X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/31cf77a6909f5a78d028dc0b392f4257966bfca7..3df9e2b18b33999a582d1237cf6fec77c820ca77:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index f59fd69..cd7bb59 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-14 08:52+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-16 11:19+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -151,23 +151,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. testing different ways to tag the cover page -# -#. -# -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -# #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:126 msgid "" " " +"fileref=\"images/cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> " +" " +" " +" " +"" msgstr "" #. LCCN from @@ -183,69 +178,69 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:155 +#: freeculture.xml:153 msgid "Also by Lawrence Lessig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:161 +#: freeculture.xml:159 msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:164 +#: freeculture.xml:162 msgid "Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:167 +#: freeculture.xml:165 msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:170 +#: freeculture.xml:168 msgid "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:173 +#: freeculture.xml:171 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:176 +#: freeculture.xml:174 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:189 +#: freeculture.xml:187 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom " "it continues still." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:199 +#: freeculture.xml:197 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:261 +#: freeculture.xml:259 msgid "Preface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:262 +#: freeculture.xml:260 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:263 freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6658 freeculture.xml:6722 +#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6656 freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "Code (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:265 +#: freeculture.xml:263 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first " "book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David " @@ -254,14 +249,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:276 +#: freeculture.xml:274 msgid "" "David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New " "York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:272 +#: freeculture.xml:270 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -270,7 +265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:281 +#: freeculture.xml:279 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review " @@ -283,7 +278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:290 +#: freeculture.xml:288 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -295,7 +290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:301 +#: freeculture.xml:299 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -304,14 +299,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:313 +#: freeculture.xml:311 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:308 +#: freeculture.xml:306 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free " @@ -332,7 +327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:328 +#: freeculture.xml:326 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not " "<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who " @@ -344,27 +339,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:991 +#: freeculture.xml:334 freeculture.xml:989 msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:337 freeculture.xml:13947 +#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13947 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:338 freeculture.xml:359 freeculture.xml:13948 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13948 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:339 +#: freeculture.xml:337 msgid "Stevens, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:341 +#: freeculture.xml:339 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -377,14 +372,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:357 +#: freeculture.xml:355 msgid "" "William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:353 +#: freeculture.xml:351 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -394,7 +389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:364 +#: freeculture.xml:362 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -407,7 +402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:375 +#: freeculture.xml:373 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for " "much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman " @@ -420,7 +415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:384 +#: freeculture.xml:382 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -438,7 +433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:402 +#: freeculture.xml:400 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -450,17 +445,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:417 +#: freeculture.xml:415 msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:418 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:980 +#: freeculture.xml:416 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:978 msgid "Wright brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:420 +#: freeculture.xml:418 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North " "Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers " @@ -471,34 +466,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:427 +#: freeculture.xml:425 msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14979 +#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14979 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:4692 freeculture.xml:13849 freeculture.xml:14980 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4690 freeculture.xml:13849 freeculture.xml:14980 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:14980 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14980 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:435 +#: freeculture.xml:433 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:431 +#: freeculture.xml:429 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -511,7 +506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:445 +#: freeculture.xml:443 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -523,17 +518,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9641 freeculture.xml:13264 freeculture.xml:14051 +#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9641 freeculture.xml:13264 freeculture.xml:14051 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:454 freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:500 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:706 freeculture.xml:834 freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:979 freeculture.xml:1027 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13265 freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13265 freeculture.xml:14052 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:456 +#: freeculture.xml:454 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -547,22 +542,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:468 +#: freeculture.xml:466 msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:469 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:8954 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4579 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:8954 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:14363 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:469 +#: freeculture.xml:467 msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:471 +#: freeculture.xml:469 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -575,7 +570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:491 +#: freeculture.xml:489 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land " @@ -589,7 +584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:482 +#: freeculture.xml:480 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -602,13 +597,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:505 +#: freeculture.xml:503 msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:509 +#: freeculture.xml:507 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -621,7 +616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:523 +#: freeculture.xml:521 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -642,38 +637,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:10351 +#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9649 freeculture.xml:10351 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:545 +#: freeculture.xml:543 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:546 +#: freeculture.xml:544 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:547 +#: freeculture.xml:545 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:3374 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3372 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:6877 +#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:550 +#: freeculture.xml:548 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of " "America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " @@ -688,7 +683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:563 +#: freeculture.xml:561 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -700,7 +695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:573 +#: freeculture.xml:571 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -713,19 +708,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:584 +#: freeculture.xml:582 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:595 +#: freeculture.xml:593 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:588 +#: freeculture.xml:586 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -737,23 +732,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:6880 freeculture.xml:14115 +#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6878 freeculture.xml:14115 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2484 freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2536 freeculture.xml:2538 +#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:2482 freeculture.xml:2500 freeculture.xml:2534 freeculture.xml:2536 msgid "media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2538 +#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:2536 msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:603 +#: freeculture.xml:601 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -764,12 +759,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:611 freeculture.xml:633 +#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:631 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:613 +#: freeculture.xml:611 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -779,7 +774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:624 +#: freeculture.xml:622 msgid "" "See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -787,7 +782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:621 +#: freeculture.xml:619 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -796,12 +791,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:632 freeculture.xml:6876 +#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6874 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:635 +#: freeculture.xml:633 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -809,17 +804,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:640 +#: freeculture.xml:638 msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:648 +#: freeculture.xml:646 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:643 +#: freeculture.xml:641 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -830,17 +825,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:650 msgid "FCC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:650 msgid "on FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:654 +#: freeculture.xml:652 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -856,12 +851,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:673 +#: freeculture.xml:671 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:669 +#: freeculture.xml:667 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -870,12 +865,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:678 +#: freeculture.xml:676 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:680 +#: freeculture.xml:678 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -887,7 +882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:692 +#: freeculture.xml:690 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -902,7 +897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:708 +#: freeculture.xml:706 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -918,17 +913,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:2317 freeculture.xml:2354 freeculture.xml:2367 freeculture.xml:2451 freeculture.xml:2485 freeculture.xml:2511 freeculture.xml:2762 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:7622 freeculture.xml:7690 freeculture.xml:10254 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14221 freeculture.xml:14752 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10254 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14221 freeculture.xml:14752 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 msgid "development of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:733 +#: freeculture.xml:731 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " @@ -937,7 +932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:727 +#: freeculture.xml:725 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the " "Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " @@ -949,7 +944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:742 +#: freeculture.xml:740 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -963,7 +958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:753 +#: freeculture.xml:751 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -974,33 +969,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:762 +#: freeculture.xml:760 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:763 freeculture.xml:764 +#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:762 msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:763 freeculture.xml:812 freeculture.xml:1703 freeculture.xml:5290 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:14186 +#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5288 freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:764 +#: freeculture.xml:762 msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:765 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:767 +#: freeculture.xml:765 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1014,7 +1009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:779 +#: freeculture.xml:777 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1028,22 +1023,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:789 freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:2887 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:7853 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9988 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9988 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:789 +#: freeculture.xml:787 msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:805 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1957 +#: freeculture.xml:803 freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:1955 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:797 +#: freeculture.xml:795 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1056,7 +1051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:791 +#: freeculture.xml:789 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1069,34 +1064,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:812 +#: freeculture.xml:810 msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:811 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:811 msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:819 freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10238 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:817 +#: freeculture.xml:815 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:815 +#: freeculture.xml:813 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1112,12 +1107,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:835 +#: freeculture.xml:833 msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:837 +#: freeculture.xml:835 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1131,7 +1126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:851 +#: freeculture.xml:849 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1152,7 +1147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:870 +#: freeculture.xml:868 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1163,17 +1158,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:879 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6301 freeculture.xml:7577 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13153 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:6299 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13153 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:879 freeculture.xml:7577 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7575 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:889 +#: freeculture.xml:887 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New " @@ -1181,7 +1176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:881 +#: freeculture.xml:879 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1197,7 +1192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:898 +#: freeculture.xml:896 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1208,7 +1203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:906 +#: freeculture.xml:904 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1217,37 +1212,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6912 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7076 freeculture.xml:7665 freeculture.xml:8952 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12364 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6912 freeculture.xml:7665 freeculture.xml:8952 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:1600 freeculture.xml:1714 freeculture.xml:3124 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:5334 freeculture.xml:6531 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:7063 freeculture.xml:7064 freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:7348 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:7410 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7559 freeculture.xml:7560 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7659 freeculture.xml:7759 freeculture.xml:7773 freeculture.xml:7832 freeculture.xml:7833 freeculture.xml:7931 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10227 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3122 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:4731 freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7062 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10227 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11232 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:7063 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7061 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:6913 freeculture.xml:7666 freeculture.xml:8953 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6911 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8953 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:914 freeculture.xml:924 freeculture.xml:15378 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15378 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:922 +#: freeculture.xml:920 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1255,7 +1250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:916 +#: freeculture.xml:914 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1269,7 +1264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:932 +#: freeculture.xml:930 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1282,7 +1277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:944 +#: freeculture.xml:942 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the " "<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1292,7 +1287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:952 +#: freeculture.xml:950 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1304,12 +1299,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:962 freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13579 freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13579 freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:964 +#: freeculture.xml:962 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, " "in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as " @@ -1328,7 +1323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:982 +#: freeculture.xml:980 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1338,7 +1333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:993 +#: freeculture.xml:991 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1351,7 +1346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1003 +#: freeculture.xml:1001 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1360,14 +1355,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1009 +#: freeculture.xml:1007 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1013 +#: freeculture.xml:1011 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1377,7 +1372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1020 +#: freeculture.xml:1018 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1387,7 +1382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1029 +#: freeculture.xml:1027 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1399,7 +1394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1040 +#: freeculture.xml:1038 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now " "centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My " @@ -1407,7 +1402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1045 +#: freeculture.xml:1043 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1418,7 +1413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1053 +#: freeculture.xml:1051 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1432,7 +1427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1064 +#: freeculture.xml:1062 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1443,32 +1438,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1074 +#: freeculture.xml:1072 msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:4733 +#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:5143 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5141 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3162 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3160 msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1080 freeculture.xml:3216 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1082 +#: freeculture.xml:1080 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " "regulating creative property, there has been a war against " @@ -1480,14 +1475,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1094 +#: freeculture.xml:1092 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1090 +#: freeculture.xml:1088 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1495,23 +1490,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1099 +#: freeculture.xml:1097 msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6252 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:11235 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3904 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:11235 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 msgid "efficiency of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1102 +#: freeculture.xml:1100 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1522,7 +1517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1111 +#: freeculture.xml:1109 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1532,7 +1527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1120 +#: freeculture.xml:1118 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1543,7 +1538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1128 +#: freeculture.xml:1126 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1553,12 +1548,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1134 +#: freeculture.xml:1132 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1138 +#: freeculture.xml:1136 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1568,38 +1563,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1146 +#: freeculture.xml:1144 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 +#: freeculture.xml:1145 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1148 +#: freeculture.xml:1146 msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:1150 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7134 freeculture.xml:7578 +#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1150 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1151 freeculture.xml:3015 +#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:3013 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1157 +#: freeculture.xml:1155 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1607,12 +1602,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1170 freeculture.xml:7514 +#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:7512 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1165 +#: freeculture.xml:1163 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1624,7 +1619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1153 +#: freeculture.xml:1151 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1639,7 +1634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1177 +#: freeculture.xml:1175 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1649,27 +1644,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:7348 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7757 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso> -#: freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:1187 freeculture.xml:1369 freeculture.xml:1527 freeculture.xml:3826 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3824 msgid "creativity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1186 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3834 freeculture.xml:9875 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3832 freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1187 +#: freeculture.xml:1185 msgid "legal restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1189 +#: freeculture.xml:1187 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1679,7 +1674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1196 +#: freeculture.xml:1194 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1689,7 +1684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1204 +#: freeculture.xml:1202 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1699,22 +1694,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1211 +#: freeculture.xml:1209 msgid "creativity impeded by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1212 freeculture.xml:1243 +#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1213 freeculture.xml:1244 +#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1242 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1235 +#: freeculture.xml:1233 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1727,7 +1722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1215 +#: freeculture.xml:1213 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1749,7 +1744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1251 +#: freeculture.xml:1249 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1757,42 +1752,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1259 +#: freeculture.xml:1257 msgid "Chapter One: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 +#: freeculture.xml:1258 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1261 +#: freeculture.xml:1259 msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1262 freeculture.xml:5338 freeculture.xml:5372 freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:6251 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5336 freeculture.xml:5370 freeculture.xml:6087 freeculture.xml:6131 freeculture.xml:6249 msgid "films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1262 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 msgid "animated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1263 +#: freeculture.xml:1261 msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1264 freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:1262 freeculture.xml:7537 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1266 +#: freeculture.xml:1264 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " "born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " @@ -1803,12 +1798,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1272 freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:1544 freeculture.xml:1685 freeculture.xml:1931 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6269 freeculture.xml:7538 freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11552 +#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11552 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1274 +#: freeculture.xml:1272 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1820,7 +1815,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1283 +#: freeculture.xml:1281 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1829,7 +1824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1290 +#: freeculture.xml:1288 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1839,14 +1834,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1303 +#: freeculture.xml:1301 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1297 +#: freeculture.xml:1295 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1856,12 +1851,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1308 +#: freeculture.xml:1306 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1310 +#: freeculture.xml:1308 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1869,7 +1864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1315 +#: freeculture.xml:1313 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1881,17 +1876,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1324 freeculture.xml:1687 +#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1685 msgid "Keaton, Buster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1325 freeculture.xml:1557 freeculture.xml:1945 +#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1943 msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1327 +#: freeculture.xml:1325 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1900,7 +1895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1333 +#: freeculture.xml:1331 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1911,28 +1906,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:7349 freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:7624 freeculture.xml:7728 freeculture.xml:7774 +#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7347 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7622 freeculture.xml:7726 freeculture.xml:7772 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1340 freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7622 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1341 freeculture.xml:1501 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:7447 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:15446 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1341 freeculture.xml:1501 freeculture.xml:7447 freeculture.xml:7625 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1349 +#: freeculture.xml:1347 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1946,7 +1941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1343 +#: freeculture.xml:1341 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1960,18 +1955,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1369 freeculture.xml:1527 +#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1370 freeculture.xml:6312 freeculture.xml:7831 +#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6310 freeculture.xml:7829 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1376 +#: freeculture.xml:1374 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1979,7 +1974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1372 +#: freeculture.xml:1370 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1994,12 +1989,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1390 freeculture.xml:1686 freeculture.xml:11128 +#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11128 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1392 +#: freeculture.xml:1390 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2012,7 +2007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1401 +#: freeculture.xml:1399 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2039,7 +2034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1424 +#: freeculture.xml:1422 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2051,33 +2046,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:4890 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:4992 freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7032 freeculture.xml:7105 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7852 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:14094 freeculture.xml:14128 +#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7103 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:14094 freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7032 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1437 freeculture.xml:1438 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:7135 freeculture.xml:7259 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14380 freeculture.xml:14381 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5220 freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14380 freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1437 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 msgid "defined" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1438 +#: freeculture.xml:1436 msgid "traditional term for conversion to" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1445 +#: freeculture.xml:1443 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -2091,7 +2086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1439 +#: freeculture.xml:1437 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -2105,7 +2100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1462 +#: freeculture.xml:1460 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -2118,7 +2113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1473 +#: freeculture.xml:1471 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -2131,7 +2126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1492 +#: freeculture.xml:1490 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " "on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " @@ -2140,22 +2135,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:1601 freeculture.xml:1715 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713 msgid "comics, Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:1717 +#: freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:1715 msgid "Japanese comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:1718 +#: freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:1716 msgid "manga" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1503 +#: freeculture.xml:1501 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -2167,7 +2162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1512 +#: freeculture.xml:1510 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2181,7 +2176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1523 +#: freeculture.xml:1521 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -2189,13 +2184,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1716 +#: freeculture.xml:1526 freeculture.xml:1714 msgid "doujinshi comics" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1530 +#: freeculture.xml:1528 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2212,7 +2207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1546 +#: freeculture.xml:1544 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2226,12 +2221,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:1600 freeculture.xml:1714 +#: freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 msgid "Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1559 +#: freeculture.xml:1557 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2248,20 +2243,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1573 +#: freeculture.xml:1571 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1585 +#: freeculture.xml:1583 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1575 +#: freeculture.xml:1573 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2274,12 +2269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1590 +#: freeculture.xml:1588 msgid "Superman comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1592 +#: freeculture.xml:1590 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2290,13 +2285,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1602 +#: freeculture.xml:1600 msgid "Mehra, Salil" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1612 +#: freeculture.xml:1610 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2310,7 +2305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1604 +#: freeculture.xml:1602 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2322,7 +2317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1626 +#: freeculture.xml:1624 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2335,7 +2330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1639 +#: freeculture.xml:1637 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2346,7 +2341,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1646 +#: freeculture.xml:1644 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2359,12 +2354,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1659 +#: freeculture.xml:1657 msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1662 +#: freeculture.xml:1660 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2372,12 +2367,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1672 freeculture.xml:3035 freeculture.xml:4798 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:7962 freeculture.xml:9097 +#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4796 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9097 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1672 +#: freeculture.xml:1670 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " "property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -2390,7 +2385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1667 +#: freeculture.xml:1665 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2402,7 +2397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1689 +#: freeculture.xml:1687 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2419,13 +2414,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1703 +#: freeculture.xml:1701 msgid "derivative works based on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1705 +#: freeculture.xml:1703 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2434,7 +2429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1720 +#: freeculture.xml:1718 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2445,7 +2440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1729 +#: freeculture.xml:1727 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2454,12 +2449,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1740 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:4870 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:5237 +#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:4868 freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:5235 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1742 +#: freeculture.xml:1740 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2476,7 +2471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1756 +#: freeculture.xml:1754 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2489,7 +2484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1768 +#: freeculture.xml:1766 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2503,7 +2498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1780 +#: freeculture.xml:1778 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2511,27 +2506,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1789 +#: freeculture.xml:1787 msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1790 +#: freeculture.xml:1788 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1791 freeculture.xml:1946 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:6839 +#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6837 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1792 +#: freeculture.xml:1790 msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1794 +#: freeculture.xml:1792 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " "first practical technology for producing what we would call " @@ -2544,12 +2539,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1803 +#: freeculture.xml:1801 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1805 +#: freeculture.xml:1803 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2562,13 +2557,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1815 +#: freeculture.xml:1813 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1817 +#: freeculture.xml:1815 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2581,25 +2576,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1828 freeculture.xml:1983 freeculture.xml:6841 freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6839 freeculture.xml:9676 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1829 +#: freeculture.xml:1827 msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1836 +#: freeculture.xml:1834 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1831 +#: freeculture.xml:1829 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2609,19 +2604,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1852 freeculture.xml:1878 +#: freeculture.xml:1850 freeculture.xml:1876 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1852 +#: freeculture.xml:1850 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " "of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1841 +#: freeculture.xml:1839 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2635,18 +2630,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1871 +#: freeculture.xml:1869 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1875 +#: freeculture.xml:1873 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1860 +#: freeculture.xml:1858 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2663,12 +2658,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1893 +#: freeculture.xml:1891 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1882 +#: freeculture.xml:1880 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2683,27 +2678,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2382 freeculture.xml:2400 freeculture.xml:8840 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:15410 +#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8840 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:15410 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1896 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2382 +#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 msgid "in technologies of expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1897 freeculture.xml:2003 freeculture.xml:2043 freeculture.xml:2384 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:2382 msgid "expression, technologies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1897 freeculture.xml:2003 freeculture.xml:2384 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2382 msgid "democratic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1899 +#: freeculture.xml:1897 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2718,18 +2713,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1912 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "permissions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1912 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "photography exempted from" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1923 +#: freeculture.xml:1921 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2739,7 +2734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1914 +#: freeculture.xml:1912 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2752,13 +2747,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1932 freeculture.xml:9800 +#: freeculture.xml:1930 freeculture.xml:9800 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1934 +#: freeculture.xml:1932 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2770,12 +2765,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1958 +#: freeculture.xml:1956 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1955 +#: freeculture.xml:1953 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2783,7 +2778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1948 +#: freeculture.xml:1946 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2798,7 +2793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1976 +#: freeculture.xml:1974 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2809,7 +2804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1966 +#: freeculture.xml:1964 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2823,12 +2818,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1984 freeculture.xml:3828 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3851 freeculture.xml:3907 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5817 freeculture.xml:10041 freeculture.xml:10950 +#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4260 freeculture.xml:5815 freeculture.xml:10041 freeculture.xml:10950 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:1984 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2846,7 +2841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2007 +#: freeculture.xml:2005 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2861,17 +2856,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2023 freeculture.xml:6840 +#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6838 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2024 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 msgid "Just Think!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2026 +#: freeculture.xml:2024 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " "Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " @@ -2889,28 +2884,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:2842 +#: freeculture.xml:2039 freeculture.xml:2840 msgid "education" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2041 +#: freeculture.xml:2039 msgid "in media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2042 +#: freeculture.xml:2040 msgid "media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2043 +#: freeculture.xml:2041 msgid "media literacy and" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2051 +#: freeculture.xml:2049 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2919,7 +2914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2045 +#: freeculture.xml:2043 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2934,13 +2929,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2061 +#: freeculture.xml:2059 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2064 +#: freeculture.xml:2062 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " @@ -2950,7 +2945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2072 +#: freeculture.xml:2070 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2959,28 +2954,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:2631 freeculture.xml:6836 freeculture.xml:7812 freeculture.xml:8919 freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8919 freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2078 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:8920 +#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6836 freeculture.xml:8920 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2079 freeculture.xml:6837 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:15444 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:15444 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2079 freeculture.xml:6837 freeculture.xml:8921 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2085 +#: freeculture.xml:2083 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2989,7 +2984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2081 +#: freeculture.xml:2079 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -3002,7 +2997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2096 +#: freeculture.xml:2094 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -3015,7 +3010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2107 +#: freeculture.xml:2105 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -3026,22 +3021,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2114 freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:2236 +#: freeculture.xml:2112 freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:2234 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2115 +#: freeculture.xml:2113 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:2189 freeculture.xml:2196 freeculture.xml:2269 freeculture.xml:2694 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:2187 freeculture.xml:2194 freeculture.xml:2267 freeculture.xml:2692 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2127 +#: freeculture.xml:2125 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -3050,7 +3045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2141 +#: freeculture.xml:2139 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -3060,7 +3055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2117 +#: freeculture.xml:2115 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -3079,12 +3074,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2148 +#: freeculture.xml:2146 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2150 +#: freeculture.xml:2148 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -3094,7 +3089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2157 +#: freeculture.xml:2155 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -3103,7 +3098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2164 +#: freeculture.xml:2162 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -3112,7 +3107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2172 +#: freeculture.xml:2170 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -3120,18 +3115,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2188 +#: freeculture.xml:2186 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2193 freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:5285 freeculture.xml:8806 +#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:5283 freeculture.xml:8806 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2177 +#: freeculture.xml:2175 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -3145,7 +3140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2198 +#: freeculture.xml:2196 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -3159,7 +3154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2211 +#: freeculture.xml:2209 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -3170,7 +3165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2219 +#: freeculture.xml:2217 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -3191,7 +3186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2240 +#: freeculture.xml:2238 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -3203,7 +3198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2251 +#: freeculture.xml:2249 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -3224,7 +3219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2271 +#: freeculture.xml:2269 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -3235,7 +3230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2278 +#: freeculture.xml:2276 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -3244,22 +3239,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:6118 +#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6116 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2291 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2292 freeculture.xml:6038 +#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6036 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2294 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " "Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " @@ -3273,7 +3268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2306 +#: freeculture.xml:2304 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -3284,32 +3279,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2313 freeculture.xml:8745 freeculture.xml:8967 +#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:8745 freeculture.xml:8967 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2314 +#: freeculture.xml:2312 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2315 +#: freeculture.xml:2313 msgid "Cyber Rights (Godwin)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2316 +#: freeculture.xml:2314 msgid "Godwin, Mike" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2317 freeculture.xml:2485 +#: freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2483 msgid "news events on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2319 +#: freeculture.xml:2317 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3326,7 +3321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2334 +#: freeculture.xml:2332 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3337,7 +3332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2344 +#: freeculture.xml:2342 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3349,22 +3344,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2353 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2588 +#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447 freeculture.xml:2586 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2354 freeculture.xml:2451 +#: freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2449 msgid "blogs on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2355 freeculture.xml:2452 +#: freeculture.xml:2353 freeculture.xml:2450 msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2357 +#: freeculture.xml:2355 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3376,17 +3371,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2366 freeculture.xml:2435 +#: freeculture.xml:2364 freeculture.xml:2433 msgid "political discourse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2367 +#: freeculture.xml:2365 msgid "public discourse conducted on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2369 +#: freeculture.xml:2367 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3402,13 +3397,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2383 +#: freeculture.xml:2381 msgid "elections" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2386 +#: freeculture.xml:2384 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3420,23 +3415,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2399 +#: freeculture.xml:2397 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2400 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "public discourse in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2401 +#: freeculture.xml:2399 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2418 +#: freeculture.xml:2416 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3444,7 +3439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2403 +#: freeculture.xml:2401 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3464,14 +3459,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2428 +#: freeculture.xml:2426 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2424 +#: freeculture.xml:2422 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3483,14 +3478,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2444 +#: freeculture.xml:2442 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2437 +#: freeculture.xml:2435 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3502,13 +3497,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2450 +#: freeculture.xml:2448 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2457 +#: freeculture.xml:2455 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3519,7 +3514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2468 +#: freeculture.xml:2466 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3530,12 +3525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2475 +#: freeculture.xml:2473 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2477 +#: freeculture.xml:2475 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3544,30 +3539,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2482 +#: freeculture.xml:2480 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2483 +#: freeculture.xml:2481 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2484 +#: freeculture.xml:2482 msgid "blog pressure on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2498 +#: freeculture.xml:2496 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2487 +#: freeculture.xml:2485 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3582,12 +3577,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2502 freeculture.xml:2536 +#: freeculture.xml:2500 freeculture.xml:2534 msgid "commercial imperatives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2504 +#: freeculture.xml:2502 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3596,12 +3591,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2511 +#: freeculture.xml:2509 msgid "peer-generated rankings on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2513 +#: freeculture.xml:2511 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3612,18 +3607,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2522 +#: freeculture.xml:2520 msgid "journalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2523 +#: freeculture.xml:2521 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2525 +#: freeculture.xml:2523 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3636,23 +3631,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2585 +#: freeculture.xml:2533 freeculture.xml:2583 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2537 freeculture.xml:2586 freeculture.xml:5980 +#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5978 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2546 +#: freeculture.xml:2544 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2540 +#: freeculture.xml:2538 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3670,7 +3665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2566 +#: freeculture.xml:2564 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3680,7 +3675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2558 +#: freeculture.xml:2556 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3696,12 +3691,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2587 +#: freeculture.xml:2585 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2585 +#: freeculture.xml:2583 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -3718,7 +3713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2578 +#: freeculture.xml:2576 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3735,7 +3730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2609 +#: freeculture.xml:2607 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3752,12 +3747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2630 freeculture.xml:6827 +#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6825 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2633 +#: freeculture.xml:2631 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3766,7 +3761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2639 +#: freeculture.xml:2637 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3776,7 +3771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2646 +#: freeculture.xml:2644 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3791,7 +3786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2659 +#: freeculture.xml:2657 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3801,7 +3796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2666 +#: freeculture.xml:2664 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3813,7 +3808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2674 +#: freeculture.xml:2672 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3825,7 +3820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2683 +#: freeculture.xml:2681 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3840,7 +3835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2696 +#: freeculture.xml:2694 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3849,7 +3844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2704 +#: freeculture.xml:2702 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3862,7 +3857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2720 +#: freeculture.xml:2718 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3871,7 +3866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2713 +#: freeculture.xml:2711 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3884,7 +3879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2728 +#: freeculture.xml:2726 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3892,7 +3887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2733 +#: freeculture.xml:2731 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3902,7 +3897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2740 +#: freeculture.xml:2738 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3911,12 +3906,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2745 freeculture.xml:5981 freeculture.xml:6022 freeculture.xml:11629 freeculture.xml:11887 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5979 freeculture.xml:6020 freeculture.xml:11629 freeculture.xml:11887 msgid "Kahle, Brewster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2748 +#: freeculture.xml:2746 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3924,47 +3919,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2755 +#: freeculture.xml:2753 msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:9713 +#: freeculture.xml:2754 freeculture.xml:2797 freeculture.xml:9713 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2757 +#: freeculture.xml:2755 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2757 freeculture.xml:2758 freeculture.xml:2759 +#: freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2759 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "computer network search engine of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2760 +#: freeculture.xml:2758 msgid "search engines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2761 +#: freeculture.xml:2759 msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2762 +#: freeculture.xml:2760 msgid "search engines used on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2764 +#: freeculture.xml:2762 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3975,7 +3970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2772 +#: freeculture.xml:2770 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3986,7 +3981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2780 +#: freeculture.xml:2778 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3996,13 +3991,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2786 freeculture.xml:2841 +#: freeculture.xml:2784 freeculture.xml:2839 msgid "Google" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2788 +#: freeculture.xml:2786 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -4016,17 +4011,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3729 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:3732 freeculture.xml:5569 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13752 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3729 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:5567 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13752 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 msgid "network file system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2802 +#: freeculture.xml:2800 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -4037,7 +4032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2812 +#: freeculture.xml:2810 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -4051,7 +4046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2825 +#: freeculture.xml:2823 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -4062,7 +4057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2833 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -4072,12 +4067,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2842 +#: freeculture.xml:2840 msgid "tinkering as means of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2844 +#: freeculture.xml:2842 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -4094,37 +4089,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9990 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9990 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2859 +#: freeculture.xml:2857 msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2958 freeculture.xml:3220 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6253 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10563 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:9991 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:9991 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2861 freeculture.xml:2890 freeculture.xml:2959 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10561 +#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10561 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2861 freeculture.xml:9992 +#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:9992 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2864 +#: freeculture.xml:2862 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -4135,7 +4130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2873 +#: freeculture.xml:2871 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -4150,33 +4145,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9989 +#: freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9989 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:2885 msgid "statutory damages of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2888 +#: freeculture.xml:2886 msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2889 +#: freeculture.xml:2887 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2890 +#: freeculture.xml:2888 msgid "intimidation tactics of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2892 +#: freeculture.xml:2890 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -4189,18 +4184,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2902 +#: freeculture.xml:2900 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2903 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2917 +#: freeculture.xml:2915 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -4208,7 +4203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2905 +#: freeculture.xml:2903 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -4223,7 +4218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2924 +#: freeculture.xml:2922 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -4232,12 +4227,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2930 +#: freeculture.xml:2928 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2932 +#: freeculture.xml:2930 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -4251,13 +4246,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2942 +#: freeculture.xml:2940 msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2944 +#: freeculture.xml:2942 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -4269,35 +4264,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2954 +#: freeculture.xml:2952 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5578 freeculture.xml:5627 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:5576 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2958 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10563 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2959 freeculture.xml:10409 +#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2969 +#: freeculture.xml:2967 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -4306,7 +4301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2977 +#: freeculture.xml:2975 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -4314,7 +4309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2961 +#: freeculture.xml:2959 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4328,7 +4323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2984 +#: freeculture.xml:2982 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4336,7 +4331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2991 +#: freeculture.xml:2989 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4345,7 +4340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2998 +#: freeculture.xml:2996 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4355,17 +4350,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3013 +#: freeculture.xml:3011 msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3014 +#: freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "in development of content industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3017 +#: freeculture.xml:3015 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -4377,32 +4372,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3028 +#: freeculture.xml:3026 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:3030 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:3028 msgid "Hollywood film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7813 freeculture.xml:15447 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15447 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3031 freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:11189 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:13325 freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11189 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:13325 freeculture.xml:13807 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3031 +#: freeculture.xml:3029 msgid "on film technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3035 +#: freeculture.xml:3033 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -4412,7 +4407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3033 +#: freeculture.xml:3031 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4426,12 +4421,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3051 +#: freeculture.xml:3049 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3055 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4442,27 +4437,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3063 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3064 +#: freeculture.xml:3062 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3065 freeculture.xml:3368 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10451 +#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4548 freeculture.xml:10451 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4547 freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:10281 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3078 +#: freeculture.xml:3076 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4478,7 +4473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3067 +#: freeculture.xml:3065 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4494,7 +4489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3100 +#: freeculture.xml:3098 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4502,7 +4497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3094 +#: freeculture.xml:3092 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4517,7 +4512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3111 +#: freeculture.xml:3109 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4528,34 +4523,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3123 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 freeculture.xml:4314 +#: freeculture.xml:3122 freeculture.xml:4312 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3126 +#: freeculture.xml:3124 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3129 +#: freeculture.xml:3127 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3130 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3132 +#: freeculture.xml:3130 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4568,12 +4563,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3141 freeculture.xml:3283 +#: freeculture.xml:3139 freeculture.xml:3281 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3143 +#: freeculture.xml:3141 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4593,12 +4588,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3161 freeculture.xml:3168 freeculture.xml:3185 +#: freeculture.xml:3159 freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3164 +#: freeculture.xml:3162 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4606,7 +4601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3179 +#: freeculture.xml:3177 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4618,7 +4613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3170 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4629,13 +4624,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3190 +#: freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3196 +#: freeculture.xml:3194 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4643,7 +4638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3202 +#: freeculture.xml:3200 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4651,14 +4646,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3209 +#: freeculture.xml:3207 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3192 +#: freeculture.xml:3190 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4671,43 +4666,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3214 +#: freeculture.xml:3212 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 +#: freeculture.xml:3213 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7247 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:11533 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:4396 freeculture.xml:4397 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:11533 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12363 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4396 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10402 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10404 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10227 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10227 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3220 +#: freeculture.xml:3218 msgid "statutory license system in" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3230 +#: freeculture.xml:3228 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4716,7 +4711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3241 +#: freeculture.xml:3239 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4724,7 +4719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3222 +#: freeculture.xml:3220 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4741,13 +4736,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3246 +#: freeculture.xml:3244 msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3248 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4762,17 +4757,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3262 +#: freeculture.xml:3260 msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3263 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10226 +#: freeculture.xml:3261 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:10226 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3265 +#: freeculture.xml:3263 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4783,12 +4778,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3272 freeculture.xml:15039 +#: freeculture.xml:3270 freeculture.xml:15039 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3274 +#: freeculture.xml:3272 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4800,7 +4795,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3299 +#: freeculture.xml:3297 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4811,7 +4806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3285 +#: freeculture.xml:3283 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4827,7 +4822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3310 +#: freeculture.xml:3308 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4836,7 +4831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3332 +#: freeculture.xml:3330 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4844,7 +4839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3317 +#: freeculture.xml:3315 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4861,34 +4856,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3343 +#: freeculture.xml:3341 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4513 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10406 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3352 +#: freeculture.xml:3350 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3367 +#: freeculture.xml:3365 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3358 +#: freeculture.xml:3356 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4905,7 +4900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3355 +#: freeculture.xml:3353 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4916,18 +4911,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3374 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:3372 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3386 freeculture.xml:9465 freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:3384 freeculture.xml:9465 freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:13077 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3376 +#: freeculture.xml:3374 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4942,7 +4937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3391 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4952,12 +4947,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3398 freeculture.xml:3915 freeculture.xml:6548 freeculture.xml:6564 +#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3913 freeculture.xml:6546 freeculture.xml:6562 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3400 +#: freeculture.xml:3398 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4966,7 +4961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3406 +#: freeculture.xml:3404 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4978,7 +4973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3419 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4989,23 +4984,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4519 +#: freeculture.xml:3427 freeculture.xml:4517 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3430 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:15443 +#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:15443 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3432 +#: freeculture.xml:3430 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3435 +#: freeculture.xml:3433 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -5017,22 +5012,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3445 +#: freeculture.xml:3443 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3446 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:3458 +#: freeculture.xml:3445 freeculture.xml:3456 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3453 +#: freeculture.xml:3451 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -5043,14 +5038,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3465 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3449 +#: freeculture.xml:3447 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -5065,14 +5060,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3476 +#: freeculture.xml:3474 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3472 +#: freeculture.xml:3470 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -5080,13 +5075,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3482 +#: freeculture.xml:3480 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3491 +#: freeculture.xml:3489 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -5094,7 +5089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3486 +#: freeculture.xml:3484 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -5103,12 +5098,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3497 freeculture.xml:3505 +#: freeculture.xml:3495 freeculture.xml:3503 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3503 +#: freeculture.xml:3501 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5116,7 +5111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3499 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -5124,19 +5119,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3510 +#: freeculture.xml:3508 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3526 freeculture.xml:3528 +#: freeculture.xml:3524 freeculture.xml:3526 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3524 +#: freeculture.xml:3522 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5144,7 +5139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3515 +#: freeculture.xml:3513 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5156,14 +5151,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3532 +#: freeculture.xml:3530 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3534 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5179,7 +5174,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3555 +#: freeculture.xml:3553 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5190,7 +5185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3550 +#: freeculture.xml:3548 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5204,12 +5199,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3572 +#: freeculture.xml:3570 msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3574 +#: freeculture.xml:3572 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5221,7 +5216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3582 +#: freeculture.xml:3580 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5233,28 +5228,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3592 +#: freeculture.xml:3590 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:3673 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15445 +#: freeculture.xml:3591 freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:15445 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3594 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10803 freeculture.xml:14834 freeculture.xml:15427 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:4050 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10803 freeculture.xml:14834 freeculture.xml:15427 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3594 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3602 +#: freeculture.xml:3600 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5264,7 +5259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3596 +#: freeculture.xml:3594 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5276,7 +5271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3612 +#: freeculture.xml:3610 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5284,7 +5279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3618 +#: freeculture.xml:3616 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5296,7 +5291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3627 +#: freeculture.xml:3625 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5311,7 +5306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3638 +#: freeculture.xml:3636 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5320,17 +5315,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3666 +#: freeculture.xml:3664 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3667 freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13862 freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:3665 freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13862 freeculture.xml:13869 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3651 +#: freeculture.xml:3649 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5350,7 +5345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3646 +#: freeculture.xml:3644 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5362,12 +5357,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:3972 freeculture.xml:15593 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3970 freeculture.xml:15593 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3681 +#: freeculture.xml:3679 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5380,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3675 +#: freeculture.xml:3673 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5390,7 +5385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3692 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5406,7 +5401,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3706 +#: freeculture.xml:3704 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5425,52 +5420,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:15446 +#: freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3725 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:13681 freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:13681 freeculture.xml:14273 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12133 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:14329 +#: freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:3755 freeculture.xml:12133 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3758 freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3730 +#: freeculture.xml:3728 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3731 +#: freeculture.xml:3729 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3732 +#: freeculture.xml:3730 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3734 +#: freeculture.xml:3732 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5486,17 +5481,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3746 freeculture.xml:4807 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:6608 freeculture.xml:6745 freeculture.xml:7161 freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6606 freeculture.xml:6743 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14361 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3746 freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:14361 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3748 +#: freeculture.xml:3746 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5507,17 +5502,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3753 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3756 +#: freeculture.xml:3754 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3760 +#: freeculture.xml:3758 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5533,7 +5528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3774 +#: freeculture.xml:3772 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5545,7 +5540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3784 +#: freeculture.xml:3782 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5558,7 +5553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3793 +#: freeculture.xml:3791 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5567,7 +5562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3799 +#: freeculture.xml:3797 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5576,20 +5571,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3805 +#: freeculture.xml:3803 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3811 +#: freeculture.xml:3809 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3816 +#: freeculture.xml:3814 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5597,7 +5592,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3813 +#: freeculture.xml:3811 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5607,17 +5602,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3825 +#: freeculture.xml:3823 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3844 freeculture.xml:8876 +#: freeculture.xml:3842 freeculture.xml:8876 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3834 +#: freeculture.xml:3832 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5632,7 +5627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3825 +#: freeculture.xml:3823 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -5645,23 +5640,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3849 +#: freeculture.xml:3847 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3850 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3851 +#: freeculture.xml:3849 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3857 +#: freeculture.xml:3855 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5675,7 +5670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3849 +#: freeculture.xml:3847 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5693,7 +5688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3880 +#: freeculture.xml:3878 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5704,14 +5699,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3889 +#: freeculture.xml:3887 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3874 +#: freeculture.xml:3872 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5727,7 +5722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3898 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5738,18 +5733,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3906 +#: freeculture.xml:3904 msgid "four types of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3907 +#: freeculture.xml:3905 msgid "range of content on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3910 +#: freeculture.xml:3908 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5757,7 +5752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3918 +#: freeculture.xml:3916 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5770,7 +5765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3928 +#: freeculture.xml:3926 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5783,7 +5778,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3939 +#: freeculture.xml:3937 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5802,26 +5797,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3956 +#: freeculture.xml:3954 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3963 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3971 +#: freeculture.xml:3969 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3966 +#: freeculture.xml:3964 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5835,7 +5830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3982 +#: freeculture.xml:3980 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5846,22 +5841,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3989 freeculture.xml:3998 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:15151 +#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:15151 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3989 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15152 +#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15152 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3999 freeculture.xml:4537 +#: freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4535 msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3998 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution " @@ -5879,7 +5874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3991 +#: freeculture.xml:3989 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5894,18 +5889,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4017 +#: freeculture.xml:4015 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#: freeculture.xml:4025 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4019 +#: freeculture.xml:4017 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5917,7 +5912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4032 +#: freeculture.xml:4030 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5930,7 +5925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4042 +#: freeculture.xml:4040 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5942,12 +5937,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4052 +#: freeculture.xml:4050 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4054 +#: freeculture.xml:4052 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5956,7 +5951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4063 +#: freeculture.xml:4061 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5974,12 +5969,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4090 +#: freeculture.xml:4088 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4087 +#: freeculture.xml:4085 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5988,7 +5983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4059 +#: freeculture.xml:4057 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -6009,7 +6004,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4105 +#: freeculture.xml:4103 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -6020,7 +6015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4113 +#: freeculture.xml:4111 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -6038,7 +6033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 +#: freeculture.xml:4127 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -6047,7 +6042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4141 +#: freeculture.xml:4139 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6058,7 +6053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4135 +#: freeculture.xml:4133 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6072,22 +6067,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4731 freeculture.xml:6193 freeculture.xml:6198 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:7232 freeculture.xml:7233 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7977 freeculture.xml:14533 freeculture.xml:15263 freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:4152 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14533 freeculture.xml:15263 freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7232 freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:4152 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4155 +#: freeculture.xml:4153 msgid "used record sales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4163 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6101,7 +6096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4157 +#: freeculture.xml:4155 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6116,22 +6111,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6193 freeculture.xml:6198 freeculture.xml:7233 freeculture.xml:15263 +#: freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 +#: freeculture.xml:4183 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:7690 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4188 +#: freeculture.xml:4186 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6147,7 +6142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4201 +#: freeculture.xml:4199 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6158,23 +6153,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14533 +#: freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:14533 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4209 +#: freeculture.xml:4207 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4210 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4212 +#: freeculture.xml:4210 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6192,7 +6187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4230 +#: freeculture.xml:4228 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6201,7 +6196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4236 +#: freeculture.xml:4234 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6211,7 +6206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4244 +#: freeculture.xml:4242 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6227,30 +6222,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#: freeculture.xml:4256 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4259 msgid "zero tolerance in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4260 msgid "infringing material blocked by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4261 msgid "infringement protections in" msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4277 +#: freeculture.xml:4275 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6261,7 +6256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4265 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6274,7 +6269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4290 +#: freeculture.xml:4288 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6288,7 +6283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4302 +#: freeculture.xml:4300 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6300,22 +6295,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4311 +#: freeculture.xml:4309 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4318 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4321 +#: freeculture.xml:4319 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4323 +#: freeculture.xml:4321 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6329,7 +6324,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4336 +#: freeculture.xml:4334 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6339,13 +6334,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4344 +#: freeculture.xml:4342 msgid "two central goals of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4348 +#: freeculture.xml:4346 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6363,22 +6358,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4366 +#: freeculture.xml:4364 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523 +#: freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#: freeculture.xml:4366 msgid "Betamax technology developed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4370 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6395,7 +6390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4384 +#: freeculture.xml:4382 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6411,13 +6406,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:4400 +#: freeculture.xml:4397 freeculture.xml:4398 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4409 +#: freeculture.xml:4407 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6427,13 +6422,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4421 +#: freeculture.xml:4419 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4426 +#: freeculture.xml:4424 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6441,14 +6436,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4437 +#: freeculture.xml:4435 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4402 +#: freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6475,19 +6470,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4456 +#: freeculture.xml:4454 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4459 +#: freeculture.xml:4457 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4444 +#: freeculture.xml:4442 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6504,7 +6499,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4461 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6513,14 +6508,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4482 +#: freeculture.xml:4480 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 +#: freeculture.xml:4470 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6531,7 +6526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4488 +#: freeculture.xml:4486 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6541,77 +6536,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4499 +#: freeculture.xml:4497 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4500 +#: freeculture.xml:4498 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4501 +#: freeculture.xml:4499 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4502 +#: freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4507 +#: freeculture.xml:4505 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4508 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:4521 freeculture.xml:4527 +#: freeculture.xml:4507 freeculture.xml:4519 freeculture.xml:4525 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:4522 +#: freeculture.xml:4508 freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4514 +#: freeculture.xml:4512 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4515 +#: freeculture.xml:4513 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4516 freeculture.xml:4528 +#: freeculture.xml:4514 freeculture.xml:4526 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4520 +#: freeculture.xml:4518 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4525 +#: freeculture.xml:4523 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4526 +#: freeculture.xml:4524 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4537 +#: freeculture.xml:4535 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important " "instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology " @@ -6629,7 +6624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4535 +#: freeculture.xml:4533 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6639,7 +6634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4557 +#: freeculture.xml:4555 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6653,7 +6648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4570 +#: freeculture.xml:4568 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6666,20 +6661,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4581 +#: freeculture.xml:4579 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4588 +#: freeculture.xml:4586 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4583 +#: freeculture.xml:4581 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6693,7 +6688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4599 +#: freeculture.xml:4597 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6710,7 +6705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4623 +#: freeculture.xml:4621 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6718,7 +6713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4615 +#: freeculture.xml:4613 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6730,7 +6725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4628 +#: freeculture.xml:4626 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6744,7 +6739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4640 +#: freeculture.xml:4638 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6752,13 +6747,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4649 +#: freeculture.xml:4647 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4654 +#: freeculture.xml:4652 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6768,7 +6763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4661 +#: freeculture.xml:4659 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6782,13 +6777,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4672 freeculture.xml:6491 freeculture.xml:14520 +#: freeculture.xml:4670 freeculture.xml:6489 freeculture.xml:14520 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4687 +#: freeculture.xml:4685 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6796,7 +6791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4674 +#: freeculture.xml:4672 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6812,12 +6807,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4692 +#: freeculture.xml:4690 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4692 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6827,7 +6822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4707 +#: freeculture.xml:4705 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6839,7 +6834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4702 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6849,7 +6844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4715 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6862,47 +6857,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4730 +#: freeculture.xml:4728 msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4731 +#: freeculture.xml:4729 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 +#: freeculture.xml:4732 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:14057 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:4733 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:4906 +#: freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:4904 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4739 freeculture.xml:4871 +#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4741 +#: freeculture.xml:4739 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6916,27 +6911,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:4836 freeculture.xml:4945 freeculture.xml:5078 +#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4943 freeculture.xml:5076 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:4751 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4759 +#: freeculture.xml:4757 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4760 +#: freeculture.xml:4758 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4759 +#: freeculture.xml:4757 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6951,7 +6946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4772 +#: freeculture.xml:4770 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6960,7 +6955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4755 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6976,22 +6971,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4977 freeculture.xml:5158 freeculture.xml:5314 +#: freeculture.xml:4782 freeculture.xml:4835 freeculture.xml:4975 freeculture.xml:5156 freeculture.xml:5312 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:7170 +#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:7168 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:4883 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5077 freeculture.xml:7160 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4881 freeculture.xml:4988 freeculture.xml:5075 freeculture.xml:7158 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4798 +#: freeculture.xml:4796 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6999,7 +6994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4789 +#: freeculture.xml:4787 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7014,22 +7009,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4807 freeculture.xml:5031 +#: freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:5029 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 +#: freeculture.xml:4806 freeculture.xml:5030 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4809 +#: freeculture.xml:4807 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4811 +#: freeculture.xml:4809 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -7042,12 +7037,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5101 freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:4820 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5099 freeculture.xml:5199 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4824 +#: freeculture.xml:4822 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -7062,13 +7057,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4838 freeculture.xml:5067 freeculture.xml:5175 freeculture.xml:5253 +#: freeculture.xml:4836 freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5173 freeculture.xml:5251 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4841 +#: freeculture.xml:4839 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -7080,12 +7075,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4852 +#: freeculture.xml:4850 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4854 +#: freeculture.xml:4852 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -7096,7 +7091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4864 +#: freeculture.xml:4862 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7105,7 +7100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4873 +#: freeculture.xml:4871 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7119,7 +7114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4885 +#: freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7128,13 +7123,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4890 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7852 +#: freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4892 +#: freeculture.xml:4890 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7150,7 +7145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4909 +#: freeculture.xml:4907 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7163,22 +7158,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4918 +#: freeculture.xml:4916 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4919 +#: freeculture.xml:4917 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4920 +#: freeculture.xml:4918 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4922 +#: freeculture.xml:4920 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7193,7 +7188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4935 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7205,25 +7200,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4943 freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:4941 freeculture.xml:5234 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4944 +#: freeculture.xml:4942 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4963 +#: freeculture.xml:4961 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4948 +#: freeculture.xml:4946 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7239,17 +7234,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4967 +#: freeculture.xml:4965 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4968 +#: freeculture.xml:4966 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4970 +#: freeculture.xml:4968 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7259,7 +7254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4979 +#: freeculture.xml:4977 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7273,12 +7268,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4992 freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:11209 +#: freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:11209 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4994 +#: freeculture.xml:4992 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7290,7 +7285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5003 +#: freeculture.xml:5001 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7298,7 +7293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 +#: freeculture.xml:5016 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7310,7 +7305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5008 +#: freeculture.xml:5006 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7322,7 +7317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5034 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7339,12 +7334,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5056 freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5109 +#: freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5107 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5056 +#: freeculture.xml:5054 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7353,7 +7348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5050 +#: freeculture.xml:5048 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7365,20 +7360,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5174 +#: freeculture.xml:5063 freeculture.xml:5172 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5073 +#: freeculture.xml:5071 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5069 +#: freeculture.xml:5067 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7386,22 +7381,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5079 +#: freeculture.xml:5077 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5078 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:15690 +#: freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:15690 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5087 +#: freeculture.xml:5085 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7409,12 +7404,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5098 +#: freeculture.xml:5096 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5080 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7428,7 +7423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5109 +#: freeculture.xml:5107 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7436,7 +7431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5103 +#: freeculture.xml:5101 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7448,12 +7443,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5118 +#: freeculture.xml:5116 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5120 +#: freeculture.xml:5118 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7462,23 +7457,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5126 freeculture.xml:5180 +#: freeculture.xml:5124 freeculture.xml:5178 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5128 +#: freeculture.xml:5126 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5129 +#: freeculture.xml:5127 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5138 +#: freeculture.xml:5136 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7486,7 +7481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5131 +#: freeculture.xml:5129 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7498,7 +7493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5143 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7513,7 +7508,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5160 +#: freeculture.xml:5158 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7528,35 +7523,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5177 +#: freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5181 +#: freeculture.xml:5179 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5182 freeculture.xml:5289 +#: freeculture.xml:5180 freeculture.xml:5287 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5183 +#: freeculture.xml:5181 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5189 +#: freeculture.xml:5187 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5185 +#: freeculture.xml:5183 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7570,12 +7565,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5200 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5203 +#: freeculture.xml:5201 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7588,7 +7583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5214 +#: freeculture.xml:5212 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7598,13 +7593,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:5290 +#: freeculture.xml:5220 freeculture.xml:5288 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5224 +#: freeculture.xml:5222 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7616,22 +7611,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5233 +#: freeculture.xml:5231 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5234 +#: freeculture.xml:5232 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5235 +#: freeculture.xml:5233 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5239 +#: freeculture.xml:5237 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7645,12 +7640,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5265 +#: freeculture.xml:5263 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5255 +#: freeculture.xml:5253 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7665,7 +7660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5270 +#: freeculture.xml:5268 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7673,7 +7668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5276 +#: freeculture.xml:5274 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7687,7 +7682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5293 +#: freeculture.xml:5291 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7710,7 +7705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5316 +#: freeculture.xml:5314 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7718,42 +7713,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5333 +#: freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 freeculture.xml:7659 freeculture.xml:7773 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5335 +#: freeculture.xml:5333 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5336 +#: freeculture.xml:5334 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5337 freeculture.xml:5484 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:7691 freeculture.xml:7772 freeculture.xml:7834 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:5482 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5337 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 +#: freeculture.xml:5336 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5340 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7763,24 +7758,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5347 +#: freeculture.xml:5345 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:5417 +#: freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:5415 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5431 +#: freeculture.xml:5350 freeculture.xml:5429 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5354 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7790,13 +7785,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5361 +#: freeculture.xml:5359 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5363 +#: freeculture.xml:5361 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7807,12 +7802,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5372 +#: freeculture.xml:5370 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5374 +#: freeculture.xml:5372 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7823,17 +7818,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5380 +#: freeculture.xml:5378 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5381 freeculture.xml:5442 freeculture.xml:5506 +#: freeculture.xml:5379 freeculture.xml:5440 freeculture.xml:5504 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5383 +#: freeculture.xml:5381 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7843,12 +7838,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5389 freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5505 +#: freeculture.xml:5387 freeculture.xml:5439 freeculture.xml:5503 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5391 +#: freeculture.xml:5389 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7858,7 +7853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5399 +#: freeculture.xml:5397 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7869,12 +7864,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5406 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5410 +#: freeculture.xml:5408 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7886,7 +7881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5417 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7898,12 +7893,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5432 +#: freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5434 +#: freeculture.xml:5432 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7914,7 +7909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5444 +#: freeculture.xml:5442 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7928,7 +7923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5455 +#: freeculture.xml:5453 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7941,7 +7936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5467 +#: freeculture.xml:5465 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7951,7 +7946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5464 +#: freeculture.xml:5462 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7963,19 +7958,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5481 +#: freeculture.xml:5479 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5484 freeculture.xml:7834 +#: freeculture.xml:5482 freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5486 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7986,13 +7981,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5495 +#: freeculture.xml:5493 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5498 +#: freeculture.xml:5496 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -8002,18 +7997,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5507 +#: freeculture.xml:5505 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5508 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5511 +#: freeculture.xml:5509 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -8029,7 +8024,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5523 +#: freeculture.xml:5521 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -8040,14 +8035,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5535 +#: freeculture.xml:5533 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5541 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8058,7 +8053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5551 +#: freeculture.xml:5549 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -8067,22 +8062,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5566 +#: freeculture.xml:5564 msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5567 +#: freeculture.xml:5565 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5568 freeculture.xml:5628 freeculture.xml:5813 freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15054 +#: freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:5626 freeculture.xml:5811 freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15054 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5571 +#: freeculture.xml:5569 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -8092,17 +8087,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5578 +#: freeculture.xml:5576 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5579 +#: freeculture.xml:5577 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5581 +#: freeculture.xml:5579 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8114,7 +8109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5591 +#: freeculture.xml:5589 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8124,7 +8119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5598 +#: freeculture.xml:5596 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8134,7 +8129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5605 +#: freeculture.xml:5603 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8145,19 +8140,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5613 +#: freeculture.xml:5611 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5627 +#: freeculture.xml:5625 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5623 +#: freeculture.xml:5621 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8167,7 +8162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5617 +#: freeculture.xml:5615 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8176,7 +8171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5632 +#: freeculture.xml:5630 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8186,7 +8181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5639 +#: freeculture.xml:5637 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8194,7 +8189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5645 +#: freeculture.xml:5643 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8206,7 +8201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5654 +#: freeculture.xml:5652 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8219,12 +8214,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5665 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5667 +#: freeculture.xml:5665 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8237,14 +8232,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5678 +#: freeculture.xml:5676 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5680 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8252,7 +8247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5688 +#: freeculture.xml:5686 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8265,20 +8260,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5700 +#: freeculture.xml:5698 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5703 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5711 +#: freeculture.xml:5709 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8287,7 +8282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5705 +#: freeculture.xml:5703 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8298,7 +8293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5719 +#: freeculture.xml:5717 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8308,7 +8303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5727 +#: freeculture.xml:5725 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8317,7 +8312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5735 +#: freeculture.xml:5733 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8330,7 +8325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5746 +#: freeculture.xml:5744 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8351,7 +8346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5766 +#: freeculture.xml:5764 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8361,7 +8356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5775 +#: freeculture.xml:5773 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8376,7 +8371,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5788 +#: freeculture.xml:5786 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8387,7 +8382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5798 +#: freeculture.xml:5796 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8396,12 +8391,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5803 +#: freeculture.xml:5801 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5805 +#: freeculture.xml:5803 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8412,27 +8407,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5814 +#: freeculture.xml:5812 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5815 +#: freeculture.xml:5813 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5815 +#: freeculture.xml:5813 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5816 +#: freeculture.xml:5814 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5813 +#: freeculture.xml:5811 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8452,7 +8447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5833 +#: freeculture.xml:5831 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8462,13 +8457,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5839 +#: freeculture.xml:5837 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5841 +#: freeculture.xml:5839 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8481,7 +8476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5852 +#: freeculture.xml:5850 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8491,7 +8486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5859 +#: freeculture.xml:5857 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8508,7 +8503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5874 +#: freeculture.xml:5872 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8518,7 +8513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5880 +#: freeculture.xml:5878 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8532,7 +8527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:5891 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8544,7 +8539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5902 +#: freeculture.xml:5900 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8557,7 +8552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5912 +#: freeculture.xml:5910 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8573,22 +8568,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5927 +#: freeculture.xml:5925 msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11888 +#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11888 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 freeculture.xml:8576 +#: freeculture.xml:5927 freeculture.xml:8576 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5931 +#: freeculture.xml:5929 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8601,12 +8596,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5941 freeculture.xml:5972 freeculture.xml:6036 +#: freeculture.xml:5939 freeculture.xml:5970 freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5943 +#: freeculture.xml:5941 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8617,12 +8612,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5950 +#: freeculture.xml:5948 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5952 +#: freeculture.xml:5950 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8632,7 +8627,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5960 +#: freeculture.xml:5958 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8640,7 +8635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5965 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8650,12 +8645,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5982 +#: freeculture.xml:5980 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5980 +#: freeculture.xml:5978 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations " @@ -8667,7 +8662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5974 +#: freeculture.xml:5972 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8677,12 +8672,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:5988 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5992 +#: freeculture.xml:5990 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8695,7 +8690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6003 +#: freeculture.xml:6001 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8708,7 +8703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6012 +#: freeculture.xml:6010 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8720,7 +8715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6024 +#: freeculture.xml:6022 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8733,32 +8728,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6033 freeculture.xml:6088 freeculture.xml:10545 +#: freeculture.xml:6031 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:10545 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:6033 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6037 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:14398 +#: freeculture.xml:6035 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6037 +#: freeculture.xml:6035 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6040 +#: freeculture.xml:6038 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8778,18 +8773,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6057 +#: freeculture.xml:6055 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6058 +#: freeculture.xml:6056 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6060 +#: freeculture.xml:6058 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8801,17 +8796,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6071 freeculture.xml:8679 +#: freeculture.xml:6069 freeculture.xml:8679 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6071 +#: freeculture.xml:6069 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6073 +#: freeculture.xml:6071 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8822,7 +8817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6081 +#: freeculture.xml:6079 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8832,13 +8827,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:6133 +#: freeculture.xml:6087 freeculture.xml:6131 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6100 +#: freeculture.xml:6098 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8848,7 +8843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6091 +#: freeculture.xml:6089 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8861,7 +8856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6106 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8876,7 +8871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6120 +#: freeculture.xml:6118 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8888,37 +8883,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6130 +#: freeculture.xml:6128 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6131 +#: freeculture.xml:6129 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6131 freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6129 freeculture.xml:6132 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6135 +#: freeculture.xml:6133 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6136 +#: freeculture.xml:6134 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6137 +#: freeculture.xml:6135 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6139 +#: freeculture.xml:6137 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8938,7 +8933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6157 +#: freeculture.xml:6155 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8948,7 +8943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6165 +#: freeculture.xml:6163 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8959,7 +8954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6173 +#: freeculture.xml:6171 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8971,7 +8966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6185 +#: freeculture.xml:6183 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8982,7 +8977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6198 +#: freeculture.xml:6196 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8994,7 +8989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6195 +#: freeculture.xml:6193 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -9006,7 +9001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6213 +#: freeculture.xml:6211 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -9020,7 +9015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6224 +#: freeculture.xml:6222 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -9033,7 +9028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6236 +#: freeculture.xml:6234 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -9044,7 +9039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6244 +#: freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -9053,17 +9048,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:6254 +#: freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6252 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6252 freeculture.xml:6253 freeculture.xml:6254 +#: freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:6252 msgid "music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6256 +#: freeculture.xml:6254 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -9080,7 +9075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -9096,7 +9091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6286 +#: freeculture.xml:6284 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9108,27 +9103,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6296 msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6299 +#: freeculture.xml:6297 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6300 freeculture.xml:10301 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:10301 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6301 +#: freeculture.xml:6299 msgid "background of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6303 +#: freeculture.xml:6301 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9140,37 +9135,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6313 +#: freeculture.xml:6311 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6312 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 +#: freeculture.xml:6313 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6316 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6317 +#: freeculture.xml:6315 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 freeculture.xml:7943 freeculture.xml:8115 +#: freeculture.xml:6316 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8114 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6320 +#: freeculture.xml:6318 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9185,7 +9180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6333 +#: freeculture.xml:6331 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9199,7 +9194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6345 +#: freeculture.xml:6343 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9211,13 +9206,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6354 +#: freeculture.xml:6352 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6368 +#: freeculture.xml:6366 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9227,7 +9222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6357 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9241,7 +9236,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6378 +#: freeculture.xml:6376 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9253,7 +9248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6389 +#: freeculture.xml:6387 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9269,7 +9264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6405 +#: freeculture.xml:6403 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9282,7 +9277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6402 +#: freeculture.xml:6400 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9295,7 +9290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6420 +#: freeculture.xml:6418 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9306,7 +9301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6428 +#: freeculture.xml:6426 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9320,7 +9315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6443 +#: freeculture.xml:6441 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9332,7 +9327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6452 +#: freeculture.xml:6450 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9340,7 +9335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6457 +#: freeculture.xml:6455 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9355,7 +9350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6468 +#: freeculture.xml:6466 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9372,7 +9367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6483 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9383,7 +9378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6493 +#: freeculture.xml:6491 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9397,7 +9392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6505 +#: freeculture.xml:6503 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9407,7 +9402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6515 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9422,38 +9417,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:8061 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11295 freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11295 freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6529 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6791 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9993 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6530 +#: freeculture.xml:6528 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6531 +#: freeculture.xml:6529 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:6608 freeculture.xml:6745 +#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6606 freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6536 +#: freeculture.xml:6534 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9465,14 +9460,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6546 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:6544 freeculture.xml:6739 freeculture.xml:7113 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6550 +#: freeculture.xml:6548 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9489,12 +9484,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6566 freeculture.xml:6628 freeculture.xml:6746 +#: freeculture.xml:6564 freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:6744 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6568 +#: freeculture.xml:6566 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9507,12 +9502,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6627 freeculture.xml:6721 freeculture.xml:6762 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:10119 +#: freeculture.xml:6576 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6719 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:10119 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6580 +#: freeculture.xml:6578 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9524,12 +9519,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6589 freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:6679 freeculture.xml:6720 freeculture.xml:6744 +#: freeculture.xml:6587 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6677 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6742 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6591 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9548,7 +9543,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6612 +#: freeculture.xml:6610 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9556,7 +9551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6618 +#: freeculture.xml:6616 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9568,17 +9563,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6629 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6630 +#: freeculture.xml:6628 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6632 +#: freeculture.xml:6630 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9594,7 +9589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6650 +#: freeculture.xml:6648 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9609,7 +9604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6646 +#: freeculture.xml:6644 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9626,24 +9621,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6676 +#: freeculture.xml:6674 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6718 +#: freeculture.xml:6716 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6719 +#: freeculture.xml:6717 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6689 +#: freeculture.xml:6687 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9678,7 +9673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6681 +#: freeculture.xml:6679 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9689,17 +9684,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6727 +#: freeculture.xml:6725 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7105 +#: freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:7103 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6730 +#: freeculture.xml:6728 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9708,13 +9703,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:6734 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6749 +#: freeculture.xml:6747 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9728,22 +9723,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6760 +#: freeculture.xml:6758 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6761 +#: freeculture.xml:6759 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6763 +#: freeculture.xml:6761 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6765 +#: freeculture.xml:6763 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9754,18 +9749,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6774 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7932 +#: freeculture.xml:6772 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6774 +#: freeculture.xml:6772 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6776 +#: freeculture.xml:6774 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9776,24 +9771,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#: freeculture.xml:6785 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:6788 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6791 freeculture.xml:9876 +#: freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9876 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9807,18 +9802,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6806 freeculture.xml:6946 +#: freeculture.xml:6804 freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6807 +#: freeculture.xml:6805 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6809 +#: freeculture.xml:6807 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9835,7 +9830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6829 +#: freeculture.xml:6827 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9846,18 +9841,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6842 +#: freeculture.xml:6840 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6843 +#: freeculture.xml:6841 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6853 +#: freeculture.xml:6851 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9869,7 +9864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6845 +#: freeculture.xml:6843 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9891,35 +9886,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6874 +#: freeculture.xml:6872 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:15632 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15632 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6878 freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6879 freeculture.xml:7897 +#: freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:7895 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#: freeculture.xml:6890 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6882 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9937,7 +9932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6903 +#: freeculture.xml:6901 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9949,17 +9944,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6912 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6912 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6916 +#: freeculture.xml:6914 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9976,7 +9971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6932 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9987,27 +9982,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6941 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6943 +#: freeculture.xml:6941 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6944 +#: freeculture.xml:6942 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6945 +#: freeculture.xml:6943 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6948 +#: freeculture.xml:6946 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -10017,7 +10012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6955 +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -10025,22 +10020,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6959 +#: freeculture.xml:6957 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#: freeculture.xml:6958 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6961 +#: freeculture.xml:6959 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6963 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -10049,7 +10044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6969 +#: freeculture.xml:6967 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -10061,18 +10056,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6978 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6979 +#: freeculture.xml:6977 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:6983 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -10081,7 +10076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6981 +#: freeculture.xml:6979 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -10099,7 +10094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7003 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -10113,49 +10108,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7015 +#: freeculture.xml:7013 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7024 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11549 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11549 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:12364 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11550 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7030 +#: freeculture.xml:7028 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7031 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12362 +#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12362 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7034 +#: freeculture.xml:7032 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10164,12 +10159,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:12361 +#: freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:12361 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7041 +#: freeculture.xml:7039 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10177,7 +10172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7047 +#: freeculture.xml:7045 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10185,7 +10180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7055 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this " "clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant " @@ -10196,12 +10191,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7064 +#: freeculture.xml:7062 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7066 +#: freeculture.xml:7064 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10214,22 +10209,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:7073 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7076 +#: freeculture.xml:7074 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7077 +#: freeculture.xml:7075 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7079 +#: freeculture.xml:7077 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10246,7 +10241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7096 +#: freeculture.xml:7094 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10257,7 +10252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:7105 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10265,12 +10260,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7118 +#: freeculture.xml:7116 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7122 +#: freeculture.xml:7120 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" @@ -10278,37 +10273,37 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7125 +#: freeculture.xml:7123 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7130 +#: freeculture.xml:7128 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7426 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7134 +#: freeculture.xml:7132 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7133 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7151 +#: freeculture.xml:7149 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7145 +#: freeculture.xml:7143 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -10319,7 +10314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7137 +#: freeculture.xml:7135 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10335,12 +10330,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7161 +#: freeculture.xml:7159 msgid "federal vs. state" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7163 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10351,7 +10346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7172 +#: freeculture.xml:7170 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10362,7 +10357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7188 +#: freeculture.xml:7186 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10381,7 +10376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#: freeculture.xml:7178 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10394,7 +10389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7206 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10405,7 +10400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7221 +#: freeculture.xml:7219 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10419,7 +10414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7215 +#: freeculture.xml:7213 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10430,12 +10425,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7237 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7235 +#: freeculture.xml:7233 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10448,17 +10443,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7247 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:12363 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11186 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7250 +#: freeculture.xml:7248 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10469,22 +10464,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "CTEA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:7258 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:11210 freeculture.xml:15550 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11210 freeculture.xml:15550 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7259 freeculture.xml:11190 +#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7261 +#: freeculture.xml:7259 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10497,13 +10492,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:11189 +#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11189 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7272 +#: freeculture.xml:7270 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10515,7 +10510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7284 +#: freeculture.xml:7282 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10527,22 +10522,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7294 +#: freeculture.xml:7292 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 freeculture.xml:13479 +#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13479 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7293 msgid "copyright terms for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7297 +#: freeculture.xml:7295 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10554,7 +10549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7307 +#: freeculture.xml:7305 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10566,7 +10561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7324 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10575,7 +10570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7318 +#: freeculture.xml:7316 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10587,17 +10582,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7340 +#: freeculture.xml:7338 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "scope of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7343 +#: freeculture.xml:7341 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10606,12 +10601,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7349 +#: freeculture.xml:7347 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7351 +#: freeculture.xml:7349 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10627,7 +10622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7364 +#: freeculture.xml:7362 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10644,23 +10639,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7378 +#: freeculture.xml:7376 msgid "marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7379 +#: freeculture.xml:7377 msgid "formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7378 msgid "registration requirement of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7382 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10675,7 +10670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7397 +#: freeculture.xml:7395 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10691,12 +10686,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7410 +#: freeculture.xml:7408 msgid "European" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7412 +#: freeculture.xml:7410 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10707,13 +10702,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7423 +#: freeculture.xml:7421 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7435 +#: freeculture.xml:7433 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10723,7 +10718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7428 +#: freeculture.xml:7426 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10737,7 +10732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7450 +#: freeculture.xml:7448 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10748,7 +10743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7460 +#: freeculture.xml:7458 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10759,7 +10754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7469 +#: freeculture.xml:7467 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10767,7 +10762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7474 +#: freeculture.xml:7472 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10782,7 +10777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7489 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10794,7 +10789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7511 +#: freeculture.xml:7509 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10803,7 +10798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7501 +#: freeculture.xml:7499 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10818,12 +10813,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7533 +#: freeculture.xml:7531 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7526 +#: freeculture.xml:7524 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10835,7 +10830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7521 +#: freeculture.xml:7519 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10845,7 +10840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7541 +#: freeculture.xml:7539 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10855,7 +10850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7549 +#: freeculture.xml:7547 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10864,18 +10859,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7558 +#: freeculture.xml:7556 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7559 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7833 +#: freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7831 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7567 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10889,7 +10884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7562 +#: freeculture.xml:7560 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10899,13 +10894,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7578 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "other property rights vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7581 +#: freeculture.xml:7579 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10921,7 +10916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7600 +#: freeculture.xml:7598 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10930,7 +10925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7595 +#: freeculture.xml:7593 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10942,37 +10937,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7613 +#: freeculture.xml:7611 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7618 +#: freeculture.xml:7616 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7620 +#: freeculture.xml:7618 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7622 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7623 +#: freeculture.xml:7621 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7626 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10987,14 +10982,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7642 +#: freeculture.xml:7640 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7645 +#: freeculture.xml:7643 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -11005,21 +11000,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7656 +#: freeculture.xml:7654 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7659 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7668 +#: freeculture.xml:7666 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -11032,7 +11027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7679 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" @@ -11040,7 +11035,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7684 +#: freeculture.xml:7682 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -11049,18 +11044,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7977 freeculture.xml:10255 +#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10255 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 freeculture.xml:7772 +#: freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 msgid "Internet burdens on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7696 +#: freeculture.xml:7694 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -11070,7 +11065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7693 +#: freeculture.xml:7691 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -11087,7 +11082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7716 +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -11100,17 +11095,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7727 +#: freeculture.xml:7725 msgid "e-books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7728 +#: freeculture.xml:7726 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7730 +#: freeculture.xml:7728 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -11124,14 +11119,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7743 +#: freeculture.xml:7741 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7746 +#: freeculture.xml:7744 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -11140,7 +11135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7752 +#: freeculture.xml:7750 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -11151,7 +11146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7761 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -11165,13 +11160,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7774 +#: freeculture.xml:7772 msgid "fair use vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:7774 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -11185,7 +11180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7795 +#: freeculture.xml:7793 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -11197,17 +11192,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7811 +#: freeculture.xml:7809 msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "trailer advertisements of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7815 +#: freeculture.xml:7813 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -11217,12 +11212,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 freeculture.xml:7896 freeculture.xml:14187 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7823 +#: freeculture.xml:7821 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -11235,7 +11230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7836 +#: freeculture.xml:7834 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -11251,17 +11246,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7853 +#: freeculture.xml:7851 msgid "willful infringement findings in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7854 +#: freeculture.xml:7852 msgid "willful infringement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7856 +#: freeculture.xml:7854 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -11274,7 +11269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7866 +#: freeculture.xml:7864 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -11286,12 +11281,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7874 +#: freeculture.xml:7872 msgid "first-sale doctrine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7876 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -11307,13 +11302,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:7893 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7900 +#: freeculture.xml:7898 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -11330,7 +11325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7915 +#: freeculture.xml:7913 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -11341,12 +11336,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7924 +#: freeculture.xml:7922 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7926 +#: freeculture.xml:7924 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -11355,17 +11350,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7931 +#: freeculture.xml:7929 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7932 +#: freeculture.xml:7930 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7934 +#: freeculture.xml:7932 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -11375,18 +11370,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7942 freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:7940 freeculture.xml:8113 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7953 +#: freeculture.xml:7951 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -11394,7 +11389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7945 +#: freeculture.xml:7943 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -11405,14 +11400,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7962 +#: freeculture.xml:7960 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7958 +#: freeculture.xml:7956 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -11424,7 +11419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7972 +#: freeculture.xml:7970 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -11433,7 +11428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7979 +#: freeculture.xml:7978 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11445,17 +11440,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7991 +#: freeculture.xml:7990 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7993 +#: freeculture.xml:7992 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7996 +#: freeculture.xml:7995 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11464,14 +11459,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8004 +#: freeculture.xml:8003 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 +#: freeculture.xml:8006 msgid "" "In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version " @@ -11480,7 +11475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8012 +#: freeculture.xml:8011 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11493,14 +11488,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8025 +#: freeculture.xml:8024 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8030 +#: freeculture.xml:8029 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -11508,7 +11503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8034 +#: freeculture.xml:8033 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11519,70 +11514,70 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8041 +#: freeculture.xml:8040 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8042 +#: freeculture.xml:8041 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8044 +#: freeculture.xml:8043 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8049 +#: freeculture.xml:8048 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8052 +#: freeculture.xml:8051 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8058 +#: freeculture.xml:8057 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:8059 freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8063 +#: freeculture.xml:8062 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8070 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8073 +#: freeculture.xml:8072 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8083 +#: freeculture.xml:8082 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11593,7 +11588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8076 +#: freeculture.xml:8075 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11608,7 +11603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8097 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11628,7 +11623,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8118 +#: freeculture.xml:8117 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11637,7 +11632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8124 +#: freeculture.xml:8123 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11649,7 +11644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 +#: freeculture.xml:8132 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11659,24 +11654,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8140 +#: freeculture.xml:8139 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8143 +#: freeculture.xml:8142 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8143 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 +#: freeculture.xml:8145 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11686,14 +11681,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8155 +#: freeculture.xml:8154 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8159 +#: freeculture.xml:8158 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11702,7 +11697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8164 +#: freeculture.xml:8163 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11713,7 +11708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 +#: freeculture.xml:8171 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11728,7 +11723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8187 +#: freeculture.xml:8186 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "