 +448,29 @@ msgid "" "marching \"uncomfortably alongside CodePink Women for Peace and the National " "Rifle Association, between liberal Olympia Snowe and conservative Ted " "Stevens,\" he formulated perhaps most simply just what was at stake: the " -"concentration of power. And as he asked," +"concentration of power. And as he asked, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Vi sÃ¥ et glimt av denne bipartisan voldshandling i forsommeren i 2003. da " -"FCC vurderte endringer i reglene for medieeierskap som vil slakke pÃ¥ " -"begrensningene om mediakonsentrasjon, genereres en ekstraordinære koalisjon " -"mer enn 700.000 brev til fcc motstridende endringen. som william safire " -"beskrevet marsjerande \"ubehagelig sammen med codepink kvinner for fred og " -"national rifle association, mellom liberale olympia snowe og Høyres ted " -"stevens\", han formulerte kanskje mest bare rettferdig hva som var pÃ¥ spill: " -"konsentrasjonen strøm. og sÃ¥ han spurte:" +"Vi sÃ¥ et glimt av dette tverrpolitiske raseri pÃ¥ forsommeren i 2003. Da FCC " +"vurderte endringer i reglene for medieeierskap som ville slakke pÃ¥ " +"begrensningene rundt mediakonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " +"mer enn 700 000 brev til FCC for Ã¥ motsette seg endringen. Mens William " +"Safire beskrev Ã¥ marsjere \"ubehagelig sammen med CodePink Women for Peace " +"and the National Rifle Association, mellom liberale Olympia Snowe og " +"konservative Ted Stevens\", formulerte han kanskje det enkleste uttrykket " +"for hva som var pÃ¥ spill: konsentrasjonen av makt. SÃ¥ spurte han: " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22. mai 2003." +"William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 22. mai 2003. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—" "political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to " @@ -442,40 +478,46 @@ msgid "" "encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the " "greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " -"not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in " -"ownership, but more importantly, if because less visibly, on the " -"concentration of power produced by a radical change in the effective scope " -"of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering the way our culture " -"gets made; that change should worry you—whether or not you care about " -"the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on his right. The " -"inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of this book comes " -"from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, " -"as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays in Free Software, " -"Free Society, I realize that all of the theoretical insights I develop here " -"are insights Stallman described decades ago. One could thus well argue that " -"this work is \"merely\" derivative." -msgstr "" -"Denne ideen er et element i argumentet for fri kultur, men mitt fokus ikke " -"er bare pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen av strøm produsert av konsentrasjoner i eierskap, " -"men enda viktigere, hvis fordi mindre synlig pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen strøm " -"produsert av en radikal endring i effektiv omfanget av loven. loven er " -"endre; at endringen er Ã¥ endre mÃ¥ten blir vÃ¥r kultur gjort; Denne endringen " -"bør bekymre oss du—om du bryr deg om Internett, og om du er pÃ¥ " -"safire's venstre eller pÃ¥ hans høyre. inspirasjon til tittelen og for mye av " -"argumentet i denne boken kommer fra arbeidet med richard stallman og free " -"software foundation. faktisk, jeg reread Stallmans eget arbeid, spesielt " -"essayene fri programvare, gratis samfunn, jeg skjønner at alle teoretiske " -"innsikt jeg utvikler her er innsikt stallman beskrevet tiÃ¥r siden. man kan " -"dermed godt argumentere at dette arbeidet er \"bare\" avledede produkter." +"Høres dette ikke-konservativt ut? Ikke for meg. Denne konsentrasjonen av " +"makt—politisk, selskapsmessig, pressemessig, kulturelt—bør være " +"bannlyst av konservative. Spredningen av makt gjennom lokal kontroll, og " +"derigjennom oppmuntre til individuell deltagelse, er essensen i føderalismen " +"og det største uttrykk for demokrati.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +msgid "" +"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free Culture</" +"citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of power " +"produced by concentrations in ownership, but more importantly, if because " +"less visibly, on the concentration of power produced by a radical change in " +"the effective scope of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering " +"the way our culture gets made; that change should worry you—whether or " +"not you care about the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on " +"his right. The inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of " +"this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software " +"Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays " +"in <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society</citetitle>, I realize that all of " +"the theoretical insights I develop here are insights Stallman described " +"decades ago. One could thus well argue that this work is \"merely\" " +"derivative." +msgstr "" +"Denne idéen er et element i argumentet til <citetitle>Fri Kultur</citetitle>, selv om min fokus " +"ikke bare er pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen av makt som følger av konsentrasjonen i " +"eierskap, men mer viktig, og fordi det er mindre synlig, pÃ¥ konsentrasjonen " +"av makt som er resultat av en radikal endring i det effektive virkeomrÃ¥det " +"til loven. Loven er i endring, og endringen forandrer pÃ¥ hvordan vÃ¥r kultur " +"blir skapt. Den endringen bør bekymre deg—Uansett om du bryr deg om " +"internett eller ikke, og uansett om du er til venstre for Safires eller til " +"høyre. Inspirasjonen til tittelen og mye av argumentet i denne boken kommer " +"fra arbeidet til Richard Stallman og Free Software Foundation. Faktisk, da " +"jeg leste Stallmans egne tekster pÃ¥ nytt, spesielt essyene i <citetitle>Free Software, " +"Free Society</citetitle>, innser jeg at alle de teoretiske innsiktene jeg utvikler her " +"er innsikter som Stallman beskrev for tiÃ¥r siden. Man kan dermed godt " +"argumentere for at dette verket kun er et avledet verk." #. PAGE BREAK 14 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -484,29 +526,28 @@ msgid "" "believe those are the values of freedom. And like Stallman, I believe those " "are values of our past that will need to be defended in our future. A free " "culture has been our past, but it will only be our future if we change the " -"path we are on right now. xv Like Stallman's arguments for free software, " -"an argument for free culture stumbles on a confusion that is hard to avoid, " -"and even harder to understand. A free culture is not a culture without " -"property; it is not a culture in which artists don't get paid. A culture " -"without property, or in which creators can't get paid, is anarchy, not " -"freedom. Anarchy is not what I advance here." -msgstr "" -"Jeg godtar at kritikk, hvis det er faktisk en kritikk. arbeidet med en " -"advokat er alltid avledede produkter, og jeg mener Ã¥ gjøre ingenting mer i " -"denne boken enn Ã¥ minne en kultur om en tradisjon som har alltid vært sin " -"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen pÃ¥ grunnlag av verdiene. " -"som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, jeg tror " -"de er verdiene for vÃ¥r fortid som mÃ¥ forsvares i vÃ¥r fremtid. en fri kultur " -"har vært vÃ¥r fortid, men det vil bare være vÃ¥r fremtid hvis vi endrer banen " -"vi er pÃ¥ akkurat nÃ¥. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis programvare, et " -"argument for fri kultur stumbles pÃ¥ en forvirring som er vanskelig Ã¥ unngÃ¥, " -"og enda vanskeligere Ã¥ forstÃ¥. en fri kultur er ikke en kultur uten " -"egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke fÃ¥r betalt. en kultur " -"uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke fÃ¥ betalt, er anarki, ikke " -"frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhÃ¥nd her." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"path we are on right now. Like Stallman's arguments for free software, an " +"argument for free culture stumbles on a confusion that is hard to avoid, and " +"even harder to understand. A free culture is not a culture without property; " +"it is not a culture in which artists don't get paid. A culture without " +"property, or in which creators can't get paid, is anarchy, not freedom. " +"Anarchy is not what I advance here." +msgstr "" +"Jeg godtar kritikken, hvis det faktisk er kritikk. Arbeidet til en advokat " +"er alltid avledede verker, og jeg mener ikke Ã¥ gjøre noe mer i denne boken " +"enn Ã¥ minne en kultur om en tradisjon som alltid har vært deres egen. Som " +"Stallman forsvarer jeg denne tradisjonen pÃ¥ grunnlag av verdier. Som " +"Stallman tror jeg dette er verdiene til frihet. Og som Stallman, tror jeg " +"dette er verdier fra vÃ¥r fortid som mÃ¥ forsvares i vÃ¥r fremtid. En fri " +"kultur har vært vÃ¥r fortid, men vil bare være vÃ¥r fremtid hvis vi endrer " +"retningen vi følger akkurat nÃ¥. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Stallmans argumenter for " +"fri programvare, treffer argumenter for en fri kultur pÃ¥ forvirring som er " +"vanskelig Ã¥ unngÃ¥, og enda vanskeligere Ã¥ forstÃ¥. En fri kultur er ikke en " +"kultur uten eierskap. Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke fÃ¥r betalt. " +"En kultur uten eierskap eller en der skaperne ikke kan fÃ¥ betalt, er anarki, " +"ikke frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg fremmer her." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -516,13 +557,14 @@ msgid "" "rights that define it. That is what I fear about our culture today. It is " "against that extremism that this book is written." msgstr "" -"i stedet er for fri kultur som jeg forsvare i denne boken en balanse mellom " -"anarki og kontroll. en gratis kultur, som et fritt marked, er fylt med " -"egenskapen. Det er fylt med regler for egenskapen og kontrakt som fÃ¥ " -"hÃ¥ndheves av staten. men akkurat som et fritt marked er perverted Hvis " -"egenskapen blir føydale, slik ogsÃ¥ kan en fri kultur være queered av " -"ekstremisme i eiendomsrettigheter som definerer det. Det er det jeg frykter " -"om vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Det er mot at ekstremisme som denne boken er skrevet." +"I stedet er den frie kulturen som jeg forsvarer i denne boken en balanse " +"mellom anarki og kontroll. En fri kultur, i likhet med et fritt marked, er " +"fylt med eierskap. Den er fylt med regler for eierskap og kontrakter som " +"blir hÃ¥ndhevet av staten. Men pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som det frie markedet blir " +"pervertert hvis dets eierskap blir føydalt, sÃ¥ kan en fri kultur bli ødelagt " +"av ekstremisme i eierskapsrettighetene som definerer den. Det er dette jeg " +"frykter om vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Det er som motpol til denne ekstremismen at " +"denne boken er skrevet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "INTRODUCTION" @@ -537,20 +579,20 @@ msgid "" "this newfound technology of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began " "to build upon it." msgstr "" -"17. desember 1903, pÃ¥ en vindfylt strand i Nord carolina i sÃ¥vidt under " +"17. desember 1903, pÃ¥ en vindfylt strand i Nord-Carolina i sÃ¥vidt under " "hundre sekunder, demonstrerte Wright-brødrene at et selvdrevet fartøy tyngre " "enn luft kunne fly. Øyeblikket var elektrisk, og dens betydning ble alment " -"forstÃ¥tt Nesten umiddelbart, eksploderte interssen for denne nye teknologien " -"som muliggjorde bemannet luftfart og en hærskare av oppfinnere begynte Ã¥ " -"bygge videre pÃ¥ den." +"forstÃ¥tt. Nesten umiddelbart, eksploderte interessen for denne nye " +"teknologien som muliggjorde bemannet luftfart og en hærskare av oppfinnere " +"begynte Ã¥ bygge videre pÃ¥ den." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " -"Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." +"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" -"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " -"rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." +"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " +"Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -563,9 +605,16 @@ msgid "" "owned the stars? Could you prosecute geese for their willful and regular " "trespass?" msgstr "" +"Da Wright-brødrene fant opp flymaskinen, hevdet loven i USA at en grunneier " +"ble antatt Ã¥ eie ikke bare overflaten pÃ¥ omrÃ¥det sitt, men ogsÃ¥ alt landet " +"under bakken, helt ned til senterpunktet i jorda, og alt volumet over " +"bakken, \"i ubestemt grad, oppover\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> I mange Ã¥r undret lærde over hvordan en best skulle tolke idéen om at " +"eiendomsretten gikk helt til himmelen. Betød dette at du eide stjernene? " +"Kunne en dømme gjess for at de regelmessig og med vilje tok seg inn pÃ¥ annen " +"manns eiendom?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -575,12 +624,21 @@ msgid "" "exclusive license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide " "how much these rights are worth?" msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ kom fly, og for første gang, dette prinsippet av amerikansk lov—" -"dypt i grunnlaget for vÃ¥r tradisjon og anerkjent av de viktigste juridiske " -"tenkerne fra vÃ¥r fortid—mattered. Hvis mitt land kommer til himmelen, " -"hva skjer nÃ¥r united flyr over mitt felt? har rett til Ã¥ forvise landet fra " -"min eiendom? kan jeg til Ã¥ inngÃ¥ en eksklusiv lisens med delta airlines? kan " -"vi sette opp en auksjon til Ã¥ bestemme hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" +"SÃ¥ kom flymaskiner, og for første gang hadde dette prinsippet i lovverket i " +"USA—dypt nede i grunnlaget for vÃ¥r tradisjon og akseptert av de " +"viktigste juridiske tenkerne i vÃ¥r fortid—en betydning. Hvis min " +"eiendom rekker til himmelen, hva skjer nÃ¥r United flyr over mitt omrÃ¥de? " +"Har jeg rett til Ã¥ nekte dem Ã¥ bruke min eiendom? Har jeg mulighet til Ã¥ " +"inngÃ¥ en eksklusiv avtale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gjennomføre en auksjon " +"for Ã¥ finne ut hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" +msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Causby, Tinie" +msgstr "Causby, Tinie" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -595,17 +653,15 @@ msgid "" "stop." msgstr "" "I 1945 ble disse spørsmÃ¥lene en føderal sak. Da bøndene Thomas Lee og Tinie " -"Causby i Nord Carolina begynte Ã¥ miste kyllinger pÃ¥ grunn av " -"lavflygendemilitære fly (vettskremte kyllinger fløy tilsynelatende i " -"lÃ¥veveggene og døde), saksøkte Causbyene regjerningen for Ã¥ trenge seg inn " -"pÃ¥ deres eiendom. Flyene rørte selvfølgelig aldri overflaten pÃ¥ Causbys' " -"eiendom. Men hvis det stemte som Blackstone, Kent, og Cola hadde sagt, at " -"deres eiendom strakk seg \"i ubestemt grad, oppover,\" sÃ¥ hadde regjeringen " -"trengt seg inn pÃ¥ deres eiendom, og Causbys ønsket Ã¥ sette en stopper for " -"dette." +"Causby i Nord Carolina begynte Ã¥ miste kyllinger pÃ¥ grunn av lavtflygende " +"militære fly (vettskremte kyllinger fløy tilsynelatende i lÃ¥veveggene og " +"døde), saksøkte Causbyene regjeringen for Ã¥ trenge seg inn pÃ¥ deres eiendom. " +"Flyene rørte selvfølgelig aldri overflaten pÃ¥ Causbys' eiendom. Men hvis det " +"stemte som Blackstone, Kent, og Cola hadde sagt, at deres eiendom strakk seg " +"\"i ubestemt grad, oppover,\" sÃ¥ hadde regjeringen trengt seg inn pÃ¥ deres " +"eiendom, og Causbys ønsket Ã¥ sette en stopper for dette." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -616,33 +672,35 @@ msgid "" "doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law were " "erased. As he wrote for the Court," msgstr "" -"Høyesterett gikk med pÃ¥ Ã¥ drøfte Causbys sak. Kongressen hadde erklært " -"luftfartsveiene offentlige, men hvis ens eiendom virkelig rakk til himmelen, " -"da kunne kongressens erklæring kunne godt ha vært en unconstitutional \"tar" -"\" av eiendom uten kompensasjon. hoffet erkjente at \"det er gamle doktrine " -"som sedvanerett eierskap av landet utvidet til utkanten av universet.\", men " -"rettferdighet douglas hadde ingen tÃ¥lmodighet for gamle doktrine. i et " -"enkelt avsnitt, ble hundrevis av Ã¥r av opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som " -"han skrev for hoffet," +"Høyesterett gikk med pÃ¥ Ã¥ ta opp Causbys sak. Kongressen hadde vedtatt at " +"luftfartsveiene var tilgjengelig for alle, men hvis ens eiendom virkelig " +"rakk til himmelen, da kunne muligens kongressens vedtak ha vært i strid med " +"grunnlovens forbud mot Ã¥ \"ta\" eiendom uten kompensasjon. Retten erkjente " +"at \"det er gammel doktrine etter sedvane at en eiendom rakk til utkanten av " +"universet.\", men dommer Douglas hadde ikke tÃ¥lmodighet for forhistoriske " +"doktriner. I et enkelt avsnitt, ble hundrevis av Ã¥r med " +"eiendomslovgivningen strøket. Som han skrev pÃ¥ vegne av retten," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " "destroyed the value of the Causbys' land. This example was suggested to me " -"by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, \"(Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: " -"Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,\" Stanford Law Review 48 " -"(1996): 1293, 1333. See also Paul Goldstein, Real Property (Mineola, N.Y.: " -"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112–13." -msgstr "" -"USA v. causby, amerikanske 328 (1946): 256, 261. domstolen fant at det kan " -"bli en \"tar\" Hvis regjeringens bruken av sine land ødelagt effektivt " -"verdien av causbys' land. i dette eksemplet ble foreslÃ¥tt for meg av keith " -"aoki flott stykke, \"(immaterielle) og suverenitet: notater mot en " -"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gÃ¥ gjennom 48 (1996): Ã¥ret " -"etter, 1333. Se ogsÃ¥ paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: foundation " -"press (1984)), 1112­13." +"by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, \"(Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: " +"Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,\" <citetitle>Stanford Law " +"Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333. See also Paul Goldstein, " +"<citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press, " +"1984), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"USA mot Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. Domstolen fant at det kunne være " +"Ã¥ \"ta\" hvis regjeringens bruk av sitt land reelt sett hadde ødelagt " +"verdien av eiendomen til Causby. Dette eksemplet ble foreslÃ¥tt for meg i " +"Keith Aokis flotte stykke, \"(intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: Notes " +"Toward a cultural Geography of Authorship\", <citetitle>Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): " +"1293, 1333. Se ogsÃ¥ Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation " +"Press (1984)), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -658,7 +716,7 @@ msgstr "" "[Denne] doktrinen har ingen plass i den moderne verden. Luften er en " "offentlig motorvei, slik kongressen har erklært. Hvis det ikke var " "tilfelle, ville hver eneste transkontinentale flyrute utsette operatørene " -"for utallige søksmÃ¥l om inntrenging pÃ¥ annen manns eiendom. Ideen er i " +"for utallige søksmÃ¥l om inntrenging pÃ¥ annen manns eiendom. Idéen er i " "strid med sunn fornuft. Å anerkjenne slike private krav til luftrommet " "ville blokkere disse motorveiene, seriøst forstyrre muligheten til kontroll " "og utvikling av dem i fellesskapets interesse og overføre til privat " @@ -667,11 +725,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" -msgstr "\"Ideen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\"" +msgstr "\"Idéen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\"" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. " @@ -682,17 +739,17 @@ msgid "" "the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock in " "one age crumble in another." msgstr "" -"Dette er hvordan loven fungerer vanligvis. ikke ofte dette brÃ¥tt eller " -"impatiently, men til slutt, er dette hvordan det fungerer. Det var douglas's " -"stil ikke Ã¥ spre. andre justiariusene ville har blathered pÃ¥ for sider Ã¥ " -"trekke konklusjonen som douglas inneholder i en enkelt linje: \"sunn fornuft " -"opprør idé.\", men om det tar sider eller et par ord, det er spesielle geni " -"av et felles lov-system, som vÃ¥r er at loven justerer til teknologier av " -"tiden. og nÃ¥r den er justert, endres den. ideer som var sÃ¥ solid som rock i " -"en alder crumble i et annet." +"Det er hvordan loven vanligvis fungerer. Ikke ofte like brÃ¥tt eller " +"utÃ¥lmodig, men til slutt er dette hvordan loven fungerer. Det var ikke " +"stilen til Douglas Ã¥ utbrodere. Andre dommere ville ha skrevet mange flere " +"sider før de nÃ¥dde sin konklusjon, men for Douglas holdt det med en enkel " +"linje: \"Idéen er i strid med sunn fornuft.\". Men uansett om det tar flere " +"sider eller kun noen fÃ¥ ord, sÃ¥ er det en genial egenskap med et lovpraksis-" +"system, slik som vÃ¥rt er, at loven tilpasser seg til aktuelle teknologiene. " +"Og mens den tilpasser seg, sÃ¥ endres den. Idéer som var solide som fjell i " +"en tidsalder knuses i en annen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -710,24 +767,35 @@ msgid "" "power of \"common sense\"—would prevail. Their \"private interest\" " "would not be allowed to defeat an obvious public gain." msgstr "" -"eller minst, dette er hvordan ting skje nÃ¥r det finnes ikke en kraftig pÃ¥ " -"den andre siden av endringen. causbys var bare bønder. og selv om det var " -"ingen tvil om mange som dem som var lei av den voksende trafikk i luften " -"(selv om en ikke hÃ¥per mange høner fløy seg i vegger), causbys av verden vil " -"være svært vanskelig Ã¥ samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, wright-" -"brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske meme " -"bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; bønder " -"som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt " -"teknologien som wrights hadde produsert. de kunne stÃ¥ pÃ¥ sine gÃ¥rder, dead " -"kyllinger i hÃ¥nden og riste deres fists pÃ¥ disse newfangled teknologiene " -"alle de ønsket. de kunne ringe sine representanter eller selv fil en " -"rettssak. men til slutt, styrken av hva synes \"klart\" for alle andre—" -"makt \"sunn fornuft\"—ville rÃ¥de. deres \"privat interesse\" ville " -"ikke tillatt Ã¥ beseire en klar offentlige fremgang." - -#. PAGE BREAK 19 +"Eller, det er hvordan ting skjer nÃ¥r det ikke er noen mektige pÃ¥ andre siden " +"av endringen. Causbyene var bare bønder. Og selv om det uten tvil var " +"mange som dem som var lei av den økende trafikken i luften (og en hÃ¥per ikke " +"for mange kyllinger flakset seg inn i vegger), ville Causbyene i verden " +"finne det svært hardt Ã¥ samles for Ã¥ stoppe idéen, og teknologien, som " +"Wright-brødrene hadde ført til verden. Wright-brødrene spyttet flymaskiner " +"inn i den teknologiske meme-dammen. Idéen spredte seg deretter som et virus " +"i en kyllingfarm. Causbyene i verden fant seg selv omringet av \"det synes " +"rimelig\" gitt teknologien som Wright-brødrene hadde produsert. De kunne " +"stÃ¥ pÃ¥ sine gÃ¥rder, med døde kyllinger i hendene, og heve knyttneven mot " +"disse nye teknologiene sÃ¥ mye de ville. De kunne ringe sine representanter " +"eller til og med saksøke. Men nÃ¥r alt kom til alt, ville kraften i det som " +"virket \"Ã¥penbart\" for alle andre—makten til \"sunn fornuft\"—" +"ville vinne frem. Deres \"personlige interesser\" ville ikke fÃ¥ lov til Ã¥ " +"nedkjempe en Ã¥penbar fordel for fellesskapet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" +msgstr "Bell, Alexander Graham" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Edison, Thomas" +msgstr "Edison, Thomas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Faraday, Michael" +msgstr "Faraday, Michael" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -737,20 +805,22 @@ msgid "" "as a bookbinder's apprentice had discovered electric induction in 1831. But " "he had the same intuition about how the world of radio worked, and on at " "least three occasions, Armstrong invented profoundly important technologies " -"that advanced our understanding of radio." -msgstr "" -"Edwin howard armstrong er en av Amerikas glemt oppfinner genier. Han kom til " -"den store amerikanske oppfinner scenen rett etter the Titans skriver thomas " -"edison og alexander graham bell. men hans arbeid i omrÃ¥det i radioteknologi " -"var kanskje den viktigste av alle enkelt oppfinner i de første femti Ã¥rene " -"av radio. Han utdannet seg bedre enn michael faraday, som en bookbinder " -"lærling hadde oppdaget elektrisk induksjon i 1831. men han hadde samme " -"intuisjon om hvordan verden av radio virket, og pÃ¥ minst tre anledninger, " -"armstrong oppfunnet svært viktig teknologier som avanserte vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av " -"radio." +"that advanced our understanding of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Edwin Howard Armstrong er en av USAs glemte oppfinnergenier. Han dukket opp " +"pÃ¥ oppfinnerscenen etter titaner som Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham " +"Bell. Alle hans bidrag pÃ¥ omrÃ¥det radioteknologi gjør han til kanskje den " +"viktigste av alle enkeltoppfinnere i de første femti Ã¥rene av radio. Han " +"var bedre utdannet enn Michael Faraday, som var bokbinderlærling da han " +"oppdaget elektrisk induksjon i 1831. Men han hadde like god intuisjon om " +"hvordan radioverden virket, og ved minst tre anledninger, fant Armstrong opp " +"svært viktig teknologier som brakte vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av radio et hopp videre. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -760,16 +830,15 @@ msgid "" "frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an " "astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ dagen etter jul, var 1933, fire patenter utstedt til armstrong for hans " -"viktigste oppfinnelse—fm-radio. inntil da, hadde forbruker radio vært " -"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at frekvens-" -"modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i et smale " -"band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated radio i et " -"bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av lyd, med mye " -"mindre transmitter strøm og statisk." +"Dagen etter julaften i 1933, ble fire patenter utstedt til Armstrong for " +"hans mest signifikante oppfinnelse—FM-radio. Inntil da hadde " +"forbrukerradioer vært amplitude-modulert (AM) radio. Tidens teoretikere " +"hadde sagt at frekvens-modulert (FM) radio. De hadde rett nÃ¥r det gjelder " +"et smalt bÃ¥nd av spektrumet. Men Armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulert " +"radio i et vidt bÃ¥nd i spektrumet leverte en forbløffende gjengivelse av " +"lyd, med mye mindre senderstyrke og støy." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. " @@ -780,27 +849,26 @@ msgid "" "of an announcer's voice: \"This is amateur station W2AG at Yonkers, New " "York, operating on frequency modulation at two and a half meters.\"" msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ den 5 november 1935 demonstrerte han teknologi pÃ¥ et møte i institute of " -"radio ingeniører pÃ¥ empire state building i new york city. Han stemte opp " -"hans radio ringe pÃ¥ tvers av en rekke am stasjoner, til radioen lÃ¥st pÃ¥ en " -"kringkasting som han hadde ordnet fra sytten kilometer unna. radioen tiet " -"helt, som om han er død, og deretter med en klarhet Ingen andre i det rommet " -"hadde hørt fra en elektrisk utstyr, det produsert lyden av en hallomann " -"stemme: \"Dette er amatør stasjon w2ag pÃ¥ yonkers, new york, opererer pÃ¥ " -"frekvensmodulasjon to og en halv meter.\"" +"Den 5. november 1935 demonstrerte han teknologien pÃ¥ et møte hos institutt " +"for radioingeniører ved Empire State-bygningen i New York City. Han vred " +"radiosøkeren over en rekke AM-stasjoner, inntil radioen lÃ¥ste seg mot en " +"kringkasting som han hadde satt opp 27 kilometer unna. Radioen ble helt " +"stille, som om den var død, og sÃ¥, med en klarhet ingen andre i rommet noen " +"gang hadde hørt fra et elektrisk apparat, produserte det lyden av en " +"opplesers stemme: \"Dette er amatørstasjon W2AG ved Yonkers, New York, som " +"opererer pÃ¥ frekvensmodulering ved to og en halv meter.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "Publikum hørte noe ingen hadde trodd var mulig:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong " -"(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." +"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong</" +"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" -"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: j. b. " -"lipincott selskap, 1956), 209." +"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity:: Edwin Howard Armstrong</citetitle> " +"(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -812,10 +880,16 @@ msgid "" "heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Et glass vann ble fylt opp foran mikrofonen i Yonkers, og det hørtes ut som " +"et plass som ble fylt opp. . . . Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og det " +"hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. . . . Sousa-marsjer " +"ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble utført. . . . " +"Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om noen gang før " +"hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -823,26 +897,29 @@ msgid "" "By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but " "the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks." msgstr "" -"som vÃ¥r egen sunn fornuft forteller oss, hadde armstrong oppdaget en " -"telefonsamtale radioteknologi. men pÃ¥ tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, " -"armstrong var i arbeid for rca. RCA var den dominerende aktør i det deretter " -"dominerende am radiomarkedet. som 1935, var det tusen radiostasjoner over " -"hele USA, men stasjonene i store byer var eid av en hÃ¥ndfull av nettverk." +"Som vÃ¥r egen sunn fornuft forteller oss, hadde Armstrong oppdaget en mye " +"bedre radioteknologi. Men pÃ¥ tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, jobbet " +"Armstrong for RCA. RCA var den dominerende aktøren i det da dominerende AM-" +"radiomarkedet. I 1935 var det tusen radiostasjoner over hele USA, men " +"stasjonene i de store byene var alle eid av en liten hÃ¥ndfull selskaper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Sarnoff, David" +msgstr "Sarnoff, David" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " "quite excited when Armstrong told him he had a device that removed static " "from \"radio.\" But when Armstrong demonstrated his invention, Sarnoff was " -"not pleased." +"not pleased. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"rca's president, david sarnoff, en venn av Armstrongs, var ivrig etter at " -"armstrong oppdager at en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fjerne statiske fra am radio. sÃ¥ sarnoff var " -"ganske spent da armstrong fortalte ham at han hadde en enhet som fjernet " -"statisk fra \"radio.\", men nÃ¥r armstrong demonstrerte hans oppfinnelse, var " -"sarnoff ikke fornøyd." +"Presidenten i RCA, David Sarnoff, en venn av Armstrong, var ivrig etter Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"Armstrong til Ã¥ oppdage en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fjerne støyen fra AM-radio. SÃ¥ Sarnoff var " +"ganske spent da Armstrong fortalte ham at han hadde en enhet som fjernet " +"støy fra \"radio.\". Men da Armstrong demonstrerte sin oppfinnelse, var " +"ikke Sarnoff fornøyd. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -850,6 +927,9 @@ msgid "" "Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #1</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Se \"Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,\" første " +"elektroniske kirke i USA, hos www.webstationone.com/fecha, tilgjengelig fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #1</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -867,11 +947,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described, <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, sÃ¥ selskapet lanserte en " "kampanje for Ã¥ knuse FM-radio. Mens FM kan ha vært en overlegen teknologi, " -"var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik," +"var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det slik, " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "Lessing, 226." @@ -886,16 +968,15 @@ msgid "" "overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had grown to " "power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Kreftene for FM, i hovedsak ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke overvinne tyngden " -"til strategien utviklet av avdelingene for salg, patenter og juss for Ã¥ " -"undertrykke denne trusselen til selskapets posisjon. For FM, hvis den fikk " -"utvikle seg ubegrenset, utgjorde . . . en komplett endring i maktforholdene " -"rundt radio . . . og muligens fjerningen av det nøye begrensede AM-systemet " -"som var grunnlaget for RCA stigning til makt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"Kreftene til fordel for FM, i hovedsak ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke overvinne " +"tyngden til strategien utviklet av avdelingene for salg, patenter og juss " +"for Ã¥ undertrykke denne trusselen til selskapets posisjon. For FM utgjorde, " +"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger . . . en komplett endring i " +"maktforholdene rundt radio . . . og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " +"begrensede AM-systemet som var grunnlaget for RCA stigning til makt." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -909,17 +990,17 @@ msgid "" "have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing " "described it," msgstr "" -"RCA først holdt teknologien i huset, insistere pÃ¥ at ytterligere tester var " -"nødvendig. NÃ¥r, etter to Ã¥r med testing, armstrong vokste utÃ¥lmodige, " -"begynte rca Ã¥ bruke sin makt med regjeringen til stall fm-radio distribusjon " -"generelt. i 1936, rca ansatt tidligere leder av fcc og tilordnet ham " -"oppgaven med Ã¥ sikre at fcc tilordne spekteret pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ville castrate " -"fm—hovedsakelig ved Ã¥ flytte fm-radio til et annet band av spekteret. " -"ved første, dette arbeidet ikke. men nÃ¥r armstrong og nasjonen ble " -"distrahert av andre verdenskrig, rca's arbeid begynte Ã¥ bli mer vellykket. " -"snart etter at krigen sluttet, fcc annonsert et sett med policyer som ville " -"ha en klar effekt: fm-radio ville være invalidiserte. som lawrence beskrevet " -"lessing det," +"RCA holdt først teknologien innomhus, og insistere pÃ¥ at det var nødvendig " +"med ytterligere tester. Da Armstrong, etter to Ã¥r med testing, ble " +"utÃ¥lmodig, begynte RCA Ã¥ bruke sin makt hos myndighetene til holde tilbake " +"den generelle spredningen av FM-radio. I 1936, ansatte RCA den tidligere " +"lederen av FCC og ga ham oppgaven med Ã¥ sikre at FCC tilordnet " +"radiospekteret pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ville kastrere FM—hovedsakelig ved Ã¥ " +"flytte FM-radio til et annet band i spekteret. I første omgang lyktes ikke " +"disse forsøkene. Men mens Armstrong og nasjonen var distrahert av andre " +"verdenskrig, begynte RCAs arbeid Ã¥ bære frukter. Like etter at krigen var " +"over, annonserte FCC et sett med avgjørelser som ville ha en klar effekt: FM-" +"radio ville bli forkrøplet.Lawrence lessing beskrevet det slik," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "Lessing, 256." @@ -932,13 +1013,16 @@ msgid "" "were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Serien med slag mot kroppen som FM-radio mottok rett etter krigen, i en " +"serie med avgjørelser manipulert gjennom FCC av de store radiointeressene, " +"var nesten utrolige i deres kraft og underfundighet.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "AT&T" msgstr "AT&T" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -948,16 +1032,16 @@ msgid "" "radio stations would have to buy wired links from AT&T.) The spread of " "FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily." msgstr "" -"Hvis du vil lage plass i spekteret for de nyeste gamble, TV, fm radio " -"brukere var Ã¥ bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til fm-" -"radiostasjoner ble ogsÃ¥ kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til Ã¥ " -"overføre trÃ¥dløst programmer fra én del av landet til en annen. (denne " -"endringen var sterkt støttes av at&t, fordi tapet av fm relésending " -"stasjoner ville bety radiostasjoner mÃ¥ kjøpe kablet koblinger fra at&t.) " -"spredningen av fm-radio ble dermed choked, minst midlertidig." +"For Ã¥ gjøre plass i spektrumet for RCAs nyeste satsingsomrÃ¥de, televisjon, " +"skulle FM-radioens brukere flyttes til et helt nytt band i spektrumet. " +"Sendestyrken til FM-radioene ble ogsÃ¥ redusert, og gjorde at FM ikke lenger " +"kunne brukes for Ã¥ sende programmer fra en del av landet til en annen. " +"(Denne endringen ble sterkt støttet av AT&T, pÃ¥ grunn av at fjerningen " +"av FM-videresendingsstasjoner ville bety at radiostasjonene ville bli nødt " +"til Ã¥ kjøpe kablede linker fra AT&T.) Spredningen av FM-radio var " +"dermed kvalt, i hvert fall midlertidig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -969,19 +1053,18 @@ msgid "" "broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and " "then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death." msgstr "" -"Armstrong motstÃ¥tt rca's innsats. svar motstÃ¥tt rca Armstrongs patenter. " -"etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca erklærte " -"patentene ugyldig—baselessly og nesten femten Ã¥r etter at de ble " -"utstedt. det dermed nektet Ã¥ betale royalties til ham. i seks Ã¥r kjempet " -"armstrong en kostbar krig til søksmÃ¥l for Ã¥ forsvare patentene. til slutt, " -"akkurat som patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er sÃ¥ lav at det " -"ikke ville selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nÃ¥ " -"blakk, i 1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av " -"et trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død." +"Armstrong sto imot RCAs innsats. Som svar motsto RCA Armstrongs patenter. " +"Etter Ã¥ ha bakt FM-teknologi inn i den nye standarden for TV, erklærte RCS " +"patentene ugyldige—uten grunn og nesten femten Ã¥r etter at de ble " +"utstedet. De nektet dermed Ã¥ betale ham for bruken av patentene. I seks Ã¥r " +"kjempet Armstrong en dyr søksmÃ¥lskrig for Ã¥ forsvare patentene sine. Til " +"slutt, samtidig som patentene utløp, tilbød RCA et forlik sÃ¥ lavt at det " +"ikke engang dekket Armstrongs advokatregning. Beseiret, knust og nÃ¥ blakk, " +"skrev Armstrong i 1954 en kort beskjed til sin kone, før han gikk ut av et " +"vindu i trettende etasje og falt i døden." #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -995,17 +1078,18 @@ msgid "" "this subtle corruption of our political process. RCA had what the Causbys " "did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." msgstr "" -"Dette er hvordan loven fungerer noen ganger. Ikke ofte like tragisk, og " -"sjelden med heltemodig drama, men noen ganger, er dette slik det fungerer. " -"fra begynnelsen, har regjeringen og departementer vært utsatt for fangst. de " -"er mer sannsynlig fanget nÃ¥r en sterk interesse er truet av en juridisk " -"eller teknisk endring. Denne kraftige interessen har for ofte sin " -"innflytelse i regjeringen Ã¥ fÃ¥ regjeringen til Ã¥ beskytte den. retorikken i " -"denne beskyttelsen er selvfølgelig alltid offentlig energisk; virkeligheten " -"er noe annet. ideer som var som solid som en stein i en alder, men som, " -"igjen til seg selv, vil forvitre i en annen, er vedvarende gjennom denne " -"subtile korrupsjon av vÃ¥re politiske prosessen. RCA hadde hva causbys gjorde " -"ikke: makt til Ã¥ undertrykke effekten av teknologiske endringer." +"Dette er slik loven virker noen ganger. Ikke ofte like tragisk, og sjelden " +"med heltemodig drama, men noen ganger er det slik det virker. Fra starten " +"har myndigheter og myndighetsorganer blitt tatt til fange. Det er mer " +"sannsynlig at de blir fanget nÃ¥r en mektig interesse er truet av enten en " +"juridisk eller teknologisk endring. Denne mektige interessen utøver for " +"ofte sin innflytelse hos myndighetene til Ã¥ fÃ¥ myndighetene til Ã¥ beskytte " +"den. Retorikken for denne beskyttelsen er naturligvis alltid med fokus pÃ¥ " +"fellesskapets beste. Realiteten er noe annet. Idéer som kan være solide " +"som fjell i en tidsalder, men som overlatt til seg selv, vil falle sammen i " +"en annen, er videreført gjennom denne subtile korrupsjonen i vÃ¥r politiske " +"prosess. RCA hadde hva Causby-ene ikke hadde: Makten til Ã¥ undertrykke " +"effekten av en teknologisk endring." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -1014,6 +1098,10 @@ msgid "" "Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #2</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " +"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " +"Project, 15. april 2003: 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1024,9 +1112,15 @@ msgid "" "from 49 percent two years before.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "That number could well exceed two thirds of the nation by the end of 2004." msgstr "" +"Det er ingen enkeltoppfinner av Internet. Ei heller er det en god dato som " +"kan brukes til Ã¥ markere nÃ¥r det ble født. Likevel har internettet i løpet " +"av svært kort tid blitt en del av vanlige amerikaneres liv. I følge the Pew " +"Internet and American Life-prosjektet, har 58 prosent av amerikanerne hatt " +"tilgang til internettet i 2002, opp fra 49 prosent to Ã¥r tidligere." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det tallet kan uten problemer " +"passere to tredjedeler av nasjonen ved utgangen av 2004." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -1038,17 +1132,17 @@ msgid "" "directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this " "is not a book about the Internet." msgstr "" -"som Internett er blitt integrert i ordinært liv, endret ting. noen av disse " -"endringene er teknisk—Internett har gjort kommunikasjon raskere, det " -"har senket kostnadene for samle inn data, og sÃ¥ videre. Disse tekniske " -"endringer er ikke fokus for denne boken. de er viktig. de er ikke godt " -"forstÃ¥tt. men de er slags ting som ville bare gÃ¥ bort hvis vi alle bare " -"slÃ¥tt Internett av. de pÃ¥virker ikke personer som ikke bruker Internett, " -"eller i det minste de pÃ¥virker ikke dem direkte. de er riktig gjenstand for " -"en bok om Internett. men dette er ikke en bok om Internett." +"Etter hvert som internett er blitt integrert inn i det vanlige liv har ting " +"blitt endret. Noen av disse endringene er teknisk—internettet har " +"gjort kommunikasjon raskere, det har redusert kostnaden med Ã¥ samle inn " +"data, og sÃ¥ videre. Disse tekniske endringene er ikke fokus for denne " +"boken. De er viktige. De er ikke godt forstÃ¥tt. Men de er den type ting " +"som ganske enkelt ville blir borte hvis vi alle bare slo av internettet. De " +"pÃ¥virker ikke folk som ikke bruker internettet, eller i det miste pÃ¥virker " +"det ikke dem direkte. De er et godt tema for en bok om internettet. Men " +"dette er ikke en bok om internettet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -1057,16 +1151,16 @@ msgid "" "itself. Most, if they recognized this change, would reject it. Yet most " "don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced." msgstr "" -"i stedet, denne boken er om en effekt av Internett utover Internett i seg " -"selv: en effekt pÃ¥ hvordan kultur er laget. min pÃ¥stand er at Internett har " -"indusert en viktig og ukjent endring i denne prosessen. Denne endringen vil " -"radikalt transformere en tradisjon som er like gammel som Republikken seg " -"selv. mest, hvis de gjenkjent denne endringen, vil avvise det. de fleste ser " -"ikke ennÃ¥ endringen som Internett har introdusert." +"I stedet er denne boken om effekten av internettet ut over internettet i seg " +"selv. En effekt pÃ¥ hvordan kultur blir skapt. Min pÃ¥stand er at " +"internettet har ført til en viktig og ukjent endring i denne prosessen. " +"Denne endringen vil forandre en tradisjon som er like gammel som republikken " +"selv. De fleste, hvis de la merke til denne endringen, ville avvise den. " +"Men de fleste legger ikke engang merke til denne endringen som internettet " +"har introdusert." #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1077,17 +1171,16 @@ msgid "" "Webster published his \"Reader,\" or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was " "commercial culture." msgstr "" -"Vi kan skimtes en følelse av denne endringen ved Ã¥ skille mellom " -"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur, og ved Ã¥ tilordne lovens regulering " -"av hver. \"kommersielle kultur\" mener jeg at en del av vÃ¥r kultur som er " -"produsert og solgt eller produsert for Ã¥ bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell kultur" -"\" mener jeg alle resten. NÃ¥r gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller pÃ¥ et " -"gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var ikke-" -"kommersiell kultur. NÃ¥r noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller joel " -"barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur." +"Vi kan fÃ¥ en følelse av denne endringen ved Ã¥ skille mellom kommersiell og " +"ikke-kommersiell kultur, ved Ã¥ knytte lovens reguleringer til hver av dem. " +"Med \"kommersiell kultur\" mener jeg den delen av vÃ¥r kultur som er " +"produsert og solgt eller produsert for Ã¥ bli solgt. Med \"ikke-kommersiell " +"kultur\" mener jeg alt det andre. Da gamle menn satt rundt i parker eller pÃ¥ " +"gatehjørner og fortalte historier som unger og andre lyttet til, sÃ¥ var det " +"ikke-kommersiell kultur. Da Noah Webster publiserte sin \"Reader\", eller " +"Joel Barlow sin poesi, sÃ¥ var det kommersiell kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1099,26 +1192,21 @@ msgid "" "participating in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes—were left " "alone by the law." msgstr "" -"i begynnelsen av vÃ¥r historie, og omtrent hele vÃ¥r tradisjon ble ikke-" -"kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din " -"historiene var utuktig, eller hvis din sang forstyrret freden, deretter " -"loven gripe. men loven var aldri direkte opptatt med opprettelse eller " -"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen \"gratis." -"\" det vanlige mÃ¥ter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og transformert deres " -"kultur—fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller eller tv, " -"delta i fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter—var igjen " -"alene ved loven." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +"Fra historisk tid, og for omtrent hele vÃ¥r tradisjon, har ikke-kommersiell " +"kultur i hovedsak ikke vært regulert. Selvfølgelig, hvis din historie var " +"utuktig, eller hvis dine sanger forstyrret freden, kunne loven gripe inn. " +"Men loven var aldri direkte interessert i skapingen eller spredningen av " +"denne form for kultur, og lot denne kulturen være \"fri\". Den vanlige " +"mÃ¥ten som vanlige individer delte og formet deres kultur—" +"historiefortelling, formidling av scener fra teater eller TV, delta i fan-" +"klubber, deling av musikk, laging av kassetter—ble ikke styrt av " +"lovverket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "Brandeis, Louis D." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote> -msgid "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1127,16 +1215,17 @@ msgid "" "exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the " "power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and " "Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): " -"193, 198–200." -msgstr "" -"Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er overveldende " -"HovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten etablert i federal grunnlov. copyright " -"lovene i delstaten beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle interesse i " -"publikasjonen, men ogsÃ¥ en interesse for personvern. ved Ã¥ gi forfattere " -"eneretten til første publikasjon, ga copyright lovene i delstaten forfattere " -"makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta om dem. se d. samuel d. warren " -"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gÃ¥ gjennom 4 (1890): " -"193, 198­200." +"193, 198–200. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er helt klart " +"hovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal grunnlov. " +"Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle " +"interesse nÃ¥r det gjalt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved Ã¥ " +"gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " +"opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta " +"om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy" +"\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1149,13 +1238,21 @@ msgid "" "no sense was it dominant within our tradition. It was instead just one part, " "a controlled part, balanced with the free." msgstr "" +"Fokuset pÃ¥ loven var kommersiell kreativitet. I starten forsiktig, etter " +"hvert betraktelig, beskytter loven insentivet til skaperne ved Ã¥ tildele dem " +"en eksklusiv rett til deres kreative verker, slik at de kan selge disse " +"eksklusive rettighetene pÃ¥ en kommersiell markedsplass.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er ogsÃ¥, naturligvis, en viktig del av " +"kreativitet og kultur, og det har blitt en viktigere og viktigere del i " +"USA. Men det var pÃ¥ ingen mÃ¥te dominerende i vÃ¥r tradisjon. Det var i " +"stedet bare en del, en kontrollert del, balansert mot det frie." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), " -"ch. 13." +"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13." msgstr "" -"Se Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), " +"Se Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: Prometheus bøker, 2001), " "kap. 13." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -1172,9 +1269,19 @@ msgid "" "The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a " "permission culture." msgstr "" +"Denne grove inndelingen mellom den frie og den kontrollerte har nÃ¥ blitt " +"fjernet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Internettet har satt " +"scenen for denne fjerningen, og pressen frem av store medieaktører har loven " +"nÃ¥ pÃ¥virket det. For første gang i vÃ¥r tradisjon, har de vanlige mÃ¥tene som " +"individer skaper og deler kultur havnet innen rekekvidde for reguleringene " +"til loven, som har blitt utvidet til Ã¥ dra inn i sitt kontrollomrÃ¥de den " +"enorme mengden kultur og kreativitet som den aldri tidligere har nÃ¥dd over. " +"Teknologien som tok vare pÃ¥ den historiske balansen—mellom bruken av " +"den delen av kulturen vÃ¥r som var fri og bruken av vÃ¥r kultur som krevde " +"tillatelse—har blitt borte. Konsekvensen er at vi er mindre og mindre " +"en fri kultur, og mer og mer en tillatelseskultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1186,19 +1293,19 @@ msgid "" "made and shared have united to induce lawmakers to use the law to protect " "them. It is the story of RCA and Armstrong; it is the dream of the Causbys." msgstr "" -"Denne endringen blir rettferdiggjort nÃ¥r det er nødvendig Ã¥ beskytte " -"kommersielle kreativitet. og proteksjonistisk er faktisk nettopp sin " -"motivasjon. men proteksjonistisk som rettferdiggjør endringene som jeg vil " -"beskrive nedenfor er ikke begrenset og balansert Sorter som har definert " -"loven i siste. Dette er ikke en proteksjonistisk Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere. i " -"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk Ã¥ beskytte visse former for virksomheten. " -"selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til Ã¥ endre mÃ¥ten bÃ¥de " -"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent Ã¥ " -"indusere lovgivere til Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ beskytte dem. Det er historien om " -"rca og armstrong; Det er drømmen av causbys." +"Denne endringen blir rettferdiggjort som nødvendig for Ã¥ beskytte " +"kommersiell kreativitet. Og ganske riktig, proteksjonisme er nøyaktig det " +"som motiverer endringen. Men proteksjonismen som rettferdiggjør endringene " +"som jeg skal beskrive lenger ned er ikke den begrensede og balanserte typen " +"som har definert loven tidligere. Dette er ikke en proteksjonisme for Ã¥ " +"beskytte artister. Det er i stedet en proteksjonisme for Ã¥ beskytte " +"bestemte forretningsformer. Selskaper som er truet av potensialet til " +"internettet for Ã¥ endre mÃ¥ten bÃ¥de kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell kultur " +"blir skapt og delt, har samlet seg for Ã¥ fÃ¥ lovgiverne til Ã¥ bruke loven for " +"Ã¥ beskytte selskapene. Dette er historien om RCA og Armstrong, og det er " +"drømmen til Causbyene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1217,24 +1324,24 @@ msgid "" "today—all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect " "themselves against this competition." msgstr "" -"for Internett har utløste en ekstraordinære mulighet for mange til Ã¥ delta i " -"ferd med Ã¥ bygge og pleie en kultur som gÃ¥r langt ut over lokale grenser. at " -"strøm er endret markedet for Ã¥ lage og dyrke kultur Generelt, og at " -"endringen i sin tur truer etablert innhold bransjer. Internett er dermed til " -"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende Ã¥rhundret hva fm-" -"radio var pÃ¥ am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det " -"nittende Ã¥rhundre: begynnelsen av slutten, eller minst en betydelig " -"transformasjon. Digital teknologi, knyttet til Internett, kunne produsere en " -"langt mer konkurransedyktig og vibrerende markedet for Ã¥ bygge og pleie " -"kultur; Dette markedet kan omfatte en mye større og mer variert utvalg av " -"skaperne; disse skaperne kunne produsere og distribuere en mye mer levende " -"rekke kreativitet; og avhengig av noen viktige faktorer, de skaperne kunne " -"tjene mer i gjennomsnitt fra dette systemet enn skaperne gjør i dag—" -"alle, sÃ¥ lenge rcas i dag ikke bruker lov til Ã¥ beskytte seg mot denne " -"konkurransen." +"For internettet har sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mulighet for mange til Ã¥ " +"delta i prosessen med Ã¥ bygge og kultivere en kultur som rekker lagt utenfor " +"lokale grenselinjer. Den makten har endret markedsplassen for Ã¥ lage og " +"kultivere kultur generelt, og den endringen truer i neste omgang etablerte " +"innholdsindustrier. Internettet er dermed for industriene som bygget og " +"distribuerte innhold i det tjuende Ã¥rhundret hva FM-radio var for AM-radio, " +"eller hva traileren var for jernbaneindustrien i det nittende Ã¥rhundret: " +"begynnelsen pÃ¥ slutten, eller i hvert fall en markant endring. Digitale " +"teknologier, knyttet til internettet, kunne produsere et mye mer " +"konkurransedyktig og levende marked for Ã¥ bygge og kultivere kultur. Dette " +"markedet kunne inneholde en mye videre og mer variert utvalg av skapere. " +"Disse skaperne kunne produsere og distribuere et mye mer levende utvalg av " +"kreativitet. Og avhengig av noen fÃ¥ viktige faktorer, sÃ¥ kunne disse " +"skaperne tjenere mer i snitt fra dette systemet enn skaperne gjør i " +"dag—sÃ¥ lenge RCA-ene av i dag ikke bruker loven til Ã¥ beskytte dem " +"selv mot denne konkurransen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1243,21 +1350,26 @@ msgid "" "vibrant technology for building culture. They are succeeding in their plan " "to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them." msgstr "" -"Likevel, som jeg hevder pÃ¥ sidene som følger, som er nøyaktig hva som skjer " -"i vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig 1900-tallet-" -"radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for Ã¥ fÃ¥ lov til Ã¥ " -"beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi for bygging " -"av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan Ã¥ remake Internett før Internett remakes dem." +"Likevel, som jeg argumenterer for i sidene som følger, er dette nøyaktig det " +"som skjer i vÃ¥r kultur i dag. Dette som er dagens ekvivalenter til tidlig " +"tjuende Ã¥rhundres radio og nittende Ã¥rhundres jernbaner bruker deres makt " +"til Ã¥ fÃ¥ loven til Ã¥ beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende " +"teknologi for Ã¥ bygge kultur. De lykkes i deres plan om Ã¥ gjøre om " +"internettet før internettet gjør om pÃ¥ dem." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " +#| "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 " +#| "January 2002." msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " -"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 " -"January 2002." +"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York " +"Times</citetitle>, 17 January 2002." msgstr "" -"Amy harmon, \"black hawk nedlasting: flytte utover musikk, pirater Bruk nye " -"verktøy for Ã¥ gjøre nettet til en illegale video klubb,\" new york times, 17 " +"Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " +"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17. " "januar 2002." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -1273,9 +1385,19 @@ msgid "" "which side to take in this war, most think that we need only decide whether " "we're for property or against it." msgstr "" +"Det ser ikke slik ut for mange. Kamphandlingene over opphavsrett og " +"internettet er fjernt for de fleste. For de fÃ¥ som følger dem, virker de i " +"hovedsak Ã¥ handle om et enklere sett med spørsmÃ¥l—hvorvidt " +"\"piratvirksomhet\" vil bli akseptert, og hvorvidt \"eiendomsretten\" vil " +"bli beskyttet. \"Krigen\" som har blitt erklært mot teknologiene til " +"internettet—det presidenten for Motion Picture Association of America " +"(MPAA) Jack Valenti kaller sin \"egen terroristkrig\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—har blitt rammet inn som en kamp om Ã¥ følge " +"loven og respektere eiendomsretten. For Ã¥ vite hvilken side vi bør ta i " +"denne krigen, de fleste tenker at vi kun trenger Ã¥ bestemme om hvorvidt vi " +"er for eiendomsrett eller mot den." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1284,36 +1406,40 @@ msgid "" "\"piracy,\" whether on or off the Internet." msgstr "" "Hvis dette virkelig var alternativene, sÃ¥ ville jeg være enig med Jack " -"Valenti og innholdsindustrien. Jeg, ogsÃ¥, er en troende i eiendom, og særlig " -"i betydningen av hva mr. Valenti samtaler \"kreativ eiendom.\" Jeg tror at " -"\"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, skal straffe pent " -"\"piratkopiering\", enten av eller pÃ¥ Internett." +"Valenti og innholdsindustrien. Jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ eiendomsretten, og spesielt " +"pÃ¥ viktigheten av hva Mr. Valenti sÃ¥ pent kaller \"kreativ eiendomsrett\". " +"Jeg tror at \"piratvirksomhet\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, bør " +"straffe \"piratvirksomhet\", bÃ¥de pÃ¥ og utenfor internettet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " "war to rid the world of Internet \"pirates\" will also rid our culture of " "values that have been integral to our tradition from the start." msgstr "" -"men de enkle trosoppfatninger maskere et mye mer grunnleggende spørsmÃ¥l og " -"en mye mer dramatisk endring. min frykt er at med mindre vi kommer til Ã¥ se " -"denne endringen, krig for Ã¥ befri verden av Internett \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ " -"kvitte vÃ¥r kultur med verdier som er integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon fra starten." +"Men disse enkle trosoppfatninger maskerer et mye mer grunnleggende spørsmÃ¥l " +"og en mye mer dramatisk endring. Min frykt er at med mindre vi begynner Ã¥ " +"legge merke til denne endringen, sÃ¥ vil krigen for Ã¥ befri verden fra " +"internettets \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ fjerne verdier fra vÃ¥r kultur som har vært " +"integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon helt fra starten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " +#| "Journal 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" -"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " -"Journal 106 (1996): 283." +"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" " +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Neil w. netanel, \"copyright og en demokratisk sivile samfunn,\" yale law " -"journal 106 (1996): 283." +"Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " +"Journal 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1327,9 +1453,17 @@ msgid "" "It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and " "extend our culture." msgstr "" +"Disse verdiene bygget en tradisjon som, for i hvert fall de første 180 Ã¥rene " +"av vÃ¥r republikk, garanterte skaperne rettigheten til Ã¥ bygge fritt pÃ¥ deres " +"fortid, og beskyttet skaperne og innovatørene fra bÃ¥de statlig og privat " +"kontroll. Det første grunnlovstillegget beskyttet skaperne fra statlig " +"kontroll. Og som professor Neil Netanel kraftfylt argumenterer,<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> opphavsrettslov, skikkelig balansert, beskyttet " +"skaperne mot privat kontroll. VÃ¥r tradisjon var dermed hverken Sovjet eller " +"tradisjonen til velgjørere. I stedet skar det ut en bred manøvreringsrom " +"hvor skapere kunne kultivere og utvide vÃ¥r kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1340,16 +1474,17 @@ msgid "" "those within the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is " "nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition." msgstr "" -"lovens svar pÃ¥ Internett, nÃ¥r knyttet til endringer i teknologi for " -"Internett selv, øket ennÃ¥ svært effektiv regulering av kreativitet i " -"Amerika. Hvis du vil bygge pÃ¥ eller kritikk kultur rundt oss mÃ¥ du be om, " -"oliver twist­like, om tillatelse først. tillatelsen er selvfølgelig ofte " -"gitt—, men det er ikke ofte gis til den kritiske eller independent. Vi " -"har bygd opp en slags kulturelle adel; de i edle klassen leve enkelt; dem " -"utenfor ikke. men det er adel noen form som er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon." +"Likevel har lovens respons til internettet, nÃ¥r det knyttes sammen til " +"endringer i teknologien i internettet selv, ført til massiv økting av den " +"effektive reguleringen av kreativitet i USA. For Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ eller kritisere " +"kulturen rundt oss mÃ¥ en spørre, som Oliver Twist, om tillatelse først. " +"Tillatelse er, naturligvis, ofte innvilget—men det er ikke ofte " +"innvilget til den kritiske eller den uavhengige. Vi har bygget en slags " +"kulturell adel. De innen dette adelskapet har et enkelt liv, mens de pÃ¥ " +"utsiden har det ikke. Men det er adelskap i alle former som er fremmed for " +"vÃ¥r tradisjon." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1357,14 +1492,14 @@ msgid "" "neither do I believe in a devil, corporate or otherwise. It is not a " "morality tale. Nor is it a call to jihad against an industry." msgstr "" -"historien som følger handler om denne krigen. er det ikke om \"betydningen " -"av teknologi\" vanlige liv. Jeg tror ikke pÃ¥ guder, digitale eller pÃ¥ annen " -"mÃ¥te. heller ikke er det et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ demonize enhver person eller gruppe, " -"for heller ikke tror jeg pÃ¥ en djevel, corporate eller pÃ¥ annen mÃ¥te. Det er " -"ikke en moral-tale. heller ikke er det et kall til jihad mot en bransje." +"Historien som følger er om denne krigen. Er det ikke om \"betydningen av " +"teknologi\" i vanlig liv. Jeg tror ikke pÃ¥ guder, hverken digitale eller " +"andre typer. Det er heller ikke et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ demonisere noen individer " +"eller gruppe, jeg tro heller ikke i en djevel, selskapsmessig eller pÃ¥ annen " +"mÃ¥te. Det er ikke en moralsk historie. Ei heller er det et rop om hellig " +"krig mot en industri." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1374,16 +1509,15 @@ msgid "" "continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We " "must resolve it soon." msgstr "" -"i stedet er det et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ forstÃ¥ en hÃ¥pløst ødeleggende krig som er " -"inspirert av teknologien av Internett, men nÃ¥ langt utenfor koden. og ved Ã¥ " -"forstÃ¥ dette slaget, det er et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ tilordne fred. Det er ingen god " -"grunn for gjeldende kampen rundt Internett-teknologier for Ã¥ fortsette. det " -"vil være stor skade pÃ¥ vÃ¥r tradisjon og kultur Hvis det er lov til Ã¥ " -"fortsette ukontrollert. Vi mÃ¥ komme til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ kilden til denne krigen. Vi " -"mÃ¥ løse det snart." +"Det er i stedet et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ forstÃ¥ en hÃ¥pløst ødeleggende krig som er " +"inspirert av teknologiene til internettet, men som rekker lang utenfor dens " +"kode. Og ved Ã¥ forstÃ¥ denne kampen er den en innsats for Ã¥ finne veien til " +"fred. Det er ingen god grunn for Ã¥ fortsette dagens batalje rundt internett-" +"teknologiene. Det vil være til stor skade for vÃ¥r tradisjon og kultur hvis " +"den fÃ¥r lov til Ã¥ fortsette ukontrollert. Vi mÃ¥ forstÃ¥ kilden til denne " +"krigen. Vi mÃ¥ finne en løsning snart." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " @@ -1398,21 +1532,22 @@ msgid "" "\"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law should " "intervene to stop this trespass." msgstr "" -"som causbys' kamp, denne krigen er delvis, om \"egenskapen.\" egenskapen av " -"denne krigen er ikke sÃ¥ konkrete som causbys', og ingen uskyldige kylling " -"har ennÃ¥ Ã¥ miste sitt liv. ennÃ¥ er ideer rundt denne \"property\" sÃ¥ opplagt " -"for de fleste som causbys' krav om sacredness av deres farm var Ã¥ dem. Vi er " -"causbys. de fleste av oss tar for gitt de usedvanlig kraftig kravene som " -"eierne av \"intellectual property\" nÃ¥ hevde. de fleste av oss, som causbys, " -"behandle disse pÃ¥standene som Ã¥penbart. og dermed vi, som causbys, objektet " -"nÃ¥r en ny teknologi griper denne egenskapen. Det er sÃ¥ vanlig for oss som " -"det var til dem at de nye teknologiene av Internett er \"adgang\" pÃ¥ " -"legitime pÃ¥stander om \"egenskapen.\" det er sÃ¥ vanlig for oss som det var " -"til dem at loven bør intervenere for Ã¥ stoppe denne trespass." +"Lik Causbyenes kamp er denne krigen, delvis, om \"eiendomsrett\". Eiendommen " +"i denne krigen er ikke like hÃ¥ndfast som den til Causbyene, og ingen " +"uskyldige kyllinger har sÃ¥ langt mistet livet. Likevel er idéene rundt " +"denne \"eiendomsretten\" like Ã¥penbare for de fleste som Causbyenes krav om " +"ukrenkeligheten til deres bondegÃ¥rd var for dem. De fleste av oss tar for " +"gitt de uvanlig mektige krav som eierne av \"immaterielle rettigheter\" nÃ¥ " +"hevder. De fleste av oss, som Causbyene, behandler disse kravene som " +"Ã¥penbare. Og dermed protesterer vi, som Causbyene,, nÃ¥r ny teknologi griper " +"inn i denne eiendomsretten. Det er sÃ¥ klart for oss som det var fro dem at " +"de nye teknologiene til internettet \"tar seg til rette\" mot legitime krav " +"til \"eiendomsrett\". Det er like klart for oss som det var for dem at " +"loven skulle ta affære for Ã¥ stoppe denne inntrengingen i annen manns " +"eiendom." #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1420,54 +1555,61 @@ msgid "" "the side of the property owners in this war. Unlike the lucky Wright " "brothers, the Internet has not inspired a revolution on its side." msgstr "" -"og dermed nÃ¥r geeks og Teknologorganisasjon forsvare sin armstrong eller " -"Wright brødre teknologi, de fleste av oss er bare usympatiske. sunn fornuft " -"opprør ikke. i motsetning til nÃ¥r det gjelder uheldig causbys er sunn " -"fornuft pÃ¥ siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig Wright-" -"brødrene, har Internett ikke inspirert en revolusjon pÃ¥ høykant." +"Og dermed, nÃ¥r nerder og teknologer forsvarer sin tids Armstrong og Wright-" +"brødenes teknologi, fÃ¥r de lite sympati fra de fleste av oss. Sunn fornuft " +"gjør ikke opprør. I motsetning til saken til de uheldige Causbyene, er sunn " +"fornuft pÃ¥ samme side som eiendomseierne i denne krigen. I motsetning til " +"hos de heldige Wright-brødrene, har internettet ikke inspirert en revolusjon " +"til fordel for seg." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " +#| "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " +#| "importantly, its power to disable critical thought by policy makers and " +#| "citizens. There has never been a time in our history when more of our " +#| "\"culture\" was as \"owned\" as it is now. And yet there has never been a " +#| "time when the concentration of power to control the uses of culture has " +#| "been as unquestioningly accepted as it is now." msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " "importantly, its power to disable critical thought by policy makers and " "citizens. There has never been a time in our history when more of our " "\"culture\" was as \"owned\" as it is now. And yet there has never been a " -"time when the concentration of power to control the uses of culture has been " -"as unquestioningly accepted as it is now." +"time when the concentration of power to control the <emphasis>uses</" +"emphasis> of culture has been as unquestioningly accepted as it is now." msgstr "" -"mitt hÃ¥p er Ã¥ presse denne sunn fornuft. Jeg har blitt stadig overrasket av " -"kraften i denne ideen av Ã¥ndsverk, og enda viktigere, sin makt for Ã¥ " -"deaktivere kritisk tenkning av beslutningstakere og borgere. Det har aldri " -"vært en gang i vÃ¥r historie da flere av vÃ¥re \"kultur\" var som \"eier\" som " -"det er nÃ¥. og ennÃ¥ har det aldri vært en tid nÃ¥r konsentrasjonen av makt til " -"Ã¥ kontrollere bruk av kultur er sÃ¥ unquestioningly godtatt som det er nÃ¥." +"Mitt hÃ¥p er Ã¥ skyve denne sunne fornuften videre. Jeg har blitt stadig mer " +"overrasket over kraften til denne idéen om immaterielle rettigheter og, mer " +"viktig, dets evne til Ã¥ slÃ¥ av kritisk tanke hos lovmakere og innbyggere. " +"Det har aldri før i vÃ¥r historie vært sÃ¥ mye av vÃ¥r \"kultur\" som har vært " +"\"eid\" enn det er nÃ¥. Og likevel har aldri før konsentrasjonen av makt til " +"Ã¥ kontrollere bruken av kulturen vært mer akseptert uten spørsmÃ¥l enn det er " +"nÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " "because we have discovered that our tradition of rejecting such an absolute " "claim was wrong?" msgstr "" -"puslespillet er, hvorfor? er det fordi vi har begynt Ã¥ forstÃ¥ en sannheten " -"om verdien og betydningen av absolutt egenskapen over ideer og kultur? er " -"det fordi vi har oppdaget at vÃ¥r tradisjon for Ã¥ avvise slikt et absolutt " -"krav var galt?" +"GÃ¥ten er, hvorfor det? Er det fordi vi fÃ¥tt en innsikt i sannheten om " +"verdien og betydningen av absolutt eierskap over idéer og kultur? Er det " +"fordi vi har oppdaget at vÃ¥r tradisjon med Ã¥ avvise slike absolutte krav var " +"feil?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" -"eller er det fordi ideen om absolutt egenskapen over ideer og kultur " -"fordeler rcas i vÃ¥r tid og passer vÃ¥r egen virke ureflekterende intuisjoner?" +"Eller er det pÃ¥ grunn av at idéer om absolutt eierskap over idéer og kultur " +"gir fordeler til RCA-ene i vÃ¥r tid, og passer med vÃ¥r ureflekterte intuisjon?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1475,28 +1617,27 @@ msgid "" "shift away from our tradition of free culture yet another example of a " "political system captured by a few powerful special interests?" msgstr "" -"er det radikalt skiftet bort fra vÃ¥r tradisjon for fri kultur en forekomst " -"av Amerika korrigere en feil fra sin fortid som vi gjorde etter en blodig " -"krig med slaveri, og som vi sakte gjør med ulikhet? eller er radikalt skifte " -"bort fra vÃ¥r tradisjon for fri kultur ennÃ¥ et annet eksempel pÃ¥ et politisk " -"system som fanges opp av noen kraftige spesielle interesser?" +"Er denne radikale endringen vekk fra vÃ¥r tradisjon om fri kultur en " +"forekomst av USA som korrigerer en feil fra sin fortid, slik vi gjorde det " +"etter en blodig krig mot slaveri, og slik vi sakte gjør det mot " +"forskjellsbehandling? Eller er denne radikale endringen vekk fra vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon med fri kultur nok et eksempel pÃ¥ at vÃ¥rt politiske system er " +"fanget av noen fÃ¥ mektige særinteresser?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " "the face of these extremes because, as with Armstrong versus RCA, the more " "powerful side has ensured that it has the more powerful view?" msgstr "" -"sunn fornuft fører til ekstreme pÃ¥ dette spørsmÃ¥let fordi sunn fornuft " -"faktisk tror pÃ¥ disse ekstreme? eller gjør sunn fornuft stÃ¥ stille i " -"ansiktet av disse ytterpunktene fordi, som med armstrong versus rca, " -"kraftigere siden har sikret at det har kraftigere visningen?" +"Fører sunn fornuft til det ekstreme i dette spørsmÃ¥let pÃ¥ grunn av at sunn " +"fornuft faktisk tror pÃ¥ dette ekstreme? Eller stÃ¥r sunn fornuft i stillhet " +"i møtet med dette ekstreme fordi, som med Armstrong versus RCA, at den mer " +"mektige siden har sikret seg at det har et mye mer mektig synspunkt?" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1506,26 +1647,25 @@ msgid "" "for trespass. But the consequences of this silliness will be much more " "profound." msgstr "" -"Jeg trenger ikke bety Ã¥ være mystisk. mine egne synspunkter er løst. Jeg " -"tror det var riktig for sunn fornuft til Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot ekstremisme av " -"causbys. Jeg tror det vil være rett for sunn fornuft til Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot " -"ekstreme krav gjort i dag pÃ¥ vegne av \"intellektuelle eiendom.\" hva loven " -"krever i dag er stadig like dumt som en sheriff arrestere et fly for " -"trespass. men konsekvensene av dette dumhet vil være mye mer dyptgripende." +"Jeg forsøker ikke Ã¥ være mystisk. Mine egne synspunkter er klare. Jeg mener " +"det var riktig for sunn fornuft Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot ekstremismen til " +"Causbyene. Jeg mener det ville være riktig for sunn fornuft Ã¥ gjøre opprør " +"mot de ekstreme krav som gjøres i dag pÃ¥ vegne av \"immaterielle rettigheter" +"\". Det som loven krever i dag er mer Ã¥ mer like dumt som om lensmannen " +"skulle arrestere en flymaskin for Ã¥ trenge inn pÃ¥ annen manns eiendom. Men " +"konsekvensene av den nye dumskapen vil bli mye mer dyptgripende." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " "ideas." msgstr "" -"kampen rages akkurat nÃ¥ centers pÃ¥ to ideer: \"piratkopiering\" og " -"\"egenskapen.\" mitt mÃ¥l i denne boken neste to deler er Ã¥ utforske disse to " -"ideer." +"Basketaket som pÃ¥gÃ¥r akkurat nÃ¥ senterer seg rundt to idéer: " +"\"piratvirksomhet\" og \"eiendom\". Mitt mÃ¥l med denne bokens neste to " +"deler er Ã¥ utforske disse to idéene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1534,15 +1674,14 @@ msgid "" "context within which these apparently simple ideas can be more fully " "understood." msgstr "" -"min metode er ikke vanlig metode av en akademiker. Jeg ønsker ikke Ã¥ satse " -"du i en kompleks argument, buttressed med referanser til obskure franske " -"teoretikere—men naturlig som gjelder rare sorteringen vi akademikere " -"har blitt. i stedet begynner jeg i hver del med en samling av historier som " -"angir en kontekst som er innenfor disse tilsynelatende enkle ideer kan være " -"mer fullt forstÃ¥tt." +"Metoden min er ikke den vanlige metoden for en akademiker. Jeg ønsker ikke " +"Ã¥ pløye deg inn i et komplisert argument, steinsatt med referanser til " +"obskure franske teoretikere—uansett hvor naturlig det har blitt for " +"den rare sorten vi akademikere har blitt. Jeg vil i stedet begynne hver del " +"med en samling historier som etablerer en sammenheng der disse " +"tilsynelatende enkle idéene kan bli fullt ut forstÃ¥tt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1553,17 +1692,17 @@ msgid "" "change the law—and more importantly, to use their power to change " "something fundamental about who we have always been." msgstr "" -"de to delene satt opp kjernen krav i denne boken: som mens Internett har " -"faktisk produsert noe fantastisk og nye, vÃ¥r regjering, presset av store " -"mediene til Ã¥ svare pÃ¥ denne \"noe nytt,\" er ødelegge noe som er svært " -"gammel. i stedet for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ endringene Internett kan tillate, og i stedet " -"for Ã¥ ta tid til Ã¥ la \"sunn fornuft\" løse hvordan man best skal besvare, " -"vi tillater de mest truet av endringene bruke sin makt til Ã¥ endre " -"loven— og enda viktigere, Ã¥ bruke sin makt til Ã¥ endre noe " -"grunnleggende om hvem vi har alltid vært." +"De to delene setter opp kjernen i pÃ¥standen til denne boken: at mens " +"internettet faktisk har produsert noe fantastisk og nytt, bidrar vÃ¥re " +"myndigheter, presset av store medieaktører for Ã¥ møte dette \"noe nytt\" til " +"Ã¥ ødelegge noe som er svært gammelt. I stedet for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ endringene som " +"internettet kan gjøre mulig, og i stedet for Ã¥ ta den tiden som trengs for Ã¥ " +"la \"sunn fornuft\" finne ut hvordan best svare pÃ¥ utfordringen, sÃ¥ lar vi " +"de som er mest truet av endringene bruke sin makt til Ã¥ endre loven—og " +"viktigere, Ã¥ bruke sin makt til Ã¥ endre noe fundamentalt om hvordan vi " +"alltid har fungert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1572,19 +1711,22 @@ msgid "" "consequence of this form of corruption—a consequence to which most of " "us remain oblivious." msgstr "" -"Vi tillater dette, jeg tror, ikke fordi det er riktig, og ikke fordi de " -"fleste av oss virkelig tror pÃ¥ disse endringene. Vi tillater det fordi " -"interesser som er truet mest er blant de mektigste spillerne i vÃ¥re " -"depressingly kompromittert prosessen med Ã¥ lage lov. Denne boken er " -"historien om en mer konsekvens av denne formen for korrupsjon—en " -"konsekvens som de fleste av oss fortsatt oblivious." +"Jeg tror vi tillater dette, ikke fordi det er riktig, og heller ikke fordi " +"de fleste av oss tror pÃ¥ disse endringene. Vi tillater det pÃ¥ grunn av at " +"de interessene som er mest truet er blant de mest mektige aktørene i vÃ¥r " +"deprimerende kompromitterte prosess for Ã¥ utforme lover. Denne boken er " +"historien om nok en konsekvens for denne type korrupsjon—en konsekvens " +"for de fleste av oss forblir ukjent med." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "\"Piratvirksomhet\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" +msgstr "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1592,17 +1734,20 @@ msgid "" "Mansfield wrote in a case that extended the reach of English copyright law " "to include sheet music," msgstr "" -"siden starten av loven som regulerer kreative egenskapen, har det vært en " -"krig mot \"piratkopiering.\" presis konturene av dette konseptet " -"\"piratkopiering\", er vanskelig Ã¥ skissere, men animert urettferdighet er " -"lett Ã¥ fange. som Herren mansfield skrev i en sak som utvidet rekkevidden av " -"engelsk lov om opphavsrett til Ã¥ inkludere sheet music," +"Helt siden loven begynte Ã¥ regulere kreative eierrettigheter, har det vært " +"en krig mot \"piratvirksomhet\". De presise konturene av dette konseptet, " +"\"piratvirksomhet\", har vært vanskelig Ã¥ tegne opp, men bildet av " +"urettferdighet er enkelt Ã¥ beskrive. Som Lord Mansfield skrev i en sak som " +"utvidet rekkevidden for engelsk opphavsrettslov til Ã¥ inkludere noteark," #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." -msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777) (mansfield)." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." +msgstr "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -1610,10 +1755,12 @@ msgid "" "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " "own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"En person kan bruke kopien til Ã¥ spille den, men han har ingen rett til Ã¥ " +"robbe forfatteren for profitten, ved Ã¥ lage flere kopier og distribuere " +"etter eget forgodtbefinnende.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1622,15 +1769,14 @@ msgid "" "distributed intelligence, p2p systems facilitate the easy spread of content " "in a way unimagined a generation ago." msgstr "" -"i dag er vi midt i en annen \"krig\" mot \"piratkopiering.\" Internett har " -"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av innhold. " -"Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av effektiv " -"teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed " -"intelligence, p2p systemer forenkle enkel spredning av innhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te " -"som unimagined en generasjon siden." +"I dag er vi midt inne i en annen \"krig\" mot \"piratvirksomhet\". " +"Internettet har fremprovosert denne krigen. Internettet gjør det mulig Ã¥ " +"effektivt spre innhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant det mest " +"effektive av de effektive teknologier internettet muliggjør. Ved Ã¥ bruke " +"distribuert intelligens, kan p2p-systemer muliggjøre enkel spredning av " +"innhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ingen forestilte seg for en generasjon siden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1638,47 +1784,51 @@ msgid "" "copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright " "owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\"" msgstr "" -"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av opphavsrett. " -"nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet og " -"uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm mengde deling av " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur glade krigen som " -"eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren av overskuddet.\"" +"Denne effektiviteten respekterer ikke de tradisjonelle skillene i " +"opphavsretten. Nettverket skiller ikke mellom deling av " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet og ikke opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. Dermed har det " +"vært deling av en enorm mengde opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. Denne " +"delingen har i sin tur ansporet til krigen, pÃ¥ grunn av at eiere av " +"opphavsretter frykter delingen vil \"frata forfatteren overskuddet.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " +#| "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " +#| "\"piracy.\" A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is being raised " +#| "to believe that \"property\" should be \"free.\" Forget tattoos, never " +#| "mind body piercing—our kids are becoming thieves!" msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " "\"piracy.\" A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is being raised to " "believe that \"property\" should be \"free.\" Forget tattoos, never mind " -"body piercing—our kids are becoming thieves!" +"body piercing—our kids are becoming <emphasis>thieves</emphasis>!" msgstr "" -"krigerne har slÃ¥tt til domstolene, til legislatures, og stadig til teknologi " -"til Ã¥ forsvare sine \"property\" mot denne \"piratkopiering.\" en generasjon " -"amerikanere, warriors advare, er blir reist til Ã¥ tro at \"property\" skal " -"være \"gratis\" glem tatoveringer, never mind kroppspiercing—vÃ¥re barn " -"blir tyver!" +"Krigerne har snudd seg til domstolene, til lovgiverne, og i stadig større " +"grad til teknologi for Ã¥ forsvare sin \"eiendom\" mot denne " +"\"piratvirksomheten\". En generasjon amerikanere, advarer krigerne, blir " +"oppdratt til Ã¥ tro at \"eiendom\" skal være \"gratis\". Glem tatoveringer, " +"ikke tenk pÃ¥ kroppspiercing—vÃ¥re barn blir tyver!" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " "of \"piracy\" in some context. For as the concept is increasingly used, at " "its core is an extraordinary idea that is almost certainly wrong." msgstr "" -"Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at pirates bør bli " -"straffet. men før vi gÃ¥ til executioners, vi bør sette denne oppfatningen av " -"\"piratkopiering\" i noen sammenheng. for som konseptet blir stadig mer " -"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert galt." +"Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratvirksomhet\" er galt, og at pirater bør " +"straffes. Men før vi roper pÃ¥ bødlene, bør vi sette dette \"piratvirksomhets" +"\"-begrepet i en sammenheng. For mens begrepet blir mer og mer brukt, har " +"det i sin kjerne en ekstraordinær idé som nesten helt sikkert er feil." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "The idea goes something like this:" -msgstr "ideen gÃ¥r omtrent slik:" +msgstr "Idéen høres omtrent slik ut:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1686,30 +1836,56 @@ msgid "" "taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. " "It is a form of piracy." msgstr "" -"skapende arbeid har verdi; NÃ¥r jeg bruker, eller ta eller bygge pÃ¥ kreative " -"arbeidet til andre, tar jeg fra dem noe av verdi. NÃ¥r jeg tar noe av verdi " -"fra noen andre, skulle jeg ha deres tillatelse. Ã¥ ta av noe av verdi fra " -"noen andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for piratkopiering." +"Kreativt arbeid har verdi. NÃ¥r jeg bruker, eller tar, eller bygger pÃ¥ det " +"kreative arbeidet til andre, sÃ¥ tar jeg noe fra dem som har verdi. NÃ¥r jeg " +"tar noe av verdi fra noen andre, bør jeg fÃ¥ tillatelse fra dem. Å ta noe " +"som har verdi fra andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for " +"piratvirksomhet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" +msgstr "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " +#| "the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " -"the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." +"the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 " +"(1990): 397." msgstr "" -"se rochelle dreyfuss, \"uttrykksfulle genericity: varemerker som sprÃ¥k i " -"pepsi-generasjon\" notre dame lov gÃ¥ gjennom 65 (1990): 397." +"Se Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in the " +"Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" +msgstr "Zittrain, Jonathan" -#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up," +#| "\" Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +#| "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling " +#| "Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins," +#| "\" Boston Globe, 24 November 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +#| "\"0\"/>" msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off the " -"Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" Boston " -"Globe, 24 November 2002." +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan " +"Zittrain, \"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free " +"Speech, No One Wins,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 24 November " +"2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " +"Wall Street Journal, 21. august 1996, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off " +"the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" " +"Boston Globe, 24. november 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1723,6 +1899,15 @@ msgid "" "\" (the songs) so there must have been a \"right\"—even against the " "Girl Scouts." msgstr "" +"Dette synet gÃ¥r dypt i de pÃ¥gÃ¥ende debattene. Det er hva jussprofessor " +"Rochelle Dreyfuss ved NYU kritiserer som \"hvis verdi, sÃ¥ rettighet\"-" +"teorien for kreative eierrettigheter <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +">—hvis det finnes verdi, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ noen ha rettigheten til denne verdien. " +"Det er perspektivet som fikk komponistenes rettighetsorganisasjon, ASCAP, " +"til Ã¥ saksøke jentespeiderne for Ã¥ ikke betale for sangene som jentene sagt " +"rundt jentespeidernes leirbÃ¥l.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Det " +"fantes \"verdi\" (sangene), sÃ¥ det mÃ¥tte ha vært en \"rettighet\"—til " +"og med mot jentespeiderne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "ASCAP" @@ -1730,7 +1915,6 @@ msgstr "ASCAP" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1738,14 +1922,13 @@ msgid "" "creative property has never been America's theory of creative property. It " "has never taken hold within our law." msgstr "" -"Denne ideen er absolutt en mulig forstÃ¥else av hvordan kreative egenskapen " -"skal fungere. Det kan godt være en mulig design for et system av loven " -"beskytte creative-egenskapen. men den \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" teori " -"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om kreative-" -"egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vÃ¥r lov." +"Denne idéen er helt klart en mulig forstÃ¥else om hvordan kreative " +"eierrettigheter bør virke. Det er helt klart et mulig design for et " +"lovsystem som beskytter kreative eierrettigheter. Men teorien om \"hvis " +"verdi, sÃ¥ rettighet\" for kreative eierrettigheter har aldri vært USAs teori " +"for kreative eierrettigheter. It har aldri stÃ¥tt rot i vÃ¥rt lovverk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1753,13 +1936,12 @@ msgid "" "become so concerned with protecting the instrument that we are losing sight " "of the value." msgstr "" -"i stedet i vÃ¥r tradisjon er immaterielle et instrument. det angir " -"grunnarbeidet for et rikt kreativt samfunn, men er fortsatt servil til " -"verdien av kreativitet. dagens debatt har dette slÃ¥tt rundt. Vi har blitt sÃ¥ " -"opptatt av Ã¥ beskytte instrumentet at vi mister synet av verdien." +"I vÃ¥r tradisjon har immaterielle rettigheter i stedet vært et instrument. " +"Det bygger fundamentet for et rikt kreativt samfunn, men er fortsatt servilt " +"til verdien av kreativitet. Dagens debatt har snudd dette helt rundt. Vi " +"har blitt sÃ¥ opptatt av Ã¥ beskytte instrumentet at vi mister verdien av syne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1767,14 +1949,12 @@ msgid "" "Copyright law at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law " "today regulates both." msgstr "" -"kilden til denne forvirring er en utmerkelse som loven ikke lenger tar seg " -"til Ã¥ tegne—skillet mellom republishing noens arbeid pÃ¥ den ene siden " -"og bygge pÃ¥ eller transformere som fungerer pÃ¥ den andre. lov om opphavsrett " -"pÃ¥ sin fødsel hadde bare publisering som sin bekymring; lov om opphavsrett " -"regulerer i dag begge." +"Kilden til denne forvirringen er et skille som loven ikke lenger bryr seg om " +"Ã¥ markere—skillet mellom Ã¥ gjenpublisere noens verk pÃ¥ den ene siden, " +"og bygge pÃ¥ og gjøre om verket pÃ¥ den andre. Da opphavsretten kom var det " +"kun publisering som ble berørt. Opphavsretten i dag regulerer begge." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1782,35 +1962,43 @@ msgid "" "the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" -"før teknologien av Internett, gjorde ikke denne conflation saken alle sÃ¥ " -"mye. teknologier i publisering var dyrt; Det betydde at det store flertallet " -"av publisering ble kommersielt. kommersielle selskaper kunne bære byrden av " -"loven—selv byrden av den bysantinske kompleksiteten som copyright lov " -"har blitt. Det var bare en mer utgifter ved Ã¥ gjøre forretninger." +"Før teknologiene til internettet dukket opp, betød ikke denne begrepsmessige " +"sammenblandingen mye. Teknologiene for Ã¥ publisere var kostbare, som betød " +"at det meste av publisering var kommersiell. Kommersielle aktører kunne " +"hÃ¥ndtere byrden pÃ¥lagt av loven—til og med byrden som den bysantiske " +"kompleksiteten som opphavsrettsloven har blitt. Det var bare nok en kostnad " +"ved Ã¥ drive forretning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "Florida, Richard" -#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard " -"Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of " -"creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address the legal " -"conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I certainly " -"agree with him about the importance and significance of this change, but I " -"also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are much more " -"tenuous." -msgstr "" -"i rise of creative klassen (new york: grunnleggende bøker, 2002), richard " -"florida dokumenter et skifte i natur arbeid mot en arbeidskraft av " -"kreativitet. hans arbeid, men adressen ikke direkte de juridiske " -"betingelsene under at kreativiteten er aktivert eller halvkvalt. Jeg er enig " -"med ham om betydningen og betydningen av denne endringen, men jeg tror ogsÃ¥ " -"betingelser som funksjonen vil bli aktivert er mye vanskeligere." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard " +#| "Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of " +#| "creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address the legal " +#| "conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I certainly " +#| "agree with him about the importance and significance of this change, but " +#| "I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are much " +#| "more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " +"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " +"toward a labor of creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address " +"the legal conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I " +"certainly agree with him about the importance and significance of this " +"change, but I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are " +"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), dokumenterer " +"Richard Florida en endring i arbeidsstokken mot kreativitetsarbeide. Hans " +"tekst omhandler derimot ikke direkte de juridiske vilkÃ¥r som kreativiteten " +"blir muliggjort eller hindret under. Jeg er helt klart enig med ham i " +"viktigheten og betydningen av denne endringen, men jeg tror ogsÃ¥ at " +"vilkÃ¥rene som disse endringene blir aktivert under er mye vanskeligere. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1834,86 +2022,102 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " "context the current battles about behavior labeled \"piracy.\"" msgstr "" -"disse byrder gir ingen mening i vÃ¥r tradisjon. Vi bør begynne ved Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " -"denne tradisjonen litt mer, og ved Ã¥ plassere i sin rette sammenheng " -"gjeldende slagene om virkemÃ¥ten merket \"piratkopiering\"." +"Disse byrdene gir ingen mening i vÃ¥r tradisjon. Vi bør begynne med Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " +"den tradisjonen litt mer, og ved Ã¥ plassere dagens slag om oppførsel med " +"merkelappen \"piratvirksomhet\" i sin rette sammenheng." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "Kapittel en: Skaperne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his " +#| "debut in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In " +#| "November, in New York City's Colony Theater, in the first widely " +#| "distributed cartoon synchronized with sound, Steamboat Willie brought to " +#| "life the character that would become Mickey Mouse." msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " -"in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In November, in " -"New York City's Colony Theater, in the first widely distributed cartoon " -"synchronized with sound, Steamboat Willie brought to life the character that " -"would become Mickey Mouse." -msgstr "" -"en tegneserie tegnet ble født i 1928. en tidlig Mikke Mus debuterte i mai " -"samme Ã¥r, i en stille flop kalt flyet gal. i november, i new york city's " -"colony theater, i de første spredt utover tegneserie synkronisert med lyden, " -"steamboat willie brakt til liv tegnet som skulle bli Mikke Mus." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</" +"citetitle>. In November, in New York City's Colony Theater, in the first " +"widely distributed cartoon synchronized with sound, <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Willie</citetitle> brought to life the character that would become Mickey " +"Mouse." +msgstr "" +"I 1928 ble en tegnefilmfigur født. En tidlig Mikke Mus debuterte i mai " +"dette Ã¥ret, i en stille flopp ved navn Plane Crazy. I november, i Colony " +"teateret i New York City, ble den første vidt distribuerte tegnefilmen med " +"synkronisert lyd, Steamboat Willy, vist frem med figuren som skulle bli til " +"Mikke Mus." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the " +#| "movie The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique " +#| "and mix sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work or, if it " +#| "did work, whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a test in " +#| "the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney describes " +#| "that first experiment," msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " -"The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique and mix " -"sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work or, if it did work, " -"whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a test in the summer " -"of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney describes that first " -"experiment," -msgstr "" -"synkroniserte lyd hadde blitt introdusert til film Ã¥ret tidligere i filmen " -"jazz sanger. at suksess ledet walt disney Ã¥ kopiere teknikken og blande lyd " -"med tegneserier. ingen visste om det ville fungere, eller hvis det virket, " -"om det ville vinne et publikum. men nÃ¥r disney kjørte en test sommeren 1928, " -"resultatene var entydig. som disney beskriver det første eksperimentet" +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " +"the technique and mix sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work " +"or, if it did work, whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a " +"test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney " +"describes that first experiment," +msgstr "" +"Film med sykronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et Ã¥r tidligere i filmen " +"The Jazz Singer. Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til Ã¥ kopiere teknikken og " +"mikse lyd med tegnefilm. Ingen visste hvorvidt det ville virke eller ikke, " +"og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans for det. Men da Disney " +"gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resutlatet entydig. Som Disney beskriver " +"dette første eksperimentet," #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " "arranged to pipe their sound into the room where our wives and friends were " "going to see the picture." msgstr "" -"et par av mine gutter kan lese musikk, og en av dem kunne spille en munn " -"orgel. Vi setter dem i et rom der de ikke kunne se skjermen og arrangert til " -"datakanal sine lyd inn i rommet hvor vÃ¥re hustruer og venner var kommer til " -"Ã¥ se bildet." +"Et par av guttene mine kunne lese noteark, og en av dem kunne spille " +"munnspill. Vi stappet dem inn i et rom hvor de ikke kunne se skjermen, og " +"gjorde det slik at lyden de spilte ble sendt videre til et rom hvor vÃ¥re " +"koner og venner var plassert for Ã¥ se pÃ¥ bildet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " "tune, the rest of us in the sound department bammed tin pans and blew slide " "whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close." msgstr "" -"gutter jobbet fra en musikk og lydeffekter score. etter flere falske starter " -"kom lyd og handling av med pistolen. munn-organisten spilte melodien, resten " -"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blÃ¥ste lysbilde plystre pÃ¥ beat. " -"synkroniseringen var ganske nær." +"Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark. Etter noen dÃ¥rlige oppstarter, " +"kom endelig lyd og handlig i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte " +"melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret pÃ¥ tinnkasseroller og " +"blÃ¥ste pÃ¥ slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig." #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " +#| "Cartoons (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgid "" +"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " +"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." +msgstr "" "Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " "(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." -msgstr "" -"Leonard maltin, mus og magic: a history of american animerte-tegneserier " -"(new york: penguin books, 1987), 34­35." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -1923,20 +2127,29 @@ msgid "" "again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Effekten pÃ¥ vÃ¥rt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk. De reagerte " +"nesten instiktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de tullet " +"med meg. SÃ¥ de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang pÃ¥ nytt. Det var " +"grufult, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Iwerks, Ub" +msgstr "Iwerks, Ub" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. " -"Nothing since has ever equaled it.\"" +"Nothing since has ever equaled it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Disney's deretter partner, og en av animasjons mest ekstraordinære talenter, " -"ub iwerks, sette det mer sterkt: \"Jeg har aldri vært sÃ¥ begeistret i mitt " -"liv. ingenting siden har noensinne equaled den.\"" +"Disneys daværende partner, og en av animasjonsverdenens mest ekstraordinære " +"talenter, Ub Iwerks, uttalte det sterkere: \"Jeg har aldri vært sÃ¥ " +"begeistret i hele mitt liv. Ingenting annet har noen sinne vært like bra.\" " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " "Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1946,65 +2159,97 @@ msgid "" "often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the " "work of others." msgstr "" -"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt nytt. " -"synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde " -"sjelden—unntatt i disney's hender—blitt noe mer enn filler for " -"andre filmer. gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's " -"oppfinnelse som satte standarden som andre kjempet for Ã¥ matche. og ganske " -"ofte disney's stor geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd pÃ¥ arbeidet til " -"andre." +"Disney hadde laget noe helt nyt, basert pÃ¥ noe relativt nytt. Synkronisert " +"lyd ga liv til en form for kreativitet som sjeldent hadde—unntatt fra " +"Disneys hender—vært noe annet en fyllstoff for andre filmer. Gjennom " +"animasjonens tidligere historie var det Disneys oppfinnelse som satte " +"standarden som andre mÃ¥tte sloss for Ã¥ oppfylle. Og ganske ofte var Disneys " +"store geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, bygget pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " +#| "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to " +#| "cartoon) genius created his last independently produced silent film. " +#| "That genius was Buster Keaton. The film was Steamboat Bill, Jr." msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " "genius created his last independently produced silent film. That genius was " -"Buster Keaton. The film was Steamboat Bill, Jr." +"Buster Keaton. The film was <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ er mye kjent. Hva du kanskje ikke vet er at 1928 ogsÃ¥ markerer en annen " -"viktig endring. Dette Ã¥ret produsert en tegneserie (i motsetning til " -"tegneserie) geni opprettet sitt siste uavhengig stumfilm. at geni var buster " -"keaton. filmen var steamboat bill, jr." +"Dette er kjent stoff. Det du kanskje ikke vet er at 1928 ogsÃ¥ markerer en " +"annen viktig overgang. I samme Ã¥r laget et komedie-geni (i motsetning til " +"tegnefilm-geni) sin siste uavhengig produserte stumfilm. Dette geniet var " +"Buster Keaton. Filmen var Steamboat Bill, Jr." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent " +#| "film, he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark " +#| "uncontrollable laughter from his audience. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a " +#| "classic of this form, famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. " +#| "The film was classic Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of " +#| "its genre." msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " -"laughter from his audience. Steamboat Bill, Jr. was a classic of this form, " -"famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. The film was classic " -"Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its genre." -msgstr "" -"Keaton ble født inn i en vaudeville familie i 1895. i æra av stumfilm, hadde " -"han mestret med bred fysiske komedie som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gnist lyste latter fra " -"sitt publikum. Steamboat bill, jr. var en klassiker av dette skjemaet, kjent " -"blant film buffs for sin utrolige stunts. filmen var klassisk keaton—" -"vill populær og blant beste i sin sjanger." +"laughter from his audience. <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. was a " +"classic of this form, famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. " +"The film was classic Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its " +"genre." +msgstr "" +"Keaton ble født inn i en vauderville-familie i 1895. I stumfilm-æraen hadde " +"han mestret bruken av bredpenslet fysisk komedie pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som tente " +"ukontrollerbar latter fra hans publikum. Steamboat Bill, Jr. var en klassier " +"av denne typen, berømt blant film-elskere for sine utrolige stunts. Filmen " +"var en klassisk Keaton—fantastisk populær og blant de beste i sin " +"sjanger." #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at " +#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According " +#| "to Dave Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the " +#| "music for five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The " +#| "Simpleton\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry " +#| "No. 1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey " +#| "in the Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith " +#| "to Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " "Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for " -"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton" -"\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. " -"1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the " -"Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry " -"Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"Steamboat Bill, Jr. appeared before Disney's cartoon Steamboat Willie. The " -"coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat Willie is a direct " -"cartoon parody of Steamboat Bill,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"and both are built upon a common song as a source. It is not just from the " -"invention of synchronized sound in The Jazz Singer that we get Steamboat " -"Willie. It is also from Buster Keaton's invention of Steamboat Bill, Jr., " -"itself inspired by the song \"Steamboat Bill,\" that we get Steamboat " -"Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." +"five songs in <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: \"Steamboat Bill,\" " +"\"The Simpleton\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry " +"No. 1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in " +"the Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to " +"Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er takknemlig overfor David Gerstein og hans nøyaktige historie, " +"beskrevet pÃ¥ <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. " +"I følge Dave Smith ved the Disney Archives, betalte Disney for Ã¥ bruke " +"musikken til fem sanger i Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The " +"Simpleton\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. " +"1\" (Baron), og \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). En sjette sang, \"The Turkey in the " +"Straw,\" var allerede allemannseie. Brev fra David Smith til Harry Surden, " +"10. juli 2003, tilgjenglig i arkivet til forfatteren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " +"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " +"Willie is a direct cartoon parody of Steamboat Bill,<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and both are built upon a common song as a source. " +"It is not just from the invention of synchronized sound in <citetitle>The " +"Jazz Singer</citetitle> that we get <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>. " +"It is also from Buster Keaton's invention of Steamboat Bill, Jr., itself " +"inspired by the song \"Steamboat Bill,\" that we get Steamboat Willie, and " +"then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" #. f3 @@ -2014,6 +2259,9 @@ msgid "" "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Han var ogsÃ¥ tilhenger av allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " +"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2028,9 +2276,19 @@ msgid "" "that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating " "something new out of something just barely old." msgstr "" +"Denne \"lÃ¥ningen\" var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for industrien. " +"Disney apet alltid etter full-lengde massemarkedsfilmene rundt ham." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det samme gjorde mange andre. " +"Tidlige tegnefilmer er stappfulle av etterapninger—smÃ¥ variasjoner " +"over suksessfulle temaer, gamle historier fortalt pÃ¥ nytt. Nøkkelen til " +"suksess var brilliansen i forskjellene. Med Disney var det lyden som ga " +"gnisten til hans animasjoner. Senere var det kvaliteten pÃ¥ hans arbeide " +"relativt til de masseproduserte tegnefilmene som han konkurrerte med. " +"Likevel var disse bidragene bygget pÃ¥ toppen av fundamentet som var lÃ¥nt. " +"Disney bygget pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre som kom før han, og skapte noe nytt ut " +"av noe som bare var litt gammelt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2040,17 +2298,34 @@ msgid "" "would dare to read these bloody, moralistic stories to his or her child, at " "bedtime or anytime." msgstr "" -"noen ganger var denne lÃ¥n liten. noen ganger var det betydelig. Tenk pÃ¥ " -"eventyr av the Sunday. Hvis du er sÃ¥ oblivious som jeg var, er du " -"sannsynligvis tror at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier, passer " -"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, dystre. " -"Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville vÃ¥ge Ã¥ lese " -"disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved " -"sengetid eller nÃ¥r som helst." +"Noen ganger var lÃ¥ningen begrenset, og noen ganger var den betydelig. Tenkt " +"pÃ¥ eventurene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, sÃ¥ " +"tror du sannsynlighvis at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier som " +"passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene er, " +"for oss, ganske dystre. Det er noen sjeldne og kanskje spesielt ambisiøse " +"foreldre som ville vÃ¥ge Ã¥ lese disse blodige moralistiske historiene til " +"sine barn, ved leggetid eller hvilken som helst annet tidspunkt." #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into " +#| "a new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. " +#| "Without removing the elements of fear and danger altogether, he made " +#| "funny what was dark and injected a genuine emotion of compassion where " +#| "before there was fear. And not just with the work of the Brothers Grimm. " +#| "Indeed, the catalog of Disney work drawing upon the work of others is " +#| "astonishing when set together: Snow White (1937), Fantasia (1940), " +#| "Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo (1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), " +#| "Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter " +#| "Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp (1955), Mulan (1998), Sleeping Beauty " +#| "(1959), 101 Dalmatians (1961), The Sword in the Stone (1963), and The " +#| "Jungle Book (1967)—not to mention a recent example that we should " +#| "perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet (2003). In all of these cases, " +#| "Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity from the culture around him, " +#| "mixed that creativity with his own extraordinary talent, and then burned " +#| "that mix into the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn." msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2058,35 +2333,40 @@ msgid "" "dark and injected a genuine emotion of compassion where before there was " "fear. And not just with the work of the Brothers Grimm. Indeed, the catalog " "of Disney work drawing upon the work of others is astonishing when set " -"together: Snow White (1937), Fantasia (1940), Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo " -"(1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), Cinderella (1950), Alice in " -"Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp " -"(1955), Mulan (1998), Sleeping Beauty (1959), 101 Dalmatians (1961), The " -"Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967)—not to mention a " -"recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet " -"(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity " -"from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own " -"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. " -"Rip, mix, and burn." -msgstr "" -"Disney tok disse historiene og retold dem pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som førte dem inn i en " -"ny tidsalder. Han animert historiene, med bÃ¥de tegn og lys. uten Ã¥ fjerne " -"elementene i frykt og fare helt, han gjorde morsomt det var mørkt og " -"injisert en ekte følelse av medfølelse der før der var frykt. og ikke bare " -"med et verk av the Sunday. faktisk katalogen disney arbeid tegning pÃ¥ " -"arbeidet til andre er forbløffende nÃ¥r satt sammen: snø hvit (1937), " -"fantasia (1940), pinocchio (1940), dumbo (1941), bambi (1942), sang av Sør " -"(1946), cinderella (1950), alice in wonderland (1951), robin hood (1952), " -"peter pan (1953), lady og Landstrykeren (1955), mulan (1998), Tornerose " -"(1959), 101 dalmatians (1961), sverdet i steinen (1963), og Jungelboken " -"(1967)—ikke Ã¥ nevne en siste eksempel som vi bør kanskje raskt glemme, " -"skatt planeten (2003). i alle disse tilfellene, disney (eller disney, inc.) " -"dratt kreativitet fra kultur rundt ham, blandet at kreativiteten med sin " -"egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin " -"kultur. rippe blande og brenne." +"together: <citetitle>Snow White</citetitle> (1937), <citetitle>Fantasia</" +"citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> (1940), " +"<citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> (1942), " +"<citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), <citetitle>Cinderella</" +"citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</citetitle> (1951), " +"<citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), <citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> " +"(1953), <citetitle>Lady and the Tramp</citetitle> (1955), <citetitle>Mulan</" +"citetitle> (1998), <citetitle>Sleeping Beauty</citetitle> (1959), " +"<citetitle>101 Dalmatians</citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>The Sword in the " +"Stone</citetitle> (1963), and <citetitle>The Jungle Book</citetitle> (1967)" +"—not to mention a recent example that we should perhaps quickly " +"forget, <citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle> (2003). In all of these " +"cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity from the culture around " +"him, mixed that creativity with his own extraordinary talent, and then " +"burned that mix into the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn." +msgstr "" +"Disney tok disse historiene og fortalte dem pÃ¥ nytt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som førte dem " +"inn i en ny tidsalder. Han ga historiene liv, med bÃ¥de karakterer og lys. " +"Uten Ã¥ fjerne bitene av frykt og fare helt, gjorde han morsomt det som var " +"mørkt og satte inn en ekte følelse av medfølelse der det før var frykt. Og " +"ikke bare med verkene av brødrene Grimm. Faktisk er katalogen over Disney-" +"arbeid som baserer seg pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre ganske forbløffende nÃ¥r den " +"blir samlet: Snøhvit (1937), Fantasia (1940), Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo " +"(1941), Bambi (1942), Song of the South (1946), Askepott (1950), Alice in " +"Wonderland (1951), Robin Hood (1952), Peter Pan (1953), Lady og " +"landstrykeren (1955), Mulan (1998), Tornerose (1959), 101 dalmatinere " +"(1961), Sverdet i steinen (1963), og Jungelboken (1967)—for ikke Ã¥ " +"nevne et nylig eksempel som vi bør kanskje glemme raskt, Treasure Planet " +"(2003). I alle disse tilfellene, har Disney (eller Disney, Inc.) hentet " +"kreativitet fra kultur rundt ham, blandet med kreativiteten fra sitt eget " +"ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent denne blandingen inn i sjelen til " +"sin kultur. Hente, blande og brenne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2096,12 +2376,13 @@ msgid "" "of expression and genius that builds upon the culture around us and makes it " "something different." msgstr "" -"Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og " -"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det er ingen kreativitet bortsett fra denne " -"typen. Vi trenger ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt Ã¥ anerkjenne sin betydning. Vi kan " -"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt misvisende. " -"Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"—en form for uttrykk og " -"geni som bygger pÃ¥ kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." +"Dette er en type kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske pÃ¥ og " +"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det finnes ingen kreativitet bortsett fra " +"denne typen. Vi trenger ikke gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt for Ã¥ anerkjenne dens betydning. " +"Vi kan kalle dette \"Disney-kreativitet\", selv om det vil være litt " +"misvisende. Det er mer presist \"Walt Disney-kreativitet\"—en " +"uttrykksform og genialitet som bygger pÃ¥ kulturen rundt oss og omformer den " +"til noe annet." #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -2183,12 +2464,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " -"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or comics. " -"The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of publications are " -"comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics. They are " -"everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, carried by a large " -"proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system of public " -"transportation." +"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: <citetitle>manga</" +"citetitle>, or comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 " +"percent of publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue " +"derives from comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every " +"magazine stand, carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's " +"extraordinary system of public transportation." msgstr "" "Tenk deg for eksempel en form av kreativitet som synes underlig for mange " "amerikanere, men det er uunngÃ¥elig i japansk kultur: manga, eller " @@ -2220,31 +2501,31 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ dette interessant annen mÃ¥te." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " "perspective is quite familiar." msgstr "" -"men min hensikt her er ikke Ã¥ forstÃ¥ manga. Det er Ã¥ beskrive en variant pÃ¥ " -"manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney " -"perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." +"Men mitt formÃ¥l her er ikke Ã¥ forstÃ¥ manga. Det er a beskrive en variant av " +"manga som fra en avokats perspektiv er ganske merkelig, men som fra en " +"Disneys perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " -"a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It " -"is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution " -"to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A " -"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it " -"differently—with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the " -"character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for " -"what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be " -"different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are " -"committees that review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any " -"copycat comic that is merely a copy." +"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " +"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " +"creation of doujinshi. It is not doujinshi if it is <emphasis>just</" +"emphasis> a copy; the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies, " +"by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A doujinshi comic can " +"thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently—with a " +"different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in character but " +"change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes the doujinshi " +"sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be different if they are to be " +"considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that review " +"doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic that is " +"merely a copy." msgstr "" "Dette er fenomenet doujinshi. doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ tegneserier, men de er en " "slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det " @@ -2291,10 +2572,10 @@ msgid "" "\"derivative works.\" There is no general practice by doujinshi artists of " "securing the permission of the manga creators. Instead, the practice is " "simply to take and modify the creations of others, as Walt Disney did with " -"Steamboat Bill, Jr. Under both Japanese and American law, that \"taking\" " -"without the permission of the original copyright owner is illegal. It is an " -"infringement of the original copyright to make a copy or a derivative work " -"without the original copyright owner's permission." +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. Under both Japanese and American " +"law, that \"taking\" without the permission of the original copyright owner " +"is illegal. It is an infringement of the original copyright to make a copy " +"or a derivative work without the original copyright owner's permission." msgstr "" "funksjonen mest underlige i doujinshi markedet, for de jurist, minst, er at " "det er tillatt Ã¥ eksistere i det hele tatt. under japansk lov om " @@ -2308,11 +2589,19 @@ msgstr "" "en krenkelse av opprinnelige opphavsretten til Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et " "avledet arbeid uten den opphavspersonens tillatelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Winick, Judd" +msgstr "Winick, Judd" + #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New " +#| "York: Perennial, 2000)." msgid "" -"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " -"Perennial, 2000)." +"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" +"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" "For en utmerket historie, se Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " "Perennial, 2000)." @@ -2351,13 +2640,13 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " -"All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" Rutgers Law Review 55 " -"(2002): 155, 182. \"[T]here might be a collective economic rationality that " -"would lead manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for " -"infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off " -"collectively if they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not " -"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved." -"\"" +"All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " +"Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. \"[T]here might be a collective " +"economic rationality that would lead manga and anime artists to forgo " +"bringing legal actions for infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga " +"artists may be better off collectively if they set aside their individual " +"self-interest and decide not to press their legal rights. This is " +"essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.\"" msgstr "" "se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare " "hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov " @@ -2450,20 +2739,25 @@ msgstr "" "begynne Ã¥ tenke disse problemene, bør sÃ¥ bare om nÃ¥ du være rÃ¥dvill om noe " "du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." -#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" +msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " -"Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " -"Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " +"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " +"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). See also " +"Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " "\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-" -"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different." +"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " "vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " -"press, 2001). Se ogsÃ¥ lawrence lessig, fremtiden for ideer (new york: random " +"press, 2001). Se ogsÃ¥ lawrence lessig, fremtiden for idéer (new york: random " "house, 2001), 293 n. 26. begrepet beskriver nøyaktig et sett med rettigheter " "for \"eiendom\"—opphavsrett, patenter, varemerker, og " "forretningshemmeligheter— men innholdet av disse rettighetene er svært " @@ -2545,12 +2839,12 @@ msgid "" "or paying for the privilege. (\"Excuse me, Professor Einstein, but may I " "have permission to use your theory of relativity to show that you were wrong " "about quantum physics?\") Acting companies perform adaptations of the works " -"of Shakespeare without securing permission from anyone. (Does anyone believe " -"Shakespeare would be better spread within our culture if there were a " -"central Shakespeare rights clearinghouse that all productions of Shakespeare " -"must appeal to first?) And Hollywood goes through cycles with a certain kind " -"of movie: five asteroid films in the late 1990s; two volcano disaster films " -"in 1997." +"of Shakespeare without securing permission from anyone. (Does " +"<emphasis>anyone</emphasis> believe Shakespeare would be better spread " +"within our culture if there were a central Shakespeare rights clearinghouse " +"that all productions of Shakespeare must appeal to first?) And Hollywood " +"goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the " +"late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997." msgstr "" "Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt nÃ¥r du begynner Ã¥ se. " "forskere bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere uten Ã¥ be om eller betale for " @@ -2588,40 +2882,42 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " -"are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this " -"culture?\" How much, and how broadly, is the culture free for others to take " -"and build upon? Is that freedom limited to party members? To members of the " -"royal family? To the top ten corporations on the New York Stock Exchange? Or " -"is that freedom spread broadly? To artists generally, whether affiliated " -"with the Met or not? To musicians generally, whether white or not? To " -"filmmakers generally, whether affiliated with a studio or not?" +"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " +"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " +"\"<emphasis>How</emphasis> free is this culture?\" How much, and how " +"broadly, is the culture free for others to take and build upon? Is that " +"freedom limited to party members? To members of the royal family? To the top " +"ten corporations on the New York Stock Exchange? Or is that freedom spread " +"broadly? To artists generally, whether affiliated with the Met or not? To " +"musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether " +"affiliated with a studio or not?" msgstr "" -"Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke om en kultur er gratis. alle " -"kulturer er gratis til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i stedet er " -"\"hvordan gratis er denne kulturen?\" hvor mye og hvordan forstand, er " -"kultur som er gratis for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? er den friheten begrenset " -"til partiets medlemmer? til medlemmer av kongefamilien? til topp ti " -"selskaper pÃ¥ new york stock exchange? eller er at frihet spredt bredt? til " -"kunstnere vanligvis enten tilknyttet av the met eller ikke? til musikere " -"vanligvis om hvit eller ikke? til filmskapere vanligvis enten tilknyttet et " -"studio eller ikke?" +"Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke om en kultur er fri. Alle kulturer " +"er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er i stedet \"hvor " +"gratis er denne kulturen?\" hvor mye og hvordan forstand, er kultur som er " +"gratis for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? er den friheten begrenset til partiets " +"medlemmer? til medlemmer av kongefamilien? til topp ti selskaper pÃ¥ new york " +"stock exchange? eller er at frihet spredt bredt? til kunstnere vanligvis " +"enten tilknyttet av the met eller ikke? til musikere vanligvis om hvit eller " +"ikke? til filmskapere vanligvis enten tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " "culture. It is becoming much less so." msgstr "" -"gratis kulturer er kulturer som lar mye Ã¥pen for andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥; Unfree, " -"eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. vÃ¥re var en fri kultur. det blir " -"mye mindre." +"Frie kulturer er kulturer som etterlater mye Ã¥pent for andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. " +"Ufrie, eller tillatelse-kulturer etterlater mye mindre. VÃ¥r var en fri " +"kultur. Den er pÃ¥ tur til Ã¥ bli mindre fri." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" -msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\"" +msgstr "Kapittel to: \"Kun etter-apere\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Daguerre, Louis" +msgstr "Daguerre, Louis" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -2663,6 +2959,10 @@ msgstr "" "plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor " "rekkevidde de fleste amatører." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Eastman, George" +msgstr "Eastman, George" + #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -2687,32 +2987,35 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins " +#| "University Press, 1975), 112." msgid "" +"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " +"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." +msgstr "" "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " "Press, 1975), 112." -msgstr "" -"Reese v. jenkins, bilder og enterprise (baltimore: johns hopkins university " -"press, 1975), 112." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " "of its simplicity. \"You press the button and we do the rest.\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in The Kodak Primer:" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in <citetitle>The Kodak Primer</" +"citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "Coe, Brian" -#. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), " -"53." +"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " +"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Brian coe, fødselen av fotografering (new york: taplinger publiserer, 1977), " "53." @@ -2800,13 +3103,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 " -"S.E." +"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " +"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, " +"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." msgstr "" -"for illustrerende tilfeller, se, for eksempel pavesich v. ne livet ins. co, " -"50 se" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2838,24 +3141,16 @@ msgstr "" "tegne mickey, sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til Ã¥ ta bilder " "som de trodde verdifull." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "Warren, Samuel D." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote> -msgid "" -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" -msgstr "" -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" - -#. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " -"Law Review 4 (1890): 193." +"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " +"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Samuel d. warren og louis d. brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law " "gÃ¥ gjennom 4 (1890): 193." @@ -2868,19 +3163,21 @@ msgid "" "Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should " "be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something " -"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, Jr. " -"or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an image " -"without compensating the source." +"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr</citetitle>. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free " +"to capture an image without compensating the source." msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " -"Review 48 (1960) 398–407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., " -"971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." +"See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " +"\"Privacy,\" <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) " +"398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Samsung " +"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), " +"cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." msgstr "" "se melville b. nimmer, \"rett publisitet,\" lov og moderne problemer 19 " "(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gÃ¥ gjennom " @@ -2983,6 +3280,10 @@ msgid "" "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</" "ulink>." msgstr "" +"H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " +"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, februar " +"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</" +"ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2997,7 +3298,10 @@ msgid "" "teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 49 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" +msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3005,7 +3309,7 @@ msgid "" "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " "media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the way media works, " "the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the way people access " -"it.\"" +"it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "\"media leseferdighet,\" som dave yanofsky, administrerende direktør i " "Tenk!, sier det, \"er... du kan forstÃ¥, analysere og deconstruct media " @@ -3027,9 +3331,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " -"Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, " -"25 May 1997, B6." +"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " +"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family " +"and TV Study,\" <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May 1997, B6." msgstr "" "Judith van evra, TV og barn utvikling (hillsdale, NJ: lawrence erlbaum " "associates, 1990); \"funn pÃ¥ familie og tv studie,\" denver innlegg, 25 mai " @@ -3084,14 +3388,27 @@ msgstr "" "en lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva " "man har opprettet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Crichton, Michael" +msgstr "Crichton, Michael" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "Barish, Stephanie" -#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" +msgstr "Daley, Elizabeth" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002." -msgstr "Intervju med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13. desember 2002." +msgid "" +"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Intervju med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13. desember 2002. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -3101,6 +3418,10 @@ msgid "" "ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november " +"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" +"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3173,10 +3494,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"lese-bare.\" passiv mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. Couch " "Poteter. forbrukere. Dette er verden av medier fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." -#. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish." -msgstr "Intervju med Daley og Barish." +msgid "" +"Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Intervju med Daley og Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> @@ -3251,9 +3573,9 @@ msgid "" "students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands " "up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, " "because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do " -"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed well. " -"The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of " -"expression." +"well. Yet neither is text a form in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas " +"can be expressed well. The power of this message depended upon its " +"connection to this form of expression." msgstr "" "bruker noe \"gratis web ting de kunne finne\", og relativt enkle verktøy til " "Ã¥ aktivere barna Ã¥ blande \"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa barish denne klassen " @@ -3266,7 +3588,7 @@ msgstr "" "i tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og gjort noe " "annet,\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker seg i tekst " "ikke noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er tekst et skjema " -"i som disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended " +"i som disse idéene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended " "upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." #. PAGE BREAK 52 @@ -3390,7 +3712,6 @@ msgstr "" "underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "ABC" msgstr "ABC" @@ -3409,9 +3730,9 @@ msgid "" "shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound recordings. " "There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide context. " "There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in the sense " -"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news event that " -"had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there " -"was also the Internet." +"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, " +"around a news event that had captured the attention of the world. There was " +"ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet." msgstr "" "men i tillegg til denne produsert nyheter om \"tragedie av 11 september\", " "de av oss knyttet til Internett kom Ã¥ se en svært forskjellige produksjon " @@ -3468,8 +3789,8 @@ msgid "" "to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind " "of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions " "very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a " -"public way—it's a kind of electronic Jerry Springer, available " -"anywhere in the world." +"public way—it's a kind of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</" +"citetitle>, available anywhere in the world." msgstr "" "11 september var ikke en villfarelse. Det var en begynnelse. rundt samme " "tid, en form for kommunikasjon som har vokst dramatisk var bare begynnelsen " @@ -3530,8 +3851,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " -"trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." +"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" +"citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. " +"16." msgstr "" "Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. " "Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." @@ -3555,13 +3877,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of " +#| "Political Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgid "" +"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " +"of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." +msgstr "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " "Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." -msgstr "" -"Bruce ackerman og james fishkin, \"deliberation dag\", journal of politisk " -"filosofi 10 (2) (2002): 129." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3575,13 +3900,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, " +#| "2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgid "" +"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " +"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +msgstr "" "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " "65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." -msgstr "" -"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), 65­" -"80, 175, 182, 183, 192." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3629,13 +3957,17 @@ msgstr "" "det er mange av alle politiske striper. og med blogger som ikke er politisk " "dekker politiske spørsmÃ¥l nÃ¥r anledningen fortjener." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Dean, Howard" +msgstr "Dean, Howard" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " "blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an " -"effect." +"effect. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nÃ¥, men ikke sÃ¥ smÃ¥. navnet howard " "dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. " @@ -3651,6 +3983,10 @@ msgstr "" "Noah shachtman, \"med uopphørlig innlegg, en pundit stirs potten,\" new york " "times, 16 januar 2003, g5." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lott, Trent" +msgstr "Lott, Trent" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " @@ -3662,7 +3998,7 @@ msgid "" "the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" " "emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the " "end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -3695,6 +4031,10 @@ msgstr "" "historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av " "en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Winer, Dave" +msgstr "Winer, Dave" + #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -3716,15 +4056,14 @@ msgstr "" "journalist simpelthen har ikke en konflikt av interesse, eller konflikt av " "interesse er sÃ¥ lett avslørt at du vet du kan liksom fÃ¥ det ut av veien.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "CNN" msgstr "CNN" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." -msgstr "telefon intervju med david vin, 16 april 2003." +msgstr "Telefonintervju med David Winer, 16. april 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3738,17 +4077,17 @@ msgid "" "with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter " "over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer " "a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they " -"told her that they were writing \"the story.\")" +"told her <emphasis>that</emphasis> they were writing \"the story.\")" msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " -"Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " -"Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 " -"February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #10</ulink>." +"Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci " +"D. Kramer, \"Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online " +"Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -3765,18 +4104,18 @@ msgid "" "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" -#. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " -"Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as " -"accepting of employees who blog. Kevin Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq " -"who started a blog about his reporting of the war on March 9, stopped " -"posting 12 days later at his bosses' request. Last year Steve Olafson, a " -"Houston Chronicle reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, " -"published under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people " -"he was covering.\")" +"See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all " +"news organizations have been as accepting of employees who blog. Kevin " +"Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a blog about his reporting of " +"the war on March 9, stopped posting 12 days later at his bosses' request. " +"Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> " +"reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a " +"pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was covering." +"\") <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "se michael falcone, \"betyr en redigering blyant ødelegge en weblogg?\" new " "york times, 29. september 2003, c4. (\"ikke alle nyhetsorganisasjoner har " @@ -3826,11 +4165,15 @@ msgstr "" "ditt. Det er vanskeligere nÃ¥r produktet av hjernen din kan bli kritisert av " "andre. Selvfølgelig, er det en sjelden menneske som innrømmer at han har " "blitt overtalt at han er galt. men det er aften sjelden for et menneske Ã¥ " -"ignorere nÃ¥r han har vært pÃ¥vist feil. skriving av ideer, argumenter og " +"ignorere nÃ¥r han har vært pÃ¥vist feil. skriving av idéer, argumenter og " "kritikk forbedrer demokrati. i dag er det sannsynligvis et par millioner " "blogger der skrive slike skjer. NÃ¥r det er ti millioner, vil det være noe " "ekstraordinære til rapporten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Brown, John Seely" +msgstr "Brown, John Seely" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -3872,7 +4215,7 @@ msgstr "" "som brunt mener vi lære av fiksing og triksing. NÃ¥r \"mange av oss vokste " "opp,\" forklarer han at fiksing og triksing ble gjort \"pÃ¥ motorsykkel " "motorer, gressklipper motorer, biler, radioer og sÃ¥ videre.\", men digitale " -"teknologier gir en annen fiksing og slags triksing—med abstrakte ideer " +"teknologier gir en annen fiksing og slags triksing—med abstrakte idéer " "om i konkrete-skjemaet. barna pÃ¥ tror bare! ikke bare tenke pÃ¥ hvordan en " "kommersiell skildrer en politiker; Ã¥ bruke digital teknologi, kan de ta " "kommersielt fra hverandre og manipulere den, tinker med den for Ã¥ se hvordan " @@ -3982,8 +4325,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " -"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the " -"Association for Computer Machinery 43 (2000): 9." +"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" " +"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</" +"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9." msgstr "" "Se for eksempel edward felten og andrew appel, \"teknologiske " "tilgangskontroll forstyrrer noninfringing stipend,\" kommunikasjon av " @@ -4051,7 +4395,6 @@ msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "Kapittel tre: Kataloger" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -4059,11 +4402,11 @@ msgid "" "Jesse decided to begin to tinker with search engine technology that was " "available on the RPI network." msgstr "" -"i høsten 2002, jesse jordan av oceanside, new york, registrert som freshman " -"ved rensselaer polytechnic institute, i troy, new york. hans store pÃ¥ rpi " -"var informasjonsteknologi. Selv om han ikke er en programmerer, i oktober " -"besluttet jesse Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tinker med søkemotorteknologi som var " -"tilgjengelig pÃ¥ rpi-nettverket." +"Høsten 2001, ble Jesse Jordan fra Oceanside, New York, innrullert som " +"førsteÃ¥rsstudent ved Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, i Troy, New York. " +"Hans studieprogram ved RPI var informasjonsteknologi. Selv om han ikke var " +"en programmerer, bestemte Jesse seg i oktober Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ fikle med en " +"søkemotorteknologi som var tilgjengelig pÃ¥ RPI-nettverket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -4112,7 +4455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "søkemotorer er et mÃ¥l pÃ¥ et nettverk intimitet. Google brakt Internett mye " "nærmere for oss alle av utrolig Ã¥ forbedre kvaliteten pÃ¥ Søk pÃ¥ nettverket. " -"spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om \"intranett\" " +"spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. idéen om \"intranett\" " "søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en bestemt " "institusjon, er Ã¥ gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til materiale " "fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at ansatte skal " @@ -4242,11 +4585,12 @@ msgid "" "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " "or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " "promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a search engine, " -"which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, " -"which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to " -"get access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and " -"the vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." +"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a <emphasis>search " +"engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows " +"filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of " +"the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not himself " +"created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do with " +"music." msgstr "" "\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " "Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " @@ -4281,15 +4625,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " +#| "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 " +#| "(2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " -"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " -"5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group LCC</" +"citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." msgstr "" -"Tim goral, \"innspillingen industri gÃ¥r etter campus p-2-p nettverk: Dress " -"alleges $97.8 milliarder i skader,\" profesjonell media gruppere lcc 6 " -"(2003): 5, tilgjengelig pÃ¥ 2003 wl 55179443." +"Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " +"5, tilgjengelig fra 2003 WL 55179443." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -4299,8 +4647,9 @@ msgid "" "detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for " "\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the " "claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award " -"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion—six times the total profit of the " -"film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the plaintiffs close to $100 <emphasis>billion</emphasis>—six times " +"the <emphasis>total</emphasis> profit of the film industry in 2001." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -4371,7 +4720,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " -"the Arts, More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)." +"the Arts, <citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)." msgstr "" "yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) (27­" "2042—musikere og vokalister). Se ogsÃ¥ nasjonale legat for arts, mer " @@ -4379,9 +4728,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " +#| "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." msgid "" -"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " -"Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." +"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" "Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relatert poeng i \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " "Wall Street Journal, 10. september 2003, A24." @@ -4400,15 +4753,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " "tinkered a computer into a $15 million lawsuit became an activist:" msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ den 23 juni kablet jesse hans besparelser til advokaten arbeider for " -"riaa. en sak mot ham ble deretter avvist. og med dette, ble denne gutten som " -"hadde endret noe en datamaskin til en $15 millioner rettssak en aktivist:" +"23. juni overførte Jesse alle sine oppsparte midler til advokaten som jobbet " +"for RIA. Saken mot ham ble trukket. Og med dette, ble unggutten som hadde " +"fiklet med en datamaskin og blitt saksøkt for 15 millioner dollar en " +"aktivist:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -4465,13 +4818,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Film" msgstr "filmen" -#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " -"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " -"87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent." +"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with " +"copyright and patent. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for Ã¥ sette meg til dette ekstraordinære " "historie. Se ogsÃ¥ siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 87­93, som " @@ -4516,18 +4869,26 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " -"Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " -"posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture Patents Company " -"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the economic motive behind " -"both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on phonographs, see " -"Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent " -"and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright\" (September 2002), " -"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and " -"Economics, Working Paper No. 159." +"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " +"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " +"expanded texts posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture " +"Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the " +"economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on " +"phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: " +"Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright" +"\" (September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program " +"in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "General Film Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Picker, Randal C." +msgstr "Picker, Randal C." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " @@ -4539,15 +4900,23 @@ msgid "" "effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film " "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " +#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." msgid "" -"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." +"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents Majority</" +"citetitle>, archived at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#12</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, arkivert pÃ¥ " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -4579,18 +4948,17 @@ msgstr "" "delvis fra piratkopiering av Edisons kreative eiendom." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Recorded Music" -msgstr "innspilt musikk" +msgstr "Innspilt musikk" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" -"rullebladet industri ble født av en annen type piratkopiering, om Ã¥ se " -"hvordan krever en bit av detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer musikk." +"Plateindustrien ble født av en annen type piratvirksomhet, dog for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " +"hvordan krever at en setter seg inn i detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer " +"musikk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -4612,7 +4980,7 @@ msgstr "" "musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre det " "offentlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beatles" msgstr "Beatles" @@ -4666,9 +5034,9 @@ msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " "sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " -"chairman), reprinted in Legislative History of the Copyright Act, E. Fulton " -"Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, " -"1976)." +"chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright Act</" +"citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N." +"J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings pÃ¥ s. " "6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer pÃ¥ patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 sess. " @@ -4771,16 +5139,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " -"artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid " -"for the \"mechanical reproductions\" of their music. But rather than simply " -"granting the composer complete control over the right to make mechanical " -"reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to record the music, " -"at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it to be recorded " -"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs possible. " -"Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to " -"record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by " -"the law." +"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer <emphasis>and</" +"emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that " +"composers would be paid for the \"mechanical reproductions\" of their music. " +"But rather than simply granting the composer complete control over the right " +"to make mechanical reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to " +"record the music, at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it " +"to be recorded once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover " +"songs possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others " +"are free to record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer " +"a fee set by the law." msgstr "" "loven løst snart denne kampen til fordel for komponisten og opptak " "kunstneren. kongressen endret loven Ã¥ sørge for at komponister ville bli " @@ -4800,7 +5168,7 @@ msgid "" "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " "whose key terms are set by law. After Congress's amendment of the Copyright " "Act in 1909, record companies were free to distribute copies of recordings " -"so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder) the fee set by the " +"so long as they paid the composer (or copyright holder) the fee set by the " "statute." msgstr "" "amerikansk lov vanligvis kaller dette en \"tvangslisens\", men jeg vil se " @@ -4810,6 +5178,10 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Grisham, John" +msgstr "Grisham, John" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4818,7 +5190,8 @@ msgid "" "publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants " "for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, " "and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's " -"work except with permission of Grisham." +"work except with permission of Grisham. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette er et unntak i henhold til loven om opphavsrett. NÃ¥r john grisham " "skriver en roman, er en utgiver gratis Ã¥ publisere denne romanen bare hvis " @@ -4833,9 +5206,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. " "11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 " -"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in Legislative " -"History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. " -"(South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." +"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " +"<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. " +"Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman " +"Reprints, 1976)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision: hearings pÃ¥ s. 2499, s. 2900, hr 243 og hr 11794 før " "(felles) komiteen pÃ¥ patenter, 60 cong., 1 sess., 217 (1908) (setning av " @@ -4846,16 +5220,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " -"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " -"piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise " -"gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative " -"work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the " -"recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of " -"value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much " -"wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " -"its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " -"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " +"through a kind of piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right " +"than it otherwise gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over " +"their creative work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less " +"control are the recording industry and the public. The recording industry " +"gets something of value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public " +"gets access to a much wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress " +"was quite explicit about its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was " +"the monopoly power of rights holders, and that that power would stifle " +"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4908,7 +5283,6 @@ msgstr "" "skapende arbeid, registrere produsentene og offentligheten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Radio" msgstr "Radio" @@ -4917,19 +5291,24 @@ msgstr "Radio" msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "Radio ble ogsÃ¥ født av piratkopiering." -#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hand, Learned" +msgstr "Hand, Learned" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " -"companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " -"purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a radio station. " -"Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning attached to a record " -"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing Co. v. " -"Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From " +"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " +"the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" " +"and other messages purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a " +"radio station. Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning " +"attached to a record might restrict the rights of the radio station. See " +"<citetitle>RCA Manufacturing Co</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Whiteman</" +"citetitle>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From " "Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the " -"Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): " -"281." +"Propertization of Copyright,\" <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</" +"citetitle> 70 (2003): 281. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "se 17, united states code, inndelinger 106 og 110. pÃ¥ begynnelsen av, spille " "inn selskapene skrives ut \"ikke lisensiert for radiosendingen\" og andre " @@ -4945,23 +5324,29 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder) an " +"> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder) an " "exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio station thus " "owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lovett, Lyle" +msgstr "Lovett, Lyle" + #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " -"of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " -"recording artist's work. It's one thing to have \"Happy Birthday\" sung on " -"the radio by the local children's choir; it's quite another to have it sung " -"by the Rolling Stones or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the " -"value of the composition performed on the radio station. And if the law " -"were perfectly consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording " -"artist for his work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work." +"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " +"performing a copy of the <emphasis>recording artist's</emphasis> work. It's " +"one thing to have \"Happy Birthday\" sung on the radio by the local " +"children's choir; it's quite another to have it sung by the Rolling Stones " +"or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the value of the " +"composition performed on the radio station. And if the law were perfectly " +"consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording artist for his " +"work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "men nÃ¥r radiostasjonen spiller en post, det er ikke bare utføre en kopi av " "komponistens arbeid. radiostasjonen presterer ogsÃ¥ en kopi av den " @@ -4987,6 +5372,10 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ utføre den Plateartist arbeid gratis, selv om det mÃ¥ betale komponisten " "noe for privilegiet av Ã¥ spille sangen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Madonna" +msgstr "Madonna" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5008,8 +5397,8 @@ msgid "" "our law, every time a radio station plays your song, you get some money. But " "Madonna gets nothing, save the indirect effect on the sale of her CDs. The " "public performance of her recording is not a \"protected\" right. The radio " -"station thus gets to pirate the value of Madonna's work without paying her " -"anything." +"station thus gets to <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of Madonna's work " +"without paying her anything." msgstr "" "forestille hun gjør synge sangen, og forestille hun liker det mye. Hun " "deretter bestemmer seg for Ã¥ gjøre en innspilling av sangen, og det blir en " @@ -5151,13 +5540,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" -"Copyright lov revision—catv, 209 (charlton heston-setningen, president " -"i screen actors guild)." +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (vitnemÃ¥l fra Charlton Heston, " +"president i Screen Actors Guild)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5165,22 +5553,28 @@ msgid "" "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Disse var \"gratispassasjerer\", sa presidenten Charlton Heston i Screen " +"Actor's Guild, som \"tok lønna fra skuespillerne\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" -"men igjen, det var en annen side i debatten. som assistent justisministeren " -"sa edwin zimmerman," +"Men igjen, det er en annen side i debatten. Som assisterende justisminister " +"Edwin Zimmerman sa det," + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" +msgstr "Zimmerman, Edwin" -#. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " -"acting assistant attorney general)." +"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 216 (setning av edwin m. Zimmerman " "fungerende assistent justisministeren)." @@ -5192,17 +5586,17 @@ msgid "" "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " "extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " "should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" -"opphavsrett eiere tok kabelselskaper til retten. Høyesterett holdt to ganger " -"at kabelselskaper skyldte opphavsrett eierne ingenting." +"Opphavsrettinnehaverne tok kabelselskapene til retten. Høyesterett fant to " +"ganger at kabelselskaper ikke skyldte opphavsrettinnehaverne noen ting." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -5230,11 +5624,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " -"Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. " -"\"The threat of piracy—the use of someone else's creative work without " -"permission or compensation—has grown with the Internet.\"" +"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " +"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " +"Information</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #13</ulink>. \"The threat of piracy—the use of someone " +"else's creative work without permission or compensation—has grown with " +"the Internet.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5242,11 +5637,11 @@ msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " "creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then every industry affected by copyright " -"today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, " -"records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. " -"Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—" -"until now." +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " +"affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind " +"of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could " +"well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every " +"generation—until now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> @@ -5294,11 +5689,11 @@ msgstr "piratkopiering jeg" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " -"Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #14</ulink>. See also Ben " -"Hunt, \"Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk,\" Financial Times, 14 " -"February 2003, 11." +"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " +"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " +"July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#14</ulink>. See also Ben Hunt, \"Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk,\" " +"<citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5378,23 +5773,27 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi " "tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til Ã¥ ha en lignende barndom." -#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Drahos, Peter" +msgstr "Drahos, Peter" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " -"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement " -"obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms " -"for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing " -"countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple " -"industries such as agriculture. Critics of TRIPS question the disparity " -"between burdens imposed upon developing countries and benefits conferred to " -"industrialized nations. TRIPS does permit governments to use patents for " -"public, noncommercial uses without first obtaining the patent holder's " -"permission. Developing nations may be able to use this to gain the benefits " -"of foreign patents at lower prices. This is a promising strategy for " -"developing nations within the TRIPS framework." +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " +"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " +"Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual " +"Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates member nations to create " +"administrative and enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property rights, " +"a costly proposition for developing countries. Additionally, patent rights " +"may lead to higher prices for staple industries such as agriculture. Critics " +"of TRIPS question the disparity between burdens imposed upon developing " +"countries and benefits conferred to industrialized nations. TRIPS does " +"permit governments to use patents for public, noncommercial uses without " +"first obtaining the patent holder's permission. Developing nations may be " +"able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign patents at lower prices. " +"This is a promising strategy for developing nations within the TRIPS " +"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "se peter drahos med john braithwaite, informasjon Føydalisme: hvem som eier " "knowledge economy? (new york: ny press, 2003), 10­13, 209. handel-relaterte " @@ -5420,17 +5819,20 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" +msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " -"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the " -"copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be " -"negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual engaging " -"in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating were not " -"an option.\" Ibid., 149." +"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy " +"on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will " +"be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual " +"engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating " +"were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se " "stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144­" @@ -5479,18 +5881,18 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " -"right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " -"rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide the terms under " -"which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want to sell, she " -"doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory licenses that " -"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright owner. " -"Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content whether " -"or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not give " -"people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even if " -"the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is " -"properly balanced to the technology of a time, then it is wrong to take " -"property without the permission of a property owner. That is exactly what " -"\"property\" means." +"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property right. " +"Like all property rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide " +"the terms under which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want " +"to sell, she doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory " +"licenses that apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the " +"copyright owner. Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" " +"copyrighted content whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But " +"where the law does not give people the right to take content, it is wrong to " +"take that content even if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property " +"system, and that system is properly balanced to the technology of a time, " +"then it is wrong to take property without the permission of a property " +"owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means." msgstr "" "Dette argumentet er fortsatt veldig svak. men selv om opphavsrett er en " "egenskap høyre i en veldig spesiell sortering, er det en egenskap som er " @@ -5505,6 +5907,10 @@ msgstr "" "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt Ã¥ ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren " "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Windows" +msgstr "Windows" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " @@ -5516,7 +5922,8 @@ msgid "" "time, because that buying will benefit Microsoft, Microsoft benefits from " "the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the " "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not " -"eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft would lose." +"eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft would " +"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5634,9 +6041,12 @@ msgstr "piratkopiering ii" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." -msgstr "Bach v. longman, 98 eng. rep 1274 (1777)." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777)." +msgstr "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5648,18 +6058,22 @@ msgid "" "alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. f5 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." +msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " -"National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " -"HarperBusiness, 2000). Professor Christensen examines why companies that " -"give rise to and dominate a product area are frequently unable to come up " -"with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This " -"job usually falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology " -"in inventive ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence " -"Lessig, Future, 89–92, 139." +"See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000). Professor Christensen examines " +"why companies that give rise to and dominate a product area are frequently " +"unable to come up with the most creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their " +"own products. This job usually falls to outside innovators, who reassemble " +"existing technology in inventive ways. For a discussion of Christensen's " +"ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89–92, " +"139. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "se clayton m christensen, nyskapers dilemma: revolusjonerende nasjonale " "bestselgeren som endret mÃ¥ten vi gjør forretninger (new york: " @@ -5668,7 +6082,11 @@ msgstr "" "komme med de mest kreative, paradigmet-skiftende bruksomrÃ¥dene for sine egne " "produkter. denne jobben faller vanligvis til utenfor innovators, som " "reassemble eksisterende teknologi pÃ¥ oppfinnsomme mÃ¥ter. for en diskusjon av " -"Christensens ideer, kan du se lawrence lessig, fremtidige, 89­92, 139." +"Christensens idéer, kan du se lawrence lessig, fremtidige, 89­92, 139." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fanning, Shawn" +msgstr "Fanning, Shawn" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5677,19 +6095,21 @@ msgid "" "every great advance in innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the " "Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), Shawn Fanning " "and crew had simply put together components that had been developed " -"independently." +"independently. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " -"Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " -"Scientist, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures " -"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's Wake-" -"Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at War " -"with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18." +"See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; " +"\"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" <citetitle>New Scientist</citetitle>, 6 July " +"2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures New Financing,\" " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's " +"Wake-Up Call,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 24 June 2000, 23; John " +"Naughton, \"Hollywood at War with the Internet\" (London) <citetitle>Times</" +"citetitle>, 26 July 2002, 18." msgstr "" "se carolyn lochhead, \"silicon valley dream, hollywood mareritt\" san " "francisco chronicle, 24 september 2002, a1; \"rock 'n' roll suicide,\" new " @@ -5716,10 +6136,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " -"(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " -"older have downloaded music off of the Internet and 30 percent have listened " -"to digital music files stored on their computers." +"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " +"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " +"Americans aged twelve and older have downloaded music off of the Internet " +"and 30 percent have listened to digital music files stored on their " +"computers." msgstr "" "se ipsos-innsikt, tempo: Ã¥ holde tritt med online musikk distribusjon " "(september 2002), rapportering som 28 prosent av amerikanere i alderen tolv " @@ -5730,8 +6151,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " -"Times, 6 June 2003, A1." +"Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" "Amy harmon, \"industri tilbyr en gulrot i online musikk kamp,\" new york " "times, 6. juni 2003 a1." @@ -5742,13 +6163,13 @@ msgid "" "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " "estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of " "Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey " -"by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million " -"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these are not " -"kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is being " -"\"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing " -"networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that they hadn't " -"before." +"by the NPD group quoted in <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> " +"estimated that 43 million citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange " +"content in May 2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast " +"majority of these are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive " +"quantity of content is being \"taken\" on these networks. The ease and " +"inexpensiveness of file-sharing networks have inspired millions to enjoy " +"music in a way that they hadn't before." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5770,15 +6191,13 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" -"fil sharers dele ulike typer innhold. Vi kan dele disse ulike slag i fire " -"typer." +"Fildelerne deler ulike typer innhold. Vi kan derel disse ulike typene inn i " +"fire typer." -#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5788,7 +6207,7 @@ msgid "" "takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available " "for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who " "would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " -"of purchasing." +"of purchasing. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe innhold. " "Derfor, nÃ¥r en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe cd, disse brukerne " @@ -5860,15 +6279,20 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten ønsker Ã¥ gi bort." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" -msgstr "hvordan disse ulike typer deling balanse?" +msgstr "Hvordan balanserer disse ulike delingstypene?" -#. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49." -msgstr "se liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien, 148­49." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " +#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " +"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5877,7 +6301,7 @@ msgid "" "economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. " "Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to " -"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise " +"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise " "available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to " "answer—and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric " "around the issue suggests." @@ -5902,17 +6326,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " -"Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " -"industry's effort to stigmatize the budding practice of cassette taping in " -"the 1970s, including an advertising campaign featuring a cassette-shape " -"skull and the caption \"Home taping is killing music.\" At the time digital " -"audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a " -"survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten " -"had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology " -"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, OTA-" -"CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), " -"145–56." +"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " +"Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " +"describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding practice of " +"cassette taping in the 1970s, including an advertising campaign featuring a " +"cassette-shape skull and the caption \"Home taping is killing music.\" At " +"the time digital audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical " +"Assessment conducted a survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of " +"consumers older than ten had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. " +"Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, <citetitle>Copyright and Home " +"Copying: Technology Challenges the Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, " +"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), 145–56." msgstr "" "se cap gemini ernst og unge, teknologiutviklingen og music industriens " "business modell krisen (2003), 3. Denne rapporten beskriver musikkbransjens " @@ -5942,7 +6366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." +msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "amerikanske Kongressen, copyright og hjem kopiering, 4." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5963,8 +6387,9 @@ msgid "" "in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that " "inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, " "the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply " -"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also how harmful type A " -"sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of sharing are." +"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also <emphasis>how</" +"emphasis> harmful type A sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of " +"sharing are." msgstr "" "men nettopp fordi industrien var galt før betyr ikke det er galt i dag. Hvis " "du vil evaluere den virkelige trusselen at p2p fildeling presenterer til " @@ -5983,7 +6408,7 @@ msgid "" "sharing exceeds type B. If the record companies sold more records through " "sampling than they lost through substitution, then sharing networks would " "actually benefit music companies on balance. They would therefore have " -"little static reason to resist them." +"little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them." msgstr "" "Vi begynner Ã¥ svare pÃ¥ dette spørsmÃ¥let ved Ã¥ fokusere pÃ¥ netto skade, fra " "standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net skaden" @@ -6007,21 +6432,22 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #15</ulink>. " -"A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording Industry " -"Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: " -"\"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 " -"percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the " -"United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are " -"down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on " -"U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from " -"a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based " -"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " +"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See " +"Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>Some Facts About Music " +"Piracy</citetitle>, 25 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: \"In the past four years, unit " +"shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion " +"units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the United States (based on units " +"shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are down 14 percent, from $14.6 " +"billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on U.S. dollar value of " +"shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from a $39 billion " +"industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based on U.S. " +"dollar value of shipments).\"" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "Black, Jane" @@ -6029,11 +6455,11 @@ msgstr "Black, Jane" msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</" -"ulink>." +"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13. februar " "2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#17</ulink>." +"#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -6047,10 +6473,10 @@ msgid "" "account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the average " "price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could also " -"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, \"The " -"soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You could " -"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"2\"/>" +"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of <citetitle>BusinessWeek</" +"citetitle> notes, \"The soundtrack to the film <citetitle>High Fidelity</" +"citetitle> has a list price of $18.98. You could get the whole movie [on " +"DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 @@ -6131,7 +6557,7 @@ msgid "" "because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made " "available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the " "publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense " -"to the company to make it available." +"<emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available." msgstr "" #. f16 @@ -6139,12 +6565,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " -"an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, The Quiet " -"Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book Market (2002), available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Used records " -"accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National Association of " -"Recording Merchandisers, \"2002 Annual Survey Results,\" available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." +"an increase of 20 percent since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The " +"Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. " +"Used records accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National " +"Association of Recording Merchandisers, \"2002 Annual Survey Results,\" " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -6154,11 +6580,11 @@ msgid "" "of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the " "content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell " -"this content, even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright " -"owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial " -"entities; their owners make money from the content they sell; but as with " -"cable companies before statutory licensing, they don't have to pay the " -"copyright owner for the content they sell." +"this content, <emphasis>even if the content is still under copyright</" +"emphasis>, the copyright owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record " +"stores are commercial entities; their owners make money from the content " +"they sell; but as with cable companies before statutory licensing, they " +"don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> @@ -6213,14 +6639,14 @@ msgid "" "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " "have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing " "clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, " -"for example, released his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, " -"both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. His (and his " -"publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would be a great " -"advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and " -"then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would " -"be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing " -"networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better " -"off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" +"for example, released his first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. " +"His (and his publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would " +"be a great advertisement for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-" +"line, and then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, " +"they would be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. " +"If sharing networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and society " +"are better off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" msgstr "" "til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling " "oppstÃ¥r—deling av innhold som eiere av opphavsretter vil har delt " @@ -6300,9 +6726,9 @@ msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</ulink>. For an " -"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, All the " -"Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster (New York: Crown " -"Business, 2003), 269–82." +"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, " +"<citetitle>All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster</" +"citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -6409,8 +6835,8 @@ msgid "" "associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new " "technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' " "content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus " -"Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without giving the past " -"(broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." +"Congress chose a path that would assure <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> " +"without giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." msgstr "" "denne sÃ¥rbarheten, som kompromiss som pÃ¥virker poster og spilleren pianoer, " "servert to viktige mÃ¥l—faktisk to sentrale mÃ¥lene noen opphavsrett " @@ -6506,8 +6932,8 @@ msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C." -"D. Cal., 1979)." +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " +"of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." msgstr "" "Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. " "429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." @@ -6550,8 +6976,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " -"Cir. 1981)." +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " +"of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" "Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 659 f. 2d 963 " "(9 cir. 1981)." @@ -6565,9 +6991,9 @@ msgid "" "liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its machines. Under " "the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar technology—which Jack " "Valenti had called \"the Boston Strangler of the American film industry" -"\" (worse yet, it was a Japanese Boston Strangler of the American film " -"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"\" (worse yet, it was a <emphasis>Japanese</emphasis> Boston Strangler of " +"the American film industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 @@ -6586,8 +7012,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " -"(1984)." +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, 431 (1984)." @@ -6616,9 +7042,8 @@ msgstr "" "tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Table" -msgstr "tabell" +msgstr "Tabell" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -6641,19 +7066,16 @@ msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Recordings" -msgstr "innspillinger" +msgstr "Innspillinger" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Composers" -msgstr "komponister" +msgstr "Komponister" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "No protection" -msgstr "ingen beskyttelse" +msgstr "Ingen beskyttelse" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -6661,35 +7083,30 @@ msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "lovbestemte lisens" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Recording artists" -msgstr "artister" +msgstr "Innspillingsartister" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Nothing" -msgstr "ingenting" +msgstr "Ingenting" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Broadcasters" -msgstr "TV-stasjoner" +msgstr "Kringkastere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "VCR" -msgstr "VCR" +msgstr "Videoopptakere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Film creators" -msgstr "filmen skaperne" +msgstr "Filmskapere" -#. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -6698,11 +7115,13 @@ msgid "" "regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress " "imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the " "technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the " -"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U." -"S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the " -"opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, Future, " -"71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,\" University of " -"Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 293–96." +"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. " +"4237, codified at 17 U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not " +"eliminate the opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See " +"Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to " +"the Broadcast Flag,\" <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</" +"citetitle> 70 (2003): 293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "disse er de viktigste forekomstene i vÃ¥r historie, men det finnes andre " "tilfeller ogsÃ¥. teknologi for digital audio tape (dat), for eksempel var " @@ -6727,14 +7146,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " -"riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " -"law should assure that the copyright holder get all the value that his " -"copyright created. In every case, the copyright owners complained of " -"\"piracy.\" In every case, Congress acted to recognize some of the " -"legitimacy in the behavior of the \"pirates.\" In each case, Congress " -"allowed some new technology to benefit from content made before. It balanced " -"the interests at stake." +"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " +"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " +"cases did the courts or Congress insist that the law should assure that the " +"copyright holder get all the value that his copyright created. In every " +"case, the copyright owners complained of \"piracy.\" In every case, Congress " +"acted to recognize some of the legitimacy in the behavior of the \"pirates." +"\" In each case, Congress allowed some new technology to benefit from " +"content made before. It balanced the interests at stake." msgstr "" "Ingen av disse tilfellene enten domstoler eller Kongressen eliminere alle " "gratis ridning. Ingen av disse tilfellene gjorde domstoler eller Kongressen " @@ -6771,7 +7190,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, (1984)." @@ -6784,9 +7204,9 @@ msgid "" "uses of his work.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Instead, the " "particular uses that the law regulates have been defined by balancing the " "good that comes from granting an exclusive right against the burdens such an " -"exclusive right creates. And this balancing has historically been done after " -"a technology has matured, or settled into the mix of technologies that " -"facilitate the distribution of content." +"exclusive right creates. And this balancing has historically been done " +"<emphasis>after</emphasis> a technology has matured, or settled into the mix " +"of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -6821,7 +7241,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " -"Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." +"Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, C3." msgstr "" "John schwartz, \"nye økonomien: angrepet pÃ¥ node-til-node-programvare " "reflekterer forbi innsats,\" new york times, 22 september 2003, c3." @@ -6832,23 +7252,23 @@ msgid "" "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " "efficient in moving content across a widely diverse network. Left to " "develop, they could make the network vastly more efficient. Yet these " -"\"potential public benefits,\" as John Schwartz writes in The New York " -"Times, \"could be delayed in the P2P fight.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Yet when anyone begins to talk about \"balance,\" the copyright " -"warriors raise a different argument. \"All this hand waving about balance " -"and incentives,\" they say, \"misses a fundamental point. Our content,\" the " -"warriors insist, \"is our property. Why should we wait for Congress to " -"`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling the " -"police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress deliberate at " -"all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car thief had a " -"good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" +"\"potential public benefits,\" as John Schwartz writes in <citetitle>The New " +"York Times</citetitle>, \"could be delayed in the P2P fight.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Yet when anyone begins to talk about \"balance," +"\" the copyright warriors raise a different argument. \"All this hand waving " +"about balance and incentives,\" they say, \"misses a fundamental point. Our " +"content,\" the warriors insist, \"is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why " +"should we wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have " +"to wait before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why " +"should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask " +"whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " -"just as any other property is protected.\"" +"\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " +"should be protected just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" "\"det er vÃ¥r eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ " "samme mÃ¥te som en annen egenskap er beskyttet." @@ -6879,13 +7299,14 @@ msgid "" "Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very odd. " "I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your " "backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you " -"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put " -"a picnic table in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying " -"a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" +"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good <emphasis>idea</" +"emphasis> you had to put a picnic table in the backyard—by, for " +"example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting it in my backyard? What " +"is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" "men i vanlig sprÃ¥k, Ã¥ ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt " -"misvisende, for copyright-egenskapen er en odde type bolig. selve ideen om " -"eiendom i noen ide eller et annet uttrykk er faktisk svært ulike. Jeg " +"misvisende, for copyright-egenskapen er en odde type bolig. selve idéen om " +"eiendom i noen idé eller et annet uttrykk er faktisk svært ulike. Jeg " "forstÃ¥r hva jeg tar nÃ¥r jeg tar picnic bord du innlegge din bakgÃ¥rd. Jeg tar " "en ting, picnic bord, og etter at jeg tar det, du har ikke det. men hva jeg " "ta nÃ¥r jeg tar god idé du mÃ¥tte sette en picnic bord i bakgÃ¥rden—av, " @@ -6896,9 +7317,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " -"Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " -"Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." +"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " +"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. " +"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." msgstr "" "brev fra thomas jefferson til isaac mcpherson (13 august 1813) i skrifter av " "thomas jefferson, vol. 6 (andrew a. lipscomb og albert ellery bergh, Red., " @@ -6927,9 +7348,9 @@ msgid "" "here. Here the law says you can't take my idea or expression without my " "permission: The law turns the intangible into property." msgstr "" -"unntakene til fri bruk er ideer og uttrykk innenfor rekkevidden av loven om " +"unntakene til fri bruk er idéer og uttrykk innenfor rekkevidden av loven om " "patent og opphavsrett, og noen andre domener som jeg ikke diskutere her. Her " -"loven sier du ikke kan ta min ide eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven " +"loven sier du ikke kan ta min idé eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven " "blir immaterielle eiendom." #. f2 @@ -6941,8 +7362,8 @@ msgid "" "against the world to do or not do certain things that may or may not attach " "to a physical object. The right itself is intangible, even if the object to " "which it is (metaphorically) attached is tangible. See Adam Mossoff, \"What " -"Is Property? Putting the Pieces Back Together,\" Arizona Law Review 45 " -"(2003): 373, 429 n. 241." +"Is Property? Putting the Pieces Back Together,\" <citetitle>Arizona Law " +"Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." msgstr "" "som de juridiske realistene lærte amerikansk lov, er alle " "eiendomsrettigheter immaterielle. egenskapen rett er ganske enkelt en " @@ -6972,9 +7393,9 @@ msgid "" "from the implications that the copyright warriors would have us draw." msgstr "" "min strategi for Ã¥ gjøre dette vil være det samme som min strategi i den " -"foregÃ¥ende delen. Jeg tilbyr fire historier Ã¥ hjelpe sette ideen om " +"foregÃ¥ende delen. Jeg tilbyr fire historier Ã¥ hjelpe sette idéen om " "\"copyright-beskyttet materiale er egenskapen\" i sammenheng. hvor gikk " -"ideen kommer fra? Hva er sine grenser? Hvordan fungerer det i praksis? NÃ¥r " +"idéen kommer fra? Hva er sine grenser? Hvordan fungerer det i praksis? NÃ¥r " "disse historiene, betydningen av dette sant setningen—\"copyright-" "beskyttet materiale er egenskapen\"—blir litt klarere og dens " "implikasjoner vil bli avslørt som ganske forskjellig fra implikasjonene at " @@ -6985,81 +7406,144 @@ msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "Kapittel seks: Grunnleggerne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " -"published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " -"written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and the plays that " -"he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever since. So " -"deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into our culture " -"that we often don't even recognize their source. I once overheard someone " -"commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: \"I liked it, but " -"Shakespeare is so full of clichés.\"" -msgstr "" -"William shakespeare skrev romeo og Julie i 1595. Skuespillet ble først " -"utgitt i 1597. Det var ellevte store spill at shakespeare hadde skrevet. han " -"ville fortsette Ã¥ skrive skuespill gjennom 1613, og spiller som skrev han " -"har fortsatt Ã¥ definere angloamerikanske kultur siden. sÃ¥ dypt har verk av " -"1500-tallet forfatter seeped inn i vÃ¥r kultur at vi ofte ikke engang kjenner " -"kilden. Jeg overheard en gang noen kommentere kenneth branagh tilpasning av " -"henry v: \"Jeg likte det, men shakespeare er sÃ¥ full av clichés.\"" +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " +#| "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " +#| "written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and the plays " +#| "that he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever since. " +#| "So deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into our " +#| "culture that we often don't even recognize their source. I once " +#| "overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: " +#| "\"I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.\"" +msgid "" +"William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. " +"The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that " +"Shakespeare had written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and " +"the plays that he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever " +"since. So deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into " +"our culture that we often don't even recognize their source. I once " +"overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: \"I " +"liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.\"" +msgstr "" +"William Shakespeare skrev \"Romeo og Julie\" i 1595. Skuespillet ble først " +"utgitt i 1597. Det var det ellevte store skuespillet Shakespeare hadde " +"skrevet. Han fortsatte Ã¥ skrive skuespill helt til 1613, og stykkene han " +"skrevhar fortsatt Ã¥ definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. SÃ¥ dypt har " +"verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vÃ¥r kultur at vi ofte ikke " +"engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere Kenneth " +"Branaghs utgave av Henry V: \"Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ full av " +"klisjeer.\"" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " +#| "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " +#| "handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to Romeo " +#| "and Juliet, he published an astonishing array of works that still remain " +#| "at the heart of the English canon, including collected works of " +#| "Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, " +#| "\"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " -"handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to Romeo and " -"Juliet, he published an astonishing array of works that still remain at the " -"heart of the English canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben " -"Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, " -"Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31." -msgstr "" -"Jacob tonson er vanligvis husket for hans assosiasjoner med fremtredende " -"1700-tallet litterære figurer, spesielt john dryden, og for hans kjekk " -"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, utga " -"en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den engelske " -"canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john milton, og " -"john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob tonson, bokhandel," -"\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 424­31." +"handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to " +"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an astonishing array " +"of works that still remain at the heart of the English canon, including " +"collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. " +"See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" <citetitle>American Scholar</" +"citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31." +msgstr "" +"Jacob Tonson er vanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-tallets litterære " +"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke\"ferdige versjoner\" av " +"klassiske verk. I tillegg til Romeo og Julie, utga han en utrolig rekke " +"liste av verk som ennÃ¥ er hjertet av den engelske kanon, inkludert de " +"samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og John Dryden. Se " +"Keith Walker: \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" American Scholar 61:3 (1992): " +"424-­31." #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " +#| "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." msgid "" +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." +msgstr "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." -msgstr "" -"Lyman rokke patterson, copyright i historisk perspektiv (nashville: " -"vanderbilt university press, 1968), 151­52." #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-" -"right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right of " -"a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called " -"the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled " -"bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a " -"perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired from " -"authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish copies of " -"a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus " -"kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-" +#| "right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right " +#| "of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +#| "id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers " +#| "called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled " +#| "bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed " +#| "a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired " +#| "from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish " +#| "copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the " +#| "classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper " +#| "editions was eliminated." +msgid "" +"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " +"written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " +"exclusive right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of " +"publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who " +"controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger " +"claimed a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had " +"acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could " +"publish copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the " +"classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper " +"editions was eliminated." +msgstr "" +"I 1774, nesten 180 Ã¥r etter at Romeo og Julie ble skrevet, mente mange at " +"\"opphavsretten\" kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i London, John Tonson. " +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson var den mest fremstÃ¥ende av " +"en liten gruppe utgivere kalt \"the Conger\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. " +"The Conger hevdet at de hadde en evigvarende rett over \"kopier\" av bøker " +"de hadde fÃ¥tt av forfatterne. Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen " +"andre kunne publisere kopier av disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske " +"bøker holdt oppe; alle konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, " +"ble fjernet." -#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " +#| "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." -msgstr "" -"som siva vaidhyanathan hevder pent, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette en " -"\"copyright lov.\" se vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 40." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Som Siva Vaidhyanathan sÃ¥ pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette " +"en \"opphavsrettslov.\" Se Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " +#| "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " +#| "copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament adopted the first " +#| "\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all " +#| "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable " +#| "once if the author was alive, and that all works already published by " +#| "1710 would get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder " +#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have " +#| "been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under " +#| "Tonson's control in 1774?" msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7068,13 +7552,21 @@ msgid "" "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once " "if the author was alive, and that all works already published by 1710 would " "get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in " -"1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control " -"in 1774?" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> should " +"have been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being " +"under Tonson's control in 1774?" msgstr "" +"Men altsÃ¥, det er noe spennende med Ã¥ret 1774 for alle som vet litt om " +"opphavsretts-lovgivning. Det mest kjente Ã¥ret for opphavsrett er 1710, da " +"det britiske parlamentet vedtok den første loven. Denne loven er kjent som " +"\"Statute of Anne\" og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i " +"fjorten Ã¥r, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom forfatteren ennÃ¥ " +"levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha en ekstraperiode " +"pÃ¥ 22 tillegsÃ¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥ grunn av denne " +"loven, sÃ¥ skulle \"Rome og Julie\" ha falt i det fri i 1731. Hvordan kunne " +"da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -7085,41 +7577,53 @@ msgid "" "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an " "exclusive right to print books." msgstr "" -"Ã¥rsaken er at engelske ikke hadde ennÃ¥ avtalt pÃ¥ hva \"copyright\" ingen " -"var—faktisk hadde. pÃ¥ tiden engelske passert Vedtektene for anne, var " -"det ingen andre lovgivning om opphavsrett. siste loven som regulerer " -"utgivere, hadde lisensiering loven av 1662, utløpt i 1695. at loven ga " -"utgivere monopol over publisering, som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gjøre det enklere for " -"kronen til Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. men etter at det har utløpt, var " -"det ingen positiv lov som sa at det hadde en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut " -"bøker i utgivere, eller \"stationers\"." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " -"Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " -"the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern how people are to " -"behave. We call the words from legislatures \"positive law.\" We call the " -"words from judges \"common law.\" The common law sets the background against " -"which legislatures legislate; the legislature, ordinarily, can trump that " -"background only if it passes a law to displace it. And so the real question " -"after the licensing statutes had expired was whether the common law " -"protected a copyright, independent of any positive law." -msgstr "" -"var det ingen positiv lov, men det betyr ikke at det var ingen lov. den " -"anglo-amerikanske juridiske tradisjonen ser til begge ordene av legislatures " -"og ord dommere kjenne reglene som styrer hvordan folk er Ã¥ oppføre seg. Vi " -"kaller ordene fra legislatures \"positiv lov.\" vi kaller ordene fra " -"dommerne \"sedvanerett.\" felles lov angir bakgrunnen som vedta legislatures " -"lovgivning; legislature, vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare hvis det " -"gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ forskyve den. og sÃ¥ var det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let " -"etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, " -"uavhengig av lovverket positiv." +"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva " +"opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " +"engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om " +"opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " +"av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " +"noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " +"etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde " +"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. " +#| "The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of " +#| "legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern " +#| "how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures \"positive " +#| "law.\" We call the words from judges \"common law.\" The common law sets " +#| "the background against which legislatures legislate; the legislature, " +#| "ordinarily, can trump that background only if it passes a law to displace " +#| "it. And so the real question after the licensing statutes had expired was " +#| "whether the common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive " +#| "law." +msgid "" +"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " +"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " +"of legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern " +"how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures \"positive law." +"\" We call the words from judges \"common law.\" The common law sets the " +"background against which legislatures legislate; the legislature, " +"ordinarily, can trump that background only if it passes a law to displace " +"it. And so the real question after the licensing statutes had expired was " +"whether the common law protected a copyright, independent of any positive " +"law." +msgstr "" +"At det ikke fantes noen positiv lov, betydde ikke at det ikke fantes noen " +"lov. Den anglo-amerikanske juridiske tradisjon ser bÃ¥de til lover skapt av " +"politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover (prejudikater) skapt av " +"domstolene for Ã¥ bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. Vi kaller politikernes " +"lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra dommerne sedvanerett.\"Common " +"law\" angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, " +"vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare hvis det gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ " +"forskyve den. Og sÃ¥ var det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let etter lisensiering lover " +"hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket " +"positiv." #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. " @@ -7129,15 +7633,15 @@ msgid "" "control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of " "Anne." msgstr "" -"Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig til utgivere eller \"bokhandlere,\" som de ble " -"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurransen fra utenlandske utgivere. Skottland, " -"spesielt var stadig publisering og eksporterer bøker til england. at " -"konkurransen redusert fortjeneste av conger, som reagert av krevende at " -"parlamentet pass en lov til Ã¥ igjen gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over " -"publisering. som krever til slutt resulterte i Vedtektene for anne." +"Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig for utgiverne eller \"bokselgere,\" som de ble " +"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, Særlig fra " +"Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England hadde økt " +"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til \"The Conger\", som " +"derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov for Ã¥ gi dem " +"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i \"Statute of " +"Anne\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -7146,61 +7650,86 @@ msgid "" "work would then be free and could be published by anyone. Or so the " "legislature is thought to have believed." msgstr "" -"Vedtektene for anne gitt forfatteren eller \"eierskap\" av en bok, en " -"eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut denne boken. i en viktig begrensning, " -"imidlertid, og til forferdelse av bokhandlere, ga loven den lokale " -"Bokhandleren at høyre for en begrenset periode. pÃ¥ slutten av dette ordet, " -"copyright \"utløpt\", og arbeidet vil da være gratis, og kan bli publisert " -"av alle. eller sÃ¥ legislature antas Ã¥ ha trodd." +"\"Statute of Anne\" ga forfatteren eller \"eieren\" av en bok en eksklusiv " +"rett til Ã¥ publisere denne boken. Men det var, til bokhandernes forferdelse " +"en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne retten skulle vare. Etter " +"dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av " +"hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne hadde tenkt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " +#| "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " +#| "limit they set, but why would they limit the right at all?" msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " -"limit they set, but why would they limit the right at all?" -msgstr "" -"nÃ¥, tingen Ã¥ puzzle om et øyeblikk er dette: Hvorfor ville parlamentet " -"begrense eneretten? ikke hvorfor ville de begrenser den til den bestemte " -"limit de satt, men hvorfor ville begrense retten til alle?" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"limit they set, but why would they limit the right <emphasis>at all?</" +"emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥ det mest interessante med dette: Hvorfor ville parlamentet begrense " +"trykkeretten? SprøsmÃ¥let er ikke hvorfor de bestemte seg for denne perioden, " +"men hvorfor ville de begrense den i det hele tatt?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " +#| "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written " +#| "by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into the world. He " +#| "didn't take anybody's property when he created this play (that's a " +#| "controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating this play, he " +#| "didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So why is it that " +#| "the law would ever allow someone else to come along and take " +#| "Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What reason " +#| "is there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " -"strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " -"Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into the world. He didn't " -"take anybody's property when he created this play (that's a controversial " -"claim, but never mind), and by his creating this play, he didn't make it any " -"harder for others to craft a play. So why is it that the law would ever " -"allow someone else to come along and take Shakespeare's play without his, or " -"his estate's, permission? What reason is there to allow someone else to " -"\"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" -msgstr "" -"for bokhandlerne, og forfattere som de representerte, hadde et veldig sterk " -"krav. ta romeo og Julie som et eksempel: som spill ble skrevet av " -"shakespeare. Det var hans geni som brakte den til verden. Han gjorde ikke ta " -"noen egenskapen nÃ¥r han opprettet dette spillet (det er en kontroversielle " -"pÃ¥standen, men aldri tankene), og hans oppretter denne spill, han ikke gjør " -"det noe vanskeligere for andre til Ã¥ lage et spill. sÃ¥ hvorfor er det at " -"loven noensinne ville tillate noen annet Ã¥ komme sammen og ta Shakespeares " -"uten hans, eller hans eiendom, tillatelse? Hva grunn er der for Ã¥ tillate at " -"noen andre \"stjele\" Shakespeares arbeid?" +"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " +"That play was written by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into " +"the world. He didn't take anybody's property when he created this play " +"(that's a controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating this " +"play, he didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So why is it " +"that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and take " +"Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What reason is " +"there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" +msgstr "" +"Bokhandlerne, og forfatterne som de representerte, hadde et veldig sterkt " +"krav. Ta romeo og Julie som et eksempel: Skuespillet ble skrevet av " +"Shakespeare. Det var hans kreativitet som brakte det til verden. Han krenket " +"ikke noens rett da han skrev dette verket (det er en kontroversiell " +"pÃ¥standen, men det er urelevant), og med sin egen rett skapte han verket, " +"han gjorde det ikke noe vanskeligere for andre til Ã¥ lage skuespill. SÃ¥ " +"hvorfor skulle loven tillate at noen annen kunne komme og ta Shakespeares " +"verkuten hans, eller hans arvingers, tillatelse? Hvilke grunner finnes for Ã¥ " +"tillate at noen \"stjeler\" Shakespeares verk?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. " "Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\"" msgstr "" -"svaret kommer i to deler. Først mÃ¥ vi se noe spesielt med oppfatningen av " -"\"copyright\" som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet for Vedtektene for anne. andre, har " -"vi Ã¥ se noe viktig om \"bokhandlere.\"" +"Svaret er todel. Først mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med oppfatningen av " +"opphavsrett som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet da \"Statute of Anne\" ble vedtatt. " +"Deretter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med bokhandlerne." #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " +#| "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it " +#| "wasn't so much a concept as it was a very particular right. The copyright " +#| "was born as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others from " +#| "reprinting a book. In 1710, the \"copy-right\" was a right to use a " +#| "particular machine to replicate a particular work. It did not go beyond " +#| "that very narrow right. It did not control any more generally how a work " +#| "could be used. Today the right includes a large collection of " +#| "restrictions on the freedom of others: It grants the author the exclusive " +#| "right to copy, the exclusive right to distribute, the exclusive right to " +#| "perform, and so on." msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -7208,24 +7737,23 @@ msgid "" "as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others from reprinting a " "book. In 1710, the \"copy-right\" was a right to use a particular machine to " "replicate a particular work. It did not go beyond that very narrow right. It " -"did not control any more generally how a work could be used. Today the right " -"includes a large collection of restrictions on the freedom of others: It " -"grants the author the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to " -"distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on." +"did not control any more generally how a work could be <emphasis>used</" +"emphasis>. Today the right includes a large collection of restrictions on " +"the freedom of others: It grants the author the exclusive right to copy, the " +"exclusive right to distribute, the exclusive right to perform, and so on." msgstr "" -"først om opphavsrett. i de siste tre hundre Ã¥rene, har vi kommet til Ã¥ bruke " -"begrepet \"copyright\" stadig mer forstand. men i 1710, det var ikke sÃ¥ mye " -"et konsept som det var en meget bestemt høyre. opphavsretten ble født som en " -"svært spesifikke sett med begrensninger: det forbød andre fra ettertrykk en " -"bok. i 1710 var \"kopi-rett\" en rett til Ã¥ bruke en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ " -"replikere en bestemt arbeid. det ikke gÃ¥ utover det svært smale riktig. det " -"ikke kontrollere mer generelt hvordan et arbeid kan brukes. i dag høyre " -"inkluderer en stor samling av restriksjoner pÃ¥ andres: det gir forfatteren " -"til eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, " -"eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ utføre, og sÃ¥ videre." +"Først om opphavsretten. I de siste tre hundre Ã¥r har vi kommet til Ã¥ bruke " +"begrepet \"copyright\" i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke sÃ¥ " +"mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble født som et " +"svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre Ã¥ reprodusere en " +"bok. I 1710 var \"kopi-rett\" en rett til Ã¥ bruke en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ " +"replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover dette svært smale " +"formÃ¥let. Denkontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne brukes. " +"Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av restriksjoner pÃ¥ andres frihet: " +"den gir forfatteren eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"distribuere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ fremføre, og sÃ¥ videre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7236,17 +7764,15 @@ msgid "" "right\" was only an exclusive right to print—no less, of course, but " "also no more." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥, for eksempel, selv om opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var " -"evigvarende, alle som ville ha betydd under den opprinnelige betydningen av " -"begrepet var at ingen kan skrive Shakespeares arbeid uten tillatelse fra " -"shakespeare-eiendom. det ville ikke ha kontrollert noe, for eksempel om " -"hvordan arbeidet kan utføres, om arbeidet kunne oversettes eller om kenneth " -"branagh ville være tillatt Ã¥ gjøre hans filmer. \"kopi-rett\" var bare en " -"eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ skrive ut—ikke desto mindre, selvfølgelig, men " -"ogsÃ¥ ikke mer." +"SÃ¥ selv om f. eks. opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var evigvarende, " +"betydde det under den opprinnelige betydningen av begrepet at ingen kunne " +"trykke Shakespeares arbeid uten tillatelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den " +"ville ikke ha kontrollert noe mer, for eksempel om hvordan verket kunne " +"fremføres, om verket kunne oversettes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville hatt " +"lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. \"Kopi-retten\" var bare en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -7259,19 +7785,18 @@ msgid "" "patents for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with " "the growing monopoly in publishing." msgstr "" -"selv det begrensede riktig ble sett med skepsis av britene. de hadde hatt en " -"lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett\" " -"gitt av kronen. engelske hadde kjempet en borgerkrig delvis om kronens " -"praksisen med Ã¥ levere ut monopoler—spesielt monopoler for arbeider " -"som allerede fantes. Kong Henrik viii gitt et patent til Ã¥ skrive ut Bibelen " -"og en monopol til darcy til Ã¥ skrive ut spillkort. det engelske parlamentet " -"begynte Ã¥ kjempe tilbake mot denne kraften i kronen. i 1656 gikk Vedtektene " -"for monopoler, Ã¥ begrense monopoler patenter for nye oppfinnelser. og ved " -"1710, parlamentet var ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende monopolet i " -"publisering." +"Selv dnne begrensede retten ble møtt med skepsis av britene. De hadde hatt " +"en lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett" +"\" gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot " +"kronens praksis med Ã¥ dele ut monopoler--spesielt monopoler for verk som " +"allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde gitt patent til Ã¥ trykke Bibelen " +"og monopol til Darcy for Ã¥ lage spillkort. Det engelske parlamentet begynte " +"Ã¥ kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble \"Statute of " +"Monopolis\" vedtatt for Ã¥ begrense monopolene pÃ¥ patenter for nye " +"oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende " +"monopolet pÃ¥ publisering." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -7281,23 +7806,25 @@ msgid "" "society. The British saw the harms from specialinterest favors; they passed " "a law to stop them." msgstr "" -"Dermed ble \"kopi-rett,\" nÃ¥r de vises som et monopol høyre, naturligvis " -"sett pÃ¥ som en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (men overbevisende " -"pÃ¥standen om at \"det er min eiendom, og jeg skulle ha det evig,\" prøve lød " -"overbevisende nÃ¥r ytre, \"det er min monopol, og jeg skulle ha det evig.\") " -"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ lenge det dratt av samfunnet. " -"britene sÃ¥ skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har vedtatt en lov " -"for Ã¥ stoppe dem." +"Dermed ble \"kopi-retten\", nÃ¥r den sees pÃ¥ som en monopolrett, en rettighet " +"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende pÃ¥standen om at \"det er " +"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,\" prøv hvor overbevisende det er nÃ¥r " +"men sier \"det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.\") Staten " +"ville beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene sÃ¥ " +"skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " +#| "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgid "" +"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " +"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." +msgstr "" "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." -msgstr "" -"Philip wittenberg, beskyttelse og markedsføring av litterære egenskapen (new " -"york: j. messner, inc., 1937), 31." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7312,9 +7839,18 @@ msgid "" "who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to which learning is " "indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Dernest, om bokhandlerne. Det var ikke bare at kopiretten var et monopol. " +"Det var ogsÃ¥ et monopol holdt av bokhandlerne. En bokhandler høres greie og " +"ufarlige ut for oss, men slik var det ikke i syttenhundretallets England. " +"Medlemmene i \"the Conger\" ble av en voksende mengde sett pÃ¥ som " +"monopolister av verste sort - et verktøy for kronens undertrykkelse, de " +"solgte Englands frihet mot Ã¥ være garantert en monopolskinntekt. Men " +"monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som \"gamle " +"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten\"; de var \"menn som " +"derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig." +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7322,14 +7858,13 @@ msgid "" "idea that knowledge should be free was a hallmark of the time, and these " "powerful commercial interests were interfering with that idea." msgstr "" -"mange trodde makt bokhandlerne utøves over spredning av kunnskap var skade " -"som spres, bare pÃ¥ tidspunktet opplysning var lærer betydningen av utdanning " -"og kunnskap spre generelt. ideen at kunnskap bør være gratis var et " -"kjennetegn pÃ¥ tiden, og disse kraftige kommersielle interesser var " -"forstyrrer at ideen." +"Mange trodde at den makten bokhandlerne utøvde over spredning av kunnskap, " +"var til skade for selve spredningen, men pÃ¥ dette tidspunktet viste " +"Opplysningen viktigheten av utdannelse og kunnskap for alle. idéen om at " +"kunnskap burde være gratis er et kjennetegn for tiden, og disse kraftige " +"kommersielle interesser forstyrret denne idéen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7341,17 +7876,16 @@ msgid "" "competition among publishers, and thus the construction and spread of " "culture." msgstr "" -"for Ã¥ balansere denne kraften, Riksdag besluttet Ã¥ øke konkurransen blant " -"bokhandlere, og den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ gjøre det var Ã¥ spre rikdom av " -"verdifulle bøker. parlamentet derfor begrenset begrepet av opphavsretten, og " -"garantert dermed at verdifulle bøker skulle bli Ã¥pen for noen utgiver Ã¥ " -"publisere etter en begrenset tid. innstillingen av begrepet for eksisterende " -"arbeider til bare tjueen Ã¥r ble dermed et kompromiss Ã¥ kjempe kraften i " -"bokhandlerne. begrensning av vilkÃ¥rene var en indirekte mÃ¥te Ã¥ forsikre " -"konkurranse mellom utgivere, og dermed konstruksjon og spredning av kultur." +"For Ã¥ balansere denne makten, besluttet Parlamentet Ã¥ øke konkurransen blant " +"bokhandlerne, og den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ gjøre det pÃ¥, var Ã¥ spre mengden av " +"verdifulle bøker. Parlamentet begrenset derfor begrepet om opphavsrett, og " +"garantert slik at verdifulle bøker ville bli frie for alle utgiver Ã¥ " +"publisere etter en begrenset periode. Slik ble det Ã¥ gi eksisterende verk en " +"periode pÃ¥ tjueen Ã¥r et kompromiss for Ã¥ bekjempe bokhandlernes makt. " +"Begrensninger med dato var en indirekte mÃ¥te Ã¥ skape konkurranse mellom " +"utgivere, og slik en skapelse og spredning av kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7361,40 +7895,48 @@ msgid "" "extend their terms. Twenty-one years was not enough, they said; they needed " "more time." msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r 1731 (1710-21) kom, men fÃ¥r bokhandlerne engstelig. de sÃ¥ konsekvensene " -"av mer konkurranse, og som hver konkurrent, de liker ikke dem. pÃ¥ første " -"bokhandlere ganske enkelt ignorert Vedtektene for anne, fortsetter Ã¥ " -"insistere pÃ¥ evigvarende rett til Ã¥ kontrollere publikasjonen. men i 1735 og " -"1737, de prøvde Ã¥ overbevise parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide sine vilkÃ¥r. tjueen Ã¥r " -"var ikke nok, de sa; de trengte mer tid." +"NÃ¥r 1731 (1710+21) kom, ble bokhandlerne engstelige. De sÃ¥ konsekvensene av " +"mer konkurranse, og som alle konkurrenter, likte de det ikke. Først " +"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt \"Statute of Anne\", og fortsatte Ã¥ " +"kreve en evigvarende rett til Ã¥ kontrollere publiseringen. Men i 1735 og " +"1737 de prøvde Ã¥ tvinge Parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide periodene. Tjueen Ã¥r var " +"ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," msgstr "" -"parlamentet avviste forespørsler. som en pamphleteer sa, i ord som echo i " -"dag," +"Parlamentet avslo kravene, Som en pamflett sa, i en vending som levere ennÃ¥ " +"idag," #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in " +#| "the House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year " +#| "of the Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of " +#| "Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or " +#| "Purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, " +#| "1735), in Brief Amici Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, Eldred v. " +#| "Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " "Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by " "Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such " "Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici " +"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." +msgstr "" +"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " +"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " +"Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by " +"Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such " +"Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici " "Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) " "(No. 01-618)." -msgstr "" -"et brev til medlem av parlamentet om bill nÃ¥ avhengig i house of commons, " -"for Ã¥ gjøre mer vid en handling i den Ã¥ttende Ã¥r av regimet til dronning " -"anne, rett, en handling for oppmuntring av læring, ved Ã¥ samle kopier av " -"skrives ut bøker i forfatterne eller kjøpere av slike Kopier, under tidene " -"nevnt der (london1735), kort gikk curiae av tyler t. ochoa et al., 8, eldred " -"v. ashcroft, 537 amerikanske 186 (2003) (nr 01-618)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -7406,9 +7948,14 @@ msgid "" "Authors, but a general Tax on the Publick; and all this only to increase the " "private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Jeg ser ingen grunn til Ã¥ gi en utvidet perioden nÃ¥ som ikke ville kunne gi " +"utvidelser om igjen og om igjen, sÃ¥ fort de gamle utgÃ¥r; sÃ¥ dersom dette " +"lovforslaget blir vedtatt, vil effekten være: at et evig monopol blir skapt, " +"et stort nederlag for handelen, et angrep mot kunnskapen, ingen fordel for " +"forfatterne, men en stor avgift for folket; og alt dette kun for Ã¥ øke " +"bokhandlernes personlige rikdom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7423,29 +7970,33 @@ msgid "" "its Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only " "way to protect authors." msgstr "" -"Ã¥ ha mislyktes i parlamentet, slÃ¥tt utgivere til domstolene i en rekke " -"tilfeller. deres argument var enkel og direkte: Vedtektene for anne ga " -"forfattere visse beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men disse beskyttelse " -"var ikke ment som erstatning for felles lov. i stedet, de var ment Ã¥ " -"supplere felles lov. under sedvanerett var det allerede galt Ã¥ ta en annen " -"persons kreative \"property\" og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. Vedtektene " -"for anne, bokhandlere hevdet, endre ikke det. derfor bare fordi beskyttelse " -"av Vedtektene for anne utløpt, det betyr ikke at beskyttelse av felles lov " -"utløpt: under felles lov de hadde rett til Ã¥ forby utgivelsen av en bok, " -"selv om sine Vedtektene for anne copyright hadde gÃ¥tt ut. Dette, de hevdet, " -"var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfattere." +"Etter Ã¥ ha mislyktes i Parlamentet gikk utgiverne til rettssalen i en rekke " +"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: \"Statute of Anne\" ga " +"forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne " +"beskyttelsenvar ikke ment som en erstatning for felles lov. Istedet var de " +"ment Ã¥ supplere felles lov. Ifølge sedvanerett var det galt Ã¥ ta en annen " +"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. \"Statute of Anne" +"\", hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor betydde ikke det at " +"beskyttelsen gitt av \"Statute of Anne\" utløp, at beskyttelsen fra " +"sedvaneretten utløp: Ifølge sedvaneretten hadde de rett til Ã¥ fordømme " +"publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om \"Statute of Anne\" sa at de var " +"falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." -#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " +#| "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " +#| "Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " -"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " +"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " +"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig bruk\" " -"vanderbilt lov gÃ¥ gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk overbevisende-" -"konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 37­48." +"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " +"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For en fantastisk overbevisende fortelling, se " +"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7457,16 +8008,25 @@ msgid "" "for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the " "author's work gave." msgstr "" +"Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende " +"jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som " +"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne ... like bekymret " +"for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes rettigheter. " +"Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk ga." #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " +#| "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgid "" +"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " +"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." +msgstr "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." -msgstr "" -"Hvis en overbevisende-konto, kan du se david saunders, forfatterskap og " -"opphavsrett (london: routledge, 1992), 62­69." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7474,22 +8034,31 @@ msgid "" "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Men bokhandlernes argument ble ikke godtatt uten kamp. Helten fra denne " +"kampen var den skotske bokselgeren Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, " +#| "1993), 92." msgid "" -"Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " -"92." +"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " +"University Press, 1993), 92." msgstr "" -"merke rose, forfattere og eiere (cambridge: harvard university press, 1993), " +"Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " "92." #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 93." -msgstr "ibid., 93." +msgstr "Ibid., 93." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Erskine, Andrew" +msgstr "Erskine, Andrew" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7501,18 +8070,29 @@ msgid "" "Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young " "James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an " "anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons \"the Conger\". Han startet in karriere " +"i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av standardverk " +"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge \"Statute of Anne\".<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble \"et sentrum for " +"litterære skotter.\" \"Blant dem,\" skriver professor Mark Rose, var \"den " +"unge James Boswell som, sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en " +"hel antologi av skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " +#| "Borwell)." msgid "" +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." +msgstr "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " "Borwell)." -msgstr "" -"Lyman rokke patterson, copyright i historisk perspektiv, 167 (sitere " -"borwell)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7524,29 +8104,45 @@ msgid "" "rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of Anne, " "the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" +"Da Londons bokselgere prøvde Ã¥ fÃ¥ stengt Donaldsons butikk i Skottland, sÃ¥ " +"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av \"de mest " +"populære, engelske bøker, i kamp mot sedvanerettens rett til litterær " +"eiendom.\" <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var mellom " +"30% og 50% billigere enn \"the Conger\"s, og han baserte sin rett til denne " +"konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være \"Statute of Anne\", var falt i det " +"fri." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " +#| "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " +#| "the most important early victory being Millar v. Taylor." msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " -"the most important early victory being Millar v. Taylor." +"the most important early victory being <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." msgstr "" -"london bokhandlerne brakt raskt dress Ã¥ blokkere \"piratkopiering\" som " -"donaldson's. en rekke handlinger var vellykket mot \"pirates,\" den " -"viktigste tidlige seieren blir millar v. taylor." +"Londons bokselgere begynte straks Ã¥ slÃ¥ ned mot \"pirater\" som Donaldson. " +"Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren i kampen " +"mellom Millar og Taylor." #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " +#| "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " +#| "1152." msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</" +"citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." +msgstr "" +"Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " "1152." -msgstr "" -"Howard b. abrams, \"historiske grunnlaget for amerikansk lov om opphavsrett: " -"eksploderende myten om sedvanerett opphavsrett,\" wayne lov gÃ¥ gjennom 29 " -"(1983): 1152." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7557,9 +8153,14 @@ msgid "" "volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the Statute of " "Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Millar var en bokhandler som i 1729 hadde kjøpt opp rettighetene til James " +"Thomsons dikt \"The Seasons\". Millar hadde da full beskyttelse gjennom " +"\"Statute of Anne\", men etter at denne beskyttelsen var uløpt, begynte " +"Robert Taylor Ã¥ trykke et konkurrerende bind. Millar gikk til sak, og hevdet " +"han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva \"Statute of Anne" +"\" sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7570,18 +8171,17 @@ msgid "" "permission. That common law rule thus effectively gave the booksellers a " "perpetual right to control the publication of any book assigned to them." msgstr "" -"astonishingly til moderne advokater avtalt en av de største dommerne i " -"engelsk historie, Herren mansfield, med bokhandlerne. Uansett beskyttelse " -"Vedtektene for anne ga bokhandlere, det ikke, han holdt, Slukk sedvanerett " -"rett. spørsmÃ¥let var om felles lov ville beskytte forfatteren mot " -"etterfølgende \"pirater.\" mansfield svaret var Ja: felles lov ville stolpe " -"taylor fra ettertrykk thomson's diktet uten millar's tillatelse. som regel " -"sedvanerett dermed ga effektivt bokhandlerne evigvarende rett til Ã¥ " -"kontrollere publiseringen av noen bok som er tilordnet." +"Til moderne juristers forbløffelse, var en av, ikke bare datidens, men en av " +"de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enig med " +"bokhandlerne. Uansett hvilken beskyttelse \"Statute of Anne\" gav " +"bokhandlerne, sÃ¥ sa han at den ikke fortrengte noe fra sedvaneretten. " +"SpørsmÃ¥let var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot pirater. " +"Mansfield svar var ja: Sedvaneretten nektet Taylor Ã¥ reprodusere Thomsons " +"dikt uten Millars tillatelse. Slik gav sedvaneretten bokselgerne en evig " +"publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem." #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—" @@ -7594,25 +8194,23 @@ msgid "" "Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to " "the free culture that we inherited." msgstr "" -"regnet som et spørsmÃ¥l om abstrakt rettferdighet—resonnement som om " -"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmÃ¥l om logiske fradrag fra første " -"prinsipper—mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den " -"ignorert var større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan " -"man best kan begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var Ã¥ " -"tilby en frist for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til Ã¥ kjøpe fred i " -"1710, men kort nok til Ã¥ sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen " -"innen en rimelig tidsperiode. innen tjueen Ã¥r, parlamentet trodd, " -"Storbritannia ville modne fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til " -"gratis kultur som vi har arvet." +"Ser man pÃ¥ det som et spørsmÃ¥l innen abstrakt jus - dersom man resonnere som " +"om rettferdighet bare var logisk deduksjon fra de første bud - kunne " +"Mansfields konklusjon gitt mening. Men den oversÃ¥ det Parlamentet hadde " +"kjempet for i 1710: Hvordan man pÃ¥ best mulig vis kunne innskrenke " +"utgivernes monopolmakt. Parlamentets strategi hadde vært Ã¥ kjøpe fred " +"gjennom Ã¥ tilby en beskyttelsesperiode ogsÃ¥ for eksisterende verk, men " +"perioden mÃ¥tte være sÃ¥ kort at kulturen ble utsatt for konkurranse innen " +"rimelig tid. Storbritannia skulle vokse fra den kontrollerte kulturen under " +"kronen, inn i en fri og Ã¥pen kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" -"kampen for Ã¥ forsvare grensene for Vedtektene for anne var ikke Ã¥ avslutte " -"der, og det er her at donaldson gÃ¥r inn i mix." +"Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare \"Statute of Anne\"s begrensninger sluttet uansett " +"ikke der, for nÃ¥ kommer Donaldson." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beckett, Thomas" @@ -7620,60 +8218,83 @@ msgstr "Beckett, Thomas" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 1156." -msgstr "ibid., 1156." +msgstr "Ibid., 1156." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His " +#| "estate sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included " +#| "Thomas Beckett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then " +#| "released an unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the " +#| "strength of the decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. " +#| "Donaldson appealed the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much " +#| "like our own Supreme Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance " +#| "to interpret the meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before." msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " "unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the " -"decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. Donaldson appealed " -"the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme " -"Court. In February of 1774, that body had the chance to interpret the " -"meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty years before." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " -"attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " -"rights may have existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne terminated " -"those rights. After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only legal " -"protection for an exclusive right to control publication came from that " -"statute. Thus, they argued, after the term specified in the Statute of Anne " -"expired, works that had been protected by the statute were no longer " -"protected." -msgstr "" -"som noen juridiske tilfeller noensinne gjør, trakk donaldson v. beckett en " -"enorm mengde oppmerksomhet i hele Storbritannia. donaldson's advokater " -"hevdet at uansett rettigheter kan ha vært der under felles lov, Vedtektene " -"for anne avsluttet disse rettighetene. etter passering av Vedtektene for " -"anne kom bare juridiske beskyttelse for en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kontrollere " -"publikasjonen fra at vedtekt. SÃ¥ledes, de hevdet, etter at begrepet angitt i " -"Vedtektene for anne utløpt, fungerer som hadde vært beskyttet av Vedtektene " -"var ikke lenger beskyttet." +"decision in <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>, got an injunction against " +"Donaldson. Donaldson appealed the case to the House of Lords, which " +"functioned much like our own Supreme Court. In February of 1774, that body " +"had the chance to interpret the meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty " +"years before." +msgstr "" +"Millar døde kort tid etter sin seier. Boet hans solgte rettighetene over " +"Thomsons dikt til et syndikat av utgivere, deriblant Thomas Beckett." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Da ga Donaldson ut en uautorisert " +"utgave av Thomsons verk. Etter avgjørelsen i Millar-saken, gikk Beckett til " +"sak mot Donaldson. Donaldson tok saken inn for Overhuset, som da fungerte " +"som en slags høyesterett. I februar 1774 hadde dette organet muligheten til " +"Ã¥ tolke Parlamentets mening med utøpsdatoen fra seksti Ã¥r før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount " +#| "of attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " +#| "rights may have existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne " +#| "terminated those rights. After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only " +#| "legal protection for an exclusive right to control publication came from " +#| "that statute. Thus, they argued, after the term specified in the Statute " +#| "of Anne expired, works that had been protected by the statute were no " +#| "longer protected." +msgid "" +"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " +"throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever rights may have " +"existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne terminated those rights. " +"After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only legal protection for an " +"exclusive right to control publication came from that statute. Thus, they " +"argued, after the term specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that " +"had been protected by the statute were no longer protected." +msgstr "" +"Rettssaken Donaldson mot Beckett fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele " +"Storbritannia. Donaldsons advokater mente at selv om det før fantes en del " +"rettigheter i sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av \"Statute of Anne\". " +"Etter at \"Statute of Anne\" var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige " +"beskyttelse for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d med " +"vilkÃ¥rene i \"Statute of Anne\", falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort " +"beskyttelsesperioden var over." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " "legal distinction who functioned much like the Justices in our Supreme " "Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the House of Lords generally voted." msgstr "" -"house of lords var en merkelig institusjon. juridiske spørsmÃ¥l ble " -"presentert for huset og kÃ¥ret upon første av \"lov lords,\" medlemmer av " -"spesielle rettslig skille mellom som fungerte mye som justiariusene i vÃ¥re " -"Høyesterett. deretter, etter at loven lords stemte, house of lords vanligvis " -"stemte." +"Overhuset var en merkelig institusjon. Juridiske spørsmÃ¥l ble presentert for " +"huset, og ble først stemt over av \"juslorder\", medlemmer av enspesiell " +"rettslig gruppe som fungerte nesten slik som justiariusene i vÃ¥r " +"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at \"juslordene\" hadde stemt, stemte resten av " +"Overhuset." #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7683,63 +8304,119 @@ msgid "" "time, after which the work protected by copyright passed into the public " "domain." msgstr "" -"rapporter om loven lords' stemmer er blandet. pÃ¥ enkelte punkter, det ser ut " -"som om evigvarende copyright prevailed. men det er ingen tvetydighet om " -"hvordan house of lords stemte som helhet. med en to-til-en-flertall (22 til " -"11) stemte de for Ã¥ avvise ideen om evigvarende opphavsrettigheter. Hva en " -"forstÃ¥else av sedvanerett, nÃ¥ en copyright ble løst i en begrenset periode, " -"hvoretter arbeidet beskyttet av opphavsrett sendes til public domain." +"Rapportene om juslordene stemmer er uenige. PÃ¥ enkelte punkter ser det ut " +"som om evigvarende beskyttelse fikk flertall. Men det er ingen tvil om " +"hvordan resten av Overhuset stemte. Med en majoritet pÃ¥ to mot en (22 mot " +"11) stemte de ned forslaget om en evig beskyttelse. Uansett hvordan man " +"hadde tolket sedvaneretten, var nÃ¥ kopiretten begrenset til en periode, og " +"etter denne ville verket falle i det fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "Bacon, Francis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "" -"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " -"clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " -"argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public " -"domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal " -"control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " -"history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " -"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint." -msgstr "" -"\"i public domain.\" før saken av donaldson v. beckett, det var ingen klar " -"idé av et offentlig-domene i england. før 1774 var det en sterk argumentet " -"at sedvanerett opphavsrett var evigvarende. etter 1774, ble public domain " -"født. for første gang i anglo-amerikanske historikk, juridisk kontroll over " -"kreative gjerninger utløpt, og den største verker i engelsk historie, " -"inkludert de av shakespeare, bacon, milton, johnson og bunyan—var fri " -"for juridiske selvbeherskelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bunyan, John" +msgstr "Bunyan, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Johnson, Samuel" +msgstr "Johnson, Samuel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Milton, John" +msgstr "Milton, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Shakespeare, William" +msgstr "Shakespeare, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was " +#| "no clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a " +#| "strong argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, " +#| "the public domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, " +#| "the legal control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in " +#| "English history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, " +#| "Johnson, and Bunyan—were free of legal restraint. <placeholder " +#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +#| "\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" +msgid "" +"\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " +"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " +"domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong argument that common law " +"copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public domain was born. For the " +"first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control over creative works " +"expired, and the greatest works in English history—including those of " +"Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan—were free of legal " +"restraint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"\"Å falle i det fri\". Før rettssaken Donaldson mot Beckett var det ingen " +"klar oppfatning om hva Ã¥ falle i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en " +"allmenn oppfatning om at kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble " +"Public Domain født.For første gang i angloamerikansk historie var den " +"lovlige beskyttelsen av et verk utgÃ¥tt, og de største verk i engelsk " +"historie - inkludert Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan - var " +"frie. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"4\"/>" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "Rose, 97." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords " +#| "fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, " +#| "where most of the \"pirate publishers\" did their work, people celebrated " +#| "the decision in the streets. As the Edinburgh Advertiser reported, \"No " +#| "private cause has so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none " +#| "has been tried before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many " +#| "individuals were interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon " +#| "victory over literary property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder " +#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " "of the \"pirate publishers\" did their work, people celebrated the decision " -"in the streets. As the Edinburgh Advertiser reported, \"No private cause has " -"so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none has been tried " -"before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were " -"interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary " -"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"in the streets. As the <citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> reported, " +"\"No private cause has so much engrossed the attention of the public, and " +"none has been tried before the House of Lords in the decision of which so " +"many individuals were interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon " +"victory over literary property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Vi kan knapt forestille oss det, men denne avgjørelsen fra Overhuset fyrte " +"opp under en svært populær og politisk reaksjon. I Skottland, hvor de fleste " +"piratugiverne hadde holdt til, ble avgjørelsen feiret i gatene. Som " +"Edinburgh Advertiser skrev \"Ingen privatsak har noen gang fÃ¥tt slik " +"oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt prøvet i Overhuset har " +"interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.\" \"Stor glede i Edinburgh etter " +"seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " +#| "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " -"strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" +"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</" +"citetitle> reported:" msgstr "" -"i london, men var minst blant utgivere, reaksjonen like sterke i motsatt " -"retning. den morgen krøniken rapportert:" +"I London, ihvertfall blant utgiverne, var reaksjonen like sterk, men i " +"motsatt retning. Morning Chronicle skrev:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -7751,60 +8428,83 @@ msgid "" "to provide for their families now find themselves without a shilling to " "devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen ... er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som er " +"blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " +"redusert til ingenting. Bokselgerne i London og Westminster, mange av dem " +"har solgt hus og eiendom for Ã¥ kjøpe kopirettigheter, er med ett ruinerte, " +"og mange som gjennom mange Ã¥r har opparbeidet kompetanse for Ã¥ brødfø " +"familien, sitter nÃ¥ uten en shilling til sine.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to " +#| "say that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords " +#| "meant that the booksellers could no longer control how culture in England " +#| "would grow and develop. Culture in England was thereafter free. Not in " +#| "the sense that copyrights would not be respected, for of course, for a " +#| "limited time after a work was published, the bookseller had an exclusive " +#| "right to control the publication of that book. And not in the sense that " +#| "books could be stolen, for even after a copyright expired, you still had " +#| "to buy the book from someone. But free in the sense that the culture and " +#| "its growth would no longer be controlled by a small group of publishers. " +#| "As every free market does, this free market of free culture would grow as " +#| "the consumers and producers chose. English culture would develop as the " +#| "many English readers chose to let it develop— chose in the books " +#| "they bought and wrote; chose in the memes they repeated and endorsed. " +#| "Chose in a competitive context, not a context in which the choices about " +#| "what culture is available to people and how they get access to it are " +#| "made by the few despite the wishes of the many." msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " "the booksellers could no longer control how culture in England would grow " -"and develop. Culture in England was thereafter free. Not in the sense that " -"copyrights would not be respected, for of course, for a limited time after a " -"work was published, the bookseller had an exclusive right to control the " -"publication of that book. And not in the sense that books could be stolen, " -"for even after a copyright expired, you still had to buy the book from " -"someone. But free in the sense that the culture and its growth would no " -"longer be controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market " -"does, this free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and " -"producers chose. English culture would develop as the many English readers " -"chose to let it develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; " -"chose in the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive " -"context, not a context in which the choices about what culture is available " -"to people and how they get access to it are made by the few despite the " -"wishes of the many." -msgstr "" -"\"ødela\" er litt av en overdrivelse. men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ si at " -"endringen var dyp. vedtaket av house of lords betydde at bokhandlerne ikke " -"lenger kan kontrollere hvordan kultur i england vil vokse og utvikle. kultur " -"i england var etterpÃ¥ gratis. for selvfølgelig, i en begrenset periode etter " -"et arbeid ble utgitt, hadde den lokale Bokhandleren ikke i den forstand at " -"opphavsretten ikke ville bli respektert, en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ kontrollere " -"publiseringen av denne boken. og ikke i den forstand at bøker kan bli " -"stjÃ¥let, for selv etter at opphavsretten utløpt, du fortsatt mÃ¥tte kjøpe " -"boka fra noen. men gratis i den forstand at kulturen og dens vekst, vil være " -"styrt av en liten gruppe av utgivere ikke lenger. som hver fritt marked " -"gjør, denne fritt marked for fri kultur ville vokse som forbrukere og " -"produsenter valgte. engelsk kultur ville utvikle sÃ¥ mange engelsk lesere " -"valgte Ã¥ la det utvikle—valgte i bøker de kjøpte og skrev; valgte i " -"memes de gjentas og godkjent. valgte i en konkurransedyktig sammenheng, ikke " -"en sammenheng der valg om hva kultur er tilgjengelig for personer og hvordan " -"de fÃ¥r tilgang til den er laget av fÃ¥ til tross for ønskene til mange." +"and develop. Culture in England was thereafter <emphasis>free</emphasis>. " +"Not in the sense that copyrights would not be respected, for of course, for " +"a limited time after a work was published, the bookseller had an exclusive " +"right to control the publication of that book. And not in the sense that " +"books could be stolen, for even after a copyright expired, you still had to " +"buy the book from someone. But <emphasis>free</emphasis> in the sense that " +"the culture and its growth would no longer be controlled by a small group of " +"publishers. As every free market does, this free market of free culture " +"would grow as the consumers and producers chose. English culture would " +"develop as the many English readers chose to let it develop— chose in " +"the books they bought and wrote; chose in the memes they repeated and " +"endorsed. Chose in a <emphasis>competitive context</emphasis>, not a context " +"in which the choices about what culture is available to people and how they " +"get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many." +msgstr "" +"Ruinert er en overdrivelse. Men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ si at endringen " +"var stor. Vedtaket fra Overhuset betydde at bokhandlerne ikke lenger kunnen " +"kontrollere hvordan kulturen i England ville vokse og utvikle seg. Kulturen " +"i England var etter dette fri. Ikke i den betydning at kopiretten ble " +"ignorert, for utgiverne hadde i en begrenset periode rett over trykkingen. " +"Og heller ikke i den betydningen at bøker kunne stjeles, for selv etter at " +"boken var falt i det fri, sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte den kjøpes. Men i den betydningen at " +"kulturen og dens vekst ikke lenger var kontrollert av en liten gruppe " +"utgivere. Som alle frie markeder, ville dette markedet vokse og utvikle seg " +"etter tilbud og etterspørsel. Den engelske kulturen ble nÃ¥ formet slik " +"flertallet Englands lesere ville at det skulle formes - gjennom valget av " +"hva de kjøpte og skrev, gjennom valget av *memes* de gjentok og beundret. " +"Valg i en konkurrerende sammenheng, ikke der hvor valgene var om hvilken " +"kultur som skulle være tilgjengelig for folket og hvor deres tilgang til den " +"ble styrt av noen fÃ¥, pÃ¥ tros av flertallets ønsker." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " "Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less protected." msgstr "" -"Dette var minst, regelen i en verden der parlamentet er antimonopoly, " -"motstandsdyktig mot protectionist pleas av utgivere. i en verden der " -"parlamentet er mer pliant, ville fri kultur være mindre beskyttet." +"Til sist, dette var en verden hvor Parlamentet var antimonopolistisk, og " +"holdt stand mot utgivernes krav. I en verden hvor parlamentet er lett Ã¥ " +"pÃ¥virke, vil den frie kultur være mindre beskyttet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" -msgstr "Kapittel sju: Opptakere" +msgstr "Kapittel sju: Innspillerne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -7829,6 +8529,10 @@ msgstr "" "Ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar som jeg var involvert i. pÃ¥ en pause, han " "fortalte meg en historie om frihet Ã¥ opprette med film i Amerika i dag." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "San Francisco Opera" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7836,7 +8540,8 @@ msgid "" "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " "particularly funny and colorful element of an opera. During a show, they " "hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and in the lighting loft. They " -"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage." +"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "i 1990, ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar om wagner's ring syklus. fokus var " "stagehands ved san francisco opera. stagehands er et spesielt morsom og " @@ -7851,8 +8556,9 @@ msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " "television set, while the stagehands played checkers and the opera company " -"played Wagner, was The Simpsons. As Else judged it, this touch of cartoon " -"helped capture the flavor of what was special about the scene." +"played Wagner, was <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. As Else judged it, " +"this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special about " +"the scene." msgstr "" "under en av forestillinger, var ellers skyting noen stagehands spille " "brikker. i et hjørne av rommet var en TV-apparatet. spille pÃ¥ TV-apparatet, " @@ -7864,10 +8570,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " -"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " -"course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and of course, to use copyrighted " -"material you need the permission of the copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" " -"or some other privilege applies." +"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle>. For of course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and " +"of course, to use copyrighted material you need the permission of the " +"copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" or some other privilege applies." msgstr "" "Ã¥r senere, nÃ¥r han til slutt fikk finansiering for Ã¥ fullføre filmen, ellers " "forsøkte Ã¥ tømme rettighetene for de noen sekunder av simpsons. for " @@ -7876,14 +8582,19 @@ msgstr "" "eieren av opphavsretten, med mindre \"fair use\" eller noen andre " "privilegium gjelder." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gracie Films" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " -"Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " -"tiny television set in the corner of the room. How could it hurt? Groening " -"was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, " -"the company that produces the program." +"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " +"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-" +"halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the room. How " +"could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else " +"to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. " "Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en " @@ -7898,7 +8609,8 @@ msgid "" "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " "called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot " "of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was " -"just confirming the permission with Fox." +"just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Gracie films var bra med den, ogsÃ¥, men de, som groening, ønsket Ã¥ være " "forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " @@ -7913,8 +8625,8 @@ msgid "" "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " "[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " "\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-" -"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited Simpsons which was in the " -"corner of the shot.\"" +"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" "deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi " "oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering— eller i " @@ -7944,10 +8656,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " -"of The Simpsons in the corner of a shot in a documentary film about Wagner's " -"Ring Cycle. And then, astonishingly, Herrera told Else, \"And if you quote " -"me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys.\" As an assistant to Herrera told " -"Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They just want the money.\"" +"of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> in the corner of a shot in a " +"documentary film about Wagner's Ring Cycle. And then, astonishingly, Herrera " +"told Else, \"And if you quote me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys.\" As " +"an assistant to Herrera told Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They " +"just want the money.\"" msgstr "" "\"jeg ønsket Ã¥ sikre at jeg hadde min fakta rett,\" sa han til meg. \"Ja, du " "har din fakta rett,\" sa hun. det ville koste $ 10 000 for Ã¥ bruke klippet " @@ -7956,6 +8669,10 @@ msgstr "" "siterer meg, vil jeg slÃ¥ deg til vÃ¥re advokater.\" som assistent for herrera " "fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Day After Trinity, The" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -7963,8 +8680,9 @@ msgid "" "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " "reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last " "minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot " -"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, The Day After Trinity, " -"from ten years before." +"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day " +"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "ellers har ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe retten til Ã¥ spille hva spilte pÃ¥ TV " "backstage ved san francisco opera. Hvis du vil gjenskape denne virkeligheten " @@ -7976,13 +8694,14 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " -"copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " -"copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the permission of the copyright " -"owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of the Simpsons copyright were " -"one of the uses restricted by the law, then he would need to get the " -"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. " -"And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the " -"price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control." +"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " +"property. To use that copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the " +"permission of the copyright owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of " +"the <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> copyright were one of the uses " +"restricted by the law, then he would need to get the permission of the " +"copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. And in a free " +"market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the price for any " +"use that the law says the owner gets to control." msgstr "" "Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten " "til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for Ã¥ bruke at " @@ -7996,12 +8715,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " -"copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " -"episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come see \"My " -"Favorite Simpsons,\" then you need to get permission from the copyright " -"owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she " -"wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law." +"For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</" +"citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection " +"of favorite episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets to come " +"see \"My Favorite <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>,\" then you need to get " +"permission from the copyright owner. And the copyright owner (rightly, in my " +"view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her " +"right, as set by the law." msgstr "" "\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " "opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " @@ -8017,9 +8737,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " -"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred " -"\" (draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August " -"2003." +"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>\" (draft on file with author), University of " +"Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." msgstr "" "Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at " "jurister ikke tillater anerkjennelse som det er \"rettferdig bruk,\" se " @@ -8031,8 +8751,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " -"4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a Simpsons episode is clearly a fair use " -"of The Simpsons—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." +"4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> episode " +"is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>—and fair " +"use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 @@ -8047,12 +8768,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " -"lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " -"relevant in practice to those of us actually trying to make and broadcast " -"documentaries. I never had any doubt that it was \"clearly fair use\" in an " -"absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the concept in any concrete " -"way. Here's why:" +"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " +"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " +"is crushingly relevant in practice to those of us actually trying to make " +"and broadcast documentaries. I never had any doubt that it was \"clearly " +"fair use\" in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the concept in " +"any concrete way. Here's why:" msgstr "" "simpsons fiasco var for meg en fin leksjon i avgrunnen mellom hvilket " "advokater finne irrelevant i noen abstrakt forstand, og hva er crushingly " @@ -8077,18 +8798,22 @@ msgstr "" "dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe " "søknadsprosessen til Ã¥ stoppe." -#. 2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lucas, George" +msgstr "Lucas, George" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " -"stopping unlicensed Simpsons usage, just as George Lucas had a very high " -"profile litigating Star Wars usage. So I decided to play by the book, " -"thinking that we would be granted free or cheap license to four seconds of " -"Simpsons. As a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, " -"the last thing I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal " -"trouble, and even to defend a principle." +"stopping unlicensed <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> usage, just as George " +"Lucas had a very high profile litigating <citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle> " +"usage. So I decided to play by the book, thinking that we would be granted " +"free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As " +"a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing " +"I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " +"defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jeg skulle trolig aldri ha spurt matt groening i utgangspunktet. men jeg " "visste (minst fra folklore) at fox hadde en historie for Ã¥ spore ned og " @@ -8159,16 +8884,14 @@ msgstr "" "forstyrrer bruke transformative eller ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" -msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: transformatorer" +msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: Omformere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "Allen, Paul" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "Alben, Alex" @@ -8203,7 +8926,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre ting med film som ellers ville være svært vanskelig. i 1993 lanserte " "han et initiativ for Ã¥ utvikle et produkt for Ã¥ bygge retrospectives pÃ¥ " "arbeidet til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint " -"eastwood. ideen var Ã¥ presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra " +"eastwood. idéen var Ã¥ presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra " "hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -8257,30 +8980,30 @@ msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" -"Alben brakt ideen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " +"Alben brakt idéen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "artists" msgstr "artister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><secondary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" -#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " "of his image. But these rights, too, burden \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" creativity, " -"as this chapter evinces." +"as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "teknisk, rettighetene som alben hadde Ã¥ fjerne var hovedsakelig de " "publisitet—rettigheter kunstner har til Ã¥ kontrollere kommersiell " "utnyttelse av hans bilde. men disse rettighetene ogsÃ¥, belaster \"rip, " -"mikse, brenne\" kreativitet, som evinces i dette kapitlet." +"mikse, brenne\" kreativitet, som evinces i dette kapitlet. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8299,7 +9022,7 @@ msgid "" "in the contracts for the actors, so there was no clear way to know just what " "Starwave was to do." msgstr "" -"problemet var at verken alben eller slade hadde noen ide hva Ã¥ fjerne disse " +"problemet var at verken alben eller slade hadde noen idé hva Ã¥ fjerne disse " "rettighetene ville bety. hver aktør i hver film kan ha et krav til royalties " "for gjenbruk av at filmen. men cd-ROMene hadde ikke angitt i kontrakter for " "skuespillerne, sÃ¥ det var ingen klar mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite akkurat hva starwave var Ã¥ " @@ -8321,9 +9044,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " -"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from Dirty Harry. But you then need to " -"get the guy on the ground who's wiggling under the gun and you need to get " -"his permission. And then you have to decide what you are going to pay him." +"going to use the \"Make my day\" clip from <citetitle>Dirty Harry</" +"citetitle>. But you then need to get the guy on the ground who's wiggling " +"under the gun and you need to get his permission. And then you have to " +"decide what you are going to pay him." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ vi gikk veldig mekanisk about looking up film klipp. Vi har gjort noen " "kunstneriske beslutninger om hva film klipp for Ã¥ inkludere—" @@ -8377,8 +9101,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " -"totally in the clear.\"" +"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " +"sure whether we were totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" "Det var ett Ã¥r senere, \"og selv da vi var ikke sikker pÃ¥ om vi var helt i " "klartekst.\"" @@ -8422,12 +9146,17 @@ msgstr "" "og ingen tvil, selve produktet var usedvanlig god. Eastwood elsket det, og " "det selges godt." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Drucker, Peter" +msgstr "Drucker, Peter" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " -"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." +"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " +"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</" +"citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#22</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -8471,13 +9200,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " -"sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " -"could pay and be free to make derivative use of clips like this? Did it " -"really make sense that a follow-on creator would have to track down every " -"artist, actor, director, musician, and get explicit permission from each? " -"Wouldn't a lot more be created if the legal part of the creative process " -"could be made to be more clean?" +"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " +"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " +"statutory license that someone could pay and be free to make derivative use " +"of clips like this? Did it really make sense that a follow-on creator would " +"have to track down every artist, actor, director, musician, and get explicit " +"permission from each? Wouldn't a lot more be created if the legal part of " +"the creative process could be made to be more clean?" msgstr "" "eller minst, er dette hvordan kunstneren skal kompenseres? vil det være " "fornuftig, jeg spurte, for det for Ã¥ være en slags lovbestemte lisens som " @@ -8549,7 +9278,7 @@ msgstr "" "byrdene av en slags regulering. Sett pÃ¥ en republikanske lue for et " "øyeblikk, og bli sint for litt. regjeringen definerer omfanget av disse " "rettighetene, og omfanget definert bestemmer hvor mye det vil koste Ã¥ " -"forhandle dem. (Husk at ideen om at landet kjører til himmelen, og Tenk " +"forhandle dem. (Husk at idéen om at landet kjører til himmelen, og Tenk " "piloten kjøper flythrough rettigheter idet han forhandler om Ã¥ fly fra los " "angeles til san francisco.) disse rettighetene ha ogsÃ¥ en gang gjort " "fornuftig; men som omstendigheter endring, de gir ingen mening i det hele " @@ -8575,14 +9304,20 @@ msgstr "" "fairbank, hadde produsert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the " +#| "twentieth century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. " +#| "The execution was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The judges " +#| "loved every minute of it." msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " -"century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " -"was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The judges loved every " -"minute of it." +"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " +"episode. The execution was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The " +"judges loved every minute of it." msgstr "" "Videoen var en glimrende sammenstilling av filmer fra hver periode i det " -"tjuende Ã¥rhundret, rammet inn rundt ideen om en episode i TV-serien 60 " +"tjuende Ã¥rhundret, rammet inn rundt idéen om en episode i TV-serien 60 " "Minutes. Utførelsen var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. " "Dommerne elsket enhver minutt av den." @@ -8653,7 +9388,10 @@ msgstr "" "omtrent alle bildet du ønsker; i en annen andre, kan du ha det plantet i " "presentasjonen." -#. PAGE BREAK 117 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Camp Chaos" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8664,7 +9402,7 @@ msgid "" "politicians and blends them with music to create biting political " "commentary. A site called Camp Chaos has produced some of the most biting " "criticism of the record industry that there is through the mixing of Flash! " -"and music." +"and music. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "men presentasjoner er bare en liten begynnelse. ved hjelp av Internett og " "sine arkiver, er musikere i stand til streng sammen mikser lydens aldri før " @@ -8737,13 +9475,13 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " -"the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " -"announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a \"unique " -"filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights " -"to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new storylines and—" -"with the use of stateof-the-art digital technology—insert Myers and " -"other actors into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of " -"entertainment.\"" +"the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " +"Powers. According to the announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work " +"together to form a \"unique filmmaking pact.\" Under the agreement, " +"DreamWorks \"will acquire the rights to existing motion picture hits and " +"classics, write new storylines and—with the use of stateof-the-art " +"digital technology—insert Myers and other actors into the film, " +"thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\"" msgstr "" "i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic " "geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-" @@ -8862,9 +9600,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " -"the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " -"assure that the current view of the world, approved of by the government, " -"was not contradicted by previous news reports." +"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " +"constantly updated to assure that the current view of the world, approved of " +"by the government, was not contradicted by previous news reports." msgstr "" "Dette er ting om Internett som orwell ville ha verdsatt. i dystopia " "beskrevet i 1984, ble gamle aviser stadig oppdatert for Ã¥ sikre som " @@ -8948,11 +9686,11 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. " -"That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we have " -"a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key is " -"whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by " -"collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for researchers, for " -"grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." +"That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget history. The " +"key is whether we have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More " +"directly, the key is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries " +"help do that, by collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for " +"researchers, for grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." msgstr "" "Det sies at de som ikke klarer Ã¥ huske historie er dømt til Ã¥ gjenta den. " "Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har en " @@ -9041,9 +9779,9 @@ msgid "" "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " "fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " "study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " -"between the two, the 60 Minutes episode that came out after it . . . it " -"would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are almost " -"unfindable. . . ." +"between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " +"after it . . . it would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are " +"almost unfindable. . . ." msgstr "" "husker du nÃ¥r dan quayle samhandlet med murphy brown? Husk at frem og " "tilbake surrealistisk opplevelse av en politiker samarbeidsstil et fiktive " @@ -9089,9 +9827,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " -"Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " -"Anthony Slide, Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the " -"United States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." +"Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 nos. " +"2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate Won't Wait: A History " +"of Film Preservation in the United States</citetitle> ( Jefferson, N.C.: " +"McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." msgstr "" "Doug herrick, \"mot en nasjonal Filmsamling: filmindustrien pÃ¥ library of " "congress,\" film biblioteket kvartalsvise 13 nr 2­3 (1980): 5; Anthony " @@ -9151,6 +9890,10 @@ msgstr "" "on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " "hendelsene den dagen." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Movie Archive" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9168,7 +9911,7 @@ msgid "" "important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the \"Duck and Cover\" " "film that instructed children how to save themselves in the middle of " "nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the film in a few " -"minutes—for free." +"minutes—for free. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av " "filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn " @@ -9259,11 +10002,11 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " -"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " -"September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published between 1927 and 1946, " -"only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony Reese, \"The First Sale " -"Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,\" Boston College Law Review 44 " -"(2003): 593 n. 51." +"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago " +"Tribune</citetitle>, 5 September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published " +"between 1927 and 1946, only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony " +"Reese, \"The First Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,\" " +"<citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51." msgstr "" "Dave barns, \"fledgling karriere i antikke bøker: woodstock utleier, bar " "eier starter et nytt kapittel ved Ã¥ innta virksomhet,\" chicago tribune, 5 " @@ -9383,15 +10126,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " -"libraries or archives could be. When the commercial life of creative " -"property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it does, Kahle and " -"his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and culture, remains " -"perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand it; some to " -"criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create the past " -"for the future. These technologies promise something that had become " -"unimaginable for much of our past—a future for our past. The " -"technology of digital arts could make the dream of the Library of Alexandria " -"real again." +"libraries or archives could be. <emphasis>When</emphasis> the commercial " +"life of creative property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it " +"does, Kahle and his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and " +"culture, remains perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand " +"it; some to criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create " +"the past for the future. These technologies promise something that had " +"become unimaginable for much of our past—a future <emphasis>for</" +"emphasis> our past. The technology of digital arts could make the dream of " +"the Library of Alexandria real again." msgstr "" "Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekar. internet archive er ikke det eneste " "arkivet. men kahle og internet archive foreslÃ¥ hva fremtiden for biblioteker " @@ -9416,7 +10159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Teknologorganisasjon har dermed fjernet de økonomiske kostnadene med Ã¥ bygge " "et slikt arkiv. men fortsatt advokater kostnader. for sÃ¥ mye som vi kanskje " -"liker Ã¥ kalle disse \"archives\", sÃ¥ varmt som ideen om et \"bibliotek\" kan " +"liker Ã¥ kalle disse \"archives\", sÃ¥ varmt som idéen om et \"bibliotek\" kan " "virke, \"innhold\" som er samlet inn i disse digitale mellomrom er ogsÃ¥ " "noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, " "og andre vil utøve." @@ -9425,6 +10168,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "Kapittel ti: \"Eiendom\"" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" +msgstr "Johnson, Lyndon" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9434,7 +10181,7 @@ msgid "" "on Air Force One after the assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in " "the background. In his almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has " "established himself as perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in " -"Washington." +"Washington. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jack valenti har vært president i motion picture association of america " "siden 1966. først kom han til washington, DC, med lyndon johnson's " @@ -9443,6 +10190,34 @@ msgstr "" "bakgrunnen. i hans nesten førti Ã¥r kjører mpaa, har valenti etablert seg som " "kanskje mest iøynefallende og effektiv korridorpolitiker i washington." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Disney, Inc." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "MGM" +msgstr "MGM" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Paramount Pictures" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Universal Pictures" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Warner Brothers" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9454,7 +10229,11 @@ msgid "" "made up of the chairmen and presidents of the seven major producers and " "distributors of motion picture and television programs in the United States: " "Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth " -"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers." +"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/>" msgstr "" "mpaa er den amerikanske avdelingen av internasjonale motion picture " "association. Det ble dannet i 1922 som en handelsforening som har mÃ¥l var Ã¥ " @@ -9535,11 +10314,11 @@ msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-" "charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women " "will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " -"animates this entire debate: Creative property owners must be accorded the " -"same rights and protection resident in all other property owners in the " -"nation. That is the issue. That is the question. And that is the rostrum on " -"which this entire hearing and the debates to follow must rest.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"animates this entire debate: <emphasis>Creative property owners must be " +"accorded the same rights and protection resident in all other property " +"owners in the nation</emphasis>. That is the issue. That is the question. " +"And that is the rostrum on which this entire hearing and the debates to " +"follow must rest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 @@ -9567,15 +10346,16 @@ msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " "elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim " -"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of Valenti's. " -"Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the nation's " -"foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of \"creative " -"property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual legal " -"tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined " -"that tradition, at least in Washington." +"made by <emphasis>anyone</emphasis> who is serious in this debate than this " +"claim of Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is " +"perhaps the nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and " +"scope of \"creative property.\" His views have <emphasis>no</emphasis> " +"reasonable connection to our actual legal tradition, even if the subtle pull " +"of his Texan charm has slowly redefined that tradition, at least in " +"Washington." msgstr "" "denne pÃ¥standen har en tydelig og kraftig intuitivt trekk. Det er oppgitt " -"med slike klarhet som Ã¥ gjøre ideen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker " +"med slike klarhet som Ã¥ gjøre idéen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker " "valgene for Ã¥ plukke presidenter. men faktisk, det er ingen mer ekstreme " "krav gjort av alle som er alvorlig i denne debatten enn dette krav av " "valenti's. Jack valenti, men søt og men strÃ¥lende, er kanskje landets " @@ -9593,8 +10373,8 @@ msgid "" "\"property right\" to my car gives me the right to exclusive use, but not " "the right to drive at 150 miles an hour. For the best effort to connect the " "ordinary meaning of \"property\" to \"lawyer talk,\" see Bruce Ackerman, " -"Private Property and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, " -"1977), 26–27." +"<citetitle>Private Property and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: " +"Yale University Press, 1977), 26–27." msgstr "" "advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en bunt " "av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed gir " @@ -9660,7 +10440,7 @@ msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " "assuring that the new can displace them. No organization does. No person " -"does. (Ask me about tenure, for example.) But what's good for the MPAA is " +"does. (Ask me about tenure, for example.) But what's good for the MPAA is " "not necessarily good for America. A society that defends the ideals of free " "culture must preserve precisely the opportunity for new creativity to " "threaten the old. To get just a hint that there is something fundamentally " @@ -9685,8 +10465,9 @@ msgid "" "house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is required, " "under the Fifth Amendment's \"Takings Clause,\" to pay you \"just " "compensation\" for that taking. The Constitution thus guarantees that " -"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot ever be taken from the " -"property owner unless the government pays for the privilege." +"property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot <emphasis>ever</emphasis> " +"be taken from the property owner unless the government pays for the " +"privilege." msgstr "" "forfatterne av vÃ¥r grunnlov elsket \"egenskapen.\" faktisk sÃ¥ sterkt gjorde " "de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis " @@ -9703,14 +10484,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " -"create \"creative property,\" the Constitution requires that after a " -"\"limited time,\" Congress take back the rights that it has granted and set " -"the \"creative property\" free to the public domain. Yet when Congress does " -"this, when the expiration of a copyright term \"takes\" your copyright and " -"turns it over to the public domain, Congress does not have any obligation to " -"pay \"just compensation\" for this \"taking.\" Instead, the same " -"Constitution that requires compensation for your land requires that you lose " -"your \"creative property\" right without any compensation at all." +"create \"creative property,\" the Constitution <emphasis>requires</emphasis> " +"that after a \"limited time,\" Congress take back the rights that it has " +"granted and set the \"creative property\" free to the public domain. Yet " +"when Congress does this, when the expiration of a copyright term \"takes\" " +"your copyright and turns it over to the public domain, Congress does not " +"have any obligation to pay \"just compensation\" for this \"taking.\" " +"Instead, the same Constitution that requires compensation for your land " +"requires that you lose your \"creative property\" right without any " +"compensation at all." msgstr "" "men svært samme grunnlov snakker veldig annerledes om hva valenti samtaler " "\"kreative egenskapen.\" i setningsdelen gir Kongressen makt til Ã¥ opprette " @@ -9767,10 +10549,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " -"try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " -"they were, reject the claim that creative property be given the same rights " -"as all other property? Why did they require that for creative property there " -"must be a public domain?" +"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " +"property types that they were, reject the claim that creative property be " +"given the same rights as all other property? Why did they require that for " +"creative property there must be a public domain?" msgstr "" "i stedet, mitt argument er at fordi jefferson gjorde det, vi bør i det " "minste prøver Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvorfor. Hvorfor underskrev, fanatical egenskapstyper " @@ -9785,11 +10567,12 @@ msgid "" "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " "we see clearly how differently these rights have been defined, we will be in " "a better position to ask the question that should be at the core of this " -"war: Not whether creative property should be protected, but how. Not whether " -"we will enforce the rights the law gives to creative-property owners, but " -"what the particular mix of rights ought to be. Not whether artists should be " -"paid, but whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need " -"also control how culture develops." +"war: Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> creative property should be protected, " +"but how. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> we will enforce the rights the law " +"gives to creative-property owners, but what the particular mix of rights " +"ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> artists should be paid, but " +"whether institutions designed to assure that artists get paid need also " +"control how culture develops." msgstr "" "for Ã¥ besvare dette spørsmÃ¥let, trenger vi Ã¥ fÃ¥ noen perspektiv om disse " "\"kreative eiendom\", og kontrollen som de aktivert historie. NÃ¥r vi ser " @@ -9807,11 +10590,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " -"narrow language of the law allows. In Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, I " -"used a simple model to capture this more general perspective. For any " -"particular right or regulation, this model asks how four different " -"modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the right or " -"regulation. I represented it with this diagram:" +"narrow language of the law allows. In <citetitle>Code and Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace</citetitle>, I used a simple model to capture this more general " +"perspective. For any particular right or regulation, this model asks how " +"four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the " +"right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:" msgstr "" "Hvis du vil svare pÃ¥ disse spørsmÃ¥lene, trenger vi en mer generell mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "snakke om hvordan egenskapen er beskyttet. mer presist, trenger vi en mer " @@ -9832,14 +10615,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" -#. PAGE BREAK 133 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " "throughout, we can describe this either as regulation or as a right. For " -"simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent " +"simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent " "four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated— either " "constrained or, alternatively, enabled. Law is the most obvious constraint " "(to lawyers, at least). It constrains by threatening punishments after the " @@ -9847,7 +10629,7 @@ msgid "" "willfully infringe Madonna's copyright by copying a song from her latest CD " "and posting it on the Web, you can be punished with a $150,000 fine. The " "fine is an ex post punishment for violating an ex ante rule. It is imposed " -"by the state." +"by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "midt pÃ¥ dette bildet er et regulert punkt: pÃ¥ personen eller gruppen som er " "mÃ¥let for regulering eller innehaveren av en rettighet. (i hvert fall i " @@ -9949,7 +10731,7 @@ msgid "" "have to consider how these four modalities interact. Whether or not there " "are other constraints (there may well be; my claim is not about " "comprehensiveness), these four are among the most significant, and any " -"regulator (whether controlling or freeing) must consider how these four in " +"regulator (whether controlling or freeing) must consider how these four in " "particular interact." msgstr "" "det andre punktet følger direkte: Hvis vi ønsker Ã¥ forstÃ¥ effektiv friheten " @@ -9959,6 +10741,10 @@ msgstr "" "blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) " "mÃ¥ vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "driving speed, constraints on" +msgstr "kjørehastighet, begrensninger pÃ¥" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9994,9 +10780,10 @@ msgid "" "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " "only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-" "consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more " -"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace " -"(New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New " -"Chicago School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998." +"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence " +"Lessig, \"The New Chicago School,\" <citetitle>Journal of Legal Studies</" +"citetitle>, June 1998." msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ beskrive hvordan trenger ikke loven pÃ¥virker andre tre metoder, jeg " "bety Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ at tre andre ikke pÃ¥virker lov. Selvfølgelig, de gjør. law's " @@ -10031,11 +10818,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "Commons, John R." -#. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10049,22 +10835,23 @@ msgid "" "of ordinary life. I don't mean to deny the value in this narrower view, " "which depends upon the context of the inquiry. I do, however, mean to argue " "against any insistence that this narrower view is the only proper view of " -"liberty. As I argued in Code, we come from a long tradition of political " -"thought with a broader focus than the narrow question of what the government " -"did when. John Stuart Mill defended freedom of speech, for example, from " -"the tyranny of narrow minds, not from the fear of government prosecution; " -"John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19. " -"John R. Commons famously defended the economic freedom of labor from " -"constraints imposed by the market; John R. Commons, \"The Right to Work,\" " -"in Malcom Rutherford and Warren J. Samuels, eds., John R. Commons: Selected " -"Essays (London: Routledge: 1997), 62. The Americans with Disabilities Act " -"increases the liberty of people with physical disabilities by changing the " -"architecture of certain public places, thereby making access to those places " -"easier; 42 United States Code, section 12101 (2000). Each of these " -"interventions to change existing conditions changes the liberty of a " -"particular group. The effect of those interventions should be accounted for " -"in order to understand the effective liberty that each of these groups might " -"face." +"liberty. As I argued in <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, we come from a long " +"tradition of political thought with a broader focus than the narrow question " +"of what the government did when. John Stuart Mill defended freedom of " +"speech, for example, from the tyranny of narrow minds, not from the fear of " +"government prosecution; John Stuart Mill, <citetitle>On Liberty</citetitle> " +"(Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19. John R. Commons famously " +"defended the economic freedom of labor from constraints imposed by the " +"market; John R. Commons, \"The Right to Work,\" in Malcom Rutherford and " +"Warren J. Samuels, eds., <citetitle>John R. Commons: Selected Essays</" +"citetitle> (London: Routledge: 1997), 62. The Americans with Disabilities " +"Act increases the liberty of people with physical disabilities by changing " +"the architecture of certain public places, thereby making access to those " +"places easier; 42 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 12101 " +"(2000). Each of these interventions to change existing conditions changes " +"the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those interventions should " +"be accounted for in order to understand the effective liberty that each of " +"these groups might face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "noen mennesker objektet til denne mÃ¥ten av snakker om \"frihet.\" de " "objektet fordi deres fokus nÃ¥r de vurderer begrensninger som finnes pÃ¥ et " @@ -10104,9 +10891,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" -msgstr "Hvorfor hollywood er rett" +msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har rett" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -10289,21 +11075,28 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government " "should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the " "freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from " -"roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the subject of " -"this book, remote channel changers have weakened the \"stickiness\" of " -"television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote " -"makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this change has weakened " -"the television advertising market. But does anyone believe we should " -"regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them " -"to function only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an " -"hour?)" +"roads <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads? " +"Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened " +"the \"stickiness\" of television advertising (if a boring commercial comes " +"on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this " +"change has weakened the television advertising market. But does anyone " +"believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? " +"(Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to switch to only " +"ten channels within an hour?)" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." -msgstr "fred warshofsky, patent krigene (new york: wiley, 1994), 170­71." +msgid "" +"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " +"1994), 170–71." +msgstr "" +"Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gates, Bill" +msgstr "Gates, Bill" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -10319,7 +11112,8 @@ msgid "" "radio.) A world in which competitors with new ideas must fight not only the " "market but also the government is a world in which competitors with new " "ideas will not succeed. It is a world of stasis and increasingly " -"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev." +"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -10386,9 +11180,16 @@ msgstr "" "av endringene innhold industrien ønsker." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." -msgstr "Her er til metaforen vil fange opp argumentet Ã¥ følge." +msgstr "Her kommer metaforen som vil forklare argumentet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "DDT" +msgstr "DDT" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -10397,7 +11198,7 @@ msgid "" "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " "insecticidal properties of DDT. By the 1950s, the insecticide was widely " "used around the world to kill disease-carrying pests. It was also used to " -"increase farm production." +"increase farm production. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "i 1873, ble kjemiske ddt først syntetisert. i 1948, sveitsisk apotek paul " "hermann müller vant nobel prisen for sitt arbeid demonstrere egenskapene " @@ -10416,13 +11217,22 @@ msgstr "" "som er en god ting. ingen tvil at arbeidet med müller var viktig og " "verdifull og sannsynligvis lagret liv, kanskje millioner." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Carson, Rachel" +msgstr "Carson, Rachel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " -"whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " -"consequences. Birds were losing the ability to reproduce. Whole chains of " -"the ecology were being destroyed." +"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " +"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " +"unintended environmental consequences. Birds were losing the ability to " +"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "men i 1962, rachel carson publisert stille vÃ¥ren, som hevdet at ddt, uansett " "dens primære fordeler, hadde ogsÃ¥ utilsiktede miljømessige konsekvenser. " @@ -10449,13 +11259,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +#| "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." +"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " +"(1997): 87." msgstr "" -"Se for eksempel james boyle, \"en politikk av Ã¥ndsverk: environmentalism for " -"nettet?\" duke law journal 47 (1997): 87." +"Se, for eksempel, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -10508,9 +11322,8 @@ msgstr "" "fri kultur som vil være langt mer ødeleggende enn denne mygg, vil gÃ¥ tapt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Beginnings" -msgstr "begynnelse" +msgstr "Opphav" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -10545,9 +11358,10 @@ msgid "" "to their respective Writings and Discoveries. We can call this the " "\"Progress Clause,\" for notice what this clause does not say. It does not " "say Congress has the power to grant \"creative property rights.\" It says " -"that Congress has the power to promote progress. The grant of power is its " -"purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching " -"publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors." +"that Congress has the power <emphasis>to promote progress</emphasis>. The " +"grant of power is its purpose, and its purpose is a public one, not the " +"purpose of enriching publishers, nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding " +"authors." msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap og nyttig kunst, " "ved Ã¥ sikre begrenset ganger til forfattere og oppfinnere den eksklusive " @@ -10589,9 +11403,9 @@ msgid "" "federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the " "states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected " "by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to " -"select the president. In each case, a structure built checks and balances " -"into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent otherwise inevitable " -"concentrations of power." +"select the president. In each case, a <emphasis>structure</emphasis> built " +"checks and balances into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent " +"otherwise inevitable concentrations of power." msgstr "" "utformingen av fremdriften-setningsdelen gjenspeiler noe om grunnlovens " "design generelt. for Ã¥ unngÃ¥ et problem, bygget underskrev struktur. Hvis du " @@ -10653,15 +11467,19 @@ msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan." msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "Loven: Varighet" -#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Crosskey, William W." +msgstr "Crosskey, William W." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " -"United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " -"485–86: \"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme Law of " -"the Land,' the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by some " -"to have, under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)." +"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " +"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " +"vol. 1, 485–86: \"extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the " +"supreme Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, " +"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis>" +"\" (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "William W. Crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (London: " "Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485–86: \"slukke [ing], ved " @@ -10720,13 +11538,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " -"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " -"Book Publishing in the United States, vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry, " -"1630–1865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints " -"recorded before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; " -"William J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright " -"Law of 1790 in Historical Context, 7–10 (2002), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " +"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " +"History of Book Publishing in the United States</citetitle>, vol. 1, " +"<citetitle>The Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865</citetitle> (New " +"York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded before 1790, only " +"twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William J. Maher, " +"<citetitle>Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of " +"1790 in Historical Context</citetitle>, 7–10 (2002), available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " "overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even " "those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, " "because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was " @@ -10773,11 +11592,12 @@ msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " "a year-by-year analysis of copyright renewal rates, see Barbara A. Ringer, " -"\"Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,\" Studies on Copyright, vol. 1 (New " -"York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), 618. For a more recent and " -"comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, " -"\"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 " -"(2003): 471, 498–501, and accompanying figures." +"\"Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,\" <citetitle>Studies on Copyright</" +"citetitle>, vol. 1 (New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), 618. For a " +"more recent and comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and Richard " +"A. Posner, \"Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,\" <citetitle>University of " +"Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, 498–501, and " +"accompanying figures." msgstr "" "noen rettighetshavere valgte noensinne Ã¥ fornye sine opphavsrettigheter. for " "eksempel av 25,006 opphavsretten registrert i 1883, ble bare 894 fornyet i " @@ -10798,9 +11618,8 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." -msgstr "se ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." +msgstr "Se Ringer, kap. 9, n. 2." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -10808,10 +11627,10 @@ msgid "" "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " "print after one year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When that " "happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the " -"books are no longer effectively controlled by copyright. The only practical " -"commercial use of the books at that time is to sell the books as used books; " -"that use—because it does not involve publication—is effectively " -"free." +"books are no longer <emphasis>effectively</emphasis> controlled by " +"copyright. The only practical commercial use of the books at that time is to " +"sell the books as used books; that use—because it does not involve " +"publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -11035,9 +11854,9 @@ msgid "" "there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive " "the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any " "copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word " -"copyright. And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was " -"a requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright " -"could be secured." +"<emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. And for most of the history of American " +"copyright law, there was a requirement that works be deposited with the " +"government before a copyright could be secured." msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme tid som har utvidet omfanget av copyright, er fremgangsmÃ¥ter for " "begrensninger til høyre avslappet. Jeg har allerede beskrevet fullstendig " @@ -11103,9 +11922,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " -"American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " -"and Politics 255 (1997), and James Gilraeth, ed., Federal Copyright Records, " -"1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." +"American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " +"International Law and Politics</citetitle> 255 (1997), and James Gilraeth, " +"ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." msgstr "" "se thomas bender og david sampliner, \"poeter, pirater og etableringen av " "amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal lov " @@ -11148,10 +11967,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " -"note to your spouse, every doodle, every creative act that's reduced to a " -"tangible form—all of this is automatically copyrighted. There is no " -"need to register or mark your work. The protection follows the creation, not " -"the steps you take to protect it." +"note to your spouse, every doodle, <emphasis>every</emphasis> creative act " +"that's reduced to a tangible form—all of this is automatically " +"copyrighted. There is no need to register or mark your work. The protection " +"follows the creation, not the steps you take to protect it." msgstr "" "i dag historien er svært forskjellige: Hvis du skriver en bok, boken er " "automatisk beskyttet. faktisk, ikke bare i adresseboken. hver e-post, hver " @@ -11215,12 +12034,20 @@ msgstr "" "spøk av opphavsretten, slik loven ble riktig utvidet til Ã¥ omfatte disse smÃ¥ " "endringer, sÃ¥ vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." -#. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August " +#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" +#| "ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>." +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" +"citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" +"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -11228,12 +12055,12 @@ msgid "" "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " "applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. " "I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " -"whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different " -"wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—they believe that " -"our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at " -"all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that " -"far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally " -"different from the wrong of direct piracy." +"whatever <emphasis>that</emphasis> wrong is, transforming someone else's " +"work is a different wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—" +"they believe that our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect " +"derivative rights at all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether " +"or not you go that far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is " +"fundamentally different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" #. f15 @@ -11244,7 +12071,8 @@ msgid "" "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " "First Amendment) between mere \"copies\" and derivative works. See Jed " "Rubenfeld, \"The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's Constitutionality,\" " -"Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59)." +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 (2002): 1–60 (see " +"especially pp. 53–59)." msgstr "" "professor rubenfeld har presentert en kraftig konstitusjonelle argument om " "forskjellen som lov om opphavsrett bør trekke (fra perspektivet til den " @@ -11289,9 +12117,8 @@ msgstr "" "at denne utvidelsen er en betydelig endring fra de opprinnelig rettighetene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" -msgstr "lov og arkitektur: nÃ¥" +msgstr "Lov og arkitektur: Rekkevidde" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> @@ -11300,10 +12127,11 @@ msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " "song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se doesn't make " -"a copy; 17 United States Code, section 106(4). And it certainly sometimes " -"doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 United States Code, section 112(a). But the " -"presumption under the existing law (which regulates \"copies;\" 17 United " -"States Code, section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." +"a copy; 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 106(4). And it " +"certainly sometimes doesn't regulate a \"copy\"; 17 <citetitle>United States " +"Code</citetitle>, section 112(a). But the presumption under the existing law " +"(which regulates \"copies;\" 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, " +"section 102) is that if there is a copy, there is a right." msgstr "" "Dette er en forenkling av loven, men ikke mye av en. loven absolutt " "regulerer mer enn \"Kopier\"—en offentlig fremføring av en " @@ -11326,14 +12154,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " -"to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " -"chapter, that \"creative property\" deserves the \"same rights\" as all " -"other property, it is the obvious that we need to be most careful about. For " -"while it may be obvious that in the world before the Internet, copies were " -"the obvious trigger for copyright law, upon reflection, it should be obvious " -"that in the world with the Internet, copies should not be the trigger for " -"copyright law. More precisely, they should not always be the trigger for " +"\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for <emphasis>copy</" +"emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the " +"start of this chapter, that \"creative property\" deserves the \"same rights" +"\" as all other property, it is the <emphasis>obvious</emphasis> that we " +"need to be most careful about. For while it may be obvious that in the world " +"before the Internet, copies were the obvious trigger for copyright law, upon " +"reflection, it should be obvious that in the world with the Internet, copies " +"should <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the trigger for copyright law. More " +"precisely, they should not <emphasis>always</emphasis> be the trigger for " "copyright law." msgstr "" "\"Kopier.\" som absolutt høres ut som det Ã¥penbare tingen for opphavsrett Ã¥ " @@ -11378,7 +12207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> msgid "All potential uses of a book." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Alle potensielle bruk av en bok." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" @@ -11389,15 +12218,15 @@ msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " -"its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " -"because the uses don't create a copy. If you read a book, that act is not " -"regulated by copyright law. If you give someone the book, that act is not " -"regulated by copyright law. If you resell a book, that act is not regulated " -"(copyright law expressly states that after the first sale of a book, the " -"copyright owner can impose no further conditions on the disposition of the " -"book). If you sleep on the book or use it to hold up a lamp or let your " -"puppy chew it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright law, because " -"those acts do not make a copy." +"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " +"by copyright law, because the uses don't create a copy. If you read a book, " +"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you give someone the book, " +"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you resell a book, that act " +"is not regulated (copyright law expressly states that after the first sale " +"of a book, the copyright owner can impose no further conditions on the " +"disposition of the book). If you sleep on the book or use it to hold up a " +"lamp or let your puppy chew it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright " +"law, because those acts do not make a copy." msgstr "" "Tenk pÃ¥ en bok i virkelige rommet, og tenke denne sirkelen til Ã¥ " "representere alle dens potensial bruker. de fleste av disse bruksomrÃ¥dene er " @@ -11413,7 +12242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Eksempler pÃ¥ uregulert bruk av en bok." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" @@ -11544,11 +12373,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " -"plausible copyright-related argument that the copyright owner could make to " -"control that use of her book. Copyright law would have nothing to say about " -"whether you read the book once, ten times, or every night before you went to " -"bed. None of those instances of use—reading— could be regulated " -"by copyright law because none of those uses produced a copy." +"plausible <emphasis>copyright</emphasis>-related argument that the copyright " +"owner could make to control that use of her book. Copyright law would have " +"nothing to say about whether you read the book once, ten times, or every " +"night before you went to bed. None of those instances of use—" +"reading— could be regulated by copyright law because none of those " +"uses produced a copy." msgstr "" "sÃ¥ la oss være svært spesifikke Ã¥ gjøre herfra Generelt og fjerner. før " "Internett, hvis du kjøpte en bok og Les det ti ganger, ville det ikke " @@ -11564,13 +12394,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " -"only once a month, then copyright law would aid the copyright owner in " -"exercising this degree of control, because of the accidental feature of " -"copyright law that triggers its application upon there being a copy. Now if " -"you read the book ten times and the license says you may read it only five " -"times, then whenever you read the book (or any portion of it) beyond the " -"fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the copyright " -"owner's wish." +"only once a month, then <emphasis>copyright law</emphasis> would aid the " +"copyright owner in exercising this degree of control, because of the " +"accidental feature of copyright law that triggers its application upon there " +"being a copy. Now if you read the book ten times and the license says you " +"may read it only five times, then whenever you read the book (or any portion " +"of it) beyond the fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to " +"the copyright owner's wish." msgstr "" "men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med regler. " "nÃ¥ hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, eller " @@ -11607,7 +12437,7 @@ msgstr "" "Først gjør Kategori 1 forsvinne er ikke noe alle politikk-maker noensinne " "ment. Kongressen ikke tenke gjennom sammenbruddet av presumptively " "unregulated bruk av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk. Det er ingen bevis pÃ¥ " -"alle at beslutningstakere hadde denne ideen i tankene nÃ¥r de tillater vÃ¥r " +"alle at beslutningstakere hadde denne idéen i tankene nÃ¥r de tillater vÃ¥r " "policy her for Ã¥ skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur " "før Internett." @@ -11616,13 +12446,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " -"commercial piracy. But the law now purports to regulate any transformation " -"you make of creative work using a machine. \"Copy and paste\" and \"cut and " -"paste\" become crimes. Tinkering with a story and releasing it to others " -"exposes the tinkerer to at least a requirement of justification. However " -"troubling the expansion with respect to copying a particular work, it is " -"extraordinarily troubling with respect to transformative uses of creative " -"work." +"commercial piracy. But the law now purports to regulate <emphasis>any</" +"emphasis> transformation you make of creative work using a machine. \"Copy " +"and paste\" and \"cut and paste\" become crimes. Tinkering with a story and " +"releasing it to others exposes the tinkerer to at least a requirement of " +"justification. However troubling the expansion with respect to copying a " +"particular work, it is extraordinarily troubling with respect to " +"transformative uses of creative work." msgstr "" "andre, dette skiftet er spesielt troubling i sammenheng med transformative " "bruk av kreative innholdet. igjen, kan vi alle forstÃ¥ feil i kommersielle " @@ -11664,8 +12494,9 @@ msgid "" "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " "use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " "effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense " -"when the vast majority of uses are unregulated. But when everything becomes " -"presumptively regulated, then the protections of fair use are not enough." +"when the vast majority of uses are <emphasis>unregulated</emphasis>. But " +"when everything becomes presumptively regulated, then the protections of " +"fair use are not enough." msgstr "" "dette punktet om rimelig bruk er helt ignorert, selv av talsmenn gratis " "kultur. Vi har vært cornered til kranglet at vÃ¥re rettigheter er avhengige " @@ -11700,7 +12531,7 @@ msgid "" "be able to sample a bit from the movie on-line before you bought it." msgstr "" "selskapet gjorde dette i omtrent femten Ã¥r. deretter, i 1997, det begynte Ã¥ " -"tenke pÃ¥ Internett som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ distribuere disse forhÃ¥ndsvisninger. ideen " +"tenke pÃ¥ Internett som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ distribuere disse forhÃ¥ndsvisninger. idéen " "var Ã¥ utvide sin \"selger ved prøvetaking\" teknikk ved Ã¥ gi on-line " "butikker samme muligheten til Ã¥ aktivere \"surfing.\" akkurat som i en " "bokhandel du kan lese noen fÃ¥ sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, sÃ¥, du " @@ -11847,9 +12678,8 @@ msgstr "" "er en oppskrift pÃ¥ katastrofe i enkelte sammenhenger." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" -msgstr "arkitektur og lov: tvinge" +msgstr "Arkitektur og lov: Makt" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -11879,22 +12709,37 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonen med loven og cognizant av saldoer som tradisjon omfavnet, som sa " "om og hvordan loven ville begrense friheten." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Casablanca" +msgstr "Casablanca" + #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " +#| "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgid "" -"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." +"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" "Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and " +#| "Warner Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. " +#| "Warner Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the Marxes, " +#| "warning them that there would be serious legal consequences if they went " +#| "forward with their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " -"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " -"Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the Marxes, warning them " -"that there would be serious legal consequences if they went forward with " -"their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of <citetitle>Casablanca</" +"citetitle>. Warner Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the " +"Marxes, warning them that there would be serious legal consequences if they " +"went forward with their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er en berømt historie om en kamp mellom Marx-brødrene (the Marx " "Brothers) og Warner Brothers. Marx-brødrene planla Ã¥ lage en parodi av " @@ -11902,18 +12747,34 @@ msgstr "" "brødrene og advarte dem om at det ville fÃ¥ seriøse juridiske konsekvenser " "hvis de gikk videre med sin plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." -msgstr "Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner " +#| "Brothers that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were." +#| "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Marx Brothers therefore " +#| "owned the word brothers, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying to " +#| "control Casablanca, then the Marx Brothers would insist on control over " +#| "brothers." msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Marx Brothers therefore owned the word " -"brothers, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying to control Casablanca, " -"then the Marx Brothers would insist on control over brothers." +"<citetitle>brothers</citetitle>, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying " +"to control <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, then the Marx Brothers would " +"insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>." msgstr "" "Dette fikk Marx-brødrene til Ã¥ svare tilbake med samme mynt. De advarte " "Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene \"var brødre lenge før dere var det\"." @@ -11982,16 +12843,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " -"Middlemarch, for example, is in the public domain. Some of them reproduce " -"content that is not in the public domain: My own book The Future of Ideas is " -"not yet within the public domain. Consider Middlemarch first. If you click " -"on my e-book copy of Middlemarch, you'll see a fancy cover, and then a " -"button at the bottom called Permissions." +"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, for example, is in the public domain. " +"Some of them reproduce content that is not in the public domain: My own book " +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> is not yet within the public " +"domain. Consider <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> first. If you click on " +"my e-book copy of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, you'll see a fancy " +"cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions." msgstr "" "som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken biblioteket. " "noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: middlemarch, er " "for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere innhold som ikke er " -"allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennÃ¥ ikke i public domain. " +"allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for idéer er ennÃ¥ ikke i public domain. " "vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, " "vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp pÃ¥ bunnen kalt tillatelser." @@ -12031,7 +12893,8 @@ msgid "" "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " "text to the clipboard.) I also have the permission to print ten pages from " "the book every ten days. Lastly, I have the permission to use the Read Aloud " -"button to hear Middlemarch read aloud through the computer." +"button to hear <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> read aloud through the " +"computer." msgstr "" "Ifølge min eBok-leser har jeg tillatelse til Ã¥ kopiere til utklippstavlen pÃ¥ " "datamaskinen ti tekstomrÃ¥der ti dager. (sÃ¥ langt jeg har kopiert ingen tekst " @@ -12043,7 +12906,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's Politics." +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" "Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert " "oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk." @@ -12077,10 +12940,10 @@ msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " -"e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" +"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" "Endelig (og mest embarrassingly), her er du tillatelsene for den " -"opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for ideer:" +"opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for idéer:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." @@ -12120,11 +12983,11 @@ msgid "" "works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the " "power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not under " "copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy " -"only ten text selections into the memory every ten days, what that really " -"means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I " -"use the book on my computer, far beyond the control that the law would " -"enable." +"id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have " +"the permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten " +"days, what that really means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the " +"publisher to control how I use the book on my computer, far beyond the " +"control that the law would enable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12163,9 +13026,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " -"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner Brothers," -"\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." +"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " +"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " +"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." msgstr "" "Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx " "brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde Ã¥ skrive inn " @@ -12174,12 +13037,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " -"code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " -"ratified by courts; the controls over access to content will be controls " -"that are coded by programmers. And whereas the controls that are built into " -"the law are always to be checked by a judge, the controls that are built " -"into the technology have no similar built-in check." +"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright <emphasis>law</" +"emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The controls over access " +"to content will not be controls that are ratified by courts; the controls " +"over access to content will be controls that are coded by programmers. And " +"whereas the controls that are built into the law are always to be checked by " +"a judge, the controls that are built into the technology have no similar " +"built-in check." msgstr "" "Dette er fremtiden til lov om opphavsrett: ikke sÃ¥ mye copyright lov som " "opphavsrett kode. Kontroller over tilgangen til innholdet kan ikke " @@ -12218,9 +13082,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " -"Adobe site was a copy of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. This wonderful " -"book is in the public domain. Yet when you clicked on Permissions for that " -"book, you got the following report:" +"Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</" +"citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you " +"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" msgstr "" "tidlig i livet av adobe eBok reader LED adobe et PR mareritt. Blant bøkene " "som du kan laste ned gratis pÃ¥ adobe siden var en kopi av alice's adventures " @@ -12367,13 +13231,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " -"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. " -"Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or " -"coders, as I call them, hack is a much more positive term. Hack just means " -"code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally intended " -"or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you might " -"find the old computer doesn't run, or \"drive,\" the printer. If you " +"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " +"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly connotation. " +"Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even " +"worse. But to programmers, or coders, as I call them, <citetitle>hack</" +"citetitle> is a much more positive term. <citetitle>Hack</citetitle> just " +"means code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally " +"intended or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you " +"might find the old computer doesn't run, or \"drive,\" the printer. If you " "discovered that, you'd later be happy to discover a hack on the Net by " "someone who has written a driver to enable the computer to drive the printer " "you just bought." @@ -12427,8 +13292,8 @@ msgid "" "dance jazz. Nor is it a crime to teach your dog to dance jazz. Nor should it " "be a crime (though we don't have a lot to go on here) to teach your robot " "dog to dance jazz. Dancing jazz is a completely legal activity. One imagines " -"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, What possible problem could there be " -"with teaching a robot dog to dance?" +"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, <emphasis>What possible problem could " +"there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>" msgstr "" "Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, bÃ¥de i og utenfor USA. " "NÃ¥r jeg ble spurt av en rÃ¥dvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for en " @@ -12463,19 +13328,24 @@ msgstr "" "felten stÃ¥tt sin bakken. Han var ikke om Ã¥ bli mobba til Ã¥ være stille om " "noe han visste godt." -#. f22 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" +msgstr "Elektronisk forpost-stiftelsen (EFF)" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " -"Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the " -"Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks,\" American Prospect, January 2002; " -"\"Court Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,\" Intellectual " -"Property Litigation Reporter, 11 December 2001; Bill Holland, \"Copyright " -"Act Raising Free-Speech Concerns,\" Billboard, May 2001; Janelle Brown, \"Is " -"the RIAA Running Scared?\" Salon.com, April 2001; Electronic Frontier " -"Foundation, \"Frequently Asked Questions about Felten and USENIX v. RIAA " +"<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " +"Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks,\" " +"<citetitle>American Prospect</citetitle>, January 2002; \"Court Dismisses " +"Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,\" <citetitle>Intellectual Property " +"Litigation Reporter</citetitle>, 11 December 2001; Bill Holland, \"Copyright " +"Act Raising Free-Speech Concerns,\" <citetitle>Billboard</citetitle>, May " +"2001; Janelle Brown, \"Is the RIAA Running Scared?\" Salon.com, April 2001; " +"Electronic Frontier Foundation, \"Frequently Asked Questions about " +"<citetitle>Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v. <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> " "Legal Case,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#27</ulink>." +"#27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12548,7 +13418,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven, men ogsÃ¥ fordi det er en virkelig god idé. en sterkt beskyttet " "tradisjon av ytringsfriheten er sannsynlig Ã¥ oppmuntre til et bredt spekter " "av kritikk. at kritikk er sannsynlig, i sin tur til Ã¥ forbedre systemer " -"eller personer eller ideer kritisert." +"eller personer eller idéer kritisert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -12631,8 +13501,9 @@ msgid "" "response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new " "technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies " "to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They " -"were designed as code to modify the original code of the Internet, to " -"reestablish some protection for copyright owners." +"were designed as <emphasis>code</emphasis> to modify the original " +"<emphasis>code</emphasis> of the Internet, to reestablish some protection " +"for copyright owners." msgstr "" "dmca ble vedtatt som en reaksjon pÃ¥ opphavsrett eiernes første frykt om " "cyberspace. frykt var at opphavsrett kontroll var effektivt død; svaret var " @@ -12646,9 +13517,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " -"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " -"intended to buttress software code which itself was intended to support the " -"legal code of copyright." +"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " +"<emphasis>legal code</emphasis> intended to buttress <emphasis>software " +"code</emphasis> which itself was intended to support the <emphasis>legal " +"code of copyright</emphasis>." msgstr "" "dmca var litt av loven som er ment Ã¥ sikkerhetskopiere beskyttelse av denne " "koden som er utformet for Ã¥ beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Det " @@ -12721,8 +13593,8 @@ msgid "" "be banned because it was a copyright-infringing technology: It enabled " "consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " "doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " -"\"Mr. Rogers,\" for example, had testified in that case that he wanted " -"people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." +"\"<citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,\" for example, had testified in that " +"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." msgstr "" "bizarreness av disse argumentene er fanget i en tegneserie tegnet i 1981 av " "paul conrad. pÃ¥ den tiden, en domstol i california hadde holdt at " @@ -12736,9 +13608,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " -"455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " -"Lardner, Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR " +"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " +"City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " +"never changed his view about the VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast " +"Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> " "(New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 270–71." msgstr "" "Sony corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " @@ -12832,10 +13705,10 @@ msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " -"technologies) are illegal. Flash: No one ever died from copyright " -"circumvention. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies absolutely, " -"despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits guns, " -"despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +"technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " +"circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " +"absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." msgstr "" "den Ã¥penbare punkt conrad's tegneserie er weirdness av en verden der guns er " "juridisk, til tross for skade som de kan gjøre, mens videospillere (og " @@ -12863,14 +13736,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " -"and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " -"violation of the law. In this way, the code extends the law—increasing " -"its regulation, even if the subject it regulates (activities that would " -"otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code " -"becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that " -"copyright owners effect—at least for those copyright holders with the " -"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." +"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " +"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " +"rules the violation of which is also a violation of the law. In this way, " +"the code extends the law—increasing its regulation, even if the " +"subject it regulates (activities that would otherwise plainly constitute " +"fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code becomes law; code extends the " +"law; code thus extends the control that copyright owners effect—at " +"least for those copyright holders with the lawyers who can write the nasty " +"letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien " "for kopiering og tilgang beskyttelse bli regler bryter som er ogsÃ¥ et brudd " @@ -12908,8 +13782,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " -"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " -"Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1997): 651." +"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " +"Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 (1997): 651." msgstr "" "for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, \"legal-" "fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles " @@ -12917,11 +13791,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " -"every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " -"the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain Kirk. The characters " -"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue it." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " +"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " +"fan fiction about the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain " +"Kirk. The characters would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply " +"continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12978,9 +13852,8 @@ msgstr "" "skjer her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Market: Concentration" -msgstr "markedet: konsentrasjon" +msgstr "Marked: Konsentrasjon" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13075,7 +13948,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " -"New York Times, 23 December 2002." +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." msgstr "" "lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette Ã¥ " "skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002." @@ -13084,12 +13957,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " -"May 2003." +"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " +"Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" "Molly ivins, \"media konsolidering mÃ¥ stoppes,\" charleston gazette, 31 kan " "2003." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "McCain, John" +msgstr "McCain, John" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " @@ -13099,7 +13976,8 @@ msgid "" "BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 " "percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the " -"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 @@ -13108,11 +13986,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-" -"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. During that " -"period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners dropped by 34 " -"percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters control 74 " -"percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 " -"percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." +"five stations. Today <emphasis>one</emphasis> company owns more than 1,200 " +"stations. During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio " +"owners dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest " +"broadcasters control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just " +"four companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." msgstr "" "historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets " "største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag " @@ -13142,25 +14020,32 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt Ã¥ beskytte. Det er " "faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet—av markedet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fallows, James" +msgstr "Fallows, James" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " -"article about Rupert Murdoch," +"article about Rupert Murdoch, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "konsentrasjon i størrelse alene er én ting. mer invidious endringen er i " "natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " "artikkel om rupert murdoch," -#. f28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " +#| "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89." +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</" +"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"James fallows, \"en alder av murdoch,\" atlantic monthly (september 2003): " -"89." +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (september 2003): " +"89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -13242,11 +14127,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " -"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told Lear. " -"Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC was " -"exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less edgy, " -"not more." +"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too " +"edgy, they told Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy " +"than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told " +"Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more." msgstr "" "i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten " "til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var ogsÃ¥ irritabel, fortalte de " @@ -13324,21 +14209,31 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " -"had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " -"of any show developed for a network is increasingly owned by the network." +"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show less " +"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is " +"increasingly owned by the network." msgstr "" "i dag, en annen norman lear med en annen alle i familien ville finne at han " "mÃ¥tte velge Ã¥ gjøre showet mindre irritabel eller sparken: innholdet i et " "hvilket som helst Vis utviklet for et nettverk er i økende grad eid av " "nettverket." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Diller, Barry" +msgstr "Diller, Barry" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Moyers, Bill" +msgstr "Moyers, Bill" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " -"Diller said to Bill Moyers," +"Diller said to Bill Moyers, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "mens antall kanaler har økt dramatisk, har eierskap av disse kanalene " "begrenses til en stadig mindre og mindre fÃ¥. som barry diller sa til bill " @@ -13346,11 +14241,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 " +#| "April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #76</ulink>." msgid "" -"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " -"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." +"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " +"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" +"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " +"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#76</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -13392,15 +14295,16 @@ msgstr "Clark, Kim B." #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " -"Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business " -"School Press, 1997). Christensen acknowledges that the idea was first " -"suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. Clark, \"The Interaction of Design " -"Hierarchies and Market Concepts in Technological Evolution,\" Research " -"Policy 14 (1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster " -"and Sarah Kaplan, Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " -"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them (New " -"York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." +"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen " +"acknowledges that the idea was first suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. " +"Clark, \"The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in " +"Technological Evolution,\" <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 (1985): " +"235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and Sarah Kaplan, " +"<citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last " +"Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them</" +"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13413,7 +14317,7 @@ msgid "" "would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should not, " "sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far too " -"little sprinting." +"little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13549,7 +14453,18 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ hjelpe deg Ã¥ fÃ¥ budskapet. kan du være sikker pÃ¥ at meldingen vil " "deretter bli hørt?" -#. f34 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Comcast" +msgstr "Comcast" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "WJOA" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " @@ -13561,19 +14476,23 @@ msgid "" "collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These " "restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for example, " "Nat Ives, \"On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection " -"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-" -"related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing " -"to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, " -"\"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and " -"Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a more " -"recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see Radio-Television " -"News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal " -"authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a recent example " -"from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that " -"criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, " -"\"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. " -"The ground was that the criticism was \"too controversial.\"" +"from TV Networks,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 13 March 2003, " +"C4. Outside of election-related air time there is very little that the FCC " +"or the courts are willing to do to even the playing field. For a general " +"overview, see Rhonda Brown, \"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial " +"Advertising on Television and Radio,\" <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy " +"Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): 449–79, and for a more recent summary of " +"the stance of the FCC and the courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News " +"Directors Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d " +"872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as " +"the networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco " +"transit authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. " +"Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, \"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects " +"Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was " +"\"too controversial.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13696,9 +14615,9 @@ msgid "" "as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " "lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the " "past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need " -"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be reductions in " -"the scope of copyright, in response to the extraordinary increase in control " -"that technology and the market enable." +"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be " +"<emphasis>reductions</emphasis> in the scope of copyright, in response to " +"the extraordinary increase in control that technology and the market enable." msgstr "" "lov om opphavsrett har ikke vært en rock of gibraltar. Det er ikke et sett " "med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenÃ¥ringer og " @@ -13717,9 +14636,9 @@ msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " "the effect of changing law, concentrated markets, and changing technology, " -"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: Never in our history have " -"fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of our culture " -"than now." +"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: <emphasis>Never in our " +"history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of " +"our culture than now</emphasis>." msgstr "" "for enkeltpunkt som er tapt i denne krigen mot pirater er et punkt som vi " "ser bare etter kartlegging pÃ¥ rekke disse endringene. NÃ¥r du legger sammen " @@ -13728,15 +14647,15 @@ msgstr "" "færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " "enn nÃ¥." -#. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " -"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." +"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" " -"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 159­60." +"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans \"fire kapitulasjoner\" " +"for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, " +"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -13745,14 +14664,14 @@ msgid "" "tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there " "were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film " "studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " -"Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad " -"a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of " -"regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of " -"a nation at the founding—is now a massive regulation of the overall " -"creative process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn " -"this historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " -"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"<emphasis>Never</emphasis> has copyright protected such a wide range of " +"rights, against as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as " +"long. This form of regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the " +"creative energy of a nation at the founding—is now a massive " +"regulation of the overall creative process. Law plus technology plus the " +"market now interact to turn this historically benign regulation into the " +"most significant regulation of culture that our free society has known." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13776,9 +14695,8 @@ msgstr "" "1790, loven sÃ¥ ut som dette:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "PUBLISH" -msgstr "publisere" +msgstr "Publiser" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -13786,24 +14704,20 @@ msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "transformere" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Commercial" -msgstr "kommersielle" +msgstr "Kommersiell" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "©" -msgstr "�" +msgstr "©" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Free" -msgstr "gratis" +msgstr "Fri" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Noncommercial" -msgstr "reklamefrie" +msgstr "Ikke-kommersiell" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13854,13 +14768,12 @@ msgstr "" "slik ut:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "COPY" msgstr "Kopier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "©/Free" -msgstr "" +msgstr "©/Fri" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -13928,8 +14841,8 @@ msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " "and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of Property," -"\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. " -"(New York: New York University Press, 1980)." +"\" in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland Pennock and " +"John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)." msgstr "" "Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for Ã¥ " "demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for Ã¥ balansere " @@ -13947,9 +14860,10 @@ msgid "" "need to give authors and artists incentives with the equally important need " "to assure access to creative work. This balance has always been struck in " "light of new technologies. And for almost half of our tradition, the " -"\"copyright\" did not control at all the freedom of others to build upon or " -"transform a creative work. American culture was born free, and for almost " -"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." +"\"copyright\" did not control <emphasis>at all</emphasis> the freedom of " +"others to build upon or transform a creative work. American culture was born " +"free, and for almost 180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant " +"and rich free culture." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 @@ -14018,13 +14932,25 @@ msgstr "Nøtter" msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "chimeras" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Wells, H. G." +msgstr "Wells, H. G." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" +msgstr "" + #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " -"Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " -"Oxford University Press, 1996)." +"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " +"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " +"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." msgstr "" "h. g. wells, \"land for blind\" (1904, 1911). se h. g. wells, landet av " "blind og andre historier, michael sherborne, ed. (new york: oxford " @@ -14048,14 +14974,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " -"They don't have the word blind. They think he's just thick. Indeed, as they " -"increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the sound of grass being " -"stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to control him. He, in turn, " -"becomes increasingly frustrated. \"`You don't understand,' he cried, in a " -"voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. `You are " -"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\"" -msgstr "" -"ting gÃ¥r ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver Ã¥ forklare ideen om " +"They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just " +"thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the " +"sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to " +"control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. \"`You don't " +"understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, " +"and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\"" +msgstr "" +"ting gÃ¥r ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver Ã¥ forklare idéen om " "synet til landsbyboere. de forstÃ¥r ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind." "\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig " "mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress Ã¥ bli trappet pÃ¥, " @@ -14068,7 +14994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " +"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " "a young woman who to him seems \"the most beautiful thing in the whole of " "creation,\" understands the beauty of sight. Nunez's description of what he " @@ -14166,7 +15092,7 @@ msgid "" "this reality." msgstr "" "før jeg hadde lest om regenererende, ville jeg sagt de var umulig. en enkelt " -"person kan ikke ha to sett med dna. selve ideen om dna er at det er koden " +"person kan ikke ha to sett med dna. selve idéen om dna er at det er koden " "for en person. men faktisk, ikke bare kan to personer har samme sett med dna " "(identisk tvillinger), men en person kan ha to forskjellige sett med dna (en " "chimera). vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " @@ -14224,9 +15150,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " -"that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) releases a " +"that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) releases a " "new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free copy to " -"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower." +"take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te nÃ¥r den andre siden, sier, \"fildeling er akkurat som Ã¥ vandre " "inn i en tower records og tar en cd av sokkelen og vandre ut med det,\" som " @@ -14269,7 +15196,10 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" -#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Berman, Howard L." +msgstr "Berman, Howard L." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " @@ -14279,15 +15209,16 @@ msgid "" "Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman (D-Calif.) have introduced a bill " "that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with " "punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, " -"\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. " -"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent " -"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " -"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a " -"family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon " -"Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could " -"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures " -"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. " +"\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</" +"citetitle>, 17 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per " +"copied song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's " +"demand that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more " +"than 600 songs through a family computer, see <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon Internet Services)</" +"citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could face " +"liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures furnish " +"the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. " "Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of " "heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance " "next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to " @@ -14296,8 +15227,9 @@ msgid "" "\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file " "sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-" "sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " -"to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>." +"to Name Students,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -14335,8 +15267,9 @@ msgid "" "recognizes the truth in both. And while I end this book with a sketch of a " "system that does just that, my aim in the next chapter is to show just how " "awful it would be for us to adopt the zero-tolerance extreme. I believe " -"either extreme would be worse than a reasonable alternative. But I believe " -"the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse of the two extremes." +"<emphasis>either</emphasis> extreme would be worse than a reasonable " +"alternative. But I believe the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse " +"of the two extremes." msgstr "" "enten svar er mulig. Jeg tror enten ville være feil. i stedet for Ã¥ omfavne " "en av disse to ytterpunktene, bør vi omfavne noe som gjenkjenner sannheten i " @@ -14440,11 +15373,16 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Vivendi Universal" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " -"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." +"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "i april 2001, ble emusic.com kjøpt av vivendi universal, en av \"den store " "etiketter.\" posisjonen pÃ¥ disse sakene er nÃ¥ endret." @@ -14579,7 +15517,7 @@ msgid "" "applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range of citizens to use " "technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all around." msgstr "" -"Denne digitale \"fange og deling\" er delvis en utvidelse for Ã¥ registrere " +"Denne digitale \"fange inn og dele\" er delvis en utvidelse for Ã¥ registrere " "og dele det har alltid vært del av vÃ¥r kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. " "den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-" "lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en " @@ -14590,7 +15528,6 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -14598,10 +15535,11 @@ msgid "" "neighbors in a small town. Now imagine that same storytelling extended " "across the globe." msgstr "" -"teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til Ã¥ gjøre noe med kultur som " -"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i smÃ¥ grupper, isolert fra andre. " -"Tenk pÃ¥ en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med naboer i en " -"liten by. NÃ¥ forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele verden." +"Teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til Ã¥ gjøre noe med kultur som " +"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i smÃ¥ grupper, isolert fra andre " +"grupper. Forestill deg en gammel mann som forteller en historie til en " +"samling med naboer i en liten landsby. Forestill deg sÃ¥ den samme " +"historiefortellingen utvidet til Ã¥ nÃ¥ over hele verden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -14626,17 +15564,24 @@ msgstr "" "over Internett. men som loven er nÃ¥ laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively " "ugyldig." -#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Worldcom" +msgstr "Worldcom" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " -"N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " -"see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. District Court Approval for SEC " -"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #37</ulink>." +"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " +"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " +"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. " +"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bush, George W." +msgstr "Bush, George W." + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " @@ -14646,7 +15591,8 @@ msgid "" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns Back " "Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has " -"continued to urge tort reform in recent months." +"continued to urge tort reform in recent months. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -14666,17 +15612,27 @@ msgid "" "damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " "common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " "downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " -"negligently butchering a patient?" +"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 " +#| "November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink " +#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." msgid "" -"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. " -"For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #41</ulink>." +"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +"citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november " +"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" +"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -14940,11 +15896,11 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " -"The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " -"extraordinaire) would never have predicted." +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " +"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted." msgstr "" "vurdere ett eksempel for Ã¥ gjøre punktet, en historie som begynnelsen jeg " -"fortalt i fremtiden for ideer og som har kommet i en mÃ¥te at selv jeg " +"fortalt i fremtiden for idéer og som har kommet i en mÃ¥te at selv jeg " "(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -14971,10 +15927,10 @@ msgid "" "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " "leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new " "artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And " -"so on." +"so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pÃ¥litelig " -"mÃ¥te Ã¥ anbefale musikk til sine brukere. Ideen bak denne alternative var Ã¥ " +"mÃ¥te Ã¥ anbefale musikk til sine brukere. idéen bak denne alternative var Ã¥ " "utnytte Ã¥penbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere Ã¥ anbefale nye artister. " "Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til Ã¥ nyte bonnie raitt. og sÃ¥ " "videre." @@ -15099,12 +16055,13 @@ msgstr "Hummer, John" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " -"23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " -"the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The Music Revolution Will " -"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, \"Online " -"Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001." +"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " +"Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " +"effects on innovation in the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The " +"Music Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also " +"Jon Healey, \"Online Music Services Besieged,\" <citetitle>Los Angeles " +"Times</citetitle>, 28 May 2001." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15122,28 +16079,35 @@ msgid "" "in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you " "not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " -"that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, Rafe Needleman describes " -"a discussion with BMW:" +"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> msgid "BMW" msgstr "BMW" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" -#. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. " -"I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June " +#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" +#| "ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +"citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this " +"example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " "tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" -"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet." +"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -15374,7 +16338,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." +"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001)." msgstr "" "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." @@ -15382,12 +16347,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when " -"new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure " -"that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses " -"have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) " -"has been another." +"Litman in her book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. " +"As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has " +"struck a balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. " +"Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free " +"use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15409,17 +16374,18 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " -"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. " -"1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers " -"of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright " -"infringement for a device that is unable to record or redistribute music (a " -"device whose only copying function is to render portable a music file " -"already stored on a user's hard drive). At the district court level, the " -"only exception is found in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, " -"Ltd., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found the " -"link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated to " -"make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement " +"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " +"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " +"Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of " +"appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player " +"were not liable for contributory copyright infringement for a device that is " +"unable to record or redistribute music (a device whose only copying function " +"is to render portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). " +"At the district court level, the only exception is found in <citetitle>Metro-" +"Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</" +"citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found " +"the link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated " +"to make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement " "liability." msgstr "" "Det eneste unntaket fra circuit court er funnet i innspillingen industry " @@ -15435,7 +16401,6 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " "medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." -#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" @@ -15450,7 +16415,7 @@ msgid "" "copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, " "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" 27 June 2003, " "33–34, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#44</ulink>." +"#44</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15627,9 +16592,9 @@ msgid "" "for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While " "terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " "it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, " -"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet " -"radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens " -"terrestrial radio." +"<emphasis>Internet radio does</emphasis>. Not only is the law not neutral " +"toward Internet radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio more " +"than it burdens terrestrial radio." msgstr "" "men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny " "industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde " @@ -15641,7 +16606,10 @@ msgstr "" "nøytral mot Internett-radio—loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer " "enn det byrder bakkesendte radio." -#. f14. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " @@ -15653,12 +16621,14 @@ msgid "" "Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " "analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, \"Copyright as Entry " -"Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" Antitrust Bulletin (Summer/Fall " -"2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just old-fashioned entry " -"barriers. Analog radio stations are protected from digital entrants, " -"reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, this is done in the name of " -"getting royalties to copyright holders, but, absent the play of powerful " -"interests, that could have been done in a media-neutral way.\"" +"Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" <citetitle>Antitrust Bulletin</" +"citetitle> (Summer/Fall 2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just " +"old-fashioned entry barriers. Analog radio stations are protected from " +"digital entrants, reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, this is done " +"in the name of getting royalties to copyright holders, but, absent the play " +"of powerful interests, that could have been done in a media-neutral way.\" " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15675,8 +16645,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " -"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " -"would have to collect the following data from every listening transaction:" +"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " +"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening " +"transaction</emphasis>:" msgstr "" "byrden er ikke økonomiske bare. under de opprinnelige reglene som ble " "foreslÃ¥tt, Internett-radiostasjonen (men ikke en terrestriske radiostasjon) " @@ -15818,7 +16789,8 @@ msgid "" "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " "arbitration panel charged with setting rates. But the basic difference " "between Internet radio and terrestrial radio remains: Internet radio has to " -"pay a type of copyright fee that terrestrial radio does not." +"pay a <emphasis>type of copyright fee</emphasis> that terrestrial radio does " +"not." msgstr "" "bibliotekaren til Kongressen stoppet til slutt disse rapportering krav, " "ventende videre studium. og han endret ogsÃ¥ de opprinnelige prisene ved " @@ -15876,9 +16848,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " -"with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " -"know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate and it's a stable, " -"predictable market.\" (Emphasis added.)" +"with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " +"with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate and it's a " +"stable, predictable market</emphasis>.\" (Emphasis added.)" msgstr "" "og riaa eksperter sa, \"Vel, vi ikke virkelig modell dette som industri med " "tusenvis av webcasters, vi tror det bør være en bransje med, du vet, fem " @@ -15945,24 +16917,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " -"of citizens. According to The New York Times, 43 million Americans " -"downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million Americans is a " -"felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent of America " -"into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only the Napsters " -"and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search engines, and " -"increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the technologies " -"for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal use. It is an " -"arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side inviting a more " -"extreme response by the other." +"of citizens. According to <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 43 " +"million Americans downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million " +"Americans is a felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent " +"of America into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only " +"the Napsters and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search " +"engines, and increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the " +"technologies for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal " +"use. It is an arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side " +"inviting a more extreme response by the other." msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " -"Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." +"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" "Alex pham, \"etikettene streik tilbake: ny jente settles riaa tilfelle,\" " "los angeles times, 10 september 2003, business." @@ -15993,7 +16965,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " -"Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." +"Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " +"(1991): 242." msgstr "" "Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" " "amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -16015,8 +16988,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " -"Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " -"literature)." +"<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " +"of compliance literature)." msgstr "" "se james andreoni, brian Eberhard og jonathon feinstein, \"skatt samsvar,\" " "journal av økonomiske litteratur 36 (1998): 818 (undersøkelse av samsvar " @@ -16138,7 +17111,7 @@ msgstr "" "fengsle voldtektsforbryter. men jeg bryr seg om mine studenter respekterer " "loven. og jeg bryr seg Hvis reglene for loven purke økende aktelse pÃ¥ grunn " "av ekstreme regulering de innføre. fem millioner amerikanere har kommet av " -"alder siden Internett innført denne annen ide om \"deling.\" vi trenger Ã¥ " +"alder siden Internett innført denne annen idé om \"deling.\" vi trenger Ã¥ " "kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -16342,7 +17315,6 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " "kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." -#. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16354,7 +17326,8 @@ msgid "" "directly from any war of prohibition. As Electronic Frontier Foundation " "attorney Fred von Lohmann describes, this is the \"collateral damage\" that " "\"arises whenever you turn a very large percentage of the population into " -"criminals.\" This is the collateral damage to civil liberties generally." +"criminals.\" This is the collateral damage to civil liberties generally. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Det er forstÃ¥elig hvorfor de velger som de gjør. Det er ikke forstÃ¥elig " "hvorfor vi som et demokrati fortsette Ã¥ velge som vi gjør. Jack valenti er " @@ -16367,12 +17340,17 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" +msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," +"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter,\" forklarer von " +"Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -16393,7 +17371,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hvordan kan du hÃ¥per Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ motta Internett-tilgang? ... vÃ¥r " "sensibilities endre sÃ¥ snart vi tror, \"oh, vel, men denne personen er en " "kriminell, lawbreaker.\" Vel, hva denne kampanjen mot fildeling har gjort er " -"Ã¥ slÃ¥ en bemerkelsesverdig prosent av den amerikanske internet-bruker " +"Ã¥ slÃ¥ en bemerkelsesverdig prosent av den amerikanske internett-bruker " "befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -16428,15 +17406,16 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " -"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " -"September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, \"Worried Parents Pull Plug on File " -"`Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents " -"are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,\" Orlando Sentinel " -"Tribune, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, \"Recording Industry Sues " -"Parents,\" USA Today, 15 September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, \"She Says She's " -"No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, Either,\" New York Times, 25 September 2003, " -"C1; Margo Varadi, \"Is Brianna a Criminal?\" Toronto Star, 18 September " -"2003, P7." +"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, \"Worried Parents Pull " +"Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File " +"Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,\" " +"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; " +"Jefferson Graham, \"Recording Industry Sues Parents,\" <citetitle>USA Today</" +"citetitle>, 15 September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, \"She Says She's No Music " +"Pirate. No Snoop Fan, Either,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 " +"September 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, \"Is Brianna a Criminal?\" " +"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7." msgstr "" "se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmÃ¥l møte overrasket over mÃ¥l; enkelt mor i " "California, 12-Ã¥r gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 " @@ -16482,19 +17461,22 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " -"Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " -"Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at Colleges,\" Washington " -"Post, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, \"Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at " -"Their Own Risk,\" Christian Science Monitor, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert " -"Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students " -"Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, " -"1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,\" Internet " -"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: " -"Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against " -"File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, " -"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 September 2000, 3D." +"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " +"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File " +"Sharing at Colleges,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, " +"E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, \"Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,\" " +"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; " +"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two " +"Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" <citetitle>Chicago " +"Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy " +"Guns on Universities,\" <citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</" +"ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This " +"Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,\" " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, " +"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 26 " +"September 2000, 3D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -16513,7 +17495,6 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16524,7 +17505,8 @@ msgid "" "university might not believe her. It might treat this \"contraband\" as " "presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have already " "learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of wars of " -"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann," +"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "nÃ¥, selvfølgelig, hun vil ha rett til Ã¥ forsvare seg selv. Du kan leie en " "advokat for henne (pÃ¥ $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne " @@ -16593,20 +17575,18 @@ msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "Maktfordeling" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. " "Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with " "gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ her er bildet: du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden av veien. bilen er pÃ¥ brann. du er sint " -"og lei fordi delvis du hjalp starte til brann. nÃ¥ vet du hvordan du setter " -"det. siden du er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. Ã¥penbart, bensin vil ikke sette " -"brann ut." +"SÃ¥ her er bildet: Du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden av veien. Bilen din er pÃ¥ brann. Du er " +"sint og opprørt fordi du delvis bidro til Ã¥ starte brannen. NÃ¥ vet du ikke " +"hvordan du slokker den. Ved siden av deg er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. " +"Bensin vil Ã¥penbart ikke slukke brannen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -16614,14 +17594,13 @@ msgid "" "gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will " "ignite is about to ignite everything around." msgstr "" -"som du tenke rotet, kommer noen andre. i en panikk griper hun bøtte. før du " -"har en sjanse til Ã¥ fortelle henne til Ã¥ slutte— eller før hun forstÃ¥r " -"bare hvorfor hun bør stoppe—bøtte er i luften. til bensin er om Ã¥ " -"treffe Lynrask bilen. og brann som bensin vil antennes er om Ã¥ antennes alt " -"rundt." +"Mens du tenker over situasjonen, kommer noen andre forbi. I panikk griper " +"hun bøtta, og før du har hatt sjansen til Ã¥ be henne stoppe—eller før " +"hun forstÃ¥r hvorfor hun bør stoppe—er bøtten i svevet. Bensinen er pÃ¥ " +"tur mot den brennende bilen. Og brannen som bensinen kommer til Ã¥ fyre opp " +"vil straks sette fyr pÃ¥ alt i omgivelsene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -16630,15 +17609,15 @@ msgid "" "themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that " "if let alone would burn itself out." msgstr "" -"en krig om opphavsrett rages rundt— og vi alle fokuserer pÃ¥ feil. " -"ingen tvil, truer aktuell teknologi eksisterende virksomheter. de kan uten " -"tvil True kunstnere. men teknologier endre. næringen og Teknologorganisasjon " -"har masse av veier Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot gjeldende " -"trusler pÃ¥ Internett. Dette er en brann at hvis enn si ville brenne seg." +"En krig om opphavsrett pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt— og vi fokuserer alle pÃ¥ feil " +"ting. Det er ingen tvil om at dagens teknologier truer eksisterende " +"virksomheter. Uten tvil kan de true artister. Men teknologier endrer seg. " +"Industrien og teknologer har en rekke mÃ¥ter Ã¥ bruke teknologi til Ã¥ beskytte " +"dem selv mot dagens trusler pÃ¥ Internet. Dette er en brann som overlatt til " +"seg selv vil brenne ut." #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -16646,49 +17625,48 @@ msgid "" "this culture faces. For while we watch this small fire in the corner, there " "is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around." msgstr "" -"beslutningstakere er ennÃ¥ ikke villige til Ã¥ forlate denne brann til seg " -"selv. primed med masse lobbyister penger, er de opptatt av Ã¥ intervenere for " -"Ã¥ eliminere problemet de oppfatter. men problemet de oppfatter er ikke den " -"virkelige trusselen denne kulturen stÃ¥r overfor. for mens vi se denne liten " -"brann i hjørnet, det er massiv gjøres en endring i mÃ¥ten kultur som skjer " -"rundt." +"Likevel er ikke besluttningstagere villig til Ã¥ la denne brannen i fred. " +"Ladet med masse penger fra lobbyister er de lystne pÃ¥ Ã¥ gÃ¥ i mellom for Ã¥ " +"fjerne problemet slik de oppfatter det. Men problemet slik de oppfatter det " +"er ikke den reelle trusselen som denne kulturen stÃ¥r med ansiktet mot. For " +"mens vi ser pÃ¥ denne lille brannen i hjørnet er det en massiv endring i " +"hvordan kultur blir skapt som pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt. " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " "onto this fire." msgstr "" -"noe har vi Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ slÃ¥ oppmerksomhet til dette mer viktig og " -"grunnleggende problemet. noe har vi Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ pouring bensin " -"bort pÃ¥ denne brann." +"PÃ¥ en eller annen mÃ¥te mÃ¥ vi klare Ã¥ snu oppmerksomheten mot dette mer " +"viktige og fundametale problemet. Vi mÃ¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ Ã¥ helle " +"bensin pÃ¥ denne brannen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " "broadly, it is the simple, binary view that remains. We rubberneck to look " "at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road." msgstr "" -"Vi har ikke funnet den mÃ¥ten ennÃ¥. i stedet synes vi fanget i en enklere, " -"binære visning. men mye mange folk skyve for Ã¥ ramme denne debatten mer " -"forstand, det er den enkle, binære visningen som gjenstÃ¥r. Vi rubberneck for " -"Ã¥ se pÃ¥ ilden nÃ¥r vi skal holde vÃ¥re øyne pÃ¥ veien." +"Vi har ikke funne denne mÃ¥ten ennÃ¥. Istedet synes vi Ã¥ være fanget i en " +"enklere og sort-hvit tenkning. Uansett hvor mange folk som presser pÃ¥ for Ã¥ " +"gjøre rammen for debatten litt bredere, er det dette enkle sort-hvit-synet " +"som bestÃ¥r. Vi kjører sakte forbi og stirrer pÃ¥ brannen nÃ¥r vi i stedet " +"burde holde øynene pÃ¥ veien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " "efforts, so far failed, to find a way to refocus this debate. We must " "understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require." msgstr "" -"denne utfordringen har vært livet disse siste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ vært min " -"feil. i to kapitlene som følger, beskriver jeg en liten klammeparentes av " -"innsats, sÃ¥ langt ikke klart, Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ refokusere denne debatten. " -"Hvis vi Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hva suksess vil kreve, mÃ¥ vi forstÃ¥ disse feil." +"Denne utfordringen har vært livet mitt de siste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ vært " +"min falitt. I de to neste kapittlene, beskriver jeg en liten innsats, sÃ¥ " +"langt uten suksess, pÃ¥ Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ endre fokus pÃ¥ denne debatten. Vi " +"mÃ¥ forstÃ¥ disse mislyktede forsøkene hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hva som kreves for " +"Ã¥ lykkes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" @@ -16748,14 +17726,16 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " -"as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " -"1907. It was free for anyone to take without the permission of the Hawthorne " -"estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press and Penguin Classics, take " -"works from the public domain and produce printed editions, which they sell " -"in bookstores across the country. Others, such as Disney, take these stories " -"and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes successfully (Cinderella), " -"sometimes not (The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Treasure Planet). These are all " -"commercial publications of public domain works." +"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " +"into the public domain in 1907. It was free for anyone to take without the " +"permission of the Hawthorne estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press " +"and Penguin Classics, take works from the public domain and produce printed " +"editions, which they sell in bookstores across the country. Others, such as " +"Disney, take these stories and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes " +"successfully (<citetitle>Cinderella</citetitle>), sometimes not " +"(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure " +"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain " +"works." msgstr "" "eldred's frihet til Ã¥ gjøre dette med hawthorne's arbeid vokste fra den " "samme kilden som disney's. hawthorne's sange hadde gÃ¥tt inn i den offentlige " @@ -16816,15 +17796,16 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " -"of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " -"wanted to post that collection in his free public library. But Congress got " -"in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in 1998, for the eleventh time in " -"forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing copyrights—this " -"time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add any works more recent " -"than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no copyrighted work would " -"pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then, if Congress " -"extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period, more than 1 " -"million patents will pass into the public domain." +"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " +"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in " +"1998, for the eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of " +"existing copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be " +"free to add any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. " +"Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that " +"year (and not even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, " +"in the same period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public " +"domain." msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " @@ -16926,7 +17907,10 @@ msgstr "" "\"fremme... fremgang\"—gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke—av " "\"sikre\" \"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 223 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Jaszi, Peter" +msgstr "Jaszi, Peter" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16937,7 +17921,7 @@ msgid "" "every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power to extend " "its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " "forbids—perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor " -"Peter Jaszi so nicely put it." +"Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "i de siste 40 Ã¥rene, har Kongressen fÃ¥tt i praksis for Ã¥ utvide eksisterende " "vilkÃ¥r for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rÃ¥dvill meg om dette var, hvis " @@ -17149,15 +18133,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " +#| "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +#| "Chicago Tribune, 17 October 1998, 22." msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " -"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " -"Tribune, 17 October 1998, 22." +"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." msgstr "" -"Associated press, \"disney lobbyvirksomhet for opphavsrett filtypen ingen " -"Mikke Mus innsats; Kongressen øks bill tildeling skaperne 20 Ã¥r,\"chicago " -"tribune, 17 oktober 1998, 22." +"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " +"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " +"Tribune, 17. oktober 1998, 22." #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -17165,14 +18153,25 @@ msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Se Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +"ulink>." #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +#| "Congressional Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgid "" -"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " +"Quarterly This Week, 8. august 1990, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17213,13 +18212,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " -"extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " -"this Court has increasingly restricted the power of Congress when it has " -"viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power granted to it by the " -"Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most famous example of this " -"trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to strike down a law that " -"banned the possession of guns near schools." +"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " +"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " +"Court's work knows, this Court has increasingly restricted the power of " +"Congress when it has viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power " +"granted to it by the Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most " +"famous example of this trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to " +"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools." msgstr "" "Det var ogsÃ¥ mitt skjønn at denne Høyesterett ikke ville tillate at " "Kongressen til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. alle nær Høyesterett arbeid " @@ -17263,15 +18262,15 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " -"United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " -"schools affected interstate commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, " -"crime lowers property values, and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief " -"Justice asked the government whether there was any activity that would not " -"affect interstate commerce under the reasoning the government advanced. The " -"government said there was not; if Congress says an activity affects " -"interstate commerce, then that activity affects interstate commerce. The " -"Supreme Court, the government said, was not in the position to second-guess " -"Congress." +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " +"government had argued that possessing guns near schools affected interstate " +"commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, crime lowers property values, " +"and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief Justice asked the government " +"whether there was any activity that would not affect interstate commerce " +"under the reasoning the government advanced. The government said there was " +"not; if Congress says an activity affects interstate commerce, then that " +"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government " +"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress." msgstr "" "Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. " "lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler berørt " @@ -17287,13 +18286,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U." +"S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)." #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " +"U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17302,7 +18305,8 @@ msgid "" "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " "Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered interstate " "commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The decision in " -"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States v. Morrison." +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed five years later in " +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" @@ -17345,12 +18349,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " -"believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " -"Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its power over " -"Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I rejected " -"that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after the " -"decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an " +"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " +"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for politics—a " +"conservative Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its " +"power over Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I " +"rejected that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after " +"the decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the \"fidelity\" in such an " "interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme Court decides " "cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily boring. I was " "not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if these nine " @@ -17362,7 +18367,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen for Ã¥ fremme sine egne personlige politiske preferanser. men jeg " "har avvist denne visningen av Høyesterett beslutning. faktisk, kort tid " "etter vedtaket skrev jeg en artikkel demonstrere \"kvalitet\" i en slik " -"tolkning av Grunnloven. ideen at Høyesterett bestemmer tilfeller basert pÃ¥ " +"tolkning av Grunnloven. idéen at Høyesterett bestemmer tilfeller basert pÃ¥ " "sin politikk slo meg som svært kjedelig. Jeg hadde ikke tenkt Ã¥ vie livet " "til undervisning statsrett Hvis disse ni justiariusene skulle være smÃ¥lig " "politikere." @@ -17371,19 +18376,19 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " -"Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " -"copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious " -"sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. " -"When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, " -"the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim " -"changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly " -"for their work. They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the " -"Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six " -"years, they created new work. But now these entities were using their " -"power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' money—to get " -"another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be " -"taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects " -"us all." +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " +"Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing " +"piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—" +"piracy of the public domain. When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt " +"Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six " +"years. Because of interim changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a " +"seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. They had gotten the benefit of " +"the bargain that the Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly " +"protected for fifty-six years, they created new work. But now these entities " +"were using their power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' " +"money—to get another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year " +"dollop would be taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a " +"piracy that affects us all." msgstr "" "NÃ¥ la oss pause for et øyeblikk Ã¥ sørge for at vi forstÃ¥r hva argumentet i " "eldred ikke var om. ved Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, " @@ -17403,9 +18408,10 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U." -"S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." +"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. " +"01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17464,8 +18470,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " -"See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." +"See Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17562,12 +18569,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " -"what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " -"there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty good at suggesting who " -"the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in your backyard is probably " -"yours.) So formally or informally, we have a pretty good way to know who " -"owns what tangible property." +"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " +"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " +"to cars. And where there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty " +"good at suggesting who the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in " +"your backyard is probably yours.) So formally or informally, we have a " +"pretty good way to know who owns what tangible property." msgstr "" "Vel, egentlig, er Hvis du tenker pÃ¥ det, det masse av lister av hvem som " "eier hva egenskapen. Tenk pÃ¥ gjerninger pÃ¥ hus eller titler til biler. og " @@ -17642,10 +18649,11 @@ msgstr "Agee, Michael" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " -"Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " -"Books at Stake; Supreme Court Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down " -"Copyright Extension,\" Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 9 October 2002." +"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " +"\"Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court Hears Arguments Today " +"on Striking Down Copyright Extension,\" <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</" +"citetitle>, 9 October 2002." msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se david g. savage, \"high court scene av showdown pÃ¥ lov om " "opphavsrett\" los angeles times, 6 oktober 2002; David streitfeld, " @@ -17653,17 +18661,22 @@ msgstr "" "dag pÃ¥ støtning ned opphavsrett forlengelsen,\"orlando sentinel tribune, 9 " "oktober 2002." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lucky Dog, The" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " "beneficiary of the Bono Act. The Laurel and Hardy films were made between " -"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, The Lucky Dog, is currently out of " -"copyright. But for the CTEA, films made after 1923 would have begun entering " -"the public domain. Because Agee controls the exclusive rights for these " -"popular films, he makes a great deal of money. According to one estimate, " -"\"Roach has sold about 60,000 videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's " -"silent films.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</" +"citetitle>, is currently out of copyright. But for the CTEA, films made " +"after 1923 would have begun entering the public domain. Because Agee " +"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal " +"of money. According to one estimate, \"Roach has sold about 60,000 " +"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent films.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17701,10 +18714,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " -"Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " -"also Brief of Amicus Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet " -"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." +"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</" +"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See also Brief of Amicus " +"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17735,11 +18749,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " -"copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " -"person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as many as can " -"hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large number. Thus the " -"costs of clearing the rights to these films is exceptionally high." +"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " +"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " +"a single person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as " +"many as can hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large " +"number. Thus the costs of clearing the rights to these films is " +"exceptionally high." msgstr "" "eller mer nøyaktig, eiere. som vi har sett, det er ikke bare en enkelt " "copyright tilknyttet en film; Det er mange. Det er ikke en eneste person " @@ -17868,13 +18883,13 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " -"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no copyright-" -"related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a book went " -"out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you could still " -"buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells it, in " -"America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner anything. " -"Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended was a use " -"that was independent of copyright law." +"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " +"<emphasis>copyright-related use</emphasis> that would be inhibited by an " +"exclusive right. When a book went out of print, you could not buy it from a " +"publisher. But you could still buy it from a used book store, and when a " +"used book store sells it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the " +"copyright owner anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its " +"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law." msgstr "" "Likevel, for det meste av vÃ¥r historie, de ogsÃ¥ gjorde lite skade. for de " "fleste av vÃ¥r historie, nÃ¥r et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det " @@ -17971,12 +18986,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " -"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful copyright purpose, for " -"the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial market that spreads " -"culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has lived its commercial " -"life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose at all related to the " -"spread of knowledge. In this context, copyright is not an engine of free " -"expression. Copyright is a brake." +"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful <emphasis>copyright</" +"emphasis> purpose, for the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial " +"market that spreads culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has " +"lived its commercial life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose " +"<emphasis>at all</emphasis> related to the spread of knowledge. In this " +"context, copyright is not an engine of free expression. Copyright is a brake." msgstr "" "Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkÃ¥r: nÃ¥ som teknologi gjør det " "mulig for oss Ã¥ gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. " @@ -18027,6 +19042,9 @@ msgid "" "December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #54</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " +"December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #54</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -18251,7 +19269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg hater dette synet pÃ¥ loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg Sonny Bono-loven var " "en dramatisk skade pÃ¥ ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror jeg " -"fortsatt dette. Men ideen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert pÃ¥ hvor " +"fortsatt dette. Men idéen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert pÃ¥ hvor " "viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som i " "\"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være den " "mÃ¥ten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vÃ¥r " @@ -18294,11 +19312,11 @@ msgid "" "the case was not to demonstrate how bad the Sonny Bono Act was but to " "demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument " "against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " -"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not " -"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible " -"critics—credible not because they were rich and famous, but because " -"they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional " -"regardless of one's politics." +"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in " +"<emphasis>law</emphasis> and not politics, then, we tried to gather the " +"widest range of credible critics—credible not because they were rich " +"and famous, but because they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law " +"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" "Det var en mÃ¥te, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde " "et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre vÃ¥re " @@ -18314,6 +19332,14 @@ msgstr "" "troverdig ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at " "denne loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Eagle Forum" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" +msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18327,7 +19353,8 @@ msgid "" "public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial documented, " "was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's contributions to the " "key players on the committees. It was money, not justice, that gave Mickey " -"Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, Schlafly argued." +"Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, Schlafly argued. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, " "eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly " @@ -18356,7 +19383,6 @@ msgstr "" "grense for Kongressens makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. som sterkt konservativ " "argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle." -#. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " @@ -18366,7 +19392,8 @@ msgid "" "were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First " "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " -"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments." +"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -18436,7 +19463,10 @@ msgstr "" "slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"—fancy sikt " "økonomer bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." -#. PAGE BREAK 240 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fried, Charles" +msgstr "Fried, Charles" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -18448,7 +19478,8 @@ msgid "" "history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending " "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " -"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried." +"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "samme innsats pÃ¥ balanse ble reflektert i det juridiske teamet vi samles for " "Ã¥ skrive vÃ¥re truser i tilfelle. jones dag advokater hadde blitt med oss fra " @@ -18471,7 +19502,8 @@ msgid "" "He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the " "context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in " "the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause " -"was a vote of confidence in our argument." +"was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "stekt var en spesiell seier for vÃ¥r side. hver andre tidligere advokat " "generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, Ã¥ forsvare congress's kraft til Ã¥ gi " @@ -18509,7 +19541,7 @@ msgstr "" "media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest Ã¥ tjene pÃ¥ loven. " "congressmen var ikke overraskende enten—de var Ã¥ forsvare sin makt, og " "indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var " -"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de bør " +"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare idéen om at de bør " "fortsette Ã¥ ha rett til Ã¥ kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " "ønsket Ã¥ kontroll." @@ -18517,8 +19549,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " -"(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." +"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." msgstr "" "kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 " "amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." @@ -18528,12 +19560,15 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " -"the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." +"the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" "dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer " "fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7." -#. PAGE BREAK 241 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gershwin, George" +msgstr "Gershwin, George" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " @@ -18543,10 +19578,11 @@ msgid "" "drugs or to create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its " "\"protection\" of the work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to " -"license Porgy and Bess to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the " -"cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this " -"part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to " -"help them effect that control." +"license <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> to anyone who refuses to use " +"African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"That's their view of how this part of American culture should be controlled, " +"and they wanted this law to help them effect that control. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -18599,9 +19635,10 @@ msgid "" "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " "included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, Justice Scalia, Justice " "Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the most consistent in " -"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the Lopez/" -"Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be " -"interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits." +"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the " +"<citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle> line of cases that said that an " +"enumerated power had to be interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had " +"limits." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> @@ -18707,13 +19744,14 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " -"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " -"under the government's argument here, Congress would always have unlimited " -"power to extend existing terms. If anything was plain about Congress's power " -"under the Progress Clause, it was that this power was supposed to be " -"\"limited.\" Our aim would be to get the Court to reconcile Eldred with " -"Lopez: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, too, " -"must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited." +"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, under the government's argument here, " +"Congress would always have unlimited power to extend existing terms. If " +"anything was plain about Congress's power under the Progress Clause, it was " +"that this power was supposed to be \"limited.\" Our aim would be to get the " +"Court to reconcile <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> with <citetitle>Lopez</" +"citetitle>: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, " +"too, must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited." msgstr "" "Dette var deretter kjernen i vÃ¥r strategi—en strategi som jeg er " "ansvarlig. Vi ville fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ se at akkurat som du er med under " @@ -18800,7 +19838,7 @@ msgstr "" "makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. Going med regjeringen ville bety at vilkÃ¥rene vil " "være effektivt ubegrenset; Going med oss ville gi Kongressen en klar linje Ã¥ " "følge: ikke utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. moots var en effektiv praksis, Jeg " -"har funnet mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ta alle spørsmÃ¥l tilbake til dette sentrale ideen." +"har funnet mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ta alle spørsmÃ¥l tilbake til dette sentrale idéen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -18808,7 +19846,8 @@ msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " "Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review " -"of the moot, he let his concern speak:" +"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "en moot var før jurister pÃ¥ jones dag. Don ayer var skeptisk. Han " "tjenestegjorde i Justisdepartementet reagan med advokat general charles " @@ -19010,8 +20049,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " -"For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped that he " -"would see this case as its second cousin." +"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, " +"and we hoped that he would see this case as its second cousin." msgstr "" "andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for " "justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi hÃ¥pet at ville han " @@ -19169,9 +20208,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " -"reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " -"looking for reasoning." +"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " +"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " +"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning." msgstr "" "mitt resonnement. Her var en sak som pitted alle pengene i verden mot " "resonnement. og her var den siste naivt lov professoren, scouring sider, pÃ¥ " @@ -19181,9 +20220,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " -"principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " -"to be found. The case was not even cited. The argument that was the core " -"argument of our case did not even appear in the Court's opinion." +"principle in this case from the principle in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. " +"The argument was nowhere to be found. The case was not even cited. The " +"argument that was the core argument of our case did not even appear in the " +"Court's opinion." msgstr "" "Jeg scoured først mening, ser for hvordan domstol vil skille prinsippet i " "dette tilfellet fra prinsippet i lopez. argumentet var ingensteds Ã¥ bli " @@ -19206,9 +20246,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " -"Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an " -"opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked " -"so hard to defeat." +"Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too much to " +"expect them to write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the " +"doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat." msgstr "" "hennes mening var helt rimelig—for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. " "Ingen av dem tror pÃ¥ lopez. det ville være for mye Ã¥ forvente dem til Ã¥ " @@ -19222,10 +20262,11 @@ msgid "" "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " "powers with the Commerce Clause and unlimited powers with the Progress " "Clause. It had never even occurred to me that they could reconcile the two " -"simply by not addressing the argument. There was no inconsistency because " -"they would not talk about the two together. There was therefore no " -"principle that followed from the Lopez case: In that context, Congress's " -"power would be limited, but in this context it would not." +"simply <emphasis>by not addressing the argument</emphasis>. There was no " +"inconsistency because they would not talk about the two together. There was " +"therefore no principle that followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " +"case: In that context, Congress's power would be limited, but in this " +"context it would not." msgstr "" "men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg " "hadde sagt det var ingen mÃ¥te denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter " @@ -19307,10 +20348,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " -"neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " -"reason to reject this extension. The case was decided without anyone having " -"addressed the argument that we had carried from Judge Sentelle. It was " -"Hamlet without the Prince." +"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " +"willing to push it as a reason to reject this extension. The case was " +"decided without anyone having addressed the argument that we had carried " +"from Judge Sentelle. It was <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> without the Prince." msgstr "" "disse to justiariusene forstÃ¥tt alle argumentene vi hadde gjort. men fordi " "ingen trodde i lopez-saken, heller ikke var villig til Ã¥ skyve den som en " @@ -19333,14 +20374,15 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " -"thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " -"this case. That wouldn't have been a very convincing argument, I don't " -"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. " -"But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in " -"particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " -"Constitution is \"originalism\"—to first understand the framers' text, " -"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. " -"That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " +"thing for them to have explained why the principle of <citetitle>Lopez</" +"citetitle> didn't apply in this case. That wouldn't have been a very " +"convincing argument, I don't believe, having read it made by others, and " +"having tried to make it myself. But it at least would have been an act of " +"integrity. These justices in particular have repeatedly said that the " +"proper mode of interpreting the Constitution is \"originalism\"—to " +"first understand the framers' text, interpreted in their context, in light " +"of the structure of the Constitution. That method had produced " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " "was their \"originalism\" now?" msgstr "" "Det var første sinne pÃ¥ fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for " @@ -19407,7 +20449,7 @@ msgstr "" "idealismen om domstoler Generelt og denne Høyesterett spesielt. de fleste " "har mye mer pragmatisk. da don ayer sa at dette tilfellet ville bli vunnet " "basert pÃ¥ om jeg kunne overbevise de to andre justiariusene at verdiene for " -"de underskrev var viktig, jeg kjempet ideen, fordi jeg ikke ønsker Ã¥ tro at " +"de underskrev var viktig, jeg kjempet idéen, fordi jeg ikke ønsker Ã¥ tro at " "det er hvordan denne retten bestemmer. jeg insisterte pÃ¥ kranglet denne " "saken som om den var en enkel PÃ¥føring av et sett prinsipper. Jeg hadde et " "argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke Ã¥ kaste bort min tid viser " @@ -19452,7 +20494,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " -"Sullivan?" +"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "ville det ha vært annerledes hvis jeg hadde hevdet det annerledes? ville det " "ha vært annerledes hvis don ayer hadde hevdet det? eller charles stekt? " @@ -19493,7 +20535,7 @@ msgid "" "For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual " "property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a " "mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue should not " -"be raised until it is." +"be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i " "januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende " @@ -19519,7 +20561,7 @@ msgid "" "been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good " "thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was " "attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. " -"The New York Times wrote in its editorial," +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," msgstr "" "etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han " "var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, " @@ -19554,6 +20596,10 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bolling, Ruben" +msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19561,7 +20607,7 @@ msgid "" "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " "case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " "wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that." +"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—" "av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " @@ -19572,12 +20618,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " -"The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " -"is over? When I can make light of it, I think, \"Honey, I shrunk the " -"Constitution.\" But I can rarely make light of it. We had in our " -"Constitution a commitment to free culture. In the case that I fathered, the " -"Supreme Court effectively renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would " -"have made them see differently." +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " +"the \"public domain\" is over? When I can make light of it, I think, " +"\"Honey, I shrunk the Constitution.\" But I can rarely make light of it. We " +"had in our Constitution a commitment to free culture. In the case that I " +"fathered, the Supreme Court effectively renounced that commitment. A better " +"lawyer would have made them see differently." msgstr "" "bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new " "york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? " @@ -19593,13 +20639,13 @@ msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " -"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied—" -"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was " -"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly " -"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles " -"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-" -"ed piece." +"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " +"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—meaning the case was really " +"finally over—fate would have it that I was giving a speech to " +"technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly long flight to my " +"least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles was delayed because " +"of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece." msgstr "" "dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var Ã¥ reise til " "washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet—noe " @@ -19634,11 +20680,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " -"Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " -"required to register the work and pay a small fee. If he paid the fee, he " -"got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he did not, the work " -"passed into the public domain." +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " +"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " +"copyright owner would be required to register the work and pay a small fee. " +"If he paid the fee, he got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he " +"did not, the work passed into the public domain." msgstr "" "new york times publisert arb. i den, jeg foreslÃ¥tt en enkel Fiks: femti Ã¥r " "etter at et arbeid er publisert, eieren av opphavsretten ville være " @@ -19669,7 +20715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "eller en annen to navn. for avhengig av ditt perspektiv, dette er enten " "\"public domain forbedring act\" eller den \"copyright begrepet " -"dereguleringen act.\" Uansett, essensen av ideen er klar og tydelig: fjerne " +"dereguleringen act.\" Uansett, essensen av idéen er klar og tydelig: fjerne " "copyright der det gjør ingenting bortsett fra blokkerer tilgang og spredning " "av kunnskap. La det for sÃ¥ lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der " "er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gÃ¥." @@ -19691,7 +20737,7 @@ msgid "" "there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. " "Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." msgstr "" -"reaksjon pÃ¥ denne ideen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en " +"reaksjon pÃ¥ denne idéen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en " "redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. " "NÃ¥r du fokuserer problemet pÃ¥ tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten " "til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her " @@ -19749,8 +20795,9 @@ msgid "" "books published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British " "Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where " "the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous " -"works. Paul Goldstein, International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and " -"Materials (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." +"works. Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, " +"Cases and Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), " +"153–54." msgstr "" "før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett " "lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med " @@ -19804,8 +20851,9 @@ msgid "" "to require copyright terms of life plus fifty years, as well as the " "abolition of copyright formalities. The formalities were hated because the " "stories of inadvertent loss were increasingly common. It was as if a Charles " -"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an i or " -"cross a t resulted in the loss of widows' only income." +"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an " +"<citetitle>i</citetitle> or cross a <citetitle>t</citetitle> resulted in the " +"loss of widows' only income." msgstr "" "kampen mot formaliteter oppnÃ¥dde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. " "internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til Ã¥ " @@ -19913,7 +20961,6 @@ msgstr "" "eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av " "beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt." -#. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19925,7 +20972,8 @@ msgid "" "And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " "confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author " "and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without " -"formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place." +"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions " +"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om " "opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen " @@ -19964,7 +21012,8 @@ msgid "" "burden on the creative process. If the only way a library can offer an " "Internet exhibit about the New Deal is to hire a lawyer to clear the rights " "to every image and sound, then the copyright system is burdening creativity " -"in a way that has never been seen before because there are no formalities." +"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no " +"formalities</emphasis>." msgstr "" "men nÃ¥ som opphavsrett kan være omtrent et Ã¥rhundre lang, manglende evne til " "Ã¥ vite hva er beskyttet og hva er ikke beskyttet blir en stor og Ã¥penbare " @@ -20023,15 +21072,15 @@ msgid "" "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " "because they are terribly funded) in enabling simple and cheap " "registrations. Any real solution to the problem of formalities must address " -"the real problem of governments standing at the core of any system of " -"formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That solution " -"essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was Amazon that " -"ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click registration. The " -"Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration fifty years after " -"a work was published. Based upon historical data, that system would move up " -"to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that no longer had a " -"commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. What do you " -"think?" +"the real problem of <emphasis>governments</emphasis> standing at the core of " +"any system of formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That " +"solution essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was " +"Amazon that ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click " +"registration. The Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration " +"fifty years after a work was published. Based upon historical data, that " +"system would move up to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that " +"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. " +"What do you think?" msgstr "" "Det stemmer. Ekstraarbeidet er forferdelig. Systemet som finnes nÃ¥ er " "grufult. Jeg helt enig at opphavsrettkontoret har gjort en dÃ¥rlig jobb " @@ -20054,11 +21103,15 @@ msgid "" "willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had a few who directly suggested " "that they might be willing to take the first step." msgstr "" -"Da Steve Forbes støttet ideen, begynte enkelte i Washington Ã¥ følge med. " +"Da Steve Forbes støttet idéen, begynte enkelte i Washington Ã¥ følge med. " "Mange kontaktet meg med tips til representanter som kan være villig til Ã¥ " "introdusere en Eldred-lov. og jeg hadde noen fÃ¥ som foreslo direkte at de " "kan være villige til Ã¥ ta det første skrittet." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" +msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " @@ -20066,14 +21119,16 @@ msgid "" "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on " "the Eldred Act blog, \"we are close.\" There was a general reaction in the " -"blog community that something good might happen here." +"blog community that something good might happen here. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "En representant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gikk sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal " "lov. Det pÃ¥la de enklest mulige forutsetninger pÃ¥ innehaverne av " "opphavsretter. I mai 2003 sÃ¥ det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. " "16. mai, postet jeg pÃ¥ Eldred Act-bloggen, \"vi er nære\". Det oppstod en " -"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kanne skje her." +"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -20168,17 +21223,17 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransedyktig trusselen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " "here, too, we should ask, is the law following or resisting common sense? If " "common sense supports the law, what explains this common sense?" msgstr "" -"Jeg brukte disse to tilfellene som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ ramme som denne boken har vært " -"om krigen. for her, ogsÃ¥, er en ny teknologi tvinge lov til Ã¥ reagere. og " -"her vi bør spørre, ogsÃ¥, er loven etter eller motsette sunn fornuft? Hvis " -"sunn fornuft støtter loven, forklarer hva denne sunn fornuft?" +"Jeg brukte disse to tilfellene som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ ramme inn krigen som denne " +"boken har handlet om. For her er det ogsÃ¥ en ny teknologi som tvinger loven " +"til Ã¥ reagere. Og her bør vi ogsÃ¥ spørre, er loven i trÃ¥d med eller i strid " +"med sunn fornuft. Hvis sunn fornuft støtter loven, hva forklarer denne " +"sunne fornuften?" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -20233,11 +21288,12 @@ msgstr "Hva ønsker denne industrien egentlig?" msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " -"their content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an effort to assure " -"that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is another step to " -"assure that the public domain will never compete, that there will be no use " -"of content that is not commercially controlled, and that there will be no " -"commercial use of content that doesn't require their permission first." +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an " +"effort to assure that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is " +"another step to assure that the public domain will never compete, that there " +"will be no use of content that is not commercially controlled, and that " +"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require " +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first." msgstr "" "med svært liten innsats, kunne warriors beskytte deres innhold. sÃ¥ innsatsen " "for Ã¥ blokkere noe som eldred loven er ikke virkelig om Ã¥ beskytte sitt " @@ -20253,8 +21309,8 @@ msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " "the protection of \"property\" but the rejection of a tradition. Their aim " -"is not simply to protect what is theirs. Their aim is to assure that all " -"there is is what is theirs." +"is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to assure " +"that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>." msgstr "" "motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. " "mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som mÃ¥let ikke " @@ -20355,6 +21411,12 @@ msgid "" "only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive " "them—and half of them are in Brazil." msgstr "" +"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</" +"ulink>. I følge en pressemelding fra verdens helseorganisasjon sendt ut 9. " +"juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i " +"utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20430,14 +21492,21 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "Braithwaite, John" -#. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns " +#| "the Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " +#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgid "" -"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37." +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " +"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " +"Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37." +"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20449,27 +21518,41 @@ msgid "" "international trade law and is specifically permitted within the European " "Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"I 1997 forsøkte Sør-Afrika seg pÃ¥ en tilnærming. Landet vedtok en lov som " +"tillot import av patenterte medisiner som hadde blitt produsert og solgt i " +"en annen nasjons marked med godkjenning fra patenteieren. For eksempel, " +"hvis medisinen var solgt i India, sÃ¥ kunne den bli importert inn til Afrika " +"fra India. Dette kalles \"parallellimport\" og er generelt tillatt i " +"internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den europeiske union." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " -"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " -"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " -"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</" -"ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see " -"Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human " -"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., Ser. " -"No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James Love)." +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over " +"South Africa, see Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug " +"Policy, and Human Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., " +"1st sess., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James " +"Love)." msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " -"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " -"for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " -"15." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection " +#| "and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report " +#| "Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D." +#| "C., 2000), 15." +msgid "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." msgstr "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en rapport " @@ -20497,6 +21580,22 @@ msgid "" "effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med Ã¥ være imot. Som " +"International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, " +"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika . . . til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " +"lisensiering eller parallellimport\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-" +"Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge press bak den forespørselen, " +"listet USTR i 1998 opp Sør-Afrika som et land som burde vurderes for " +"handelsrestriksjoner. Samme Ã¥r gikk mer enn førti farmasiselskaper til " +"retten for Ã¥ utfordre myndighetenes handlinger. USA fikk selskap av andre " +"myndigheter fra EU. Deres pÃ¥stand, og pÃ¥standen til farmasiselskapene, var " +"at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser ved Ã¥ distriminere mot " +"en bestemt type patenter—farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse " +"myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-Afrika skulle respektere disse " +"patentene pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som alle andre patenter, uavhengig av eventuell " +"effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20555,16 +21654,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " -"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> " -"(\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a threat to the entire system " -"of intellectual property protection\"); Robert Weissman, \"AIDS and " -"Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,\" Foreign " -"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. " -"Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding " -"the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a " -"Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring 2001): 175." +"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" +"citetitle>, 24 May 1999, A1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a " +"threat to the entire system of intellectual property protection\"); Robert " +"Weissman, \"AIDS and Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential " +"Medicines,\" <citetitle>Foreign Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (August " +"1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</" +"ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical " +"Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,\" " +"<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -20615,14 +21715,13 @@ msgid "" "corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." msgstr "" "Noen skylder pÃ¥ farmasiselskapene. Det gjør ikke jeg. De er selskaper, og " -"deres ledere er lovpÃ¥lagt Ã¥ sikre at selskapene tjener penger. De presser " -"pÃ¥ for en bestemt patentpolitikk, ikke pÃ¥ grunn av idealer, men fordi det er " -"dette som gjør at de tjener mest penger. Og dete gjør kun at de tjener mest " +"deres ledere er lovpÃ¥lagt Ã¥ tjene penger for selskapene. De presser pÃ¥ for " +"en bestemt patentpolitikk, ikke pÃ¥ grunn av idealer, men fordi det er dette " +"som gjør at de tjener mest penger. Og dette gjør kun at de tjener mest " "penger pÃ¥ grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vÃ¥rt politiske system— en " "korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -20631,15 +21730,15 @@ msgid "" "into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They " "could be overcome." msgstr "" -"korrupsjon er vÃ¥r egen politikeres svikt i integritet. for stoffet selskaper " -"ville elske—de sier, og jeg tror dem — Ã¥ selge sine narkotika sÃ¥ " -"billig som de kan til land i Afrika og andre steder. Det er problemer de mÃ¥ " -"løse Ã¥ sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer " -"av teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet." +"Denne korrupsjonen er vÃ¥re egne politikeres manglende integritet. For " +"medisinprodusentene ville elske—sier de selv, og jeg tror dem — " +"Ã¥ selge sine medisiner sÃ¥ billig som de kan til land i Afrika og andre " +"steder. Det er utfordringer de mÃ¥ løse Ã¥ sikre at medisinene ikke kommer " +"tilbake til USA, men dette er bare teknologiske utfordring. De kan bli " +"overvunnet." #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -20653,17 +21752,18 @@ msgid "" "die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this " "ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" msgstr "" -"et annet problem, men kunne ikke bli overvunnet. Dette er frykt for den " -"grandstanding politikeren som ville kalle presidenter av stoffet selskaper " -"før Senatet eller huset hørsel, og spør, \"hvor er det du kan selge stoffet " -"hiv i Afrika for bare $1 en pille, men det likt bedøve ville koste en " -"amerikansk $1500?\" fordi det er ingen \"lyd bite\" svar pÃ¥ det spørsmÃ¥let, " -"effekten ville være Ã¥ indusere regulering av priser i Amerika. stoffet " -"selskaper dermed unngÃ¥ denne spiral ved Ã¥ unngÃ¥ det første trinnet. de " -"forsterke ideen om at egenskapen skal være hellig. de vedta en rasjonell " -"strategi i en irrasjonell kontekst, med de utilsiktede konsekvensene som " -"kanskje millioner dø. og at rasjonell strategi dermed ramme nÃ¥r det gjelder " -"dette ideelle—sanctity av en idé som kalles \"immaterielle.\"" +"Et annet problem kan derimot ikke løses. Det er frykten for at en politiker " +"som skal vise seg og kaller inn lederne hos medisinprodusentene til høring i " +"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, \"hvordan har det seg at du kan " +"selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille koster " +"en amerikansker $1500?\" Da det ikke finnes et \"kjapt svar\" pÃ¥ det " +"spørsmÃ¥let, ville effekten bli regulering av priser i Amerika. " +"Medisinprodusentene unngÃ¥rd dermed denne spiralen ved Ã¥ sikre at det første " +"steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at eierrettigheter skal være " +"ukrenkelige. De legger seg pÃ¥ en rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell " +"omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at kanskje millioner dør. Og den " +"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—" +"helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20671,12 +21771,11 @@ msgid "" "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " "done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?" msgstr "" -"SÃ¥ nÃ¥r du konfronteres av den sunne fornuften til ditt barn, hva vil du si? " -"NÃ¥r den sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har " -"gjort, hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre hva vi har gjort? Hva er argumentet?" +"SÃ¥ nÃ¥r du konfronteres av ditt barns sunne fornuft, hva vil du si? NÃ¥r den " +"sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, " +"hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " @@ -20688,19 +21787,19 @@ msgid "" "words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright " "and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." msgstr "" -"en fornuftig patent policy kan godkjenner og støtter patentsystemet uten Ã¥ " -"nÃ¥ alle overalt pÃ¥ nøyaktig samme mÃ¥te. akkurat som en fornuftig copyright " -"policy kan godkjenner og støtter en opphavsretten til systemet uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte " -"regulerer spredning av kultur perfekt og for evig, kan en fornuftig patent " -"policy godkjenner og støtter en patentsystemet uten Ã¥ blokkere spredning av " -"narkotika til et land som ikke er rike nok til Ã¥ ha rÃ¥d til markedspriser i " -"alle fall. en fornuftig politikk, med andre ord, kan være en balansert " -"policy. for de fleste av vÃ¥r historie, var bÃ¥de om opphavsrett og patent " -"politikk balansert i bare denne forstand." +"En fornuftig patentpolitikk kunne gÃ¥ god for og gi sterk støtte til " +"patentsystemet uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte nÃ¥ alle overalt pÃ¥ nøyaktig samme mÃ¥te. PÃ¥ samme " +"mÃ¥te som en fornuftig opphavsrettspolitikk kunne gÃ¥ god for og gi sterk " +"støtte til et opphavsretts-system uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte regulere spredningen av " +"kultur perfekt og for alltid. En fornuftig patentpolitikk kunne gÃ¥ god for " +"og gi sterk støtte til et patentsystem uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte blokkere spredning av " +"medisiner til et land som uansett ikke er rikt nok til Ã¥ ha rÃ¥d til " +"markedsprisen. En fornuftig politikk kan en dermed si kunne være en " +"balansert politikk. For det meste av vÃ¥r historie har bÃ¥de opphavsrett- og " +"patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert." #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -20718,24 +21817,23 @@ msgid "" "reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this " "common sense open its eyes." msgstr "" -"men vi som en kultur har mistet denne følelse av balanse. Vi har mistet blir " -"kritisk blikk som hjelper oss med Ã¥ se forskjellen mellom sannheten og " -"ekstremisme. en bestemt egenskap fundamentalisme, har ingen forbindelse til " -"vÃ¥r tradisjon, hersker nÃ¥ i denne kulturen—bizarrely, og med " -"konsekvenser som er mer alvorlig til spredning av ideer og kultur enn nesten " -"alle andre enkelt policyen beslutning som vi som et demokrati vil gjøre. en " -"enkel idé gjorde oss blinde, og under dekke av mørke, mye skjer at de fleste " -"av oss vil avvise hvis noen av oss sÃ¥. sÃ¥ kritikkløst aksepterer vi ideen om " -"eiendom i ideer at vi ikke engang merke til hvordan kjempestor det er Ã¥ " -"nekte ideer til et folk som er døende uten dem. sÃ¥ kritikkløst aksepterer vi " -"ideen om eiendom i kultur at vi ikke selv spørsmÃ¥let nÃ¥r kontroll av " -"egenskapen fjerner vÃ¥r evne, som mennesker, Ã¥ utvikle vÃ¥r kultur " -"demokratisk. blindhet blir vÃ¥re sunn fornuft. og utfordringen for alle som " -"ville gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gjøre " -"dette sunn fornuft Ã¥pne sine øyne." +"Men vi som kultur har mistet denne følelsen for balanse. Vi har mistet det " +"kritiske blikket som hjelper oss til Ã¥ se forkjellen mellom sannhet og " +"ekstremisme. En slags eiendomsfundamentalisme, uten grunnlag i vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon, hersker nÃ¥ i vÃ¥r kultur—sært, og med konsekvenser mer " +"alvorlig for spredningen av idéer og kultur enn nesten enhver annen politisk " +"enkeltavgjørelse vi som demokrati kan fatte. En enkel idé blender oss, og " +"under dekke av mørket skjer mye som de fleste av oss ville avvist hvis vi " +"hadde fulgt med. SÃ¥ ukritisk aksepterer vi idéen om eierskap til idéer at " +"vi ikke engang legger merke til hvor uhyrlig det er Ã¥ nekte tilgang til " +"idéer for et folk som dør uten dem. SÃ¥ ukritisk aksepterer vi idéen om " +"eiendom til kulturen at vi ikke engang stiller spørsmÃ¥l ved nÃ¥r kontrollen " +"over denne eiendommen fjerner vÃ¥r evne, som folk, til Ã¥ utvikle vÃ¥r kultur " +"demokratisk. Blindhet blir vÃ¥r sunne fornuft, og utfordringen for enhver " +"som vil gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"denne sunne fornuften til Ã¥ Ã¥pne sine øyne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -20749,29 +21847,41 @@ msgid "" "hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV " "attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free culture." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ langt, sunn fornuft sover. Det er ingen opprør. sunn fornuft ser ennÃ¥ " -"ikke hva det kunne til opprør om. ekstremisme som dominerer nÃ¥ denne " -"debatten passer med ideer som virker naturlig, og som passer er forsterket " -"av rcas i dag. de føre en panisk krig for Ã¥ bekjempe \"piratkopiering\" og " -"herje en kultur for kreativitet. de forsvare ideen om \"kreative eiendom\" " -"mens transformere virkelige skaperne til dagens sharecroppers. de er " -"fornærmet av ideen at rettigheter bør være balansert, selv om hver av de " -"største aktørene i denne innhold krigen var selv en mottaker av en mer " -"balansert ideell. hykleri reeks. ennÃ¥ i en by som washington, hykleri er " -"ikke engang merke til. kraftig lobbies, komplekse problemer og mtv " -"oppmerksomhet spenn produsere \"perfect storm\" gratis kultur." +"SÃ¥ langt sover sunn fornuft. Det er intet opprør. Sunn fornuft ser ennÃ¥ " +"ikke hva det er Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nÃ¥ domunerer denne " +"debatten resonerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er " +"forsterket av vÃ¥re moderne RCA-ene. De fører en frenetisk krig for Ã¥ " +"bekjempe \"piratvirksomhet\" og knuser kreativitetskultur. De forsvarer " +"idéen om \"kreativt eierskap\", mens de endrer ekte skapere til moderne " +"leilendinger. De blir fornermet av idéen om at rettigheter skulle være " +"balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne innholdskrigen selv hadde " +"fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet rÃ¥r. Men i en by som " +"Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lakt merke til. Mektige lobbyister, " +"kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn gir en \"perfekt storm\" " +"for fri kultur." #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " -"2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting " -"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William " -"New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" National " -"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, " +#| "August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' " +#| "Meeting Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August " +#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" +#| "ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO," +#| "\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at " +#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on " +"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes " +"`Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, august " "2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -20782,7 +21892,10 @@ msgstr "" "National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." -#. PAGE BREAK 270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " @@ -20803,8 +21916,27 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\"" -msgstr "" +"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual " +"Property Organiation om Ã¥ avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> PÃ¥ forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interresenter hadde WIPO " +"bestemt Ã¥ avholde et møte for Ã¥ diskutere \"Ã¥pne og sammarbeidende " +"prosjekter for Ã¥ skape goder for felleskapet\". Disse prosjektene som hadde " +"lyktes i Ã¥ produsere goder for fellesskapet uten Ã¥ basere seg eksklusivt pÃ¥ " +"bruken av proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer " +"internettet og verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet pÃ¥ grunnlag av " +"protokoller i allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for Ã¥ støtte " +"Ã¥pne akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-" +"prosjektet som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a " +"utvikle enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt Ã¥ fÃ¥ stor betydning " +"i biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium " +"av Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert " +"Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, " +"Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " +"Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " +"frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20836,10 +21968,15 @@ msgid "" "discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with " "intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +"Dermed var, fra perspektivet i denne boken, denne konferansen ideell." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Prosjektene innenfor temaet var " +"bÃ¥de kommersielle og ikkekommersielle verker. De involverte i hovedsak " +"vitenskapet, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for " +"denne diskusjonen, siden WIPO var den fremstÃ¥ende internasjonale aktør som " +"drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmÃ¥l." #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -20861,25 +21998,25 @@ msgid "" "much intellectual property is needed, since in my view, the very idea of " "balance in intellectual property had been lost." msgstr "" -"faktisk var jeg en gang offentlig scolded for ikke Ã¥ kjenne igjen dette " -"faktum om wipo. i februar 2003 leveres jeg en keynote-adressen til en " -"forberedende konferanse for toppmøtet i verden pÃ¥ informasjonssamfunnet " -"(wsis). pÃ¥ en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil si. " -"Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i " -"immaterielle for utviklingen av en informasjonssamfunn. moderator for " -"hendelsen deretter umiddelbart avbrutt for Ã¥ informere meg og sammensatte " -"journalister at ingen tvil om immaterielle vil bli diskutert av wsis, siden " -"disse spørsmÃ¥lene var at et eksklusivt domene av wipo. i talk at jeg hadde " -"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av Ã¥ndsverk som er relativt smÃ¥. " -"men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle eneste " -"fokus pÃ¥ mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig Ã¥ snakke om en " -"\"informasjonssamfunnet\", med mindre en ogsÃ¥ snakket om omfanget av " -"informasjon og kultur som vil være gratis. min snakk gjorde ikke min " -"immoderate moderator veldig glad. og hun var uten tvil riktig at omfanget av " -"beskyttelse av intellektuell eiendom var vanligvis ting av wipo. men etter " -"min mening, det kunne ikke være for mye av en samtale om hvor mye " -"immaterielle er nødvendig, siden etter mitt syn er selve ideen om balanse i " -"immaterielle hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." +"Faktisk fikk jeg en gang offentlig kjeft for Ã¥ ikke anerkjenne dette faktum " +"om WIPO. I februar 2003 leverte jeg et hovedinnlegg pÃ¥ en forberedende " +"konferanse for World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). PÃ¥ en " +"pressekonferanse før innlegget, ble jeg spurt hva jeg skulle snakke om. Jeg " +"svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om viktigheten av balanse rundt " +"immaterielle verdier for utviklingen av informasjonssamfunnet. Ordstyreren " +"pÃ¥ arrangementet avbrøt meg da brÃ¥tt for Ã¥ informere meg og journalistene " +"tilstede at ingen spørsmÃ¥l rundt immaterielle verdier ville bli diskutert av " +"WSIS, da slike spørsmÃ¥l kun skulle diskuteres i WIPO. I innlegget jeg hadde " +"forberedt var temaet om immaterielle verdier en forholdvis liten del av det " +"hele. Men etter denne forbløffende uttalelsen, gjorde jeg immaterielle " +"verdier til hovedfokus for mitt innlegg. Det var ikke mulig Ã¥ snakke om et " +"\"informasjonssamfunn\" uten at en ogsÃ¥ snakket om andelen av informasjon og " +"kultur som ikke er vernet av opphavsretten. Mitt innlegg gjorde ikke min " +"overivrige moderator veldig glad. Og hun hadde uten tvil rett i at omfanget " +"til vern av immaterielle rettigheter normalt hørte inn under WIPO. Men " +"etter mitt syn, kunne det ikke bli for mye diskusjon om hvor mye " +"immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve ideen " +"om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20888,10 +22025,10 @@ msgid "" "meeting about \"open and collaborative projects to create public goods\" " "seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda." msgstr "" -"SÃ¥ uansett om WSIS can diskustere balanse i intellektuell eiendom eller " -"ikke, sÃ¥ hadde jeg trodd det var tatt for gitt at WIPO kunne og burde. Og " -"dermed møtet om \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder\" " -"virker Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." +"SÃ¥ uansett om WSIS kan diskutere balanse i intellektuell eiendom eller ikke, " +"sÃ¥ hadde jeg trodd det var tatt for gitt at WIPO kunne og burde. Og dermed " +"møtet om \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder\" virker " +"Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20917,6 +22054,22 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " +#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " +#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's " +#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft" +#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the " +#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of " +#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward " +#| "Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for " +#| "Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " +#| "Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +#| "notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice " +#| "president, The Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York " +#| "University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -20924,15 +22077,29 @@ msgid "" "opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft\" license, " "meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the same terms on any " "derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling " -"the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software " -"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, " -"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. " -"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial " -"Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of Business " -"(3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#63</ulink>." -msgstr "" +"the Marketplace to Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source " +"Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for " +"Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " +"Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " +"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York " +"University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Microsofts posisjon om Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare er mer " +"sofistikert. De har flere ganger forklart at de har ikke noe problem med " +"programvare som er \"Ã¥pen kildekode\" eller programvare som er " +"allemannseie. Microsofts prinsipielle motstand er mot \"fri programvare\" " +"lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " +"som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " +"Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " +"Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: " +"AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise " +"Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, " +"Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial Software Model, diskusjon " +"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -20946,10 +22113,19 @@ msgid "" "entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " "different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Jeg mener ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for Ã¥ gjøre " +"det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell " +"programvare. Det er mange viktige selskaper som er fundamentalt avhengig av " +"fri programvare, der IBM er den mest fremtredende. IBM har i stadig større " +"grad skiftet sitt fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, det mest berømte " +"biten av \"fri programvare\"—og IBM er helt klart en kommernsiell " +"aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " +"kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " +"programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" "\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not " @@ -20965,20 +22141,20 @@ msgid "" "impose the same kind of requirements on its adopters. It thus depends upon " "copyright law just as Microsoft does." msgstr "" -"mer viktig for vÃ¥rt formÃ¥l, Ã¥ støtte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare\" " -"er ikke til Ã¥ motsette copyright. \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare\" er " -"ikke programvare i den offentlige sfæren. i stedet, som Microsofts " -"programvare, opphavsrett eierne av gratis og Ã¥pen kildekode programvare " -"insistere ganske sterkt at vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens respekteres " -"av adoptert av ledig og Ã¥pen kilde-programvare. vilkÃ¥rene i denne lisensen " -"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvare-" -"lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license (gpl), " -"krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig av " -"alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at kravet er effektivt " -"bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright ikke styre " -"programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pÃ¥legge samme type krav pÃ¥ " -"sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " -"microsoft." +"Mer viktig for vÃ¥re formÃ¥l, er at Ã¥ støtte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\" ikke er Ã¥ motsette seg opphasvrett. \"Åpen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\" er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, pÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥te som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne " +"av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens blir " +"respektert av de som tar i bruk fri programvare. VilkÃ¥rene i den lisensen " +"er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvarelisens. " +"For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige " +"lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle " +"som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun " +"effektivt hvis opphavsrett rÃ¥der over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke " +"rÃ¥der over programvare, sÃ¥ kunne ikke fri programvare pÃ¥legge slike krav pÃ¥ " +"de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av " +"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -20990,15 +22166,33 @@ msgstr "" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " +#| "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it " +#| "would use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, " +#| "as well. And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. " +#| "According to Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists " +#| "succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the meeting." +#| "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the " +#| "meeting was canceled." msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " "use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. " "And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to " -"Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in " -"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled." -msgstr "" +"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " +"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " +"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " +"the meeting was canceled." +msgstr "" +"Det er dermed forstÃ¥elig at Microsoft, som utviklere av proprietær " +"programvare, gikk imot et slikt WIPO-møte, og like fullt forstÃ¥elig at de " +"bruker sine lobbyister til Ã¥ fÃ¥ USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ gÃ¥ imot møtet. Og " +"ganske riktig, det er akkurat dette som i følge rapporter hadde skjedd. I " +"følge Jonathan Krim i Washington Post, lyktes Microsofts lobbyister i Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ legge ned veto mot et slikt møte.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA ble møtet avlyst." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21015,7 +22209,6 @@ msgstr "" "programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -21025,20 +22218,19 @@ msgid "" "meeting which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights seems to " "us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.\"" msgstr "" -"Hva var overraskende var USA regjeringens begrunnelse for motstridende " -"møtet. igjen, som rapportert av krim, lois boland, direktør ved " -"internasjonale forbindelser for US patent og trademark office, forklarte at " -"\"Ã¥pen kilde-programvare kjører teller til mission av wipo, som er Ã¥ fremme " -"intellektuelle-egenskapen rettigheter.\" hun er sitert som sier, \"for Ã¥ " -"holde et møte som har som sitt formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskriver seg eller frafalle slike " -"rettigheter synes Ã¥ oss Ã¥ være i strid med mÃ¥lene for wipo.\"" +"Det som var overraskende var USAs regjerings begrunnelse for Ã¥ være imot " +"møtet. Igjen, siterert av krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for " +"internasjonale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemerkekontor, at " +"\"programvare med Ã¥pen kildekode gÃ¥r imot til formÃ¥let til WIPO, som er Ã¥ " +"fremme immatterielle rettigheter.\". Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, \"Å " +"holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " +"rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -21049,17 +22241,16 @@ msgid "" "law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing " "with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" -"For det første er de ganske enkelt greit feil. Som jeg beskrev, er det " -"meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " -"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt " -"av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si at det \"gÃ¥r imot\" " -"formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær " -"mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs " -"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenesteperson som " -"hÃ¥ndterer utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." +"For det første er de ganske enkelt enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er " +"det meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " +"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil begresningene " +"definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si at de \"gÃ¥r imot" +"\" formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær " +"mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs " +"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer " +"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -21073,44 +22264,57 @@ msgid "" "it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had been patented?" msgstr "" "For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mÃ¥l var Ã¥ " -"\"fremme\" immaterielle maksimalt? som jeg hadde vært scolded pÃ¥ " -"forberedende konferansen av WSIS, WIPO er Ã¥ vurdere hvordan man best kan " -"beskytte Ã¥ndsverk, men ogsÃ¥ hva beste balanse av Ã¥ndsverk. som alle økonom " -"og advokat vet, er det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i lovgivning for immaterielle Ã¥ " -"finne denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, " -"ubestridt. man ønsker Ã¥ spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler " -"(legemidler basert pÃ¥ narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med wipo-" -"oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis " -"protokoller av Internett hadde vært patenterte?" +"\"fremme\" immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk kjeft om pÃ¥ den " +"forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke bare hvordan best " +"beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men ogsÃ¥ hva som er den beste balansen " +"rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat vet, er det " +"vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i immaterielle rettighetsjuss Ã¥ finne den balansen. " +"Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man ønsker Ã¥ " +"spørre Ms. boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert pÃ¥ medisiner med " +"patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker allemannseie " +"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " +"hadde vært patentert?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " +#| "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property " +#| "rights are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what " +#| "to do with those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they " +#| "want to \"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our " +#| "tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 " +#| "billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the " +#| "objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a " +#| "property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to " +#| "decide what to do with their property. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +#| "id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " "are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with " -"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to \"waive" -"\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, totally " -"appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do good in " -"the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the property " -"system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is supposed to " -"be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with their " -"property." -msgstr "" -"tredje, selv om en antatt at hensikten med wipo var Ã¥ maksimere immaterielle " -"rettigheter, i vÃ¥r tradisjon, immaterielle rettigheter er holdt av individer " -"og selskaper. de kommer til Ã¥ bestemme hva de skal gjøre med disse " -"rettighetene fordi, igjen, de er deres rettigheter. Hvis de ønsker Ã¥ " -"\"frafalle\" eller \"fraskriver\" deres rettigheter, det vil si at innen vÃ¥r " -"tradisjon, helt riktig. NÃ¥r bill gates gir bort mer enn $20 milliarder til Ã¥ " -"gjøre godt i verden, det er ikke uforenlig med mÃ¥lene for egenskapen " -"systemet. det vil si tvert imot, bare hva et egenskapen system er ment for Ã¥ " -"være om: Ã¥ gi enkeltpersoner retten til Ã¥ avgjøre hva Ã¥ gjøre med deres " -"eiendom." +"those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</emphasis> rights. If " +"they want to \"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our " +"tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 " +"billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the " +"objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a " +"property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to " +"decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For det tredje, selv om en tror at formÃ¥let med WIPO var Ã¥ maksimere " +"immaterielle rettigheter, sÃ¥ innehas immaterielle rettigheter, i vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon, av individer og selskaper. De fÃ¥r bestemme hva som skal gjøres " +"med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er de som eier rettigetene. Hvis de " +"ønsker Ã¥ \"frafalle\" eller \"frasi\" seg sine rettigheter, sÃ¥ er det helt " +"etter boka i vÃ¥r tradisjon. NÃ¥r Bill Gates gir bort mer enn $20 milliarder " +"til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er ikke det uforenelig med mÃ¥lene til eiendomssystemet. " +"Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva eiendomssysstemet er ment Ã¥ oppnÃ¥, at " +"individer har retten til Ã¥ bestemme hva de vil gjøre med sin eiendom. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -21121,16 +22325,15 @@ msgid "" "property rights be maximized, but that they also should be exercised in the " "most extreme and restrictive way possible." msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r MS boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte \"som har som sitt formÃ¥l " -"Ã¥ fraskriver seg eller frafalle slike rettigheter, sier hun sier at wipo har " -"en interesse i forstyrre valgene av enkeltpersoner som selv immaterielle " -"rettigheter. at noe wipo's mÃ¥let bør være Ã¥ stoppe en person fra \"waiving\" " -"eller \"fraskrivelser\" en eiendomsrett. at interesse av wipo ikke er bare " -"at immaterielle rettigheter er maksimert, men at de ogsÃ¥ kan vere mest " -"ekstreme og restriktiv mulig." +"NÃ¥r Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte \"som har som sitt formÃ¥l " +"Ã¥ fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter\", sÃ¥ sier hun at WIPO har en " +"interesse i Ã¥ pÃ¥virke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier immaterielle " +"rettigheter. At pÃ¥ en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være Ã¥ stoppe individer " +"fra Ã¥ \"frakrive\" eller \"frafalle\" seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. At " +"interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " +"ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -21142,69 +22345,80 @@ msgid "" "depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any freedom that " "might interfere with that control." msgstr "" -"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i anglo-" -"amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, ikke " -"bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og entiteter. " -"og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen kraftig og " -"omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for Ã¥ sikre at " -"eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av frigjørende " -"personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie markedet. " -"Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det kjempet " -"noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -msgid "Drahos, Peter" -msgstr "Drahos, Peter" +"Det er en historie om akkurat et slikt eierskapssystem som er velkjent i den " +"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles \"føydalisme\". Under føydalismen " +"var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall individer og " +"aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i Ã¥ sikre at " +"landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved Ã¥ frigjøre folkene og " +"eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var " +"avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet " +"som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." -#. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20." -msgstr "Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–­20." +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice " +#| "we are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +#| "\" id=\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. " +#| "Our only choice now is whether that information society will be free or " +#| "feudal. The trend is toward the feudal." msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only " -"choice now is whether that information society will be free or feudal. The " -"trend is toward the feudal." +"choice now is whether that information society will be <emphasis>free</" +"emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is toward the feudal." msgstr "" +"Som Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite beskriver, dette er nøyaktig det valget " +"vi nÃ¥ gjør om immaterielle rettigheter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Vi kommer til Ã¥ fÃ¥ et informasjonssamfunn. SÃ¥ mye er sikkert. VÃ¥rt " +"eneste valg nÃ¥ er hvorvidt dette informasjonssamfunnet skal være fritt eller " +"føydalt. Trenden er mot det føydale." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " "her comments made sense. But there was one comment that was particularly " "depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote," msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r denne kampen brøt, jeg blogged det. en dristig debatt i kommentar-delen " -"ensued. MS. boland hadde en rekke tilhengere som prøvde Ã¥ vise hvorfor " -"hennes Kommentarer gjort forstand. men det var en kommentar som var spesielt " -"deprimerende for meg. skrev en anonym plakat," +"Da denne bataljen brøt ut, blogget jeg om dette. En heftig debatt brøt ut i " +"kommentarfeltet. Ms. Boland hadde en rekke støttespillere som forsøkte Ã¥ " +"vise hvorfor hennes kommentarer ga mening. Men det var spesielt en " +"kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev," #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " -"promote the right balance of intellectualproperty rights, not simply to " +"promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply to " "promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were talking " "about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything wrong. " "But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. Always pay " "attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours." msgstr "" -"George, du misforstÃ¥ lessig: han bare snakker om verden som den skal " -"(\"MÃ¥let med wipo og mÃ¥l av enhver regjering, bør være Ã¥ fremme den rette " -"balansen av intellectualproperty rettigheter, ikke bare for Ã¥ fremme " -"immaterielle rettigheter\"), ikke som det er. Hvis vi snakker om i verden " -"som det er, sÃ¥ si selvfølgelig boland ikke noe galt. men i verden som lessig " -"ville ha det, sÃ¥ selvfølgelig hun gjorde. alltid ta hensyn til skillet " -"mellom lessig's verden og vÃ¥r." +"George, du misforstÃ¥r Lessig: Han snakker bare om verden slik den burde være " +"(\"mÃ¥let til WIPO, og mÃ¥let til enhver regjering, bør være Ã¥ fremme den " +"riktige balansen for immaterielle rettigheter, ikke bare Ã¥ fremme " +"immaterielle rettigheter\"), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om verden " +"slik den er, sÃ¥ har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i verden " +"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe galt. " +"En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r verden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -21215,16 +22429,16 @@ msgid "" "only illusion apparently is about whether our government should speak the " "truth or not.)" msgstr "" -"Jeg savnet den ironi først gangen jeg leste den. jeg lese det raskt og " -"trodde plakaten var støtter ideen om at søker balansen var hva vÃ¥r regjering " -"bør gjøre. (selvfølgelig, min kritikk av ms. Boland var ikke om om hun var " -"søker balansen eller ikke; min kritikk var at hennes kommentarer forrÃ¥dt en " -"første Ã¥ret law student-feil. Jeg har noen illusjon om ekstremisme av vÃ¥r " -"regjering om republikaner eller demokrat. min eneste illusjon angivelig er " -"om om vÃ¥r regjering bør snakke sannheten eller ikke.)" +"Jeg gikk glipp av ironien først gangen jeg leste den. Jeg lese den raskt og " +"trodde forfatteren støttet idéen om at det vÃ¥re myndigheter burde gjøre var " +"Ã¥ søke balanse. (Min kritikk av Ms Boland, selvfølgelig, var ikke om " +"hvorvidt hun søkte balanse eller ikke; min kritikk var at hennes kommentarer " +"avslørte en feil kun en førsteÃ¥rs jussstudent burde kunne gjøre. Jeg har " +"noen illusjon om ekstremismen hos vÃ¥re myndigheter, uansett om de er " +"republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er " +"hvorvidt vÃ¥re myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -21233,25 +22447,25 @@ msgid "" "believed, my own silly utopianism. \"Typical for an academic,\" the poster " "might well have continued." msgstr "" -"Ã¥penbart, men plakaten var ikke støtter at ideen. i stedet, plakaten var " -"latterliggjøre the very ideen om at i den virkelige verden, \"mÃ¥l\" av en " -"regjering bør være \"for Ã¥ fremme den rette balansen\" av Ã¥ndsverk. Det var " -"tydeligvis dum til ham. og det Ã¥penbart forrÃ¥dt, han mente, min egen dum " -"utopianism. \"typisk for en akademiker,\" plakaten kan godt har fortsatt." +"Det var dermot Ã¥penbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I " +"stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig verden " +"skulle \"mÃ¥let\" til myndighetene være \"Ã¥ fremme den riktige balanse\" for " +"immaterielle rettigheter. Det var Ã¥penbart tÃ¥pelig for ham. Og det " +"avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en " +"akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " "academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)." msgstr "" -"Jeg forstÃ¥r kritikk av akademisk utopianism. Jeg tror utopianism er dum, " -"ogsÃ¥, og jeg vil være først til Ã¥ rote det gøy pÃ¥ absurd urealistisk idealer " -"akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i vÃ¥rt eget land historie)." +"Jeg forstÃ¥r kritikken av akademisk utopisme. Jeg mener ogsÃ¥ at utopisme er " +"tÃ¥pelig, og jeg vil være blant de første til Ã¥ gjøre narr av de aburde " +"urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i " +"vÃ¥rt eget lands historie)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -21262,13 +22476,14 @@ msgid "" "the government that it speak truth and not lies is just naïve, then who " "have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?" msgstr "" -"men nÃ¥r det har blitt dum Ã¥ anta at rollen som vÃ¥r regjering bør være Ã¥ " -"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette har " -"blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at " -"regjeringen ikke søker balanse, at regjeringen er ganske enkelt de mektigste " -"lobbyister verktøyet, at ideen om Ã¥ holde regjeringen Ã¥ en annen standard er " -"absurd, at ideen om krevende av regjeringen at det taler sannheten og ikke " -"løgn er bare naiv, og som har vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, bli?" +"Men nÃ¥r det har blitt dumt Ã¥ anta at rollen til vÃ¥re myndigheter bør være Ã¥ " +"\"oppnÃ¥ balanse\", da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det betyr at " +"dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være Ã¥penbart for alle " +"at myndighetene ikke søker Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ balanse, at myndighetene ganske enkelt et " +"verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at ideen om Ã¥ forvente bedre av " +"myndighetene er absurd, at ideen om Ã¥ kreve at myndighetene snakker sant og " +"ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, " +"blitt?" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21285,6 +22500,10 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for " "mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie—fri kultur." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Turner, Ted" +msgstr "Turner, Ted" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " @@ -21295,7 +22514,8 @@ msgid "" "interests as diverse as the NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted " "Turner, and CodePink Women for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC " "policy. An astonishing 700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more " -"hearings and a different result." +"hearings and a different result. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "Hvis dette er galskap, sÃ¥ la det være mer gærninger. Snart. Det finnes " "øyeblikk av hÃ¥p i denne kampen. Og øyeblikk som overrasker. Da FCC vurderte " @@ -21305,7 +22525,8 @@ msgstr "" "organiserte interesser sÃ¥ forskjellige som NRA, ACLU, moveon.org, William " "Safire, Ted Turner og Codepink Women for Piece seg for Ã¥ protestere pÃ¥ denne " "endringen i FCC-reglene. SÃ¥ mange som 700 000 brev ble sendt til FCC med " -"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat." +"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21315,7 +22536,7 @@ msgid "" "substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and " "sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media." msgstr "" -"Denne aktivismen stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i " +"Disse protestene stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i " "senatet for Ã¥ reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fientlige høringene som ledet " "til avstemmingen avslørte hvor mektig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var " "ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " @@ -21345,12 +22566,12 @@ msgid "" "property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " "bigness bad." msgstr "" -"Faren i mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men i " -"stedet fra føydalisme som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles til " -"endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige selskaper " -"som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " +"Faren med mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " +"kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles " +"til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige " +"selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " "konsentrasjonen kan pÃ¥kalle en like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter—" -"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør deres storhet " +"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen " "ille." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21377,7 +22598,7 @@ msgid "" "exercised within this tradition anymore." msgstr "" "Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med " -"pÃ¥ en kampanje for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i ideen om " +"pÃ¥ en kampanje for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i idéen om " "\"intellektuell eiendom\". Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon. " "Jeg agumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til Ã¥ " "tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " @@ -21391,21 +22612,52 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ ville dette være vÃ¥r hæl. Dette ville være stedet " "for vÃ¥re tragedie." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Dylan, Bob" +msgstr "Dylan, Bob" + #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " +#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" +#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " +#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " +#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New " +#| "York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits " +#| "Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. " +#| "Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " +#| "\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" +#| "ulink>." msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with " +"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, september " +"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " +"8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " +"Daily News, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " "Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." -msgstr "" +"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " +"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10. september 2003, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" +"ulink>." #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -21463,6 +22715,14 @@ msgstr "" "Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " "dele innhold." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Creative Commons" +msgstr "Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gil, Gilberto" +msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" + #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -21474,10 +22734,6 @@ msgstr "" "24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #70</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -msgid "Gil, Gilberto" -msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" - #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -21494,30 +22750,28 @@ msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " "BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> And in Brazil, the " -"culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has " -"joined with Creative Commons to release content and free licenses in that " -"Latin American country.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> I've told a " -"dark story. The truth is more mixed. A technology has given us a new " -"freedom. Slowly, some begin to understand that this freedom need not mean " -"anarchy. We can carry a free culture into the twenty-first century, without " -"artists losing and without the potential of digital technology being " -"destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, it will take " -"some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." +"\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk " +"hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to release content " +"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more mixed. A technology " +"has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to understand that this " +"freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free culture into the twenty-" +"first century, without artists losing and without the potential of digital " +"technology being destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, " +"it will take some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." msgstr "" "I mens pÃ¥ andre siden av atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil " "bygge opp et \"kreativt arkiv\" som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-" "innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> Og i Brasil har " -"kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en folkehelt i brasiliansk " -"musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative Commons for Ã¥ gi ut innhold og frie " -"lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"2\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten mer mer blandet. En " -"teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne " -"friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss fri kultur inn i det " -"tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister taper og uten at potensialet for " -"digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og viktigere, det vil " -"kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." +"id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en " +"folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative Commons for Ã¥ " +"gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten " +"mer mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen " +"Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss " +"fri kultur inn i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister taper og uten at " +"potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og " +"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -21534,15 +22788,14 @@ msgstr "Etterord" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " "might be done." msgstr "" -"minst noen som har lest dette langt vil være enig med meg at noe mÃ¥ gjøres " -"hvis du vil endre hvor vi er pÃ¥ vei. saldoen pÃ¥ denne boken tilordner hva " -"kan gjøres." +"I hvert fall noen av de som har lest helt hit vil være enig med meg om at " +"noe mÃ¥ gjøres for Ã¥ endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " +"kartlegger hva som kan gjøres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -21586,9 +22839,8 @@ msgstr "" "kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "US, NOW" -msgstr "oss nÃ¥" +msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -21680,9 +22932,8 @@ msgstr "" "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" -msgstr "Ã¥ gjenoppbygge friheter tidligere antatt: eksempler" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -21704,9 +22955,8 @@ msgstr "" "var trygg pÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "What made it assured?" -msgstr "Hva gjorde det forsikret?" +msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -21785,12 +23035,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " -"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " -"Review 1 (2001): par. 6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples in which " -"technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: " -"Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, " -"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." +"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " +"Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. 6–18, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing " +"examples in which technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey " +"Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an " +"Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2004) (mapping tradeoffs " +"between technology and privacy)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 @@ -22052,7 +23303,6 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22064,7 +23314,8 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Denne krympende friheten har ført mange Ã¥ ta bekreftende trinnene for Ã¥ " "gjenopprette frihet som har gÃ¥tt tapt. public library of science (plos), for " @@ -22095,9 +23346,8 @@ msgstr "" "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" -msgstr "Ã¥ gjenoppbygge fri kultur: en idé" +msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -22113,11 +23363,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " -"aim is to build a layer of reasonable copyright on top of the extremes that " -"now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to build upon other " -"people's work, by making it simple for creators to express the freedom for " -"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to human-" -"readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this possible." +"aim is to build a layer of <emphasis>reasonable</emphasis> copyright on top " +"of the extremes that now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to " +"build upon other people's work, by making it simple for creators to express " +"the freedom for others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied " +"to human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this " +"possible." msgstr "" "Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i " "massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ bygge " @@ -22131,19 +23382,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " -"developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " -"Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and " -"reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable " -"versions of the license that enable computers automatically to identify " -"content that can easily be shared. These three expressions together—a " -"legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-readable tags—" -"constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license " -"constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the license, and more " -"importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person associated with the " -"license believes in something different than the \"All\" or \"No\" extremes. " -"Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is " -"waived, but that certain freedoms are given." +"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " +"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " +"attach to their content, Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content " +"that can easily, and reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to " +"machine-readable versions of the license that enable computers automatically " +"to identify content that can easily be shared. These three expressions " +"together—a legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-" +"readable tags—constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative " +"Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the " +"license, and more importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person " +"associated with the license believes in something different than the \"All\" " +"or \"No\" extremes. Content is marked with the CC mark, which does not mean " +"that copyright is waived, but that certain freedoms are given." msgstr "" "enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved Ã¥ " "utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, " @@ -22201,7 +23452,10 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. PAGE BREAK 289 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Garlick, Mia" +msgstr "Garlick, Mia" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22213,7 +23467,7 @@ msgid "" "movement of consumers and producers of content (\"content conducers,\" as " "attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the public domain and, by " "their work, demonstrate the importance of the public domain to other " -"creativity." +"creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette er bare ett prosjekt blant mange innenfor creative commons. og " "selvfølgelig, creative commons er ikke den eneste organisasjonen Ã¥ forfølge " @@ -22252,9 +23506,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " -"fiction author. His first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, was " -"released on-line and for free, under a Creative Commons license, on the same " -"day that it went on sale in bookstores." +"fiction author. His first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, was released on-line and for free, under a Creative " +"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores." msgstr "" "Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i Ã¥ gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for Ã¥ " "bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-" @@ -22266,14 +23520,14 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " -"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " -"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may " -"never hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the " -"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. " -"Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and " -"then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods " -"than bad-(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will " -"probably increase sales of Cory's book." +"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " +"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may never " +"hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the Internet. " +"Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. Call them " +"bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and then " +"decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods than bad-" +"(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably " +"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" "Hvorfor ville en utgiver noensinne samtykker til dette? Jeg mistenker at " "hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der " @@ -22302,13 +23556,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " -"book about the free software movement titled Free for All, made an " -"electronic version of his book free on-line under a Creative Commons license " -"after the book went out of print. He then monitored used book store prices " -"for the book. As predicted, as the number of downloads increased, the used " -"book price for his book increased, as well." +"book about the free software movement titled <citetitle>Free for All</" +"citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " +"Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " +"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well." msgstr "" -"ideen at gratis innhold kan øke verdien av nonfree innhold ble bekreftet av " +"idéen at gratis innhold kan øke verdien av nonfree innhold ble bekreftet av " "opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri " "programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon " "av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken " @@ -22319,10 +23573,10 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " -"(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " -"production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#72</ulink>." +"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " +"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " +"Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22335,12 +23589,13 @@ msgid "" "noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are " "just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. " "This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from others. " -"Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of " -"the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has " -"stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because " -"the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these " -"artists release into the creative environment content that others can build " -"upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." +"Because the <emphasis>legal</emphasis> costs of sampling are so high (Walter " +"Leaphart, manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the " +"music of others, has stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to " +"sample anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative " +"environment content that others can build upon, so that their form of " +"creativity might grow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22417,9 +23672,8 @@ msgstr "" "at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "THEM, SOON" -msgstr "dem snart" +msgstr "Dem, snart" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -22432,7 +23686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Vi vil ikke gjenvinne en fri kultur av handling alene. det vil ogsÃ¥ ta " "viktige reformer av lover. Vi har en lang vei Ã¥ gÃ¥ før politikerne vil lytte " -"til disse ideene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " +"til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -22449,9 +23703,8 @@ msgstr "" "til vÃ¥r side." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "1. More Formalities" -msgstr "1. mer formaliteter" +msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -22519,8 +23772,8 @@ msgid "" "records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know " "how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of " "copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that " -"builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into " -"silence where they otherwise could speak." +"builds upon our past. And thus, the <emphasis>lack</emphasis> of formalities " +"forces many into silence where they otherwise could speak." msgstr "" "men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en " "byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i " @@ -22541,7 +23794,7 @@ msgid "" "by other countries as well." msgstr "" "forslaget jeg er fremme her ville gjelde american Works bare. Selvfølgelig, " -"jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme ideen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " +"jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " "land ogsÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22570,9 +23823,8 @@ msgstr "" "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" -msgstr "registrering og fornyelse" +msgstr "Registrering og fornying" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -22595,7 +23847,7 @@ msgstr "" "minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde ogsÃ¥ fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ minimere " "gebyret. og sÃ¥ opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmÃ¥let for regjeringen " "policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. SÃ¥ledes, " -"nÃ¥r folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne ideen om formaliteter, deres " +"nÃ¥r folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne idéen om formaliteter, deres " "første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " "til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." @@ -22663,9 +23915,8 @@ msgstr "" "som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "MARKING" -msgstr "merking" +msgstr "Merking" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -22768,11 +24019,11 @@ msgid "" "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " "Office would hold a hearing, at which other proposals could be made. The " "Copyright Office would then select the proposal that it judged preferable, " -"and it would base that choice solely upon the consideration of which method " -"could best be integrated into the registration and renewal system. We would " -"not count on the government to innovate; but we would count on the " -"government to keep the product of innovation in line with its other " -"important functions." +"and it would base that choice <emphasis>solely</emphasis> upon the " +"consideration of which method could best be integrated into the registration " +"and renewal system. We would not count on the government to innovate; but we " +"would count on the government to keep the product of innovation in line with " +"its other important functions." msgstr "" "for eksempel hvis en recording industry association devises en metode for Ã¥ " "merke CDer, ville det foreslÃ¥ som til opphavsrett kontoret. opphavsrett " @@ -22828,9 +24079,8 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "2. Shorter Terms" -msgstr "2. kortere vilkÃ¥r" +msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -22845,19 +24095,30 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</" +#| "ulink>." +msgid "" +"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " +"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #74</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25. januar 2003): 15, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</" +"ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in five-" -"year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That seemed " -"radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, the " -"proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal for a " -"fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents." +"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" +"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " +"every five years. That seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, the " +"proposals became even more radical. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> " +"endorsed a proposal for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others have proposed tying the term to the term for " +"patents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22875,12 +24136,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " -"create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " -"authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from publishers), rights to " -"the same work (not derivative works) might be extended further. The key is " -"not to tie the work up with legal regulations when it no longer benefits an " -"author." +"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " +"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " +"protections for authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from " +"publishers), rights to the same work (not derivative works) might be " +"extended further. The key is not to tie the work up with legal regulations " +"when it no longer benefits an author." msgstr "" "holde det kort: begrepet skal være sÃ¥ lenge som nødvendig for Ã¥ gi " "insentiver til Ã¥ opprette, men ikke lenger. Hvis det var knyttet til veldig " @@ -22892,16 +24153,34 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -msgid "" -"Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " -"must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " -"distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" That kind of law gives " -"them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected " -"versus unprotected. The value of short terms is that there is little need " -"to build exceptions into copyright when the term itself is kept short. A " -"clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes the complexities of \"fair use\" " -"and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." -msgstr "" +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " +#| "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " +#| "distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" That kind of law gives " +#| "them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected " +#| "versus unprotected. The value of short terms is that there is little " +#| "need to build exceptions into copyright when the term itself is kept " +#| "short. A clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes the complexities of " +#| "\"fair use\" and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " +"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " +"use,\" and the distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" That kind " +"of law gives them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler idea in mind: " +"protected versus unprotected. The value of short terms is that there is " +"little need to build exceptions into copyright when the term itself is kept " +"short. A clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes the complexities of " +"\"fair use\" and \"idea/expression\" less necessary to navigate." +msgstr "" +"Gjør det enkelt: Skillelinjen mellom verker uten opphavsrettslig vern og " +"innhold som er beskyttet mÃ¥ forbli klart. Advokater liker uklarheten som " +"\"rimelig bruk\" og forskjellen mellom \"idéer\" og \"uttrykk\" har. Denne " +"type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som skrev grunnloven hadde en " +"enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av korte vernetider er at " +"det er lite behov for Ã¥ bygge inn unntak i opphavsretten nÃ¥r vernetiden " +"holdes kort. En klar og aktiv \"advokat-fri sone\" gjør komplesiteten av " +"\"rimelig bruk\" og \"idé/uttrykk\" mindre nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> @@ -22910,35 +24189,43 @@ msgid "" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" +"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "veterans' pensions" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" -"Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " -"maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " -"periodically that he wants the protection continued. This need not be an " -"onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly protection has to be " -"granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes for a veteran to apply " -"for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If we make veterans " -"suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't require authors to spend ten " -"minutes every fifty years to file a single form." +"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " +"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " +"required to signal periodically that he wants the protection continued. This " +"need not be an onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly " +"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes " +"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't " +"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single " +"form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " -"lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " -"extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the law to offer authors " -"only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's possible. If it was a " -"mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer authors to create in " -"1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct that mistake today " -"by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we will not increase the " -"number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can increase the reward " -"that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase the copyright " -"burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But increasing " -"their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's not done is " -"not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." +"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " +"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " +"given should not be extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the " +"law to offer authors only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's " +"possible. If it was a mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer " +"authors to create in 1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct " +"that mistake today by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we " +"will not increase the number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can " +"increase the reward that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase " +"the copyright burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But " +"increasing their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's " +"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." msgstr "" "holde det potensielle: hva begrepet av opphavsrett skal være, klareste " "lærdommen om at økonomer lære er at en term nÃ¥r gitt ikke bør utvides. Det " @@ -22953,33 +24240,35 @@ msgstr "" "er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is " +#| "much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just " +#| "32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." msgid "" -"These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " -"shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " -"years. We should be aiming for the same." +"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " +"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " +"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." msgstr "" -"disse endringene skal sammen produsere en gjennomsnittlig opphavsrett begrep " -"som er mye kortere enn gjeldende begrepet. frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig " -"begrepet bare 32.2 Ã¥r. Vi bør være sikter for samme." +"Disse endringene vil sammen gi en gjennomsnittlig opphavsrettslig vernetid " +"som er mye kortere enn den gjeldende vernetiden. Frem til 1976 var " +"gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være det samme." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " "the term under Richard Nixon. How \"radical\" can it be to ask for a more " "generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?" msgstr "" -"uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse ideene \"radikale\". (tross alt, jeg " -"kaller dem \"ekstremister.\") men igjen, jeg anbefalt begrepet var lengre " -"enn begrepet under richard nixon. hvordan \"radikale\" kan det være for Ã¥ be " -"om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn richard nixon presided over?" +"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene \"radikale\". (Tross alt, sÃ¥ " +"kaller jeg dem \"ekstremister\".) Men igjen, vernetiden jeg anbefalte var " +"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " +"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" -msgstr "3. gratis bruk vs. fair use" +msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -23017,13 +24306,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " +#| "University Press, 1967), 32." msgid "" +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." +msgstr "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." -msgstr "" -"Benjamin kaplan, en makelige visning av opphavsrett (new york: columbia " -"university press, 1967), 32." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -23064,17 +24356,16 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. PAGE BREAK 300 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " -"be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " -"to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at least I'm willing to " -"assume it does); but it does not make sense for that right to run for the " -"same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative right could be " -"important in inducing creativity; it is not important long after the " -"creative work is done." +"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " +"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " +"John Grisham's right to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at " +"least I'm willing to assume it does); but it does not make sense for that " +"right to run for the same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative " +"right could be important in inducing creativity; it is not important long " +"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "begrepet: Hvis Kongressen vil gi et derivat rett, og at høyre skal være for " "en mye kortere sikt. Det er fornuftig Ã¥ beskytte john grisham's rett til Ã¥ " @@ -23087,16 +24378,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " -"there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " -"be specified. But the law should draw clear lines around regulated and " -"unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all \"reuse\" of creative " -"material was within the control of businesses, perhaps it made sense to " -"require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes sense for lawyers " -"to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative possibilities that " -"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the machines. " -"That's what this general requirement of permission does to the creative " -"process. Smothers it." +"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " +"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " +"important. Those should be specified. But the law should draw clear lines " +"around regulated and unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all " +"\"reuse\" of creative material was within the control of businesses, perhaps " +"it made sense to require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes " +"sense for lawyers to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative " +"possibilities that digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses " +"into the machines. That's what this general requirement of permission does " +"to the creative process. Smothers it." msgstr "" "omrÃ¥de: pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. " "igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal " @@ -23124,20 +24415,24 @@ msgstr "" "poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " "her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" -#. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial " +#| "Jukebox (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" -"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " -"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216." +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Paul goldstein, copyright's highway: fra gutenberg til den himmelske " -"jukeboksen (stanford: stanford university press, 2003), 187­216." +"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " +"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -23245,12 +24540,11 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." msgstr "" -"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." +"Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -23259,33 +24553,31 @@ msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." msgstr "" -"Det er ogsÃ¥ noen som bruker deling nettverk for Ã¥ prøve, pÃ¥ vei til Ã¥ kjøpe " -"CDer." +"Det er ogsÃ¥ noen som bruker delingsnettverk for Ã¥ prøvelytte, pÃ¥ vei mot Ã¥ " +"kjøpe CDer." #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " "too cumbersome to buy off the Net." msgstr "" -"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsprogrammer nettverk til Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til " -"innhold som selges ikke lenger, men er fortsatt under opphavsrett eller som " -"ville ha vært altfor tunge Ã¥ kjøpe fra nettet." +"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsnettverk til Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold som " +"ikke lenger er i salg, men fortsatt er vernet av opphavsrett eller som ville " +"ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " "endorses." msgstr "" -"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsprogrammer nettverk Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til " -"innhold som ikke er beskyttet av opphavsretten, eller Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " -"eieren av opphavsretten tydelig godkjenner." +"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsnettverk for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold som " +"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " +"opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -23316,13 +24608,12 @@ msgstr "" "b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." msgstr "" -"Likevel, det er en avgjørende faktor om gjeldende teknologiske kontekst som " -"vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ at vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven skal reagere." +"Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " +"omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -23345,7 +24636,7 @@ msgstr "" "sjelden fÃ¥r vi service pÃ¥ den hastigheten som er bÃ¥de opp og ned. Selv om " "trÃ¥dløs tilgang er økende, fÃ¥ de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang pÃ¥ tvers av " "ledninger. de fleste bare fÃ¥ tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. " -"ideen om den alltid pÃ¥, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en " +"idéen om den alltid pÃ¥, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en " "idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 @@ -23383,23 +24674,27 @@ msgid "" "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" "ulink>." msgstr "" +"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " +"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#76</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " "is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " -"point: When it is extremely easy to connect to services that give access to " -"content, it will be easier to connect to services that give you access to " -"content than it will be to download and store content on the many devices " -"you will have for playing content. It will be easier, in other words, to " -"subscribe than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the " -"download-sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content " -"services will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge " -"money for the content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in " -"Japan offer music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs " -"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free" -"\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type=" +"point: When it is <emphasis>extremely</emphasis> easy to connect to services " +"that give access to content, it will be <emphasis>easier</emphasis> to " +"connect to services that give you access to content than it will be to " +"download and store content <emphasis>on the many devices you will have for " +"playing content</emphasis>. It will be easier, in other words, to subscribe " +"than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the download-" +"sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content services " +"will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge money for the " +"content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in Japan offer " +"music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs for " +"headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free\" " +"content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" @@ -23525,7 +24820,7 @@ msgstr "" "lav lovbestemte sats for kommersielle deling av innhold som ikke ble tilbudt " "for salg av en kommersiell utgiver, og hvis den hastigheten ble automatisk " "overført til en tillit til fordel for kunstneren, deretter bedrifter kan " -"utvikle rundt ideen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " +"utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " "denne handelen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -23565,13 +24860,13 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ her er en løsning som vil først virke underlig til begge sider i denne " -"krigen, men som pÃ¥ refleksjon, jeg foreslÃ¥, bør gjøre noe fornuftig." +"SÃ¥ her er en løsning som i første omgang kan virke veldig undelig for begge " +"sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " +"seg om." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -23596,7 +24891,6 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -23605,23 +24899,23 @@ msgid "" "providers on the Internet, we should find a relatively simple way to " "compensate those who are harmed." msgstr "" -"Jeg elsker Internett, og sÃ¥ jeg ikke liker likening det til tobakk eller " -"asbest. men analogien er en rettferdig en fra et perspektiv av loven. og det " -"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker Ã¥ ødelegge Internett eller p2p-" -"teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ Internett, mÃ¥ vi " -"finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som er skadet." +"Jeg elsker internett, sÃ¥ jeg liker ikke Ã¥ sammenligne det med tobakk eller " +"asbest. Men analogien er rimelig nÃ¥r en ser det fra lovens perspektiv. Og " +"det foreslÃ¥r en rimelig respons: I stedet for Ã¥ forsøke Ã¥ ødelegge internett " +"eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " +"bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "Fisher, William" -#. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " -"October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and " -"the Future of Entertainment (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " +"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" +"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " "Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that " "would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would " @@ -23629,24 +24923,26 @@ msgid "" "Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. " "For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" " -"Washington Post, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman " -"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate " -"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A Quick " -"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " -"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, 13 " -"May 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum " -"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" " -"CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. " +"Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, " +"Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; " +"Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee " +"(IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon " +"Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May " +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</" +"ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, " +"1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News." +"com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " "Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not " "pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get " "more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal " "predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>." +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -23667,17 +24963,17 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " -"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " -"Keep. The modification that I would make is relatively simple: Fisher " -"imagines his proposal replacing the existing copyright system. I imagine it " -"complementing the existing system. The aim of the proposal would be to " -"facilitate compensation to the extent that harm could be shown. This " -"compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating a transition between " -"regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of years. If it " -"continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, supported " -"through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form of " -"protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the old " -"system of controlling access." +"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. The modification that I would make " +"is relatively simple: Fisher imagines his proposal replacing the existing " +"copyright system. I imagine it complementing the existing system. The aim " +"of the proposal would be to facilitate compensation to the extent that harm " +"could be shown. This compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating " +"a transition between regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of " +"years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " +"supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " +"of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " +"old system of controlling access." msgstr "" "fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million " "spørsmÃ¥lene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover Ã¥ holde. " @@ -23705,7 +25001,7 @@ msgid "" "democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to do with " "the content itself." msgstr "" -"Fisher vil balk pÃ¥ ideen om Ã¥ la systemet synker. hans mÃ¥l er ikke bare for " +"Fisher vil balk pÃ¥ idéen om Ã¥ la systemet synker. hans mÃ¥l er ikke bare for " "Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere er betalt, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ sikre at systemet støtter en " "rekke ulike \"semiotic demokrati\" mulig. men mÃ¥lene for semiotic demokrati " "ville være fornøyd hvis endringene jeg beskrevet ble oppnÃ¥dd—spesielt " @@ -23767,7 +25063,6 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -23776,105 +25071,111 @@ msgid "" "right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and " "barbarically severe punishments of the law." msgstr "" -"Dette regimet av konkurranse, med en backstop Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere ikke " -"mister, ville gjøre mye innovasjon innen levering av innhold. at " -"konkurransen ville fortsette Ã¥ krympe type en deling. det vil inspirere en " -"ekstraordinære rekke nye innovators—de som ville ha rett til " -"innholdet, og ville ikke lenger frykter usikker og barbarically alvorlige " -"straffene av loven." +"Dette konkurranseregimet, med en sikringsmekanisme Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere ikke " +"taper, ville bidra mye til nyskapning innen levering av innhold. " +"Konkurransen ville fortsette Ã¥ redusere type-A-deling. Det ville inspirere " +"en ekstraordinær rekke av nye innovatører—som ville ha retten til a " +"bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " +"fra loven." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" -msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er mitt forslag dette:" +msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " "interests affected by this technological change, while enabling, and " "encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create." msgstr "" -"Internett er i overgang. Vi bør ikke regulerer en teknologi i overgangen. Vi " -"bør i stedet regulerer for Ã¥ minimere skade pÃ¥ interesser som er berørt av " -"denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig som du gir, og oppmuntre, den mest " -"effektive teknologien vi kan opprette." +"Internett er i endring. Vi bør ikke regulere en teknologi i endring. Vi bør " +"i stedet regulere for Ã¥ minimere skaden pÃ¥ført interesser som er berørt av " +"denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " +"effektive teknologien vi kan lage." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" -"Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" +"Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" -msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-d dele;" +msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" msgstr "" -"tillater ikke-kommersiell type c deling uten erstatningsansvar og " -"kommersielle type c deling med en lav og fast hastighet ved lov;" +"tillate ikke-kommersiell type-C-deling uten erstatningsansvar, og " +"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" -"mens du er i denne overgangen, taxing og kompensere for typen en deling, i " -"grad er faktiske skade vist." +"mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " +"den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " "consumers continue to \"take\" content for nothing? Should the law do " "something then?" msgstr "" -"men hva om \"piratkopiering\" ikke forsvinne? Hva hvis det er et " -"konkurranseutsatt marked Ã¥ gi innhold pÃ¥ en lav pris, men et betydelig " -"antall forbrukere fortsette Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold for ingenting? loven gjør noe " -"deretter?" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"Men hva om \"piratvirksomheten\" ikke forsvinner? Hva om det finnes et " +"konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, men et " +"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " +"Burde loven gjøre noe da?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " +#| "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real " +#| "issue is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real " +#| "issue is its effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology " +#| "that is 95 percent secure and produces a market of size x, or (b) to have " +#| "a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of five " +#| "times x? Less secure might produce more unauthorized sharing, but it is " +#| "likely to also produce a much bigger market in authorized sharing. The " +#| "most important thing is to assure artists' compensation without breaking " +#| "the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may well be appropriate to " +#| "find ways to track down the petty pirates." msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " "is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real issue is its " "effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology that is 95 " -"percent secure and produces a market of size x, or (b) to have a technology " -"that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of five times x? Less secure " -"might produce more unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a " -"much bigger market in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to " -"assure artists' compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's " -"assured, then it may well be appropriate to find ways to track down the " -"petty pirates." -msgstr "" -"Ja, det skal. men igjen, hva det gjør avhenger hvordan fakta utvikle. disse " -"endringene kan ikke eliminere type en deling. men det virkelige problemet er " -"ikke om det eliminerer deling i abstrakt. det virkelige problemet er sin " -"effekt pÃ¥ markedet. er det bedre (a) Ã¥ ha en teknologi som er 95 prosent " -"sikker og produserer et marked av størrelse x, eller (b) for Ã¥ ha en " -"teknologi som er 50 prosent sikker, men gir et marked av fem ganger x? " -"mindre sikker kan gi mer uautorisert deling, men det er sannsynlig Ã¥ " -"produsere ogsÃ¥ et mye større marked i autoriserte deling. viktigste er Ã¥ " -"sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten Ã¥ bryte Internett. NÃ¥r som er trygg, kan " -"deretter det godt være riktig Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp smÃ¥lig pirates." +"percent secure and produces a market of size <citetitle>x</citetitle>, or " +"(b) to have a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of " +"five times <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Less secure might produce more " +"unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a much bigger market " +"in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to assure artists' " +"compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may " +"well be appropriate to find ways to track down the petty pirates." +msgstr "" +"Ja, det bør den. Men, nok en gang, hva den bør gjøre avhenger hvordan " +"realitetene utvikler seg. Disse endringene fjerner kanskje ikke all type-A-" +"deling. Men det virkelige spørmÃ¥let er ikke om de eliminerer deling i " +"abstrakt betydning. Det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let er hvilken effekt det har pÃ¥ " +"markedet. Er det bedre (a) Ã¥ ha en teknologi som er 95 prosent sikker og " +"gir et marked av størrelse x, eller (b) Ã¥ ha en teknologi som er 50 prosent " +"sikker, og som gir et marked som er fem ganger større enn x? Mindre sikker " +"kan gi mer uautorisert deling, men det vil sannsynligvis ogsÃ¥ gi et mye " +"større marked for autorisert deling. Det viktigste er Ã¥ sikre kunstneres " +"kompensasjon uten Ã¥ ødelegge internettet. NÃ¥r det er pÃ¥ plass, kan det " +"hende det er riktig Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -23882,11 +25183,11 @@ msgid "" "make sure the artists are paid, while protecting the space for innovation " "and creativity that the Internet is." msgstr "" -"men vi er langt unna whittling problemet ned til dette delsettet av typen en " -"sharers. og vÃ¥rt fokus før vi er det bør ikke være pÃ¥ Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ bryte " -"Internett. vÃ¥rt fokus før vi er det bør være pÃ¥ hvordan du kontrollerer " -"kunstnerne er betalt, og beskytter omrÃ¥det for innovasjon og kreativitet som " -"Internett er." +"Men vi er langt unna Ã¥ spikke problemet ned til dette delsettet av type-A-" +"delere. Og vÃ¥rt fokus inntil er der bør ikke være Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ødelegge " +"internettet. Var fokus inntil vi er der bør være hvordan sikre at artister " +"fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " +"internettet er." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" @@ -23899,13 +25200,12 @@ msgid "" "not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at " "the end that I would love to live." msgstr "" -"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever av Ã¥ lage advokater. Jeg tror pÃ¥ loven. Jeg " +"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever av Ã¥ utdanne advokater. Jeg tror pÃ¥ loven. Jeg " "tror pÃ¥ opphavsrettsloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til Ã¥ jobbe med loven, " "ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " "jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -23913,17 +25213,23 @@ msgid "" "the rich clients have one strong view, the unwillingness of the profession " "to question or counter that one strong view queers the law." msgstr "" -"likevel mye av denne boken har vært en kritikk av advokater, eller rolle " -"advokater har spilt i denne debatten. loven taler til idealer, men det er " -"min oppfatning at vÃ¥rt yrke bli for attuned til klienten. og i en verden der " -"rike klientene har en sterk visning, yrke Ã¥ spørsmÃ¥let eller telleren uvilje " -"mot en sterk visningen queers loven." +"Likevel har mye av denne boken vært kritikk av advokater, eller rollen " +"advokater har spilt i denne debatten. Loven taler om idealer, mens det er " +"min oppfatning av vÃ¥r yrkesgruppe er blitt for knyttet til klienten. Og i " +"en verden der rike klienter har sterke synspunkter vil uviljen hos vÃ¥r " +"yrkesgruppe til Ã¥ stille spørsmÃ¥l med eller protestere mot dette sterke " +"synet ødelegge loven." #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " +#| "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " -"Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." +"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " +"1069–70." msgstr "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." @@ -23939,6 +25245,14 @@ msgid "" "copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en \"radikal" +"\" av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg argumenterer for " +"nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og betydningsfulle " +"personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde for eksempel at " +"vÃ¥r utfordring til lovforslaget om Ã¥ utvide opphavsrettens vernetid var " +"galskap. Mens bare tredve Ã¥r siden mente den dominerende foreleser og " +"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -23950,24 +25264,56 @@ msgstr "" "imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " "om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to " +#| "be commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading " +#| "him to question his own publicly stated position—twice. He " +#| "initially predicted that downloading would substantially harm the " +#| "industry. He then revised his view in light of the data, and he has since " +#| "revised his view again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the " +#| "Network Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New " +#| "York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing " +#| "skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record " +#| "Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +#| "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis " +#| "is extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing " +#| "technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal " +#| "system. See, for example, Rethinking, 174–76. <placeholder type=" +#| "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " "question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially " "predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then " "revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view " -"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The True " -"Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"(reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. " -"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" working paper, June " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</" -"ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely valuable in estimating " -"the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, however, he " -"underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, Rethinking, " -"174–76." -msgstr "" +"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) " +"with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" " +"working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is extremely " +"valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing technology. In my view, " +"however, he underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for example, " +"<citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Et godt eksempel er arbeidet til professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz bør fÃ¥ " +"ros for sin nøye gjennomgang av data om opphavsrettsbrudd, som fikk ham til " +"Ã¥ stille spørsmÃ¥l med sin egen uttalte posisjon—to ganger. I starten " +"predicated han at nedlasting ville pÃ¥føre industrien vesentlig skade. Han " +"endret sÃ¥ sitt syn etter i lys av dataene, og han har siden endret sitt syn " +"pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The " +"True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " +"(gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) med Stan J. " +"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" artikkelutkast, " +"juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt verdifull " +"i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt syn " +"underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " +"eksempel, Rethinking, 174–76. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -23978,10 +25324,15 @@ msgid "" "system that has been around for hundreds of years, and they assume it works " "the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works." msgstr "" +"Økonomer er forventet Ã¥ være gode til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ utgifter og inntekter. Men " +"som oftest antar økonomene uten peiling pÃ¥ hvordan det juridiske systemet " +"egentlig fungerer, at transaksjonskostnaden i det juridiske systemet er lav." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De ser et system som har " +"eksistert i hundrevis av Ã¥r, og de antar at det fungerer slik grunnskolens " +"samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -23989,14 +25340,14 @@ msgid "" "at all corrupt. I mean simply because the costs of our legal system are so " "astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done." msgstr "" -"men juridiske systemet fungerer ikke. eller mer nøyaktig det fungerer ikke " -"for alle unntatt de med mest ressurser. ikke fordi systemet er skadet. Jeg " -"tror ikke vÃ¥re juridisk system (pÃ¥ føderalt nivÃ¥, minst) er overhodet " -"skadet. Jeg mener bare fordi kostnadene for vÃ¥r juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ " -"astonishingly høyt som rettferdighet praktisk talt aldri kan gjøres." +"Men det juridiske systemet fungerer ikke. Eller for Ã¥ være mer nøyaktig, det " +"fungerer kun for de med mest ressurser. Det er ikke fordi systemet er " +"korrupt. Jeg tror overhodet ikke vÃ¥rt juridisk system (pÃ¥ føderalt nivÃ¥, i " +"hvert fall) er korrupt. Jeg mener ganske enkelt at pÃ¥ grunn av at kostnadene " +"med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " +"aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -24007,17 +25358,15 @@ msgid "" "work. Yet that careful work costs too much, except in the most high-profile " "and costly cases." msgstr "" -"disse kostnadene forvrenge fri kultur pÃ¥ mange mÃ¥ter. en advokat tid er " -"fakturert i største selskaper pÃ¥ mer enn $400 per time. hvor mye tid bør " -"slike en advokat tilbringe lesing tilfeller nøye, eller undersøker obskure " -"retninger av myndighet? svaret er økende virkeligheten: svært lite. loven " -"depended upon forsiktig articulation og utvikling av doktrine, men forsiktig " -"articulation og utvikling av juridiske doktrine, avhenger av forsiktig " -"arbeid. men at forsiktig arbeid koster for mye, bortsett fra i de mest " -"høyprofilerte og kostbare tilfeller." +"Disse kostnadene forstyrrer fri kultur pÃ¥ mange vis. En advokats tid " +"faktureres hos de største firmaene for mer enn $400 pr. time. Hvor mye tid " +"bør en slik advokat bruke pÃ¥ Ã¥ lese sakene nøye, eller undersøke obskure " +"rettskilder. Svaret er i økende grad: svært lite. Jussen er avhengig av " +"nøye formulering og utvikling av doktrine, men nøye formulering og utvikling " +"av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " +"mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -24026,12 +25375,12 @@ msgid "" "of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, " "and hence radically more just." msgstr "" -"costliness og clumsiness og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet hÃ¥ne vÃ¥r " -"tradisjon. og advokater, samt akademikere, bør vurdere det deres plikt til Ã¥ " -"endre hvordan loven fungerer— eller bedre, endre loven slik at det " -"fungerer. Det er galt at systemet fungerer godt bare for toppen 1 prosent av " -"klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektiv, og billig og dermed " -"radikalt mer rettferdig." +"Kostbarheten, klomsetheten og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet hÃ¥ner vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon. Og advokater, sÃ¥vel som akademikere, bør se det som sin plikt Ã¥ " +"endre hvordan loven praktiseres— eller bedre, endre loven slik at den " +"fungerer. Det er galt at systemet fungerer godt bare for den øverste 1-" +"prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " +"og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -24039,12 +25388,11 @@ msgid "" "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " "law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review." msgstr "" -"Men inntil slik reform er gjennomført, bør vi som samfunn holde loven unna " -"omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven altfor " -"ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." +"Men inntil en slik reform er gjennomført, bør vi som samfunn holde lover " +"unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " +"altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -24054,13 +25402,13 @@ msgid "" "onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission " "produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." msgstr "" -"Tenk pÃ¥ de fantastiske tingene barnet kan gjøre eller gjøre med digital " -"teknologi—filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. eller Tenk pÃ¥ de " -"fantastiske tingene fellesskapet kunne fasilitere med digital " -"teknologi—en wiki, en lÃ¥ve heve, aktivisme til Ã¥ endre noe. Tenk pÃ¥ " -"alle de kreative tingene, og deretter tenke kaldt molasses strømmet pÃ¥ " -"maskinene. Dette er hva noen regime som krever tillatelse produserer. igjen, " -"dette er virkeligheten av brezhnev's Russland." +"Tenk pÃ¥ de fantastiske tingene ditt barn kan gjøre eller lage med digital " +"teknologi—filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. Eller tenk pÃ¥ de " +"fantastiske tingene ditt fellesskap kunne fÃ¥ til med digital teknologi—" +"en wiki, oppsetting av lÃ¥ve, kampanje til Ã¥ endre noe. Tenk pÃ¥ alle de " +"kreative tingene, og tenk deretter pÃ¥ kald sirup helt inn i maskinene. Dette " +"er hva et hvert regime som krever tillatelser fører til. Dette er " +"virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -24108,7 +25456,7 @@ msgstr "" "ustabile. Jeg har forsøkt Ã¥ motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved Ã¥ omdirigere " "lesere til den originale kilden gjennom en nettside som hører til denne " "boken. For hver lenke under, sÃ¥ kan du gÃ¥ til http://free-culture.cc/notes " -"og finne den originale kilden ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ nummeret etter #-tegnet. If " +"og finne den originale kilden ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ nummeret etter #-tegnet. Hvis " "den originale lenken fortsatt er i live, sÃ¥ vil du bli omdirigert til den " "lenken. Hvis den originale lenken har forsvunnet, sÃ¥ vil du bli omdirigert " "til en passende referanse til materialet." @@ -24165,7 +25513,7 @@ msgid "" "Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was " "there." msgstr "" -"Yuko Noguchi hjalp meg Ã¥ forstÃ¥ lovene i japan, sÃ¥ vel som japans kultur. " +"Yuko Noguchi hjalp meg Ã¥ forstÃ¥ lovene i Japan, sÃ¥ vel som Japans kultur. " "Jeg er henne takknemlig, og til de mange i Japan som hjalp meg med " "forundersøkelsene til denne boken: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto " "Misaki, Michihiro Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata og Yoshihiro " @@ -24237,3 +25585,11 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ at det ville være endeløs lykke utenfor disse kampene, og som alltid har " "hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes " "evigvarende tÃ¥lmodighet og kjærlighet." + +#, fuzzy +#~ msgid "" +#~ "For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., " +#~ "50 S.E." +#~ msgstr "" +#~ "for illustrerende tilfeller, se, for eksempel pavesich v. ne livet ins. " +#~ "co, 50 se"