X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/5208e86e8ff22cfe4756f2e37d0f6c137b2dc962..b09fa7ecdf82c8e7dfa8f9abcb6ea1e47f1e458d:/freeculture.nb.po diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 06a4e1f..20e1dcb 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ # # Translators: # Petter Reinholdtsen , 2012. +# Anders Hagen Jarmund , 2012. msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 12:26+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-31 17:52+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" msgstr "" -"Hvordan store mediaaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " +"Hvordan store medieaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " "og kontrollere kreativiteten" #. type: Content of: @@ -63,6 +64,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" " 2004 Lawrence Lessig " +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +" " +msgstr "" +" " + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" +msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "This version of Free Culture is licensed under a " @@ -72,7 +91,7 @@ msgid "" "org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/" msgstr "" -"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensert med en " +"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensiert med en " "Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen tillater ikke-kommersiell " "utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er navngitt. For mer " "informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk msgid "" -"LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig." -"org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The " -"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " -"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig.org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The author of " +"The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " "Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " "Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " "Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " @@ -100,11 +119,11 @@ msgid "" "Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " "Appeals." msgstr "" -"Lawrense Lessig (http://www.lessig." -"org), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). Forfatteren har " +"Lawrense Lessig (http://www.lessig.org), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). Forfatteren har " "gitt ut The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws of " "Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library of " "Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han har " @@ -274,18 +293,6 @@ msgstr "" "Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for " "hvem saken fortsetter." -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" -msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" - #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> msgid "List of figures" msgstr "Figurliste" @@ -433,11 +440,11 @@ msgstr "" "endringene jeg beskriver pÃ¥virker verdier som begge sider av vÃ¥r politiske " "kultur anser som grunnleggende." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "Safire, William" @@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Vi sÃ¥ et glimt av dette tverrpolitiske raseri pÃ¥ forsommeren i 2003. Da FCC " "vurderte endringer i reglene for medieeierskap som ville slakke pÃ¥ " -"begrensningene rundt mediakonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " +"begrensningene rundt mediekonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " "mer enn 700 000 brev til FCC for Ã¥ motsette seg endringen. Mens William " "Safire beskrev Ã¥ marsjere \"ubehagelig sammen med CodePink Women for Peace " "and the National Rifle Association, mellom liberale Olympia Snowe og " @@ -634,11 +641,11 @@ msgstr "" "inngÃ¥ en eksklusiv avtale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gjennomføre en auksjon " "for Ã¥ finne ut hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "Causby, Tinie" @@ -876,20 +883,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " -"like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " -"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " -"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " -"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " +"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " +"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa " +"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " +"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " "heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Et glass vann ble fylt opp foran mikrofonen i Yonkers, og det hørtes ut som " -"et plass som ble fylt opp. . . . Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og det " -"hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. . . . Sousa-marsjer " -"ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble utført. . . . " -"Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om noen gang før " -"hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"et glass som ble fylt opp. … Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og " +"det hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. … Sousa-" +"marsjer ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble " +"utført. … Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om " +"noen gang før hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -967,15 +974,15 @@ msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " "threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, " -"posed . . . a complete reordering of radio power . . . and the eventual " -"overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had grown to " -"power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the " +"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had " +"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Kreftene til fordel for FM, i hovedsak ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke overvinne " "tyngden til strategien utviklet av avdelingene for salg, patenter og juss " "for Ã¥ undertrykke denne trusselen til selskapets posisjon. For FM utgjorde, " -"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger . . . en komplett endring i " -"maktforholdene rundt radio . . . og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " +"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger … en komplett endring i " +"maktforholdene rundt radio … og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " "begrensede AM-systemet som var grunnlaget for RCA stigning til makt." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -1223,8 +1230,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er helt klart " "hovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal grunnlov. " "Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle " -"interesse nÃ¥r det gjalt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved Ã¥ " -"gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " +"interesse nÃ¥r det gjaldt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved " +"Ã¥ gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " "opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta " "om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy" "\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=" @@ -1426,7 +1433,7 @@ msgstr "" "internettets \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ fjerne verdier fra vÃ¥r kultur som har vært " "integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon helt fra starten." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" @@ -1984,7 +1991,7 @@ msgid "" "Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of " "this creative class." msgstr "" -"Men da internettet dukket opp, forsvant denne naturlige begresningen til " +"Men da internettet dukket opp, forsvant denne naturlige begrensningen til " "lovens virkeomrÃ¥de. Loven kontrollerer ikke bare kreativiteten til " "kommersielle skapere, men effektivt sett kreativiteten til alle. Selv om " "utvidelsen ikke ville bety stort hvis opphavsrettsloven kun regulerte " @@ -1992,14 +1999,14 @@ msgstr "" "obskurt som den gjør. Byrden denne loven gir oppveier nÃ¥ langt fordelene " "den ga da den ble vedtatt—helt klart slik den pÃ¥virker ikke-" "kommersiell kreativitet, og i stadig større grad slik den pÃ¥virker " -"kommersiell kreativitet. Dermed, slik vi ser klarere i kapittlene som " +"kommersiell kreativitet. Dermed, slik vi ser klarere i kapitlene som " "følger, er lovens rolle mindre og mindre Ã¥ støtte kreativitet, og mer og mer " "Ã¥ beskytte enkelte industrier mot konkurranse. Akkurat pÃ¥ tidspunktet da " "digital teknologi kunne sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mengde med kommersiell " "og ikke-kommersiell kreativitet, tynger loven denne kreativiteten med " "sinnsykt kompliserte og vage regler og med trusselen om uanstendig harde " "straffer. Vi ser kanskje, som Richard Florida skriver, \"Fremveksten av den " -"kreative klasse\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Desverre ser vi " +"kreative klasse\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dessverre ser vi " "ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær fremvekst av reguleringer av denne kreative klassen." #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> @@ -2040,11 +2047,11 @@ msgid "" "test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney " "describes that first experiment," msgstr "" -"Film med sykronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et Ã¥r tidligere i filmen " +"Film med synkronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et Ã¥r tidligere i filmen " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til Ã¥ " "kopiere teknikken og mikse lyd med tegnefilm. Ingen visste hvorvidt det " "ville virke eller ikke, og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans " -"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resutlatet " +"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resultatet " "entydig. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperimentet," #. PAGE BREAK 35 @@ -2068,7 +2075,7 @@ msgid "" "whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close." msgstr "" "Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark. Etter noen dÃ¥rlige oppstarter, " -"kom endelig lyd og handlig i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte " +"kom endelig lyd og handling i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte " "melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret pÃ¥ tinnkasseroller og " "blÃ¥ste pÃ¥ slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig." @@ -2090,9 +2097,9 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Effekten pÃ¥ vÃ¥rt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk. De reagerte " -"nesten instiktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de tullet " -"med meg. SÃ¥ de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang pÃ¥ nytt. Det var " -"grufult, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type=" +"nesten instinktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de " +"tullet med meg. SÃ¥ de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang pÃ¥ nytt. Det " +"var grufullt, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> @@ -2247,7 +2254,7 @@ msgid "" "bedtime or anytime." msgstr "" "Noen ganger var lÃ¥ningen begrenset, og noen ganger var den betydelig. Tenkt " -"pÃ¥ eventurene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, sÃ¥ " +"pÃ¥ eventyrene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, sÃ¥ " "tror du sannsynlighvis at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier som " "passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene er, " "for oss, ganske dystre. Det er noen sjeldne og kanskje spesielt ambisiøse " @@ -2332,14 +2339,13 @@ msgid "" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." msgstr "" "Inntil 1976 ga opphavsrettsloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en " -"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet " -"\"gjennomsnittelig\" vernetid ved Ã¥ finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale " -"registreringer for et gitt Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 " -"opphavsretter ble registrert i Ã¥r 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og " -"fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er gjennomsnittelig vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. " -"Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data ligger pÃ¥ nettsidene tilknyttet denne " -"boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</" -"ulink>." +"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet \"gjennomsnittlig" +"\" vernetid ved Ã¥ finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale registreringer for " +"et gitt Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 opphavsretter ble registrert i " +"Ã¥r 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er " +"gjennomsnittelig vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data " +"ligger pÃ¥ nettsidene tilknyttet denne boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -2357,9 +2363,9 @@ msgstr "" "levende. Gjennomsnittelig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare rundt tredve " "Ã¥r—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyr at " -"i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verkers " +"i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verks " "opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til a kontrollere bestemte " -"typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse opphavsvernsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ " +"typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ " "de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -2394,10 +2400,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Dette er slik det alltid har vært—inntil ganske nylig. For " "mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie, har allemannseiet vært like over horisonten. " -"Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittelige opphavsrettslige vernetiden aldri " -"mer enn trettito Ã¥r, som gjorde at det meste av kultur fra en og en halv " +"Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittlige opphavsrettslige vernetiden aldri mer " +"enn trettito Ã¥r, som gjorde at det meste av kultur fra en og en halv " "generasjon tidligere var tilgjengelig for enhver Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse " -"fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- ot " +"fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- og " "1970-tallet nÃ¥ ville være fritt tilgjengelig for de neste Walt Disney Ã¥ " "bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse. Men i dag er allemannseie presumtivt kun for " "innhold fra før mellomkrigstiden." @@ -2427,7 +2433,7 @@ msgstr "" "citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er fanatiske nÃ¥r det gjelder " "tegneserier. Over 40 prosent av publikasjoner er tegneserier, og 30 prosent " "av publikasjonsomsetningen stammer fra tegneserier. De er over alt i det " -"japanske samfunnet, tilgjengelig fra ethver tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene " +"japanske samfunnet, tilgjengelig fra ethvert tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene " "pÃ¥ en stor andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære system for offentlig " "transport." @@ -2443,8 +2449,8 @@ msgid "" "ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different way." msgstr "" "Amerikanere har en tendens til Ã¥ se ned pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er " -"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstÃ¥r sansynligvis mye rundt " -"manga, pgÃ¥ grunn av at fÃ¥ av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner pÃ¥ " +"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstÃ¥r sannsynligvis mye " +"rundt manga, pÃ¥ grunn av at fÃ¥ av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner pÃ¥ " "historiene i disse \"grafiske historiene\" forteller. For en japaner dekker " "manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er tegneserier \"menn i " "strømpebukser\". Og uansett er det ikke slik at T-banen i New York er full " @@ -2482,7 +2488,7 @@ msgstr "" "tegneserier, men de er slags etterapings-tegneserier. En rik etikk styrer " "de som skaper doujinshi. Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</" "emphasis> er en kopi. Kunstneren mÃ¥ gjøre et bidrag til kunsten han " -"kopierer ved Ã¥ omforme det entet subtilt eller betydelig. En doujinshi-" +"kopierer ved Ã¥ omforme det enten subtilt eller betydelig. En doujinshi-" "tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en " "annen retning—med en annen historie-linje. Eller tegneserien kan " "beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt pÃ¥ utseendet. Det er ingen " @@ -2505,13 +2511,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. Det " "er enorme. Mer en 33 000 \"sirkler\" av skapere over hele Japan som " -"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 " -"japanesere samles to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i " -"langet, for Ã¥ bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallellt med det " -"kommersielle massemarkeds-manga-markedet. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter konkurrerer det " -"Ã¥penbart med det markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som " -"kontrollerer det kommersielle manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi-" -"markedet. Det blostrer, pÃ¥ tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven." +"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 japanere " +"samles to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for Ã¥ " +"bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det kommersielle " +"massemarkeds-manga-markedet. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter konkurrerer det Ã¥penbart med det " +"markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som kontrollerer det " +"kommersielle manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi-markedet. Det blomstrer, " +"pÃ¥ tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -2558,18 +2564,18 @@ msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " -"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " -"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " -"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan now. " +"… American comics were born out of copying each other. … " +"That's how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and " +"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " +"them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Likevel eksisterer dette illegale markedet og faktisk blomstrer i Japan, og " "etter manges syn er det nettopp fordi det eksisterer at japansk manga " "blomstrer. Som USAs tegneserieskaper Judd Winick fortalte meg, \"I " "amerikansk tegneseriers første dager var det ganske likt det som foregÃ¥r i " -"Japan i dag. . . . Amerikanske tegneserier kom til verden ved Ã¥ kopiere " -"hverandre. . . . Det er slik [kunstnerne] lærer Ã¥ tegne—ved Ã¥ se i " +"Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til verden ved Ã¥ kopiere " +"hverandre. … Det er slik [kunstnerne] lærer Ã¥ tegne—ved Ã¥ se i " "tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved Ã¥ se pÃ¥ dem og kopiere dem\" " "og bygge basert pÃ¥ dem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -2625,7 +2631,7 @@ msgstr "" "forklarer denne reduksjonen. Jussprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple " "University hypotiserer for eksempel med at manga-markedet aksepterer disse " "teoretiske bruddene fordi de fÃ¥r mangamarkedet til Ã¥ bli rikere og mer " -"produktivt. Alle ville fÃ¥ det værre hvis doujinshi ble bannlyst, sÃ¥ loven " +"produktivt. Alle ville fÃ¥ det verre hvis doujinshi ble bannlyst, sÃ¥ loven " "bannlyser ikke doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -2641,7 +2647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Problemet med denne historien, derimot, og som Mehra helt klart erkjenner, " "er at mekanismen som produserer denne \"hold hendene borte\"-responsen ikke " -"er forstÃ¥tt. Det kan godt væræ at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis " +"er forstÃ¥tt. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis " "doujinshi tillates i stedet for Ã¥ bannlyse den, men det forklarer likevel " "ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke saksøker. Hvis loven " "ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det finnes faktisk noen " @@ -2657,7 +2663,7 @@ msgid "" "afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this." "\"" msgstr "" -"Jeg var fire nydelige mÃ¥neder i Japan, og jeg stillte dette spørsmÃ¥l sÃ¥ ofte " +"Jeg var fire nydelige mÃ¥neder i Japan, og jeg stilte dette spørsmÃ¥l sÃ¥ ofte " "som jeg kunne. Kanskje det beste svaret til slutt kom fra en venn i et " "større japansk advokatfirma. \"Vi har ikke nok advokater\", fortalte han meg " "en ettermiddag. Det er \"bare ikke nok ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller " @@ -2678,9 +2684,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Dette er et tema vi kommer tilbake til: at lovens regulering bÃ¥de er en " "funksjon av ordene i bøkene, og kostnadene med Ã¥ fÃ¥ disse ordene til Ã¥ ha " -"effekt. Akkurat nÃ¥ er er det endel Ã¥penbare spørsmÃ¥l som presser seg frem: " +"effekt. Akkurat nÃ¥ er det endel Ã¥penbare spørsmÃ¥l som presser seg frem: " "Ville Japan gjøre det bedre med flere advokater? Ville manga være rikere " -"hvis doujinshi-kunstnere ble regelmessig rettsforfulgt? Ville japan vinne " +"hvis doujinshi-kunstnere ble regelmessig rettsforfulgt? Ville Japan vinne " "noe viktig hvis de kunne stoppe praksisen med deling uten kompensasjon? " "Skader piratvirksomhet ofrene for piratvirksomheten, eller hjelper den dem? " "Ville advokaters kamp mot denne piratvirksomheten hjelpe deres klienter, " @@ -2701,7 +2707,6 @@ msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" @@ -2712,13 +2717,14 @@ msgid "" "secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " -"vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " -"press, 2001). Se ogsÃ¥ lawrence lessig, fremtiden for idéer (new york: random " -"house, 2001), 293 n. 26. begrepet beskriver nøyaktig et sett med rettigheter " -"for \"eiendom\"—opphavsrett, patenter, varemerker, og " -"forretningshemmeligheter— men innholdet av disse rettighetene er svært " -"forskjellige." +"Begrepet <citetitle>immateriell eiendom</citetitle> er av relativ ny " +"opprinnelse. Se See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " +"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Se " +"ogsÃ¥ Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " +"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. Begrepet presist beskriver et sett med " +"\"eiendoms\"-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, varemerker og " +"forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse rettighetene er " +"svært forskjellige.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -2731,9 +2737,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Vi lever i en verden som feirer \"eiendom\". Jeg er en av de som feierer. " "Jeg tror pÃ¥ verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ verdien av den " -"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller \"immaterielle eierrettigheter" -"\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Et stort og variert samfunn kan " -"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderte samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten " +"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller \"immateriell eiendom\"." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Et stort og variert samfunn kan " +"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten " "immaterielle eierrettigheter." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -2750,6 +2756,17 @@ msgid "" "use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the " "taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" +"Men det tar bare noen sekunders refleksjon for Ã¥ innse at det er masse av " +"verdi der ute som \"eiendom\" ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke \"kjærlighet kan " +"ikke kjøpes med penger\" men heller, at en verdi som ganske enkelt er del av " +"produksjonsprosessen, bÃ¥de for kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell produksjon. " +"Hvis Disneys animatører hadde stjÃ¥let et sett med blyanter for Ã¥ tegne " +"Steamboat Willie, vi ville ikke nølt med Ã¥ dømme det som galt—selv om " +"det er trivielt og selv om det ikke blir oppdaget. Men det var intet galt, " +"i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller " +"fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra Keaton, fordi Disneys " +"bruk ville blitt ansett som \"rimelig\". Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra " +"brødrene Grimm fordi deres verker var allemannseie." #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -2759,7 +2776,7 @@ msgid "" "our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free " "for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." msgstr "" -"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tok—eller mer generellt, tingene " +"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tok—eller mer generelt, tingene " "som blir tatt av enhver som utøver Walt Disney-kreativitet—er " "verdifulle, sÃ¥ anser ikke vÃ¥r tradisjon det som galt Ã¥ ta disse tingene. " "Noen ting forblir frie til Ã¥ bli tatt i en fri kultur og denne friheten er " @@ -2776,8 +2793,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brøt " "seg inn pÃ¥ kontoret til en forlegger, og stakk av med tusen kopier av hans " -"siste verk—elller bare en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, sÃ¥ ville vi uten Ã¥ " -"nøle si at kunstneren har gjort noe galt. I tillegg til Ã¥ Ã¥ trengt seg inn " +"siste verk—eller bare en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, sÃ¥ ville vi uten Ã¥ " +"nøle si at kunstneren har gjort noe galt. I tillegg til Ã¥ ha trengt seg inn " "pÃ¥ andres eiendom, ville han ha stjÃ¥let noe av verdi. Loven forbyr stjeling " "i enhver form, uansett hvor stort eller lite som blir tatt." @@ -2794,7 +2811,6 @@ msgstr "" "synes det er vanskelig Ã¥ forklare hvorfor." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2808,20 +2824,20 @@ msgid "" "goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the " "late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997." msgstr "" -"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt nÃ¥r du begynner Ã¥ se. " -"forskere bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere uten Ã¥ be om eller betale for " -"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " -"tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for Ã¥ vise at du var galt om " -"quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av " -"shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville " -"være bedre spredt i vÃ¥r kultur Hvis det var en sentral shakespeare " -"rettigheter clearinghouse som alle produksjoner Shakespeare mÃ¥ appellere til " -"første?) og hollywood gÃ¥r gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem " -"asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997." +"Det er det same med tusen eksempler som dukker opp over alt med en gang en " +"begynner Ã¥ se etter dem. Forskene bygger pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere " +"uten Ã¥ spørre eller betale for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor " +"Einstein, men kan jeg fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke din relativitetsteori til Ã¥ " +"vise at du tok feil om kvantefysikk?\") Teatertropper viser frem " +"bearbeidelser av verkene til Shapespere uten Ã¥ sikre seg noen tillatelser. " +"(Er det <emphasis>noen</emphasis> som tror at Shakespeare ville vært mer " +"spredt i vÃ¥r kultur om det var et sentralt rettighetsklareringskontor for " +"Shakespeare som alle som laget Shakespear-produksjoner mÃ¥tte appelere til " +"først?) Og Hollywood gÃ¥r igjennom sykluser med en bestemt type filmer: fem " +"astroidefilmer i slutten av 1990-tallet, to vulkamkatastrofefilmer i 1997." #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2832,17 +2848,16 @@ msgid "" "bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than " "unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." msgstr "" -"skaperne er her og overalt alltid og pÃ¥ alle ganger bygge pÃ¥ kreativitet som " -"gikk før og som omgir dem nÃ¥. at bygningen er alltid og overalt i det minste " -"delvis gjort uten tillatelse, og uten kompenserende den opprinnelige " -"skaperen. Ingen samfunnet, gratis eller kontrollert og har noensinne krevd " -"at hver bruk betales for eller tillatelsen for walt disney kreativitet mÃ¥ " -"alltid bli søkt. i stedet alle samfunn har forlatt en bestemt bit av sin " -"kultur som er gratis for Ã¥ ta—gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, " -"men alle samfunn til en viss grad." +"Skapere her og overalt har alltid og til alle tider bygd pÃ¥ kreativiteten " +"som eksisterte før og som omringer dem nÃ¥. Denne byggingen er alltid og " +"overalt i det minste delvis gjort uten tillatelse og uten Ã¥ kompensere den " +"opprinnelige skaperen. Intet samfunn, fritt eller kontrollert, har noen " +"gang krevd at enhver bruk skulle bli betalt for eller at tillatelse for Walt " +"Disney-kreativitet alltid mÃ¥tte skaffes. Istedet har ethvert samfunn latt " +"en bestemt bit av sin kultur være fritt tilgjenglig for alle Ã¥ ta—frie " +"samfunn muligens i større grad enn ufrie, men en viss grad i alle samfunn." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2856,13 +2871,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur " "er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let " -"er i stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen?\" hvor mye og " -"hvordan forstand, er kultur som er gratis for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? er " -"den hvordan forstand, er kultur som er friheten begrenset til partiets " -"medlemmer? til medlemmer av kongefamilien? til topp ti selskaper pÃ¥ new york " -"stock exchange? eller er at frihet spredt bredt? til kunstnere vanligvis " -"enten tilknyttet av the met eller ikke? til musikere vanligvis om hvit eller " -"ikke? til filmskapere vanligvis enten tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" +"er i stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen er?\" Hvor mye " +"og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? " +"Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer av " +"kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene pÃ¥ New York-børsen? Eller er " +"at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uansett om de er " +"tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uansett om " +"de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er " +"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -2879,11 +2895,14 @@ msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "Kapittel to: \"Kun etter-apere\"" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "photography" +msgstr "fotografering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "Daguerre, Louis" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2891,18 +2910,23 @@ msgid "" "and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " "wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " "helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " -"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" +"competition down so as to keep prices up.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " -"produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt " -"\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var " -"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstÃ¥ende amatører. " -"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere " -"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved Ã¥ holde konkurranse Ã¥ holde " -"prisene.)" +"I 1839 fant Louis Daguerre opp den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " +"produsere det vi ville kalle \"fotografier\". Rimelig nok ble de kalt " +"\"daguerreotyper\". Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og feltet var " +"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen fÃ¥ ivrige og velstÃ¥ende " +"amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening som hjalp til " +"med Ã¥ regulere industrien, slik alle slike foreninger gjør, ved Ã¥ holde " +"konkurransen ned slikat prisene var høye.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Talbot, William" +msgstr "Talbot, William" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2911,16 +2935,18 @@ msgid "" "still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were " "developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its " "developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a " -"process within reach of most amateurs." +"process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes " -"sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ gjøre " -"\"automatisk bilder.\" william talbot snart oppdaget en prosess for Ã¥ gjøre " -"\"negativer.\", men fordi negativene var glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes vÃ¥t, " -"prosessen forsatt dyre og tunge. i 1870, ble tørr platene utviklet, gjør det " -"enklere Ã¥ skille Ã¥ ta pÃ¥ et bilde fra sin utvikling. disse var fortsatt " -"plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor " -"rekkevidde de fleste amatører." +"Men til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotyper " +"sterk. Dette inspirerte oppfinnere til Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ " +"lage \"automatiske bilder\". William Talbot oppdaget snart en prosess for Ã¥ " +"lage \"negativer\". Men da negativene var av glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes " +"fuktige, forble prosessen kostbar og tung. PÃ¥ 1870-tallet ble tørrplater " +"utviklet, noe som gjorde det enklere Ã¥ skille det Ã¥ ta et bilde fra Ã¥ " +"fremkalle det. Det var fortsatt plater av glass, og dermed var det fortsatt " +"ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste amatører. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Eastman, George" @@ -2928,7 +2954,6 @@ msgstr "Eastman, George" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2939,14 +2964,14 @@ msgid "" "photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he " "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" -"teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke " -"før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en " -"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-" -"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (sÃ¥ Ã¥ si), sÃ¥ eastman at hvis filmen kan " -"gjøres for Ã¥ være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt pÃ¥ en enkelt spindel. at " -"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " -"fotografering vesentlig. ved Ã¥ senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan " -"dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer." +"Den teknologiske endringen som gjorde masse-fotografering mulig skjedde ikke " +"før i 1888, og det var takket være en eneste mann. George Eastman, selv en " +"amatørfotograf, var frustrert over den plate-baserte fotografi-teknologien. " +"I et lysglimt av innsikt (for Ã¥ si det slik), forsto Eastman at hvis filmen " +"kunne gjøres bøybar, sÃ¥ kunne den holdes pæ en enkel rull. Denne rullen " +"kunne sÃ¥ sendes til en fremkaller, og senke kostnadene til fotografering " +"vesentlig. Ved Ã¥ reduseere kostnadene, forventet Eastman at han dramatisk " +"kunne utvide andelen fotografer." #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -2965,6 +2990,11 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in <citetitle>The Kodak Primer</" "citetitle>:" msgstr "" +"Eastman utviklet bøybart, emulsjons-belagt papirfil og plasserte ruller med " +"dette i smÃ¥, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheten ble markedsfør med grunnlag " +"dens enkelhet. \"Du trykker pÃ¥ knappen og vi fikser resten.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han beskrev det i <citetitle>The Kodak " +"Primer</citetitle>:" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Coe, Brian" @@ -2982,13 +3012,21 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " -"expert can do. . . . We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " +"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " "sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an " "instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the " "necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of " "the art. It can be employed without preliminary study, without a darkroom " "and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Prinsippet til Kodak-systemet er skillet mellom arbeidet som enhver kan " +"utføre nÃ¥r en tar fotografier, fra arbeidet som kun en ekspert kan gjøre. " +"… Vi utstyrte alle, menn, kvinner og barn, som hadde tilstrekkelig " +"intelligens til Ã¥ peke en boks i riktig retning og trykke pÃ¥ en knapp, med " +"et instrument som helt fjernet fra praksisen med Ã¥ fotografere " +"nødvendigheten av uvanlig utstyr eller for den del, noe som helst spesiell " +"kunskap om kunstarten. Det kan tas i bruk uten forutgÃ¥ende studier, uten et " +"mørkerom og uten kjemikalier.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -3010,9 +3048,9 @@ msgid "" "camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more " "than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial " "production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material " -"sales increased by percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eastman " -"Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual increase " -"of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual " +"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f5 @@ -3027,15 +3065,23 @@ msgid "" "they would never otherwise see. Amateur photography gave them the ability to " "record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As " "author Brian Coe notes, \"For the first time the snapshot album provided the " -"man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its " -"activities. . . . For the first time in history there exists an authentic " -"visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made " -"without [literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" +"man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its activities. " +"… For the first time in history there exists an authentic visual " +"record of the appearance and activities of the common man made without " +"[literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Den virkelige betydningen av oppfinnelsen til Eastman, var derimot ikke " +"økonomisk. Den var sosial. Profesjonell fotografering ga individer et " +"glimt av steder de ellers aldri ville se. Amatørfotografering ga dem " +"mulihgeten til Ã¥ arkivere deres liv pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som de aldri hadde vært i " +"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, \"For første gang " +"tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie og " +"dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en " +"autentisk visuell oppføring av utseende og aktivitet til vanlige mennesker " +"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -3048,15 +3094,15 @@ msgid "" "ordinary people a way to express themselves more easily than any tools could " "have before." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten var kodak-kamera og film teknologier uttrykksmÃ¥ter. blyant " -"eller paintbrush var ogsÃ¥ en teknologi uttrykksmÃ¥ter, selvfølgelig. men det " -"tok Ã¥r med trening før de kan distribueres av amatører pÃ¥ noen nyttige eller " -"effektiv mÃ¥te. med kodak var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. barriere " -"til uttrykk ble senket. snobs ville hÃ¥nlig flir pÃ¥ sin \"kvalitet\"; " -"profesjonelle ville rabatt det som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere " -"hvordan du best som ramme for et bilde, og du fÃ¥r en følelse av opplevelsen " -"av kreativitet som kodak aktivert. demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en " -"mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke seg lettere enn noen verktøy kan har før." +"PÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten var Kodak-kameraet og film uttrykksteknologier. Blyanten og " +"malepenselen var selvfølgelig ogsÃ¥ en uttrykksteknologi. Men det tok Ã¥revis " +"med trening før de kunne bli brukt nyttig og effektiv av amatører. Med " +"Kodaken var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. Barriæren for Ã¥ uttrykke " +"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over \"kvaliteten\", profesjonelle " +"ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere hvordan best velge " +"bildemotiv og du fÃ¥r følelsen av hva slags kreativitesterfaring som Kodaken " +"muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke dem " +"selv pÃ¥ enklere enn noe annet verktøy kunne ha gjort før." #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -3082,7 +3128,6 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -3091,12 +3136,12 @@ msgid "" "take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should " "these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." msgstr "" -"argumenter for Ã¥ trenge tillatelse vil lyde overraskende kjent. fotografen " -"ble \"tar\" noe fra personen eller bygge med fotografi han skjøt—" -"pirating noe av verdi. noen trodde selv han tok mÃ¥lets sjel. akkurat som " -"disney ikke var fritt til Ã¥ ta den blyanter hans animatører brukes til Ã¥ " -"tegne mickey, sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til Ã¥ ta bilder " -"som de trodde verdifull." +"Argumentene til fordel for Ã¥ kreve tillatelser vil høres overraskende kjent " +"ut. Fotografen \"tok\" noe fra personen eller bygningen som ble " +"fotografert—røvet til seg noe av verdi. Noen trodde til og med at han " +"tok mÃ¥lets sjel. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Disney ikke var fri til Ã¥ ta blyantene " +"som hans animatører brukte til Ã¥ tegne Mikke, sÃ¥ skulle heller ikke disse " +"fotografene være fri til Ã¥ ta bilder som de fant verdi i." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Warren, Samuel D." @@ -3153,6 +3198,15 @@ msgid "" "without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +"Heldigvis for Mr. Eastman, og for fotografering generelt, gikk disse " +"tidligere avgjørelsene i favør av piratene. Generelt ble det ikke nødvendig " +"Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse før et bilde kunne tas og deles med andre. I stedet " +"var det antatt at tillatelse var gitt. Frihet var utgangspunktet. (Loven " +"ga etter en stund et unntak for berømte personer: kommersielle fotografer " +"som tok bilder av berømte personer for kommersielle formÃ¥l har flere " +"begresninger enn resten av oss. Men i det vanlige tilfellet, kan bildet " +"fanges uten Ã¥ klarere rettighetene for a fange det.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -3263,7 +3317,7 @@ msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " -"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " +"puts it, \"is the ability … to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " "media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the way media works, " "the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the way people access " "it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -3386,7 +3440,7 @@ msgid "" "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" +"of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where " "a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The " "simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. " @@ -3402,7 +3456,6 @@ msgid "computer games" msgstr "dataspill" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -3410,11 +3463,12 @@ msgid "" "filmmaker succeeds you do not know how you were led.\" If you know you were " "led through a film, the film has failed." msgstr "" -"denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig hÃ¥ndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley " -"beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en " -"film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre at du ser det, sÃ¥ du har " -"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet." -"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." +"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er hÃ¥ndverket en lærer til de som lager filmer. " +"Som Daley skriver, \"folk er svært overrrasket over hvordan de blir ledet " +"gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre deg fra Ã¥ se det, " +"sÃ¥ du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes sÃ¥ vet du ikke at du " +"har vært ledet.\" Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, sÃ¥ har " +"filmen feilet." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -3581,10 +3635,10 @@ msgid "" "[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, " "let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, " "or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that " -"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, " +"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and … saying, " "\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But " "instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are " -"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ." +"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. …" msgstr "" "Hva du ønsker er Ã¥ gi disse elevene mÃ¥ter for Ã¥ bygge betydning. Hvis alt du " "gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til Ã¥ gjøre det pÃ¥. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, " @@ -3667,7 +3721,7 @@ msgstr "" "koreograferte i mÃ¥ten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som " "underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "ABC" msgstr "ABC" @@ -4123,15 +4177,14 @@ msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "Brown, John Seely" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " -"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " -"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" +"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and … the creation " +"of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.\"" msgstr "" -"John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans " -"arbeid, som hans webomrÃ¥det beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... " -"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for Ã¥ opprette... innovasjon.\"" +"John Seely Brown er sjefsforsker ved Xerox Corporation. Hans arbeid, i " +"følge hans eget nettsted, er \"menneskelig læring og … Ã¥ skape " +"kunnskapsøkologier for Ã¥ skape … innovasjon\"." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -4184,7 +4237,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " -"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " +"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you … unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " "your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it." "\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " @@ -4203,7 +4256,7 @@ msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " "and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that you're doing in " -"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. . . . You are " +"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. … You are " "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" @@ -4222,8 +4275,8 @@ msgid "" "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " "processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. " -"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " -"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can " +"\"The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " +"visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot you can " "start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple " "forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" @@ -4284,12 +4337,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " -"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " -"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " -"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " -"of the law." +"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a " +"powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it applies to " +"computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more fundamental. " +"It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because of the law." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -4308,7 +4361,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " -"tendencies of today's digital kids. . . . We're building an architecture " +"tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an architecture " "that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system that closes down " "that part of the brain.\"" msgstr "" @@ -4318,25 +4371,26 @@ msgstr "" "hjernen [og] en juridisk system stenger ned som en del av hjernen.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " "spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building the law to close down " "that technology." msgstr "" -"bygger vi en teknologi som tar magiske kodak, mikser flytte bilder og lyd, " -"og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre at " -"kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til Ã¥ lukke den teknologien." +"Vi bygger en teknologi som tar magien til Kodak, misker inn bevegelige " +"bilder og lyd, og legger inn plass for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre " +"denne kreativiteten over alt. Men vi bygger loven for Ã¥ stenge ned denne " +"teknologien." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " -"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to " +"me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" -"\"ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøre en kultur\" som brewster kahle, hvem vil vi møtes i " -"kapittel 9, quipped til meg i en sjelden øyeblikk av despondence." +"\"Ikke mÃ¥ten Ã¥ drive en kultur pÃ¥\", sa Brewster Kahle, som vi møtte i " +"kapittel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " +"kommenterte til meg i et sjeldent øyeblikk av nedstemthet." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" @@ -4529,16 +4583,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " -"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " -"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a <emphasis>search " -"engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows " -"filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of " -"the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not himself " -"created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do with " -"music." +"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. " +"… I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I " +"ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any " +"way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the " +"search engine in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a " +"<emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using " +"the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable " +"members of the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not " +"himself created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do " +"with music." msgstr "" "\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " "Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " @@ -4706,7 +4760,7 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " -"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " +"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " "foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the " "RIAA has done." msgstr "" @@ -4719,10 +4773,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " -"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " -"I. . . . He's not a tree hugger. . . . I think it's bizarre that they would " -"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " -"message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" +"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do I. " +"… He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they " +"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the " +"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" "Jesses foreldre viser en viss stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. Som hans " "far fortalte meg, Jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og det samme " @@ -4820,6 +4874,10 @@ msgid "" "in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "Fox, William" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" @@ -4840,7 +4898,8 @@ msgid "" "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 @@ -4869,7 +4928,6 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4877,11 +4935,12 @@ msgid "" "enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had expired. A new industry " "had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative property." msgstr "" -"Selvfølgelig, california vokste raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse av føderale " -"lov til slutt spre vest. men fordi patenter gi patent holder en virkelig " -"\"begrenset\" monopol (bare sytten Ã¥r pÃ¥ den tiden), etter tid nok føderale " -"marshals dukket opp, patentene var utløpt. en ny industri hadde blitt født, " -"delvis fra piratkopiering av Edisons kreative eiendom." +"California vokste naturligvis raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse av føderale " +"lover spredte seg til slutt vestover. Men fordi patenter tildeler " +"patentinnehaveren et i sannhet \"begrenset\" monopol (kun sytten Ã¥r pÃ¥ den " +"tiden), sÃ¥ patentene var utgÃ¥tt før nok føderale lovmenn dukket opp. En ny " +"industri var født, delvis fra piratvirksomhet mot Edison's kreative " +"rettigheter." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Recorded Music" @@ -4896,6 +4955,10 @@ msgstr "" "hvordan krever at en setter seg inn i detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer " "musikk." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" +msgstr "Fourneaux, Henri" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -5055,6 +5118,10 @@ msgstr "" "memorandum of philip mauro, patent sjefsjurist for amerikansk graphophone " "selskapet association)." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " @@ -5068,7 +5135,8 @@ msgid "" "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " "ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 @@ -5114,7 +5182,7 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "Grisham, John" @@ -5450,9 +5518,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" -msgstr "igjen, etterspørselen av rettighetshavere virket fornuftig nok:" +msgstr "Igjen, kravene til opphavsrettsinnehaverne virket rimelige nok:" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> @@ -5473,6 +5540,10 @@ msgid "" "think there is any lesser word to describe it. I think there are harsher " "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Alt vi ber om er en veldig enkel ting, at folk som tar vÃ¥r eiendom gratis " +"betaler for den. Vi forsøker Ã¥ stoppe piratvirksomhet og jeg kan ikke tenke " +"pÃ¥ et svakere ord for Ã¥ beskrive det. Jeg tror det er sterkere ord som " +"ville passe.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> @@ -5520,10 +5591,10 @@ msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " -"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"1\"/>" +"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation " +"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -5575,9 +5646,9 @@ msgid "" "creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " "affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind " -"of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could " -"well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every " -"generation—until now." +"of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. … The list is long and " +"could well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. " +"Every generation—until now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> @@ -5709,7 +5780,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi " "tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til Ã¥ ha en lignende barndom." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "Drahos, Peter" @@ -5755,7 +5826,7 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" @@ -5764,11 +5835,12 @@ msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " -"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy " -"on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will " -"be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual " -"engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating " -"were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances … the impact of " +"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the " +"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the " +"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if " +"pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se " "stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144­" @@ -5843,9 +5915,13 @@ msgstr "" "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt Ã¥ ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren " "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" +msgstr "GNU/Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Linux operating system" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Linux-operativsystemet" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Microsoft" @@ -5872,7 +5948,8 @@ msgid "" "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not " "eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft would " "lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -5904,7 +5981,7 @@ msgid "" "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " "access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" -"\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 @@ -6319,9 +6396,9 @@ msgstr "amerikanske Kongressen, copyright og hjem kopiering, 4." msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " -"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " -"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' … was not the fault " +"of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but " +"had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " "major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" @@ -6638,14 +6715,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " -"like the piracy I described in chapter 4, much of this piracy is motivated " -"by a new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " -"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, " -"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be " -"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while " -"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The " -"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that " -"balance will be found only with time." +"like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber" +"\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a new way of " +"spreading content caused by changes in the technology of distribution. Thus, " +"consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, radio, the recording " +"industry, and cable TV, the question we should be asking about file sharing " +"is how best to preserve its benefits while minimizing (to the extent " +"possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The question is one of " +"balance. The law should seek that balance, and that balance will be found " +"only with time." msgstr "" "for i motsetning til piratkopiering jeg beskrevet i den første delen av " "dette kapitlet, er mye av \"piratkopiering\" det arkiv deler aktiverer " @@ -6988,8 +7066,8 @@ msgstr "" "tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -msgid "Table" -msgstr "Tabell" +msgid "Pattern of Court and Congress response" +msgstr "Mønster for respons fra rett og kongress" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -7464,16 +7542,6 @@ msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " -#| "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute " -#| "of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last " -#| "law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in " -#| "1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to " -#| "make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it " -#| "expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or " -#| "\"Stationers,\" had an exclusive right to print books." msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -7484,14 +7552,15 @@ msgid "" "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an " "exclusive right to print books. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva " +"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennÃ¥ ikke hadde bestemt hva " "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " "engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om " "opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " "av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " "noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " "etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde " -"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker." +"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -7845,18 +7914,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " -"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . " -"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." +"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " +"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat " "for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the " "author's work gave." msgstr "" "Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende " "jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som " -"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne ... like bekymret " -"for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes rettigheter. " -"Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk ga." +"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne … like " +"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes " +"rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk " +"ga." #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -8195,16 +8265,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " -"purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " -"reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many of whom " -"sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner ruined, and " -"those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a competency " -"to provide for their families now find themselves without a shilling to " -"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " +"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " +"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many " +"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner " +"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a " +"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a " +"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen ... er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som er " -"blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " +"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen … er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som " +"er blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " "redusert til ingenting. Bokselgerne i London og Westminster, mange av dem " "har solgt hus og eiendom for Ã¥ kjøpe kopirettigheter, er med ett ruinerte, " "og mange som gjennom mange Ã¥r har opparbeidet kompetanse for Ã¥ brødfø " @@ -8264,34 +8335,31 @@ msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "Kapittel sju: Innspillerne" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " "myself, I envy the loyalty and admiration that his students feel for him. (I " "met, by accident, two of his students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" msgstr "" -"Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har " -"vært svært vellykket i Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, og som lærer " -"meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for " -"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. " -"Han var deres Gud)." +"Jon Else er en filmskaper. Han er mest kjent for sine dokumentarer og har pÃ¥ " +"ypperlig vis klart Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, som meg selv, og " +"jeg misunner den lojaliteten og beundringen hans studenter har for ham. (Ved " +"et uhell møtte jeg to av hans studenter i et middagsselskap og han var deres " +"Gud.)" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" -"Ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar som jeg var involvert i. pÃ¥ en pause, han " -"fortalte meg en historie om frihet Ã¥ opprette med film i Amerika i dag." +"Else arbeidet med en dokumentarfilm hvor ogsÃ¥ jeg var involvert. I en pause " +"sÃ¥ fortalte han meg om hvordan det kunne være Ã¥ skape film i dagens Amerika." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "San Francisco Opera" -msgstr "" +msgstr "San Francisco Opera" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -8300,15 +8368,14 @@ msgid "" "make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i 1990, ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar om wagner's ring syklus. fokus var " -"stagehands ved san francisco opera. stagehands er et spesielt morsom og " -"fargerike element i en opera. under fremvisningen henger de nedenfor scenen " -"i fatt lounge og i loft belysning. de gjør en perfekt kontrast til kunst pÃ¥ " -"scenen." +"I 1990 arbeidet Else med en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Fokuset var pÃ¥ " +"*stagehands* pÃ¥ San Francisco Opera. Stagehands er spesielt morsomt og " +"fargerikt innslag i en opera. I løpet av forestillingen oppholder de seg " +"blant publikum og pÃ¥ lysloftet. De er en perfekt kontrast til kunsten pÃ¥ " +"scenen.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -8317,14 +8384,13 @@ msgid "" "this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special about " "the scene." msgstr "" -"under en av forestillinger, var ellers skyting noen stagehands spille " -"brikker. i et hjørne av rommet var en TV-apparatet. spille pÃ¥ TV-apparatet, " -"mens stagehands spilte brikker og opera selskapet spilte wagner, var " -"simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av " -"det som var spesielt med scenen." +"Under en forestilling, filmet Else noen stagehands som spilte *checkers*. I " +"et hjørne av rommet stod det et fjernsynsapparat. PÃ¥ fjernsynet, mens " +"forestillingen pÃ¥gikk og operakompaniet spilte Wagner, gikk <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle>. Slik Else sÃ¥ det, sÃ¥ hjalp dette tegnefilm-innslaget " +"med Ã¥ fange det spesielle med scenen." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -8332,19 +8398,18 @@ msgid "" "of course, to use copyrighted material you need the permission of the " "copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" or some other privilege applies." msgstr "" -"Ã¥r senere, nÃ¥r han til slutt fikk finansiering for Ã¥ fullføre filmen, ellers " -"forsøkte Ã¥ tømme rettighetene for de noen sekunder av simpsons. for " -"selvfølgelig, er de fÃ¥ sekunder opphavsrettsbeskyttet; og selvfølgelig, hvis " -"du vil bruke opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale du trenger tillatelse fra " -"eieren av opphavsretten, med mindre \"fair use\" eller noen andre " -"privilegium gjelder." +"SÃ¥ noen Ã¥r senere, da han endelig hadde fÃ¥tt ordnet den siste " +"finansieringen, ville Else skaffe rettigheter til Ã¥ bruke disse fÃ¥ sekundene " +"med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse fÃ¥ sekundene var selvsagt " +"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og for Ã¥ bruke beskyttet materiale mÃ¥ man ha " +"tillatelse fra eieren, dersom det ikke er \"rimelig bruk\" eller det " +"foreligger spesielle avtaler." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gracie Films" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Gracie Films" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-" @@ -8353,14 +8418,14 @@ msgid "" "to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. " -"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en " -"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade " -"for Ã¥ ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for Ã¥ kontakte gracie films, " -"firmaet som lager programmet." +"Else kontaktet <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-skaper Matt Groenings kontor " +"for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. Og Groening gav ham det. Det var tross alt kun snakk om " +"fire og et halvt sekund pÃ¥ et lite fjernsyn, bakerst i et hjørne av rommet. " +"Hvordan kunne det skade? Groening var glad for Ã¥ fÃ¥ ha det med i filmen, men " +"han ba Else om Ã¥ kontakte Gracie Films, firmaet som produserer programmet." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -8369,47 +8434,45 @@ msgid "" "just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Gracie films var bra med den, ogsÃ¥, men de, som groening, ønsket Ã¥ være " -"forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " -"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av " -"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var " -"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +"Gracie Films sa ogsÃ¥ at det var greit, men de, slik som Groening, ønsket Ã¥ " +"være forsiktige, og ba Else om Ã¥ kontakte Fox, konsernet som eide Gracie. Og " +"Else kontaktet Fox og forklarte situasjonen; at det var snakk om et klipp i " +"hjørnet i bakgrunnen i ett rom i filmen. Matt Groening hadde allerede gitt " +"sin tillatelse, sa Else. Han ville bare fÃ¥ det avklart med Fox.<placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " -"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered … " +"that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that " +"someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " "\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-" -"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited <citetitle>Simpsons</" "citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" -"deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi " -"oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering— eller i " -"det minste at noen [pÃ¥ fox] mener han ikke eier sin egen etableringen. \"og " -"andre fox\"ville ti tusen dollar som en lisenskostnader avgift for oss Ã¥ " -"bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i " -"hjørnet av skutt.\"" +"Deretter, fortalte Else: \"skjedde to ting. Først oppdaget vi … at " +"Matt Groening ikke eide sitt eget verk — ihvertfall at noen [hos Fox] " +"trodde at han ikke eide sitt eget verk.\" Som det andre krevde Fox \"ti " +"tusen dollar i lisensavgift for disse fire og et halvt sekundene med " +"… fullstendig tilfeldig <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle> som var i et " +"hjørne i ett opptak.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " -"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. . . . We're asking for your " +"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for your " "educational rate on this.\" That was the educational rate, Herrera told " "Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he had been told." msgstr "" -"Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han jobbet seg opp noen trodde han " -"var vice president for lisensiering, rebecca herrera. Han forklarte henne, " -"\"det mÃ¥ være noen feil her.... Vi ber om din pedagogisk rate pÃ¥ dette.\"det " -"var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller sÃ¥ senere, ellers " -"kalles pÃ¥ nytt for Ã¥ bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt." +"Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han fikk tak i noen som han trodde " +"var nestleder for lisensiering, Rebecca Herrera. Han forklarte for henne at " +"\"det mÃ¥ være en feil her … Vi ber deg om en utdanningssats pÃ¥ dette." +"\" Og de hadde fÃ¥tt utdanningssats, fortalte Herrera. Kort tid etter ringte " +"Else igjen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ dette bekreftet." #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -8419,19 +8482,19 @@ msgid "" "an assistant to Herrera told Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They " "just want the money.\"" msgstr "" -"\"jeg ønsket Ã¥ sikre at jeg hadde min fakta rett,\" sa han til meg. \"Ja, du " -"har din fakta rett,\" sa hun. det ville koste $ 10 000 for Ã¥ bruke klippet " -"av simpsons i hjørnet av et skudd i en dokumentarfilm om wagner's ring " -"syklus. og deretter astonishingly, herrera fortalte annet \"og hvis du " -"siterer meg, vil jeg slÃ¥ deg til vÃ¥re advokater.\" som assistent for herrera " -"fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\"" +"\"Jeg mÃ¥tte være sikker pÃ¥ at jeg hadde riktige opplysninger foran meg,\" sa " +"han. \"Ja, du har riktige opplysninger,\" sa hun. Det ville koste $10 000 Ã¥ " +"bruke dette lille klippet av <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>, plassert " +"bakerst i et hjørne i en scene i en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om " +"det ikke var nok, forbløffet Herrera Else med Ã¥ si \"Og om du siterer meg, " +"vil du høre fra vÃ¥re advokater.\" En av Herreras assistenter fortalte Else " +"at \"De bryr seg ikke i det heletatt. Alt de vil ha er pengene.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -8441,14 +8504,14 @@ msgid "" "After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"ellers har ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe retten til Ã¥ spille hva spilte pÃ¥ TV " -"backstage ved san francisco opera. Hvis du vil gjenskape denne virkeligheten " -"var utenfor den dokumentar filmskaper budsjett. i svært siste øyeblikk før " -"filmen var Ã¥ bli befridd, erstattet ellers digitalt skutt med et utklipp fra " -"en annen film som han hadde jobbet pÃ¥, dagen etter trinity, fra ti Ã¥r før." +"Men Else hadde ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe lisens for klippet. SÃ¥ Ã¥ gjenskape " +"denne delen av virkeligheten, lÃ¥ langt utenfor hans budsjett. Like før " +"dokumentaren skulle slippes, redigerte Else inn et annet klipp pÃ¥ " +"fjernsynet, et klipp fra en av hans andre filmer <citetitle>The Day After " +"Trinity</citetitle> fra ti Ã¥r tidligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -8460,17 +8523,16 @@ msgid "" "market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the price for any " "use that the law says the owner gets to control." msgstr "" -"Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten " -"til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for Ã¥ bruke at " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale sÃ¥ledes noen ganger krever tillatelse fra " -"eieren av opphavsretten. Hvis Bruk som ellers ville være av simpsons " -"opphavsrett var en av de bruker begrenset av loven, ville han trenger Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten før han kunne bruke arbeidet pÃ¥ den " -"mÃ¥ten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan " -"angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren fÃ¥r kontroll." +"Det er ingen tvil om at noen, enten det er er Matt Groening eller Fox, eier " +"rettighetene til <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Rettighetene er deres " +"eiendom. For Ã¥ bruke beskyttet mteriale, kreves det ofte at men fÃ¥r " +"tillatelse fra eieren eller eierne. Dersom Else ønsket Ã¥ bruke " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> til noe hvor loven gir verket " +"beskyttelse, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ han innhente tillatelse fra eieren før han kan bruke det. " +"Og i et fritt markes er det eieren som bestemmer hvor mye han/hun vil ta for " +"hvilken som helst bruk (hvor loven krever tillatelse fra eier)." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</" "citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection " @@ -8480,17 +8542,16 @@ msgid "" "view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her " "right, as set by the law." msgstr "" -"\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " -"opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " -"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til Ã¥ komme se \"min favoritt simpsons" -"\", mÃ¥ du fÃ¥ tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " -"rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun " -"ønsker—$ 10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av " +"For eksempel \"offentlig fremvisning\"* av <citetitle>The Simpson</" +"citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. Dersom du " +"velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger billetter til " +"\"Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter\", sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du ha tillatelse " +"fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med rette, slik jeg ser " +"det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er hans rett ifølge " "loven." #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -8498,11 +8559,11 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>\" (draft on file with author), University of " "Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." msgstr "" -"Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at " -"jurister ikke tillater anerkjennelse som det er \"rettferdig bruk,\" se " -"richard a. posner med william f. patry, \"rettferdig bruk og lovbestemte " -"reform i kjølvannet av eldred\" (utkast pÃ¥ filen med forfatteren), " -"university of chicago law school, 5 august 2003." +"Ønsker du Ã¥ lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er \"fair use\", og " +"hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, sÃ¥ les Richard A. Posner og William " +"F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> \" (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), University of Chicago Law " +"School, 5. august 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8512,18 +8573,22 @@ msgid "" "is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>—and fair " "use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r jurister hører denne historien om Jon Else og Fox, sÃ¥ er deres " +"første tanke \"rimelig bruk\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel pÃ¥ \"rimelig bruk\" av " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og \"rimelig bruk\" krever ingen " +"tillatelse fra noen." #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole pÃ¥ \"rettferdig bruk.\" her " -"annet hans svar:" +"SÃ¥ jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte pÃ¥ \"fair use\". Og her " +"er hans svar:" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -8532,16 +8597,15 @@ msgid "" "fair use\" in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the concept in " "any concrete way. Here's why:" msgstr "" -"simpsons fiasco var for meg en fin leksjon i avgrunnen mellom hvilket " -"advokater finne irrelevant i noen abstrakt forstand, og hva er crushingly " -"relevant i praksis for de av oss faktisk prøver Ã¥ gjøre og kringkaste " -"dokumentarer. Jeg har aldri hatt noen tvil om at det var \"klart fair use\" " -"i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ " -"noen konkret mÃ¥te. Her er hvorfor:" +"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-fiaskoen lærte meg om hvor stor avstand det " +"var mellom det jurister finner urelevant pÃ¥ en abstrakt mÃ¥te, og hva som er " +"knusende relevant pÃ¥ en konkret mÃ¥te for oss som prøver Ã¥ lage og kringkaste " +"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri pÃ¥ at dette helt klart var \"rimelig bruk\", " +"men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ noen konkret mÃ¥te. Og dette er " +"grunnen:" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet" @@ -8549,18 +8613,17 @@ msgid "" "take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the " "application process to a halt." msgstr "" -"før vÃ¥r filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og " -"utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" " -"liste over kilden og lisensiering status for hver skudd i filmen. de tar en " -"dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe " -"søknadsprosessen til Ã¥ stoppe." +"Før vÃ¥re filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en \"Errors " +"and Omissions\"-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert \"visual cue sheet\" " +"med alle kilder og lisens-status pÃ¥ alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt " +"syn pÃ¥ \"fair use\", og Ã¥ pÃ¥stÃ¥ at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i " +"verste fall stoppe, prosessen." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "Lucas, George" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -8572,46 +8635,42 @@ msgid "" "I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " "defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jeg skulle trolig aldri ha spurt matt groening i utgangspunktet. men jeg " -"visste (minst fra folklore) at fox hadde en historie for Ã¥ spore ned og " -"stopper ulisensiert simpsons-bruk, akkurat som george lucas hadde en meget " -"høy profil prosedere star wars-bruk. sÃ¥ jeg besluttet Ã¥ spille av boken, " -"tenker at vi ville bli gitt gratis eller Billige lisens til fire sekunder av " -"simpsons. som en dokumentar produsent arbeider til utmattelse pÃ¥ en " -"shoestring, var den siste tingen jeg ønsket Ã¥ risikere juridiske problemer, " -"selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for Ã¥ forsvare et " -"prinsipp." +"Jeg skulle nok aldri ha bedt om Matt Groenings tillatelse. Men jeg visste " +"(ihvertfall fra rykter) at Fox tidligere hadde brukt Ã¥ jakte pÃ¥ og stoppe " +"ulisensiert bruk av <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " +"George Lucas var veldig ivrig pÃ¥ Ã¥ forfølge bruken av <citetitle>Star Wars</" +"citetitle>. SÃ¥ jeg bestemte meg for Ã¥ følge boka, og trodde at vi kulle fÃ¥ " +"til en gratis, i alle fall rimelig, avtale for fire sekunders bruk av " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Som en dokumentarskaper, arbeidende pÃ¥ " +"randen av utryddelse, var det siste jeg ønsket en juridisk strid, selv for Ã¥ " +"forsvare et prinsipp." #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law " -"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " +"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " "would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " "of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " "the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" -"Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law " -"school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at fox " -"ville \"avsette og litigate du innenfor en tomme av livet,\" uavhengig av " -"fordelene ved mitt krav. Han gjorde det klart at det ville koker ned til " -"hvem som hadde større juridiske avdelingen og dypere lommebøker, meg eller " -"dem." +"Jeg snakket faktisk med en av dine kolleger pÃ¥ Stanford Law School … " +"som bekreftet at dette var rimelig bruk. Han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at Fox ville " +"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life\", uavhengig av " +"sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke ned til hvem " +"som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem." #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" -"spørsmÃ¥let om rettferdig bruk kommer vanligvis pÃ¥ slutten av prosjektet, nÃ¥r " -"vi er opp mot en release frist og tom for penger." +"SpørsmÃ¥let om \"fair use\" dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten av " +"prosjektet, nÃ¥r vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8620,25 +8679,24 @@ msgid "" "effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the " "right aim; practice has defeated the aim." msgstr "" -"i teorien betyr fair use du trenger ingen tillatelse. teorien derfor støtter " -"fri kultur og isolerer mot en tillatelse kultur. men i praksis, rettferdig " -"bruk funksjonene veldig annerledes. krusete linjene av loven, knyttet til " -"det ekstraordinære ansvaret Hvis linjer er krysset, betyr at effektiv " -"rettferdig bruk for mange typer skaperne er liten. loven har høyre mÃ¥l; " -"praksis har beseiret mÃ¥let." +"I teorien betyr \"fair use\" at du ikke trenger tillatelse. Teorien støtter " +"derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. Men i praksis " +"fungerer \"fair use\" helt annerledes. Men de uklare linjene i lovverket, " +"samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar feil, gjør at mange " +"kunstnere ikke stoler pÃ¥ \"fair use\". Loven har en svært god hensikt, men " +"praksisen har ikke fulgt opp." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-" "century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits " "against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that " "interferes with any use, transformative or not." msgstr "" -"denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet " -"røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for Ã¥ beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot " -"urettferdig konkurranse av en pirat. Det har modnet til et sverd som " -"forstyrrer bruke transformative eller ikke." +"Dette eksempelet viser hvor langt denne loven har kommet fra sine " +"syttenhundretalls røtter. Loven som skulle beskytte utgiverne mot " +"urettferdig piratkonkurranse, hadde utviklet seg til et sverd som slo ned pÃ¥ " +"_all_ bruk, transformativ* eller ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" @@ -8882,7 +8940,7 @@ msgid "" "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " "there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.\" But we " "just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts and said, " -"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, . . . this many " +"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, … this many " "musicians,\" and we just went at it very systematically and cleared the " "rights." msgstr "" @@ -8929,8 +8987,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " +"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few … have the time and resources, " +"and the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " "Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really " "thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to " "go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" @@ -8945,9 +9003,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " -"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " -"used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I don't " -"think that that person . . . should be compensated for that." +"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " +"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I " +"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that." msgstr "" "jeg tror ikke det. NÃ¥r en aktør gjengir en forestilling i en film, han eller " "hun fÃ¥r svært godt betalt.... og deretter nÃ¥r 30 sekunder av denne " @@ -9531,8 +9589,8 @@ msgid "" "fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " "study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " "between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " -"after it . . . it would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are " -"almost unfindable. . . ." +"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials " +"are almost unfindable. …" msgstr "" "husker du nÃ¥r dan quayle samhandlet med murphy brown? Husk at frem og " "tilbake surrealistisk opplevelse av en politiker samarbeidsstil et fiktive " @@ -9850,13 +9908,13 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. " -"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and " -"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. " -"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these " -"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be " -"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " +"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, … " +"and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " +"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " +"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " +"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " "Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different " -"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things " +"life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things " "humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, " "putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press." msgstr "" @@ -10845,7 +10903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "Gates, Bill" @@ -10896,7 +10954,7 @@ msgid "" "wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " "the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " "game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " -"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " +"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of " "speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge" "\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— carefully—whether such " "regulation is justified." @@ -11124,8 +11182,9 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " -"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " -"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " +"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " +"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not " +"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " "reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors" @@ -11783,19 +11842,15 @@ msgstr "" "endringer, sÃ¥ vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" -#| "ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" "citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." "cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" -"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" +"citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -12820,6 +12875,10 @@ msgstr "" "Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gÃ¥ tilbake til adobe eBok-" "leser." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12827,7 +12886,8 @@ msgid "" "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " "Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</" "citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you " -"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" +"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "tidlig i livet av adobe eBok reader LED adobe et PR mareritt. Blant bøkene " "som du kan laste ned gratis pÃ¥ adobe siden var en kopi av alice's adventures " @@ -13328,6 +13388,10 @@ msgstr "" "selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre " "til Ã¥ krenke andres opphavsrett." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conrad, Paul" +msgstr "Conrad, Paul" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -13337,7 +13401,8 @@ msgid "" "consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " "doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " "\"<citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,\" for example, had testified in that " -"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." +"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "bizarreness av disse argumentene er fanget i en tegneserie tegnet i 1981 av " "paul conrad. pÃ¥ den tiden, en domstol i california hadde holdt at " @@ -13393,7 +13458,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." @@ -13451,7 +13517,8 @@ msgid "" "technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " "circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " "absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " -"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "den Ã¥penbare punkt conrad's tegneserie er weirdness av en verden der guns er " "juridisk, til tross for skade som de kan gjøre, mens videospillere (og " @@ -13789,10 +13856,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . " -"Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " -"content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " -"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " "distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " "Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " "Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " @@ -14196,9 +14263,17 @@ msgstr "Comcast" msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "NBC" +msgstr "NBC" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "WJOA" -msgstr "" +msgstr "WJOA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "WRC" +msgstr "WRC" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -14227,7 +14302,8 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was " "\"too controversial.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"2\"/>" +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -14429,6 +14505,10 @@ msgstr "" "Fjern tilordning av endringene som har gjennomgÃ¥tt en lov om opphavsrett. i " "1790, loven sÃ¥ ut som dette:" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status in 1790" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "Publiser" @@ -14474,6 +14554,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "ved slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre, hadde loven endres til dette:" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status at the end of ninetheenth centory" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -14502,6 +14586,10 @@ msgstr "" "kunne som fotokopiering maskiner ble mer vanlig, vi si loven begynte Ã¥ se " "slik ut:" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status in 1975" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "COPY" msgstr "Kopier" @@ -14524,6 +14612,10 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i " "sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nÃ¥ ser slik ut:" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status now" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -14557,9 +14649,11 @@ msgid "" "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " "regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " "transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " -"chapters 7 and 8, one might well wonder whether it does more harm than good " -"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " -"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" "Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " "men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra nÃ¥r regulerer (som " @@ -14774,7 +14868,8 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " -"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" +"the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to affect his brain." +"\"" msgstr "" "\"hva pÃ¥virker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " "sykelig... pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som pÃ¥virker hans hjernen.\"" @@ -14804,7 +14899,7 @@ msgid "" "The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the " "skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the " "DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood " -"was at the scene. . . .\"" +"was at the scene. …\"" msgstr "" "\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av " "denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham Ã¥ være tillatt hans brud. (du mÃ¥ " @@ -14931,6 +15026,10 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr." + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "Berman, Howard L." @@ -14964,7 +15063,8 @@ msgid "" "sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " "to Name Students,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -15352,22 +15452,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 " -#| "November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink " -#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" "citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november " -"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" -"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." +"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +"citetitle>, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -15392,13 +15486,14 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " -"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " -"part has to do with the increasing ease with which infractions can be " -"tracked. As users of file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a " -"trivial matter for copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service " -"providers to reveal who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape " -"player transmitted a list of the songs that you played in the privacy of " -"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." msgstr "" "en del av Ã¥rsaken til denne frykten for illegality har Ã¥ gjøre med endring " "loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda " @@ -15436,9 +15531,10 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " -"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " -"I have been lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was " -"fair use, and hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." msgstr "" "advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg " "beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar pÃ¥ historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon " @@ -15522,7 +15618,7 @@ msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " "And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " -"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it " +"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it " "distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " "lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on " "PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control " @@ -15608,14 +15704,15 @@ msgstr "Barry, Hank" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " -"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " -"liability tied to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators " -"who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " -"sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " -"taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach " -"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank " -"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has " -"been learned." +"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied " +"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to " +"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off " +"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught " +"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture " +"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry " +"calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has been " +"learned." msgstr "" "Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " @@ -15827,22 +15924,16 @@ msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" -#| "ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. " -#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" "citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this " "example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " -"tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" -"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot " +"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -15851,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid "" "had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " "but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " "with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " -"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. . . . <placeholder " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" @@ -16079,14 +16170,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " -"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. " -"As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has " -"struck a balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. " -"Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free " -"use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and " +"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book " +"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, " +"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to " +"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, " +"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of " +"the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -16166,11 +16258,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " -"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " -"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist " +"doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he or she is also the " +"composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a version of " +"\"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before " +"President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " "Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" @@ -16276,7 +16369,7 @@ msgid "" "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " "longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " "limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " -"restrictions. . . . Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " "radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " "governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " "mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " @@ -16562,11 +16655,11 @@ msgid "" "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " "it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " "perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " -"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, . . . \"How do you come up with " -"a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because here " -"we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that should " -"establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're going to " -"drive the small webcasters out of business. . . .\"" +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … \"How do you come up " +"with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because " +"here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that " +"should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're " +"going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …\"" msgstr "" "riaa, som var som representerer plateselskapene, presentert noen vitnesbyrd " "om hva de tenkte en villig kjøper betaler til en villig selger, og det var " @@ -16729,6 +16822,10 @@ msgstr "" "journal av økonomiske litteratur 36 (1998): 818 (undersøkelse av samsvar " "litteratur)." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " @@ -16747,7 +16844,8 @@ msgid "" "that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an " "endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a " -"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law." +"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -17090,12 +17188,12 @@ msgstr "" #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " -"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " "hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " "you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " -"continue to receive Internet access? . . . Our sensibilities change as soon " -"as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" Well, " -"what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" " +"Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " "percentage of the American Internet-using population into \"lawbreakers.\"" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ plutselig en rekke grunnleggende frihet for sivil beskyttelse fordampe " @@ -17266,7 +17364,7 @@ msgid "" "[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " "liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " "it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " -"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have " +"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have " "become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " "civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." msgstr "" @@ -17532,14 +17630,14 @@ msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " "public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " -"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in " -"1998, for the eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of " -"existing copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be " -"free to add any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. " -"Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that " -"year (and not even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, " -"in the same period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public " -"domain." +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " @@ -17614,9 +17712,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . " -"Writings. . . ." +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved Ã¥ sikre for " "begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." @@ -17629,9 +17727,9 @@ msgid "" "to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " "example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War." "\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " -"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " -"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times." -"\"" +"\"promote … Progress\"—through means that are also " +"specific— by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) " +"\"for limited Times.\"" msgstr "" "som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" "setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver andre " @@ -18139,6 +18237,10 @@ msgid "" "\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " @@ -18147,7 +18249,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in our " "constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " "Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " -"pirate's charter." +"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -19119,7 +19221,15 @@ msgid "" "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -19128,7 +19238,8 @@ msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " "the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " -"National Writers Union." +"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "disse truser innrammet et juridisk argument. deretter for Ã¥ støtte " "argumentet juridiske, var det en rekke kraftige truser av biblioteker og " @@ -20331,15 +20442,24 @@ msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " -"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " -"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref linkend=" +"\"fig-18\"/>). The \"powerful and wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the " +"punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—" "av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " "bolling, gjengis pÃ¥ neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstÃ¥ende\" er en " "smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sÃ¥nn." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic>" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20543,15 +20663,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " -"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" -"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " -"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " -"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " -"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when " +"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before " +"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" Natural rights " +"don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-American tradition " +"that required copyright owners to follow form if their rights were to be " +"protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly respect the dignity of " +"the author. My right as a creator turns on my creativity, not upon the " +"special favor of the government." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -21095,11 +21216,11 @@ msgstr "" "eieren og fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli " "kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hÃ¥nden av fortiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "Konklusjon" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-" "five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have " @@ -21112,7 +21233,7 @@ msgstr "" "proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er " "17 millioner afrikanere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -21128,7 +21249,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -21144,7 +21265,7 @@ msgstr "" "juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i " "utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -21163,7 +21284,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 265 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " @@ -21179,7 +21300,7 @@ msgstr "" "hente ut sÃ¥ mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de " "prisene høye." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -21200,7 +21321,7 @@ msgstr "" "som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten " "andre endringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -21214,11 +21335,11 @@ msgstr "" "se etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under " "markedspris." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "Braithwaite, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -21230,7 +21351,7 @@ msgstr "" "37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -21249,7 +21370,7 @@ msgstr "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -21263,7 +21384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -21275,12 +21396,12 @@ msgstr "" "rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</" "citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " -"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" +"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … not " +"to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " "Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" "and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " @@ -21298,7 +21419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med Ã¥ være imot. Som " "International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, " -"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika . . . til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " +"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " "lisensiering eller parallellimport\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" "> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-" "Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge press bak den forespørselen, " @@ -21313,7 +21434,7 @@ msgstr "" "effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -21331,7 +21452,7 @@ msgstr "" "prisen. SÃ¥ uansett, massiv eller marginal, sÃ¥ var det en effekt av vÃ¥re " "myndigheters intervensjon for Ã¥ stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -21347,7 +21468,7 @@ msgstr "" "i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til " "30 millioner liv." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -21367,7 +21488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" @@ -21383,7 +21504,7 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -21401,7 +21522,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til Ã¥ " "intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -21421,7 +21542,7 @@ msgstr "" "mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at sÃ¥ mange dør " "for slik en abstraksjon?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -21437,7 +21558,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger pÃ¥ grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vÃ¥rt politiske system— en " "korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -21454,7 +21575,7 @@ msgstr "" "overvunnet." #. PAGE BREAK 268 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -21481,7 +21602,7 @@ msgstr "" "rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—" "helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -21491,7 +21612,7 @@ msgstr "" "sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, " "hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " @@ -21515,7 +21636,7 @@ msgstr "" "patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert." #. PAGE BREAK 269 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -21549,7 +21670,7 @@ msgstr "" "som vil gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "denne sunne fornuften til Ã¥ Ã¥pne sine øyne." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -21577,17 +21698,7 @@ msgstr "" "for fri kultur." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, " -#| "August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' " -#| "Meeting Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" -#| "ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO," -#| "\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at " -#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -21599,20 +21710,25 @@ msgid "" "Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, august " -"2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting " -"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" -"ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" " -"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on " +"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official " +"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's " +"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." @@ -21632,7 +21748,8 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual " "Property Organiation om Ã¥ avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -21652,9 +21769,10 @@ msgstr "" "Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " "Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " "frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -21669,13 +21787,13 @@ msgstr "" "begrensninger pÃ¥ hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt." #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " @@ -21692,7 +21810,7 @@ msgstr "" "drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmÃ¥l." #. PAGE BREAK 271 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -21734,7 +21852,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve ideen " "om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -21746,7 +21864,7 @@ msgstr "" "møtet om \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder\" virker " "Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -21769,23 +21887,7 @@ msgstr "" "programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " -#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " -#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's " -#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft" -#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the " -#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of " -#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward " -#| "Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for " -#| "Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " -#| "Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -#| "notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice " -#| "president, The Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York " -#| "University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=" -#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -21809,27 +21911,20 @@ msgstr "" "lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " "som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " "Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " -"Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: " -"AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise " -"Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, " -"Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial Software Model, diskusjon " -"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig " -"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory " +"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), " +"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</" +"ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " +"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York " +"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make " -#| "clear that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " -#| "software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally " -#| "upon open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is " -#| "increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the " -#| "most famous bit of \"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a " -#| "commercial entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is " -#| "not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of " -#| "software development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=" -#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. " @@ -21840,7 +21935,8 @@ msgid "" "to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " "entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " "different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Jeg mener ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for Ã¥ gjøre " "det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell " @@ -21851,10 +21947,12 @@ msgstr "" "aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " "kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " "programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 272 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" "\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not " @@ -21886,7 +21984,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." @@ -21894,7 +21992,7 @@ msgstr "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -21914,7 +22012,7 @@ msgstr "" "slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA " "ble møtet avlyst." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -21928,7 +22026,7 @@ msgstr "" "lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste " "programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -21946,11 +22044,11 @@ msgstr "" "holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " "rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -21970,7 +22068,7 @@ msgstr "" "jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer " "utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -21995,7 +22093,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " "hadde vært patentert?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -22022,7 +22120,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 274 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -22041,7 +22139,7 @@ msgstr "" "interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " "ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -22062,19 +22160,15 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet " "som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " -#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -22089,7 +22183,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er " "mot det føydale." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -22102,7 +22196,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev," #. PAGE BREAK 275 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -22120,7 +22214,7 @@ msgstr "" "slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe galt. " "En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -22140,7 +22234,7 @@ msgstr "" "republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er " "hvorvidt vÃ¥re myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -22156,7 +22250,7 @@ msgstr "" "avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en " "akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -22167,7 +22261,7 @@ msgstr "" "urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i " "vÃ¥rt eget lands historie)." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -22188,7 +22282,7 @@ msgstr "" "blitt?" #. PAGE BREAK 276 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " "It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " @@ -22202,11 +22296,11 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for " "mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie—fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "Turner, Ted" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -22230,7 +22324,7 @@ msgstr "" "krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -22244,7 +22338,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " "vedvarende støtte for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -22258,7 +22352,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktører. Den dÃ¥rlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr " "ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en god hamburger andre steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -22268,7 +22362,7 @@ msgid "" "property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " "bigness bad." msgstr "" -"Faren med mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " +"Faren med mediekonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " "kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles " "til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige " "selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " @@ -22276,7 +22370,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen " "ille." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -22290,7 +22384,7 @@ msgstr "" "historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være " "motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -22306,7 +22400,7 @@ msgstr "" "tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " "godt trent i denne tradisjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." @@ -22314,26 +22408,12 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ ville dette være vÃ¥r hæl. Dette ville være stedet " "for vÃ¥re tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "Dylan, Bob" #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" -#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " -#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " -#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New " -#| "York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits " -#| "Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. " -#| "Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -#| "\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, " -#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" -#| "ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" @@ -22353,28 +22433,28 @@ msgstr "" "#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " "8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " -"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " -"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10. september 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" -"ulink>." +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with " +"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " "17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #68</ulink>." #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -22384,7 +22464,7 @@ msgstr "" "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" @@ -22417,16 +22497,16 @@ msgstr "" "Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " "dele innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "Creative Commons" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -22437,7 +22517,7 @@ msgstr "" "\">link #70</ulink>." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -22447,7 +22527,7 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>." #. PAGE BREAK 278 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -22476,7 +22556,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." #. PAGE BREAK 279 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." @@ -22484,12 +22564,12 @@ msgstr "" "Sunn fornuft mÃ¥ gjøre opprør. Den mÃ¥ handle for Ã¥ frigjøre kulturen. Og " "snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "Etterord" #. PAGE BREAK 280 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -22499,7 +22579,7 @@ msgstr "" "noe mÃ¥ gjøres for Ã¥ endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " "kartlegger hva som kan gjøres." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " @@ -22512,7 +22592,7 @@ msgstr "" "remaking sunn fornuft, er det at det krever remaking hvor mange mennesker " "tenker om det samme problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " @@ -22525,7 +22605,7 @@ msgstr "" "musikere, filmskapere, forskere—alle for Ã¥ fortelle historien med egne " "ord og Ã¥ fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er sÃ¥ viktig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " @@ -22540,11 +22620,11 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ledes, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen " "kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -22552,7 +22632,7 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " @@ -22574,7 +22654,7 @@ msgstr "" "du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -22591,7 +22671,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -22618,7 +22698,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " @@ -22633,11 +22713,11 @@ msgstr "" "gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -22656,25 +22736,26 @@ msgstr "" "Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" " "var trygg pÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " -"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " -"data and hence a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather " -"that data. If you were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, " -"no doubt your privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA " -"would (we hope) find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to " -"track you. But for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The " -"highly inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly " -"robust amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not " -"by law (there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in " -"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " -"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in many " +"places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the " +"costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." msgstr "" "Vel, hvis vi tror nÃ¥r det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, " "personvernet var forsikret pÃ¥ grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for Ã¥ samle " @@ -22690,11 +22771,15 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Amazon" msgstr "Amazon" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -22704,7 +22789,7 @@ msgid "" "pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function of " "cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The friction " "has disappeared, and hence any \"privacy\" protected by the friction " -"disappears, too." +"disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Angi Internett, der kostnaden for sporing av surfing spesielt har blitt " "ganske liten. Hvis du er en kunde pÃ¥ amazon, deretter samler som du blar " @@ -22714,7 +22799,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -22734,7 +22819,7 @@ msgstr "" "friksjon i gÃ¥r." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -22747,7 +22832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -22759,7 +22844,7 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " @@ -22775,11 +22860,11 @@ msgstr "" "maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om " "hvordan du styrer deres programvare." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "Stallman, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -22793,7 +22878,7 @@ msgstr "" "smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman Ã¥ basere " "seg frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre pÃ¥ andre personers arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " @@ -22815,7 +22900,7 @@ msgstr "" "være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " "ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " @@ -22835,7 +22920,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " @@ -22850,16 +22935,22 @@ msgstr "" "og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " "dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " "the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" kernel " "was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann pÃ¥ et prosjekt for Ã¥ bygge et fritt " +"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle " +"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen til " +"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere GNU/Linux-" +"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " @@ -22880,7 +22971,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. hans grunnleggende mÃ¥let var frihet; nyskapende, kreative " "koden var en byproduct." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " @@ -22897,7 +22988,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt " "beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " @@ -22909,7 +23000,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler er produsert." #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " @@ -22937,7 +23028,7 @@ msgstr "" "den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " @@ -22955,7 +23046,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting galt med Ã¥ selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet " "med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " @@ -22966,7 +23057,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til Ã¥ bla " "gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " @@ -22991,7 +23082,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen til en papir-journal." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " @@ -23006,7 +23097,7 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " @@ -23031,7 +23122,7 @@ msgstr "" "utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " "forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " @@ -23048,11 +23139,11 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen i vÃ¥r tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt nÃ¥r det " "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" -msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " @@ -23061,7 +23152,7 @@ msgstr "" "samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ økende kontrollen " "berørt gjennom lov og teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " @@ -23082,7 +23173,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " @@ -23112,7 +23203,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-" "merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -23134,7 +23225,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruk, sÃ¥ lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk " "bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " @@ -23155,11 +23246,11 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "Garlick, Mia" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -23181,7 +23272,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -23204,7 +23295,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " "begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " @@ -23219,7 +23310,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " "pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " @@ -23242,7 +23333,7 @@ msgstr "" "(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " "trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " @@ -23254,7 +23345,7 @@ msgstr "" "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." #. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " @@ -23274,7 +23365,7 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -23282,7 +23373,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -23301,7 +23392,7 @@ msgid "" "creativity might grow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " @@ -23325,7 +23416,7 @@ msgstr "" "det til andre." #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " @@ -23342,7 +23433,7 @@ msgstr "" "med creative commons-friheter. sÃ¥ er neste trinn Ã¥ se pÃ¥ og feire skaperne " "som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " @@ -23357,7 +23448,7 @@ msgstr "" "commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ dette Ã¥ gjenoppbygge. de " "vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " @@ -23374,11 +23465,11 @@ msgstr "" "forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " "at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "Dem, snart" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " @@ -23392,7 +23483,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " @@ -23405,11 +23496,11 @@ msgstr "" "skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei " "til vÃ¥r side." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " @@ -23423,7 +23514,7 @@ msgstr "" "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " @@ -23432,7 +23523,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -23445,19 +23536,20 @@ msgstr "" "registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang Ã¥ merke innholdet. standard er " "kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why?" msgstr "hvorfor?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " -"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " -"burden on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when " -"the law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to " -"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In " +"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on " +"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law " +"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect " +"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." msgstr "" "som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til Ã¥ avskaffe formaliteter en " "god en. i verden før digital teknologi pÃ¥lagt formaliteter en byrde pÃ¥ " @@ -23465,7 +23557,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren mÃ¥ bære Ã¥ " "beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " @@ -23489,7 +23581,7 @@ msgstr "" "styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " @@ -23500,7 +23592,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " "land ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " @@ -23509,7 +23601,7 @@ msgid "" "formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " @@ -23525,11 +23617,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra " "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "Registrering og fornying" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " @@ -23554,7 +23646,7 @@ msgstr "" "første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " "til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " @@ -23573,7 +23665,7 @@ msgstr "" "private selskaper Ã¥ tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen " "angir." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " @@ -23594,7 +23686,7 @@ msgstr "" "opp." #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " @@ -23617,11 +23709,11 @@ msgstr "" "lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer " "som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "MARKING" msgstr "Merking" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " @@ -23640,7 +23732,7 @@ msgstr "" "og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves jevnt pÃ¥ " "tvers av alle medier." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " @@ -23652,7 +23744,7 @@ msgstr "" "mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " "tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " @@ -23674,7 +23766,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " @@ -23686,7 +23778,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -23700,7 +23792,7 @@ msgid "" "would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " @@ -23715,7 +23807,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " "steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " @@ -23737,7 +23829,7 @@ msgstr "" "skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole pÃ¥ regjeringen for Ã¥ holde produktet av " "innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " @@ -23753,7 +23845,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " "unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " @@ -23764,7 +23856,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting for Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for Ã¥ gjøre ting " "som er uklart." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " @@ -23781,11 +23873,11 @@ msgstr "" "type innhold; det ville være enkelt Ã¥ hevde de rettighetene og Ã¥ fornye at " "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -23796,7 +23888,7 @@ msgstr "" "for individuelle forfattere." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -23806,7 +23898,7 @@ msgstr "" "januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #74</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" "year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " @@ -23818,7 +23910,7 @@ msgid "" "patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " @@ -23830,7 +23922,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " @@ -23849,7 +23941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -23871,7 +23963,7 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " @@ -23881,11 +23973,11 @@ msgstr "" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -23899,7 +23991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " @@ -23927,7 +24019,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " "er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -23938,7 +24030,7 @@ msgstr "" "Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være " "det samme." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -23950,11 +24042,11 @@ msgstr "" "lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " "be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " @@ -23971,7 +24063,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" @@ -23989,7 +24081,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." @@ -23997,7 +24089,7 @@ msgstr "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -24008,12 +24100,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "ibid., 56." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -24021,7 +24113,7 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " @@ -24036,7 +24128,7 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " @@ -24055,7 +24147,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " @@ -24080,7 +24172,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " "Smothers det." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " @@ -24095,11 +24187,11 @@ msgstr "" "poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " "her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -24109,7 +24201,7 @@ msgstr "" "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " "187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -24118,7 +24210,7 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " @@ -24134,7 +24226,7 @@ msgstr "" "med innovasjon." #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " @@ -24149,11 +24241,11 @@ msgstr "" "kultur for andre Ã¥ dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at " "gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " @@ -24167,7 +24259,7 @@ msgstr "" "fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmÃ¥l som " "bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " @@ -24185,7 +24277,7 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " @@ -24200,13 +24292,14 @@ msgstr "" "offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist Ã¥ " "kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " -"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter 5, they enable " -"four different kinds of sharing:" +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different " +"kinds of sharing:" msgstr "" "fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved Ã¥ aktivere spredning av " "innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke " @@ -24214,7 +24307,7 @@ msgstr "" "fire forskjellige typer deling:" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -24222,7 +24315,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " @@ -24233,7 +24326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -24244,7 +24337,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -24254,7 +24347,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " "opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " @@ -24269,20 +24362,21 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " "er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " -"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " -"assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than " -"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy" +"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes " +"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other " +"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the " +"dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" "som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forÃ¥rsaket av deling " "kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " "Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " "b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." @@ -24290,7 +24384,7 @@ msgstr "" "Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " "omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " @@ -24315,7 +24409,7 @@ msgstr "" "idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " @@ -24343,7 +24437,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" @@ -24353,7 +24447,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -24374,7 +24468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " @@ -24400,7 +24494,7 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " @@ -24422,7 +24516,7 @@ msgstr "" "med ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ " "eliminere kidnapping." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -24439,7 +24533,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -24459,7 +24553,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" @@ -24479,7 +24573,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis som handel bøker." #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " @@ -24498,7 +24592,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " "denne handelen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " @@ -24518,7 +24612,7 @@ msgstr "" "royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte " "en kommersiell utgiver." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " @@ -24534,7 +24628,7 @@ msgstr "" "som problemet er, forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien " "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." @@ -24543,7 +24637,7 @@ msgstr "" "sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " "seg om." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " @@ -24565,7 +24659,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold industrien." #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -24580,11 +24674,11 @@ msgstr "" "eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " "bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "Fisher, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" "citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -24620,7 +24714,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -24634,7 +24728,7 @@ msgid "" "be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " @@ -24664,7 +24758,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangen." #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " @@ -24684,7 +24778,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -24713,7 +24807,7 @@ msgstr "" "en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " "musikk pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -24737,7 +24831,7 @@ msgstr "" "seter og mÃ¥ltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i " "Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -24753,12 +24847,12 @@ msgstr "" "bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " "fra loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -24770,18 +24864,18 @@ msgstr "" "denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " "effektive teknologien vi kan lage." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" "Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -24790,7 +24884,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." @@ -24798,7 +24892,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " "den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -24810,7 +24904,7 @@ msgstr "" "signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " "Burde loven gjøre noe da?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -24838,7 +24932,7 @@ msgstr "" "finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -24852,11 +24946,11 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " "internettet er." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -24868,7 +24962,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " "jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -24884,7 +24978,7 @@ msgstr "" "synet ødelegge loven." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -24894,7 +24988,7 @@ msgstr "" "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " "1069–70." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -24914,7 +25008,7 @@ msgstr "" "utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -24924,7 +25018,7 @@ msgstr "" "imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " "om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -24958,7 +25052,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -24975,7 +25069,7 @@ msgstr "" "samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -24990,7 +25084,7 @@ msgstr "" "med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " "aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -25009,7 +25103,7 @@ msgstr "" "av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " "mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -25025,7 +25119,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " "og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -25035,7 +25129,7 @@ msgstr "" "unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " "altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -25054,7 +25148,7 @@ msgstr "" "virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -25068,7 +25162,7 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥let: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". NÃ¥r de blir utfordret om det " "utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "