X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/20f901f06fb315f4ab234dd189d70f90711b897e..b09fa7ecdf82c8e7dfa8f9abcb6ea1e47f1e458d:/freeculture.nb.po diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 4286d34..20e1dcb 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ # # Translators: # Petter Reinholdtsen , 2012. +# Anders Hagen Jarmund , 2012. msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-27 20:12+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-31 17:52+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" msgstr "" -"Hvordan store mediaaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " +"Hvordan store medieaktører bruker teknologi og loven til Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned kulturen " "og kontrollere kreativiteten" #. type: Content of: @@ -63,6 +64,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" " 2004 Lawrence Lessig " +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +" " +msgstr "" +" " + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" +msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "This version of Free Culture is licensed under a " @@ -72,7 +91,7 @@ msgid "" "org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/" msgstr "" -"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensert med en " +"Denne versjonen av Fri Kultur er lisensiert med en " "Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen tillater ikke-kommersiell " "utnyttelse av verket, hvis opphavsinnehaveren er navngitt. For mer " "informasjon om lisensen, klikk pÃ¥ ikonet over eller besøk msgid "" -"LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig." -"org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The " -"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " -"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"LAWRENCE LESSIG (http://www.lessig.org), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). The author of " +"The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " "Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " "Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " "Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " @@ -100,11 +119,11 @@ msgid "" "Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " "Appeals." msgstr "" -"Lawrense Lessig (http://www.lessig." -"org), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). Forfatteren har " +"Lawrense Lessig (http://www.lessig.org), professor i juss og en John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar " +"ved Stanford Law School, er stifteren av Stanford Center for Internet and " +"Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org). Forfatteren har " "gitt ut The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: And other Laws of " "Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), og er medlem av styrene i Public Library of " "Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public Knowledge. Han har " @@ -274,18 +293,6 @@ msgstr "" "Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for " "hvem saken fortsetter." -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" -msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" - -#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" - #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> msgid "List of figures" msgstr "Figurliste" @@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Vi sÃ¥ et glimt av dette tverrpolitiske raseri pÃ¥ forsommeren i 2003. Da FCC " "vurderte endringer i reglene for medieeierskap som ville slakke pÃ¥ " -"begrensningene rundt mediakonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " +"begrensningene rundt mediekonsentrasjon, sendte en ekstraordinær koalisjon " "mer enn 700 000 brev til FCC for Ã¥ motsette seg endringen. Mens William " "Safire beskrev Ã¥ marsjere \"ubehagelig sammen med CodePink Women for Peace " "and the National Rifle Association, mellom liberale Olympia Snowe og " @@ -876,20 +883,20 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " -"like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " -"sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " -"were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " -"performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " +"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " +"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa " +"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " +"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " "heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Et glass vann ble fylt opp foran mikrofonen i Yonkers, og det hørtes ut som " -"et plass som ble fylt opp. . . . Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og det " -"hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. . . . Sousa-marsjer " -"ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble utført. . . . " -"Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om noen gang før " -"hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"et glass som ble fylt opp. … Et papir ble krøllet og revet opp, og " +"det hørtes ut som papir og ikke som en sprakende skogbrann. … Sousa-" +"marsjer ble spilt av fra plater og en pianosolo og et gitarnummer ble " +"utført. … Musikken ble presentert med en livaktighet som sjeldent om " +"noen gang før hadde vært hørt fra en radio-\"musikk-boks\".<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -967,15 +974,15 @@ msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " "threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, " -"posed . . . a complete reordering of radio power . . . and the eventual " -"overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had grown to " -"power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the " +"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had " +"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Kreftene til fordel for FM, i hovedsak ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke overvinne " "tyngden til strategien utviklet av avdelingene for salg, patenter og juss " "for Ã¥ undertrykke denne trusselen til selskapets posisjon. For FM utgjorde, " -"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger . . . en komplett endring i " -"maktforholdene rundt radio . . . og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " +"hvis det fikk utvikle seg uten begrensninger … en komplett endring i " +"maktforholdene rundt radio … og muligens fjerningen av det nøye " "begrensede AM-systemet som var grunnlaget for RCA stigning til makt." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -1205,7 +1212,7 @@ msgstr "" "klubber, deling av musikk, laging av kassetter—ble ikke styrt av " "lovverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "Brandeis, Louis D." @@ -1223,8 +1230,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er helt klart " "hovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal grunnlov. " "Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle " -"interesse nÃ¥r det gjalt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved Ã¥ " -"gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " +"interesse nÃ¥r det gjaldt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved " +"Ã¥ gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " "opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta " "om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy" "\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=" @@ -1250,13 +1257,17 @@ msgstr "" "USA. Men det var pÃ¥ ingen mÃ¥te dominerende i vÃ¥r tradisjon. Det var i " "stedet bare en del, en kontrollert del, balansert mot det frie." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Litman, Jessica" +msgstr "Litman, Jessica" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " -"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13." +"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Se Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " -"Prometheus bøker, 2001), kap. 13." +"Prometheus bøker, 2001), kap. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1422,7 +1433,7 @@ msgstr "" "internettets \"pirater\" ogsÃ¥ fjerne verdier fra vÃ¥r kultur som har vært " "integrert til vÃ¥r tradisjon helt fra starten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" @@ -1704,15 +1715,15 @@ msgstr "" "historien om nok en konsekvens for denne type korrupsjon—en konsekvens " "for de fleste av oss forblir ukjent med." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "\"Piratvirksomhet\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1727,7 +1738,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidet rekkevidden for engelsk opphavsrettslov til Ã¥ inkludere noteark," #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " "1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." @@ -1735,7 +1746,7 @@ msgstr "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " "1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1746,7 +1757,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter eget forgodtbefinnende.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1762,7 +1773,7 @@ msgstr "" "distribuert intelligens, kan p2p-systemer muliggjøre enkel spredning av " "innhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ingen forestilte seg for en generasjon siden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1777,7 +1788,7 @@ msgstr "" "delingen har i sin tur ansporet til krigen, pÃ¥ grunn av at eiere av " "opphavsretter frykter delingen vil \"frata forfatteren overskuddet.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1791,7 +1802,7 @@ msgstr "" "oppdratt til Ã¥ tro at \"eiendom\" skal være \"gratis\". Glem tatoveringer, " "ikke tenk pÃ¥ kroppspiercing—vÃ¥re barn blir <emphasis>tyver</emphasis>!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1803,11 +1814,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"-begrepet i en sammenheng. For mens begrepet blir mer og mer brukt, har " "det i sin kjerne en ekstraordinær idé som nesten helt sikkert er feil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "Idéen høres omtrent slik ut:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1821,12 +1832,12 @@ msgstr "" "som har verdi fra andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for " "piratvirksomhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 " @@ -1836,11 +1847,11 @@ msgstr "" "Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 (1990): " "397." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "Zittrain, Jonathan" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at " @@ -1856,7 +1867,7 @@ msgstr "" "Speech, No One Wins,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 24. november " "2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1878,12 +1889,12 @@ msgstr "" "fantes \"verdi\" (sangene), sÃ¥ det mÃ¥tte ha vært en \"rettighet\"—til " "og med mot jentespeiderne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "ASCAP" #. PAGE BREAK 32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1897,7 +1908,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdi, sÃ¥ rettighet\" for kreative eierrettigheter har aldri vært USAs teori " "for kreative eierrettigheter. It har aldri stÃ¥tt rot i vÃ¥rt lovverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1910,7 +1921,7 @@ msgstr "" "til verdien av kreativitet. Dagens debatt har snudd dette helt rundt. Vi " "har blitt sÃ¥ opptatt av Ã¥ beskytte instrumentet at vi mister verdien av syne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1923,7 +1934,7 @@ msgstr "" "og bygge pÃ¥ og gjøre om verket pÃ¥ den andre. Da opphavsretten kom var det " "kun publisering som ble berørt. Opphavsretten i dag regulerer begge." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1938,11 +1949,11 @@ msgstr "" "kompleksiteten som opphavsrettsloven har blitt. Det var bare nok en kostnad " "ved Ã¥ drive forretning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "Florida, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1960,7 +1971,7 @@ msgstr "" "tror ogsÃ¥ at vilkÃ¥rene som disse endringene blir aktivert under er mye " "vanskeligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1980,8 +1991,25 @@ msgid "" "Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of " "this creative class." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"Men da internettet dukket opp, forsvant denne naturlige begrensningen til " +"lovens virkeomrÃ¥de. Loven kontrollerer ikke bare kreativiteten til " +"kommersielle skapere, men effektivt sett kreativiteten til alle. Selv om " +"utvidelsen ikke ville bety stort hvis opphavsrettsloven kun regulerte " +"\"kopiering\", sÃ¥ betyr utvidelsen mye nÃ¥r loven regulerer sÃ¥ bredt og " +"obskurt som den gjør. Byrden denne loven gir oppveier nÃ¥ langt fordelene " +"den ga da den ble vedtatt—helt klart slik den pÃ¥virker ikke-" +"kommersiell kreativitet, og i stadig større grad slik den pÃ¥virker " +"kommersiell kreativitet. Dermed, slik vi ser klarere i kapitlene som " +"følger, er lovens rolle mindre og mindre Ã¥ støtte kreativitet, og mer og mer " +"Ã¥ beskytte enkelte industrier mot konkurranse. Akkurat pÃ¥ tidspunktet da " +"digital teknologi kunne sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mengde med kommersiell " +"og ikke-kommersiell kreativitet, tynger loven denne kreativiteten med " +"sinnsykt kompliserte og vage regler og med trusselen om uanstendig harde " +"straffer. Vi ser kanskje, som Richard Florida skriver, \"Fremveksten av den " +"kreative klasse\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dessverre ser vi " +"ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær fremvekst av reguleringer av denne kreative klassen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1991,11 +2019,11 @@ msgstr "" "den tradisjonen litt mer, og ved Ã¥ plassere dagens slag om oppførsel med " "merkelappen \"piratvirksomhet\" i sin rette sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "Kapittel en: Skaperne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</" @@ -2010,7 +2038,7 @@ msgstr "" "distribuerte tegnefilmen med synkronisert lyd, <citetitle>Steamboat Willy</" "citetitle>, vist frem med figuren som skulle bli til Mikke Mus." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -2019,15 +2047,15 @@ msgid "" "test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney " "describes that first experiment," msgstr "" -"Film med sykronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et Ã¥r tidligere i filmen " +"Film med synkronisert lyd hadde blitt introdusert et Ã¥r tidligere i filmen " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. Suksessen fikk Walt Disney til Ã¥ " "kopiere teknikken og mikse lyd med tegnefilm. Ingen visste hvorvidt det " "ville virke eller ikke, og om det fungere, hvorvidt publikum villa ha sans " -"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resutlatet " +"for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var resultatet " "entydig. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperimentet," #. PAGE BREAK 35 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -2039,7 +2067,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde det slik at lyden de spilte ble sendt videre til et rom hvor vÃ¥re " "koner og venner var plassert for Ã¥ se pÃ¥ bildet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -2047,12 +2075,12 @@ msgid "" "whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close." msgstr "" "Guttene brukte et note- og lydeffekt-ark. Etter noen dÃ¥rlige oppstarter, " -"kom endelig lyd og handlig i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte " +"kom endelig lyd og handling i gang med et smell. Munnspilleren spilte " "melodien, og resten av oss i lydavdelingen slamret pÃ¥ tinnkasseroller og " "blÃ¥ste pÃ¥ slide-fløyte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var nesten helt riktig." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." @@ -2060,7 +2088,7 @@ msgstr "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -2069,16 +2097,16 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Effekten pÃ¥ vÃ¥rt lille publikum var intet mindre enn elektrisk. De reagerte " -"nesten instiktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de tullet " -"med meg. SÃ¥ de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang pÃ¥ nytt. Det var " -"grufult, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type=" +"nesten instinktivt til denne union av lyd og bevegelse. Jeg trodde de " +"tullet med meg. SÃ¥ de puttet meg i publikum og satte igang pÃ¥ nytt. Det " +"var grufullt, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noe nytt!<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "Iwerks, Ub" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. " @@ -2090,7 +2118,7 @@ msgstr "" "begeistret i hele mitt liv. Ingenting annet har noen sinne vært like bra.\" " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " "Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -2107,7 +2135,7 @@ msgstr "" "standarden som andre mÃ¥tte sloss for Ã¥ oppfylle. Og ganske ofte var Disneys " "store geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, bygget pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -2119,7 +2147,7 @@ msgstr "" "tegnefilm-geni) sin siste uavhengig produserte stumfilm. Dette geniet var " "Buster Keaton. Filmen var <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -2136,7 +2164,7 @@ msgstr "" "populær og blant de beste i sin sjanger." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -2157,7 +2185,7 @@ msgstr "" "Brev fra David Smith til Harry Surden, 10. juli 2003, tilgjenglig i arkivet " "til forfatteren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -2169,9 +2197,18 @@ msgid "" "inspired by the song \"Steamboat Bill,\" that we get Steamboat Willie, and " "then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. kom før Disneys tegnefilm " +"Steamboat Willie. Det er ingen tilfeldighet at titlene er sÃ¥ like. " +"Steamboat Willie er en direkte tegneserieparodi av Steamboat Bill," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og begge bygger pÃ¥ en felles sang " +"som kilde. Det er ikke kun fra nyskapningen med synkronisert lyd i " +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi fÃ¥r <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Willie</citetitle>. Det er ogsÃ¥ fra Buster Keatons nyskapning Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen \"Steamboat Bill\", at vi fÃ¥r " +"Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie fÃ¥r vi sÃ¥ Mikke Mus." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -2181,7 +2218,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -2206,7 +2243,7 @@ msgstr "" "Disney bygget pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre som kom før han, og skapte noe nytt ut " "av noe som bare var litt gammelt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2217,7 +2254,7 @@ msgid "" "bedtime or anytime." msgstr "" "Noen ganger var lÃ¥ningen begrenset, og noen ganger var den betydelig. Tenkt " -"pÃ¥ eventurene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, sÃ¥ " +"pÃ¥ eventyrene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er like ubevisst som jeg var, sÃ¥ " "tror du sannsynlighvis at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier som " "passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene er, " "for oss, ganske dystre. Det er noen sjeldne og kanskje spesielt ambisiøse " @@ -2225,7 +2262,7 @@ msgstr "" "sine barn, ved leggetid eller hvilken som helst annet tidspunkt." #. PAGE BREAK 37 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2271,7 +2308,7 @@ msgstr "" "med kreativiteten fra sitt eget ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent " "denne blandingen inn i sjelen til sin kultur. Hente, blande og brenne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2290,7 +2327,7 @@ msgstr "" "til noe annet." #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -2301,8 +2338,16 @@ msgid "" "see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Inntil 1976 ga opphavsrettsloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en " +"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet \"gjennomsnittlig" +"\" vernetid ved Ã¥ finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale registreringer for " +"et gitt Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 opphavsretter ble registrert i " +"Ã¥r 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er " +"gjennomsnittelig vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data " +"ligger pÃ¥ nettsidene tilknyttet denne boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. " "The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. " @@ -2313,8 +2358,17 @@ msgid "" "to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in limited " "ways required the permission of the copyright owner." msgstr "" +"I 1928 var kulturen som Disney fritt kunne trekke veksler pÃ¥ relativt " +"fersk. Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke veldig gammelt og var dermed ganske " +"levende. Gjennomsnittelig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare rundt tredve " +"Ã¥r—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyr at " +"i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verks " +"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en \"eksklusiv rett\" til a kontrollere bestemte " +"typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ " +"de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -2324,16 +2378,16 @@ msgid "" "whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build upon." msgstr "" "NÃ¥r opphavsrettens vernetid er over, faller et verk i det fri og blir " -"allemannseie. Ingen tillatelse trengs da for Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ eller bruke " -"dette verket. Ingen tillatelse og dermed, ingen advokater. " -"Allemannseie er en \"advokat-fri sone\". Det meste av innhold fra det " -"nittende Ã¥rhundre var dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney Ã¥ bruke " -"eller bygge pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett " -"om de hadde forbindelser eller ikke, om de var rik eller ikke, om de " -"var akseptert eller ikke—til Ã¥ bruke og bygge videre pÃ¥." +"allemannseie. Ingen tillatelse trengs da for Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ eller bruke dette " +"verket. Ingen tillatelse og dermed, ingen advokater. Allemannseie er en " +"\"advokat-fri sone\". Det meste av innhold fra det nittende Ã¥rhundre var " +"dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney Ã¥ bruke eller bygge pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var " +"tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett om de hadde forbindelser eller ikke, " +"om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller ikke—til Ã¥ bruke " +"og bygge videre pÃ¥." #. PAGE BREAK 38 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -2345,28 +2399,26 @@ msgid "" "is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." msgstr "" "Dette er slik det alltid har vært—inntil ganske nylig. For " -"mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie, har allemannseiet vært like over " -"horisonten. Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittelige opphavsrettslige " -"vernetiden aldri mer enn trettito Ã¥r, som gjorde at det meste av " -"kultur fra en og en halv generasjon tidligere var tilgjengelig for " -"enhver Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag " -"ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- ot 1970-tallet nÃ¥ ville være " -"fritt tilgjengelig for de neste Walt Disney Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten " -"tillatelse. Men i dag er allemannseie presumtivt kun for innhold fra " -"før mellomkrigstiden." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie, har allemannseiet vært like over horisonten. " +"Fram til 1978 var den gjennomsnittlige opphavsrettslige vernetiden aldri mer " +"enn trettito Ã¥r, som gjorde at det meste av kultur fra en og en halv " +"generasjon tidligere var tilgjengelig for enhver Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse " +"fra noen. Tilsvarende for i dag ville være at kreative verker fra 1960- og " +"1970-tallet nÃ¥ ville være fritt tilgjengelig for de neste Walt Disney Ã¥ " +"bygge pÃ¥ uten tillatelse. Men i dag er allemannseie presumtivt kun for " +"innhold fra før mellomkrigstiden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " "within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal." msgstr "" -"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol pÃ¥ \"Walt " -"Disney-kreativitet\". Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur " -"har, inntil nylig, og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt " -"utnyttet og svært universell." +"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol pÃ¥ \"Walt Disney-kreativitet\". " +"Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og " +"unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt utnyttet og svært universell." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: <citetitle>manga</" @@ -2376,18 +2428,16 @@ msgid "" "magazine stand, carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's " "extraordinary system of public transportation." msgstr "" -"Vurder for eksempel en form for kreativitet som synes underlig for " -"mange amerikanere, men som er overalt i japansk kultur: " -"<citetitle>manga</citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er " -"fanatiske nÃ¥r det gjelder tegneserier. Over 40 prosent av " -"publikasjoner er tegneserier, og 30 prosent av publikasjonsomsetningen " -"stammer fra tegneserier. De er over alt i det japanske samfunnet, " -"tilgjengelig fra ethver tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene pÃ¥ en stor " -"andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære system for offentlig " +"Vurder for eksempel en form for kreativitet som synes underlig for mange " +"amerikanere, men som er overalt i japansk kultur: <citetitle>manga</" +"citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er fanatiske nÃ¥r det gjelder " +"tegneserier. Over 40 prosent av publikasjoner er tegneserier, og 30 prosent " +"av publikasjonsomsetningen stammer fra tegneserier. De er over alt i det " +"japanske samfunnet, tilgjengelig fra ethvert tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hendene " +"pÃ¥ en stor andel av pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære system for offentlig " "transport." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2398,28 +2448,28 @@ msgid "" "Hemingway. People of different cultures distract themselves in different " "ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different way." msgstr "" -"Amerikanerne har en tendens til Ã¥ se pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er en " -"unattractive kjennetegnet av vÃ¥re. vi sannsynligvis misforstÃ¥ mye om manga, " -"fordi fÃ¥ av oss noensinne har lest noe nær historiene som disse \"grafiske " -"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale liv. " -"tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er ikke som " -"hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv hemingway. " -"mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg pÃ¥ forskjellige mÃ¥ter, japanske " -"pÃ¥ dette interessant annen mÃ¥te." +"Amerikanere har en tendens til Ã¥ se ned pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er " +"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstÃ¥r sannsynligvis mye " +"rundt manga, pÃ¥ grunn av at fÃ¥ av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner pÃ¥ " +"historiene i disse \"grafiske historiene\" forteller. For en japaner dekker " +"manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er tegneserier \"menn i " +"strømpebukser\". Og uansett er det ikke slik at T-banen i New York er full " +"av folk som leser Joyse eller Hemingway for den saks skyld. Folk i ulike " +"kulturer skiller seg ut pÃ¥ forskjellig mÃ¥ter, og japanerne pÃ¥ dette " +"interessante viset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " "perspective is quite familiar." msgstr "" -"Men mitt formÃ¥l her er ikke Ã¥ forstÃ¥ manga. Det er a beskrive en variant av " -"manga som fra en avokats perspektiv er ganske merkelig, men som fra en " +"Men mitt formÃ¥l her er ikke Ã¥ forstÃ¥ manga. Det er Ã¥ beskrive en variant av " +"manga som fra en advokats perspektiv er ganske merkelig, men som fra en " "Disneys perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." #. PAGE BREAK 39 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2434,20 +2484,20 @@ msgid "" "doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic that is " "merely a copy." msgstr "" -"Dette er fenomenet doujinshi. doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ tegneserier, men de er en " -"slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det " -"er ikke doujinshi Hvis det er bare en kopi; kunstneren mÃ¥ gi et bidrag til " -"kunst som han overfører, gjøre det subtly eller betydelig. en doujinshi " -"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den " -"annerledes—med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde " -"tegnet i karakter, men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det " -"som gjør doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de mÃ¥ være " -"forskjellige hvis de skal anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer " -"som gjennomgÃ¥ doujinshi for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat " -"tegneserie som er bare en kopi." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"Dette er fenomenet <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ " +"tegneserier, men de er slags etterapings-tegneserier. En rik etikk styrer " +"de som skaper doujinshi. Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</" +"emphasis> er en kopi. Kunstneren mÃ¥ gjøre et bidrag til kunsten han " +"kopierer ved Ã¥ omforme det enten subtilt eller betydelig. En doujinshi-" +"tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en " +"annen retning—med en annen historie-linje. Eller tegneserien kan " +"beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt pÃ¥ utseendet. Det er ingen " +"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"forskjellig\". " +"Men de mÃ¥ være forskjellige hvis de skal anses som ekte doujinshi. Det er " +"faktisk komiteer som gÃ¥r igjennom doujinshi for Ã¥ bli med pÃ¥ messer, og " +"avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. " "More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce these " @@ -2459,18 +2509,17 @@ msgid "" "market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" -"disse copycat tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. de er " -"enorm. mer enn 33.000 \"sirkler\" av skaperne fra tvers japan produsere " -"disse biter av walt disney kreativitet. mer enn 450.000 japansk komme sammen " -"to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlig sammenkomst i landet, Ã¥ bytte og " -"selge dem. Dette markedet finnes i parallell til det mainstream kommersielle " -"manga-markedet. det Ã¥penbart konkurrerer med dette markedet pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter, " -"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle manga-" -"markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " -"konkurransen og til tross for loven." +"Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. Det " +"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 \"sirkler\" av skapere over hele Japan som " +"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 japanere " +"samles to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for Ã¥ " +"bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det kommersielle " +"massemarkeds-manga-markedet. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter konkurrerer det Ã¥penbart med det " +"markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som kontrollerer det " +"kommersielle manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi-markedet. Det blomstrer, " +"pÃ¥ tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2484,24 +2533,25 @@ msgid "" "is illegal. It is an infringement of the original copyright to make a copy " "or a derivative work without the original copyright owner's permission." msgstr "" -"funksjonen mest underlige i doujinshi markedet, for de jurist, minst, er at " -"det er tillatt Ã¥ eksistere i det hele tatt. under japansk lov om " -"opphavsrett, som i denne forbindelse (pÃ¥ papiret) gjenspeiler amerikansk lov " -"om opphavsrett, er doujinshi markedet en ulovlig. doujinshi er tydelig " -"\"avledede works.\" det er ingen generell fremgangsmÃ¥te ved doujinshi " -"artister for Ã¥ sikre tillatelse fra skaperne manga. i stedet, øvelsen er " -"ganske enkelt Ã¥ ta og endre kreasjoner av andre, som walt disney gjorde med " -"steamboat bill, jr. under bÃ¥de japanske og amerikanske loven, det \"tar\" " -"uten tillatelse fra eieren av opprinnelige opphavsretten er ulovlig. Det er " -"en krenkelse av opprinnelige opphavsretten til Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et " -"avledet arbeid uten den opphavspersonens tillatelse." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +"Den mest gÃ¥tefulle egenskapen med doujinshi-markedet, for de som har " +"juridisk trening i hvert fall, er at det overhodet tillates Ã¥ eksistere. " +"Under japansk opphavsrettslov, som i hvert fall pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥det (pÃ¥ " +"papiret) speiler USAs opphavsrettslov, er doujinshi-markedet ulovlig. " +"Doujinshi er helt klart \"avledede verk\". Det er ingen generell praksis " +"hos doujinshi-kunstnere for Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse hos manga-skaperne. I " +"stedet er praksisen ganske enkelt Ã¥ ta og endre det andre har laget, slik " +"Walt Disney gjorde med <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. For bÃ¥de " +"japansk og USAs lov, er Ã¥ \"ta\" uten tillatelse fra den opprinnelige " +"opphavsrettsinnehaver ulovlig. Det er et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten til det " +"opprinnelige verket Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et avledet verk uten tillatelse fra " +"den opprinnelige rettighetsinnehaveren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "Winick, Judd" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" "citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." @@ -2509,20 +2559,27 @@ msgstr "" "For en utmerket historie, se Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" "citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " "flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, \"The early " -"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " -"now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " -"how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and not " -"tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +"days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan now. " +"… American comics were born out of copying each other. … " +"That's how [the artists] learn to draw—by going into comic books and " +"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " +"them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Likevel eksisterer dette illegale markedet og faktisk blomstrer i Japan, og " +"etter manges syn er det nettopp fordi det eksisterer at japansk manga " +"blomstrer. Som USAs tegneserieskaper Judd Winick fortalte meg, \"I " +"amerikansk tegneseriers første dager var det ganske likt det som foregÃ¥r i " +"Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til verden ved Ã¥ kopiere " +"hverandre. … Det er slik [kunstnerne] lærer Ã¥ tegne—ved Ã¥ se i " +"tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved Ã¥ se pÃ¥ dem og kopiere dem\" " +"og bygge basert pÃ¥ dem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. " @@ -2531,16 +2588,15 @@ msgid "" "it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty years " "old.\"" msgstr "" -"amerikanske tegneserier nÃ¥ er helt forskjellige, winick forklarer, delvis pÃ¥ " -"grunn av juridiske vanskelighetene med Ã¥ tilpasse tegneserier mÃ¥te doujinshi " -"er tillatt. Speaking of superman, winick fortalte meg, \"det er disse " -"reglene og du har Ã¥ holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" gjøre. " -"\"som en creator, det er frustrerende mÃ¥tte holde oss til noen parametere " -"som er femti Ã¥r.\"" +"Amerikanske tegneserier nÃ¥ er ganske annerledes, forklarer Winick, delvis pÃ¥ " +"grunn av de juridiske problemene med Ã¥ tilpasse tegneserier slik doujinshi " +"fÃ¥r lov til. Med for eksempel Supermann, fortalte Winick meg, \"er det en " +"rekke regler, og du mÃ¥ følge dem\". Det er ting som Supermann \"ikke kan\" " +"gjøre. \"For en som lager tegneserier er det frustrerende Ã¥ mÃ¥tte begrense " +"seg til noen parameter som er femti Ã¥r gamle.\"" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " @@ -2551,16 +2607,16 @@ msgid "" "self-interest and decide not to press their legal rights. This is " "essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.\"" msgstr "" -"se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare " -"hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov " -"gÃ¥ gjennom 55 (2002): 155, 182. \"[t] her kan være en kollektiv økonomiske " -"rasjonalitet som ville føre manga og anime kunstnere til Ã¥ forgo bringe " -"juridiske handlinger for krenkelse. én hypotese er at alle manga kunstnere " -"kan være bedre samlet hvis de satt deres individuelle egeninteresse og " -"bestemmer deg for ikke Ã¥ trykke sine juridiske rettigheter. Dette er " -"egentlig en fangens dilemma løst.\"" +"Se Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All " +"the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " +"Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. \"det kan være en kollektiv " +"økonomisk rasjonalitet som fÃ¥r manga- og anime-kunstnere til ikke Ã¥ saksøke " +"for opphavsrettsbrudd. Én hypotese er at alle manga-kunstnere kan være bedre " +"stilt hvis de setter sin individuelle egeninteresse til side og bestemmer " +"seg for ikke Ã¥ forfølge sine juridiske rettigheter. Dette er essensielt en " +"løsning pÃ¥ fangens dilemma.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2570,9 +2626,15 @@ msgid "" "Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not " "ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Normen i Japan reduserer denne juridiske utfordringen. Noen sier at det " +"nettopp er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske mangamarkedet som " +"forklarer denne reduksjonen. Jussprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple " +"University hypotiserer for eksempel med at manga-markedet aksepterer disse " +"teoretiske bruddene fordi de fÃ¥r mangamarkedet til Ã¥ bli rikere og mer " +"produktivt. Alle ville fÃ¥ det verre hvis doujinshi ble bannlyst, sÃ¥ loven " +"bannlyser ikke doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2583,17 +2645,17 @@ msgid "" "artists, why is there not a more general pattern of blocking this \"free " "taking\" by the doujinshi culture?" msgstr "" -"problemet med denne historien, men er som mehra erkjenner tydelig, at " -"mekanismen produsere dette laissez faire svaret ikke er klart. Det kan godt " -"være at markedet som helhet er bedre om doujinshi er tillatt stedet " -"utestengt, men som ikke forklare hvorfor enkelte opphavsrett eiere ikke " -"saksøke likevel. Hvis loven har ingen generelle unntak for doujinshi og " -"faktisk i noen tilfeller individuelle manga kunstnere har saksøkte doujinshi " -"artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne " -"\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?" +"Problemet med denne historien, derimot, og som Mehra helt klart erkjenner, " +"er at mekanismen som produserer denne \"hold hendene borte\"-responsen ikke " +"er forstÃ¥tt. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis " +"doujinshi tillates i stedet for Ã¥ bannlyse den, men det forklarer likevel " +"ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke saksøker. Hvis loven " +"ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det finnes faktisk noen " +"tilfeller der individuelle manga-kunstnere har saksøkt doujinshi-kunstnere, " +"hvorfor er det ikke et mer generelt mønster for Ã¥ blokkere denne \"frie " +"takingen\" hos doujinshi-kulturen?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2601,15 +2663,14 @@ msgid "" "afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this." "\"" msgstr "" -"Jeg tilbrakte fire fantastiske mÃ¥neder i japan, og jeg spurt dette " -"spørsmÃ¥let sÃ¥ ofte som jeg kunne. kanskje ble den beste kontoen til slutt " -"tilbudt av en venn fra en større japansk advokatfirma. \"vi ikke har nok " -"advokater,\" han fortalte meg en ettermiddag. det \"bare ikke er nok " -"ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller som dette.\"" +"Jeg var fire nydelige mÃ¥neder i Japan, og jeg stilte dette spørsmÃ¥l sÃ¥ ofte " +"som jeg kunne. Kanskje det beste svaret til slutt kom fra en venn i et " +"større japansk advokatfirma. \"Vi har ikke nok advokater\", fortalte han meg " +"en ettermiddag. Det er \"bare ikke nok ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller " +"som dette\"." #. PAGE BREAK 41 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2621,33 +2682,31 @@ msgid "" "lawyers fighting this piracy help their clients or hurt them? Let's pause " "for a moment." msgstr "" -"Dette er et tema som vi kommer tilbake: at regulering av loven er en " -"funksjon av begge ordene pÃ¥ bøker og kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre disse ordene har " -"effekt. for nÃ¥, fokusere pÃ¥ det Ã¥penbare spørsmÃ¥let som er ba: ville japan " -"være bedre med mer advokater? ville manga bli rikere Hvis doujinshi artister " -"regelmessig ble rettslig forfulgt? ville den japanske gevinsten noe viktig " -"hvis de kunne avslutte denne praksisen med uncompensated deling? gjør vondt " -"piratkopiering her ofre for piratkopiering, eller betyr det hjelpe dem? vil " -"advokater slÃ¥ss denne sjørøver hjelpe sine kunder eller skade dem? La oss ta " -"en pause for et øyeblikk." +"Dette er et tema vi kommer tilbake til: at lovens regulering bÃ¥de er en " +"funksjon av ordene i bøkene, og kostnadene med Ã¥ fÃ¥ disse ordene til Ã¥ ha " +"effekt. Akkurat nÃ¥ er det endel Ã¥penbare spørsmÃ¥l som presser seg frem: " +"Ville Japan gjøre det bedre med flere advokater? Ville manga være rikere " +"hvis doujinshi-kunstnere ble regelmessig rettsforfulgt? Ville Japan vinne " +"noe viktig hvis de kunne stoppe praksisen med deling uten kompensasjon? " +"Skader piratvirksomhet ofrene for piratvirksomheten, eller hjelper den dem? " +"Ville advokaters kamp mot denne piratvirksomheten hjelpe deres klienter, " +"eller skade dem? La oss ta et øyeblikks pause." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " "about something you hadn't thought through before." msgstr "" -"Hvis du er som jeg var et tiÃ¥r siden, eller som folk flest er nÃ¥r de først " -"begynne Ã¥ tenke disse problemene, bør sÃ¥ bare om nÃ¥ du være rÃ¥dvill om noe " -"du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." +"Hvis du er som meg et tiÃ¥r tilbake, eller som folk flest nÃ¥r de først " +"begynner Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ disse temaene, da bør du omtrent nÃ¥ være rÃ¥dvill om noe " +"du ikke hadde tenkt igjennom før." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" @@ -2658,15 +2717,16 @@ msgid "" "secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " -"vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " -"press, 2001). Se ogsÃ¥ lawrence lessig, fremtiden for idéer (new york: random " -"house, 2001), 293 n. 26. begrepet beskriver nøyaktig et sett med rettigheter " -"for \"eiendom\"—opphavsrett, patenter, varemerker, og " -"forretningshemmeligheter— men innholdet av disse rettighetene er svært " -"forskjellige." +"Begrepet <citetitle>immateriell eiendom</citetitle> er av relativ ny " +"opprinnelse. Se See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " +"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Se " +"ogsÃ¥ Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " +"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. Begrepet presist beskriver et sett med " +"\"eiendoms\"-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, varemerker og " +"forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse rettighetene er " +"svært forskjellige.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2675,8 +2735,14 @@ msgid "" "diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, diverse, and " "modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property." msgstr "" +"Vi lever i en verden som feirer \"eiendom\". Jeg er en av de som feierer. " +"Jeg tror pÃ¥ verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ verdien av den " +"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller \"immateriell eiendom\"." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Et stort og variert samfunn kan " +"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten " +"immaterielle eierrettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -2690,23 +2756,33 @@ msgid "" "use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the " "taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" +"Men det tar bare noen sekunders refleksjon for Ã¥ innse at det er masse av " +"verdi der ute som \"eiendom\" ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke \"kjærlighet kan " +"ikke kjøpes med penger\" men heller, at en verdi som ganske enkelt er del av " +"produksjonsprosessen, bÃ¥de for kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell produksjon. " +"Hvis Disneys animatører hadde stjÃ¥let et sett med blyanter for Ã¥ tegne " +"Steamboat Willie, vi ville ikke nølt med Ã¥ dømme det som galt—selv om " +"det er trivielt og selv om det ikke blir oppdaget. Men det var intet galt, " +"i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller " +"fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra Keaton, fordi Disneys " +"bruk ville blitt ansett som \"rimelig\". Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra " +"brødrene Grimm fordi deres verker var allemannseie." #. PAGE BREAK 42 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " "our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free " "for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." msgstr "" -"SÃ¥ledes, selv om tingene som disney tok— eller mer generelt, tingene " -"som er tatt av noen utøve walt disney kreativitet—er verdifull, vÃ¥r " -"tradisjon ikke behandler disse takings som feil. noen ting fortsatt være " -"gratis for Ã¥ ta innenfor en fri kultur, og at frihet er bra." +"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tok—eller mer generelt, tingene " +"som blir tatt av enhver som utøver Walt Disney-kreativitet—er " +"verdifulle, sÃ¥ anser ikke vÃ¥r tradisjon det som galt Ã¥ ta disse tingene. " +"Noen ting forblir frie til Ã¥ bli tatt i en fri kultur og denne friheten er " +"bra." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2715,27 +2791,26 @@ msgid "" "stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, " "whether large or small." msgstr "" -"det samme med doujinshi kultur. Hvis en doujinshi artist brøt inn i en " -"publisher office og kjørte med tusen eksemplarer av hans siste verk— " -"eller selv en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, ville vi har ingen nøle i sier " -"kunstneren var galt. i tillegg til Ã¥ ha begÃ¥tt, ville han har stjÃ¥let noe av " -"verdi. lov forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller smÃ¥." +"Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brøt " +"seg inn pÃ¥ kontoret til en forlegger, og stakk av med tusen kopier av hans " +"siste verk—eller bare en kopi—uten Ã¥ betale, sÃ¥ ville vi uten Ã¥ " +"nøle si at kunstneren har gjort noe galt. I tillegg til Ã¥ ha trengt seg inn " +"pÃ¥ andres eiendom, ville han ha stjÃ¥let noe av verdi. Loven forbyr stjeling " +"i enhver form, uansett hvor stort eller lite som blir tatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " "creativity is seen as fair and right, even if lawyers in particular find it " "hard to say why." msgstr "" -"Likevel er det en Ã¥penbar uvilje mot, selv blant japanske advokater, for Ã¥ " -"si at copycat comic kunstnerne er \"stjele.\" denne formen for walt disney " -"kreativitet er sett pÃ¥ som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt " -"finner det vanskelig Ã¥ si hvorfor." +"Likevel er det en Ã¥penbar motvilje, selv blant japanske advokater, for Ã¥ si " +"at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere \"stjeler\". Denne formen for Walt " +"Disney-kreativitet anses som rimelig og riktig, selv om spesielt advokater " +"synes det er vanskelig Ã¥ forklare hvorfor." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2749,20 +2824,20 @@ msgid "" "goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the " "late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997." msgstr "" -"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt nÃ¥r du begynner Ã¥ se. " -"forskere bygge pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere uten Ã¥ be om eller betale for " -"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " -"tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for Ã¥ vise at du var galt om " -"quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av " -"shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville " -"være bedre spredt i vÃ¥r kultur Hvis det var en sentral shakespeare " -"rettigheter clearinghouse som alle produksjoner Shakespeare mÃ¥ appellere til " -"første?) og hollywood gÃ¥r gjennom sykluser med en bestemt type film: fem " -"asteroider filmer inne det sen 1990s; to vulkanen katastrofe filmer i 1997." +"Det er det same med tusen eksempler som dukker opp over alt med en gang en " +"begynner Ã¥ se etter dem. Forskene bygger pÃ¥ arbeidet til andre forskere " +"uten Ã¥ spørre eller betale for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor " +"Einstein, men kan jeg fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke din relativitetsteori til Ã¥ " +"vise at du tok feil om kvantefysikk?\") Teatertropper viser frem " +"bearbeidelser av verkene til Shapespere uten Ã¥ sikre seg noen tillatelser. " +"(Er det <emphasis>noen</emphasis> som tror at Shakespeare ville vært mer " +"spredt i vÃ¥r kultur om det var et sentralt rettighetsklareringskontor for " +"Shakespeare som alle som laget Shakespear-produksjoner mÃ¥tte appelere til " +"først?) Og Hollywood gÃ¥r igjennom sykluser med en bestemt type filmer: fem " +"astroidefilmer i slutten av 1990-tallet, to vulkamkatastrofefilmer i 1997." #. PAGE BREAK 43 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2773,17 +2848,16 @@ msgid "" "bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than " "unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." msgstr "" -"skaperne er her og overalt alltid og pÃ¥ alle ganger bygge pÃ¥ kreativitet som " -"gikk før og som omgir dem nÃ¥. at bygningen er alltid og overalt i det minste " -"delvis gjort uten tillatelse, og uten kompenserende den opprinnelige " -"skaperen. Ingen samfunnet, gratis eller kontrollert og har noensinne krevd " -"at hver bruk betales for eller tillatelsen for walt disney kreativitet mÃ¥ " -"alltid bli søkt. i stedet alle samfunn har forlatt en bestemt bit av sin " -"kultur som er gratis for Ã¥ ta—gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, " -"men alle samfunn til en viss grad." +"Skapere her og overalt har alltid og til alle tider bygd pÃ¥ kreativiteten " +"som eksisterte før og som omringer dem nÃ¥. Denne byggingen er alltid og " +"overalt i det minste delvis gjort uten tillatelse og uten Ã¥ kompensere den " +"opprinnelige skaperen. Intet samfunn, fritt eller kontrollert, har noen " +"gang krevd at enhver bruk skulle bli betalt for eller at tillatelse for Walt " +"Disney-kreativitet alltid mÃ¥tte skaffes. Istedet har ethvert samfunn latt " +"en bestemt bit av sin kultur være fritt tilgjenglig for alle Ã¥ ta—frie " +"samfunn muligens i større grad enn ufrie, men en viss grad i alle samfunn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2795,17 +2869,18 @@ msgid "" "musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether " "affiliated with a studio or not?" msgstr "" -"Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur er " -"fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er i " -"stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen?\" hvor mye og " -"hvordan forstand, er kultur som er gratis for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? er den " -"hvordan forstand, er kultur som er friheten begrenset til partiets medlemmer? " -"til medlemmer av kongefamilien? til topp ti selskaper pÃ¥ new york stock " -"exchange? eller er at frihet spredt bredt? til kunstnere vanligvis " -"enten tilknyttet av the met eller ikke? til musikere vanligvis om hvit eller " -"ikke? til filmskapere vanligvis enten tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" +"Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur " +"er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let " +"er i stedet \"<emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen er?\" Hvor mye " +"og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? " +"Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer av " +"kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene pÃ¥ New York-børsen? Eller er " +"at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uansett om de er " +"tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uansett om " +"de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er " +"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2815,16 +2890,19 @@ msgstr "" "Ufrie, eller tillatelse-kulturer etterlater mye mindre. VÃ¥r var en fri " "kultur. Den er pÃ¥ tur til Ã¥ bli mindre fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "Kapittel to: \"Kun etter-apere\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "photography" +msgstr "fotografering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "Daguerre, Louis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2832,18 +2910,23 @@ msgid "" "and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " "wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " "helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " -"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" +"competition down so as to keep prices up.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " -"produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt " -"\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var " -"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstÃ¥ende amatører. " -"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere " -"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved Ã¥ holde konkurranse Ã¥ holde " -"prisene.)" +"I 1839 fant Louis Daguerre opp den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " +"produsere det vi ville kalle \"fotografier\". Rimelig nok ble de kalt " +"\"daguerreotyper\". Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og feltet var " +"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen fÃ¥ ivrige og velstÃ¥ende " +"amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening som hjalp til " +"med Ã¥ regulere industrien, slik alle slike foreninger gjør, ved Ã¥ holde " +"konkurransen ned slikat prisene var høye.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Talbot, William" +msgstr "Talbot, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2852,24 +2935,25 @@ msgid "" "still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were " "developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its " "developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a " -"process within reach of most amateurs." -msgstr "" -"likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes " -"sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ gjøre " -"\"automatisk bilder.\" william talbot snart oppdaget en prosess for Ã¥ gjøre " -"\"negativer.\", men fordi negativene var glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes vÃ¥t, " -"prosessen forsatt dyre og tunge. i 1870, ble tørr platene utviklet, gjør det " -"enklere Ã¥ skille Ã¥ ta pÃ¥ et bilde fra sin utvikling. disse var fortsatt " -"plater av glass, og dermed det var likevel ikke en prosess innenfor " -"rekkevidde de fleste amatører." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +"process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotyper " +"sterk. Dette inspirerte oppfinnere til Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ " +"lage \"automatiske bilder\". William Talbot oppdaget snart en prosess for Ã¥ " +"lage \"negativer\". Men da negativene var av glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes " +"fuktige, forble prosessen kostbar og tung. PÃ¥ 1870-tallet ble tørrplater " +"utviklet, noe som gjorde det enklere Ã¥ skille det Ã¥ ta et bilde fra Ã¥ " +"fremkalle det. Det var fortsatt plater av glass, og dermed var det fortsatt " +"ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste amatører. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "Eastman, George" #. PAGE BREAK 45 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2880,29 +2964,25 @@ msgid "" "photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he " "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" -"teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke " -"før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en " -"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-" -"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (sÃ¥ Ã¥ si), sÃ¥ eastman at hvis filmen kan " -"gjøres for Ã¥ være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt pÃ¥ en enkelt spindel. at " -"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " -"fotografering vesentlig. ved Ã¥ senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan " -"dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer." +"Den teknologiske endringen som gjorde masse-fotografering mulig skjedde ikke " +"før i 1888, og det var takket være en eneste mann. George Eastman, selv en " +"amatørfotograf, var frustrert over den plate-baserte fotografi-teknologien. " +"I et lysglimt av innsikt (for Ã¥ si det slik), forsto Eastman at hvis filmen " +"kunne gjøres bøybar, sÃ¥ kunne den holdes pæ en enkel rull. Denne rullen " +"kunne sÃ¥ sendes til en fremkaller, og senke kostnadene til fotografering " +"vesentlig. Ved Ã¥ reduseere kostnadene, forventet Eastman at han dramatisk " +"kunne utvide andelen fotografer." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins " -#| "University Press, 1975), 112." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" -"Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " -"Press, 1975), 112." +"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " +"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2910,43 +2990,55 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in <citetitle>The Kodak Primer</" "citetitle>:" msgstr "" +"Eastman utviklet bøybart, emulsjons-belagt papirfil og plasserte ruller med " +"dette i smÃ¥, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheten ble markedsfør med grunnlag " +"dens enkelhet. \"Du trykker pÃ¥ knappen og vi fikser resten.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han beskrev det i <citetitle>The Kodak " +"Primer</citetitle>:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "Coe, Brian" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Brian coe, fødselen av fotografering (new york: taplinger publiserer, 1977), " -"53." +"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " +"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " -"expert can do. . . . We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " +"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " "sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an " "instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the " "necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of " "the art. It can be employed without preliminary study, without a darkroom " "and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Prinsippet til Kodak-systemet er skillet mellom arbeidet som enhver kan " +"utføre nÃ¥r en tar fotografier, fra arbeidet som kun en ekspert kan gjøre. " +"… Vi utstyrte alle, menn, kvinner og barn, som hadde tilstrekkelig " +"intelligens til Ã¥ peke en boks i riktig retning og trykke pÃ¥ en knapp, med " +"et instrument som helt fjernet fra praksisen med Ã¥ fotografere " +"nødvendigheten av uvanlig utstyr eller for den del, noe som helst spesiell " +"kunskap om kunstarten. Det kan tas i bruk uten forutgÃ¥ende studier, uten et " +"mørkerom og uten kjemikalier.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "Jenkins, 177." #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "Basert pÃ¥ et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2956,33 +3048,40 @@ msgid "" "camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more " "than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial " "production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material " -"sales increased by percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eastman " -"Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual increase " -"of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual " +"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "Coe, 58." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " "they would never otherwise see. Amateur photography gave them the ability to " "record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As " "author Brian Coe notes, \"For the first time the snapshot album provided the " -"man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its " -"activities. . . . For the first time in history there exists an authentic " -"visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made " -"without [literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" +"man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its activities. " +"… For the first time in history there exists an authentic visual " +"record of the appearance and activities of the common man made without " +"[literary] interpretation or bias.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Den virkelige betydningen av oppfinnelsen til Eastman, var derimot ikke " +"økonomisk. Den var sosial. Profesjonell fotografering ga individer et " +"glimt av steder de ellers aldri ville se. Amatørfotografering ga dem " +"mulihgeten til Ã¥ arkivere deres liv pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som de aldri hadde vært i " +"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, \"For første gang " +"tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie og " +"dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en " +"autentisk visuell oppføring av utseende og aktivitet til vanlige mennesker " +"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2995,18 +3094,18 @@ msgid "" "ordinary people a way to express themselves more easily than any tools could " "have before." msgstr "" -"pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten var kodak-kamera og film teknologier uttrykksmÃ¥ter. blyant " -"eller paintbrush var ogsÃ¥ en teknologi uttrykksmÃ¥ter, selvfølgelig. men det " -"tok Ã¥r med trening før de kan distribueres av amatører pÃ¥ noen nyttige eller " -"effektiv mÃ¥te. med kodak var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. barriere " -"til uttrykk ble senket. snobs ville hÃ¥nlig flir pÃ¥ sin \"kvalitet\"; " -"profesjonelle ville rabatt det som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere " -"hvordan du best som ramme for et bilde, og du fÃ¥r en følelse av opplevelsen " -"av kreativitet som kodak aktivert. demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en " -"mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke seg lettere enn noen verktøy kan har før." +"PÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten var Kodak-kameraet og film uttrykksteknologier. Blyanten og " +"malepenselen var selvfølgelig ogsÃ¥ en uttrykksteknologi. Men det tok Ã¥revis " +"med trening før de kunne bli brukt nyttig og effektiv av amatører. Med " +"Kodaken var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. Barriæren for Ã¥ uttrykke " +"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over \"kvaliteten\", profesjonelle " +"ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere hvordan best velge " +"bildemotiv og du fÃ¥r følelsen av hva slags kreativitesterfaring som Kodaken " +"muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke dem " +"selv pÃ¥ enklere enn noe annet verktøy kunne ha gjort før." #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> v. " "<citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -3015,7 +3114,7 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -3028,8 +3127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -3038,28 +3136,28 @@ msgid "" "take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, too, should " "these photographers not be free to take images that they thought valuable." msgstr "" -"argumenter for Ã¥ trenge tillatelse vil lyde overraskende kjent. fotografen " -"ble \"tar\" noe fra personen eller bygge med fotografi han skjøt—" -"pirating noe av verdi. noen trodde selv han tok mÃ¥lets sjel. akkurat som " -"disney ikke var fritt til Ã¥ ta den blyanter hans animatører brukes til Ã¥ " -"tegne mickey, sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til Ã¥ ta bilder " -"som de trodde verdifull." +"Argumentene til fordel for Ã¥ kreve tillatelser vil høres overraskende kjent " +"ut. Fotografen \"tok\" noe fra personen eller bygningen som ble " +"fotografert—røvet til seg noe av verdi. Noen trodde til og med at han " +"tok mÃ¥lets sjel. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Disney ikke var fri til Ã¥ ta blyantene " +"som hans animatører brukte til Ã¥ tegne Mikke, sÃ¥ skulle heller ikke disse " +"fotografene være fri til Ã¥ ta bilder som de fant verdi i." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "Warren, Samuel D." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"Samuel d. warren og louis d. brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law " -"gÃ¥ gjennom 4 (1890): 193." +"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " +"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -3073,7 +3171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " @@ -3088,7 +3186,7 @@ msgstr "" "48 (1960) 398­407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 f. 2D 1395 " "(9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -3100,8 +3198,17 @@ msgid "" "without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +"Heldigvis for Mr. Eastman, og for fotografering generelt, gikk disse " +"tidligere avgjørelsene i favør av piratene. Generelt ble det ikke nødvendig " +"Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse før et bilde kunne tas og deles med andre. I stedet " +"var det antatt at tillatelse var gitt. Frihet var utgangspunktet. (Loven " +"ga etter en stund et unntak for berømte personer: kommersielle fotografer " +"som tok bilder av berømte personer for kommersielle formÃ¥l har flere " +"begresninger enn resten av oss. Men i det vanlige tilfellet, kan bildet " +"fanges uten Ã¥ klarere rettighetene for a fange det.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " @@ -3130,7 +3237,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle for Ã¥ demonstrere tillatelsen." #. PAGE BREAK 48 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " @@ -3177,7 +3284,7 @@ msgstr "" "fiksing og triksing lærer de." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -3189,7 +3296,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</" "ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. " "The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As " @@ -3202,15 +3309,15 @@ msgid "" "teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " -"puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " +"puts it, \"is the ability … to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " "media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the way media works, " "the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the way people access " "it.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -3220,7 +3327,7 @@ msgstr "" "bilder. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ gjøre [barn] literate om mÃ¥ten mediet fungerer, hvordan " "den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til den.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " @@ -3232,7 +3339,7 @@ msgstr "" "merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " @@ -3243,7 +3350,7 @@ msgstr "" "associates, 1990); \"funn pÃ¥ familie og tv studie,\" denver innlegg, 25 mai " "1997, b6." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally," @@ -3254,7 +3361,7 @@ msgid "" "constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " @@ -3275,7 +3382,7 @@ msgstr "" "fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en " "artikkel, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " @@ -3292,19 +3399,19 @@ msgstr "" "en lærer Ã¥ skrive med bilder ved Ã¥ gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva " "man har opprettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "Crichton, Michael" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "Barish, Stephanie" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "Daley, Elizabeth" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -3315,7 +3422,7 @@ msgstr "" "id=\"1\"/>" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" @@ -3327,13 +3434,13 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" +"of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where " "a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The " "simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. " @@ -3344,12 +3451,11 @@ msgid "" "author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "computer games" msgstr "dataspill" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -3357,13 +3463,14 @@ msgid "" "filmmaker succeeds you do not know how you were led.\" If you know you were " "led through a film, the film has failed." msgstr "" -"denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig hÃ¥ndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley " -"beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en " -"film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre at du ser det, sÃ¥ du har " -"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet." -"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." +"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er hÃ¥ndverket en lærer til de som lager filmer. " +"Som Daley skriver, \"folk er svært overrrasket over hvordan de blir ledet " +"gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre deg fra Ã¥ se det, " +"sÃ¥ du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes sÃ¥ vet du ikke at du " +"har vært ledet.\" Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, sÃ¥ har " +"filmen feilet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " @@ -3376,7 +3483,7 @@ msgstr "" "styremedlemmer. MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ forbedre yrket i filmskapning overhodet. i " "stedet, som daley forklart," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " @@ -3389,28 +3496,27 @@ msgstr "" "at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært fÃ¥ mennesker kan skrive med dette " "sprÃ¥ket, og resten av oss er redusert til Ã¥ være skrivebeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" -"\"lese-bare.\" passiv mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. Couch " -"Poteter. forbrukere. Dette er verden av medier fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." +"\"Skrivebeskyttet.\" Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. " +"Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Intervju med Daley og Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid." msgstr "ibid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -3423,7 +3529,7 @@ msgid "" "\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " @@ -3446,7 +3552,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke filmen til Ã¥ uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om—pistol " "vold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " @@ -3463,7 +3569,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn i noen annen klasse Ã¥ gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent—lære Ã¥ " "uttrykke seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " @@ -3496,7 +3602,7 @@ msgstr "" "upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." #. PAGE BREAK 52 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " @@ -3515,7 +3621,7 @@ msgstr "" "økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen—for Ã¥ bygge betydning. som daley " "forklart i den mest flyttende del av vÃ¥rt intervju" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " @@ -3529,10 +3635,10 @@ msgid "" "[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, " "let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, " "or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that " -"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, " +"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and … saying, " "\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But " "instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are " -"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ." +"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. …" msgstr "" "Hva du ønsker er Ã¥ gi disse elevene mÃ¥ter for Ã¥ bygge betydning. Hvis alt du " "gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til Ã¥ gjøre det pÃ¥. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, " @@ -3550,7 +3656,7 @@ msgstr "" "men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med Ã¥ ta disse elementene du forstÃ¥r, som " "er ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruere mening om emnet...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " @@ -3566,7 +3672,7 @@ msgstr "" "till de fÃ¥tt det riktig." #. PAGE BREAK 53 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " @@ -3579,7 +3685,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke et sprÃ¥k som de ikke snakker godt. men de hadde begynt Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at de " "hadde mye kraft med dette sprÃ¥ket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " @@ -3600,7 +3706,7 @@ msgstr "" "terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for Ã¥ sikre at " "hele verden ville være Ã¥ se." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " @@ -3615,15 +3721,15 @@ msgstr "" "koreograferte i mÃ¥ten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som " "underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "ABC" msgstr "ABC" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "CBS" msgstr "CBS" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " @@ -3651,7 +3757,7 @@ msgstr "" "og cbs, men det var ogsÃ¥ Internett." #. PAGE BREAK 54 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " @@ -3667,7 +3773,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett folk til Ã¥ ta bilder. og som i en film av en student pÃ¥ \"bare " "tror!\"-bussen visuelle bilder kan blandes med lyd eller tekst." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " @@ -3685,7 +3791,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk, men at denne blandingen av tatt bilder, lyd, og kommentarer kan " "være vidt spredt nesten umiddelbart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " @@ -3704,7 +3810,7 @@ msgstr "" "en offentlig mÃ¥te—det er en slags elektronisk jerry springer, " "tilgjengelig overalt i verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " @@ -3732,7 +3838,7 @@ msgstr "" "diskusjon som vi har." #. PAGE BREAK 55 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " @@ -3752,17 +3858,17 @@ msgstr "" "fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" "citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. " "16." msgstr "" -"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. " -"Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." +"Se for eksempel Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" +"citetitle>, bk. 1, overs. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), kap. " +"16." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3780,19 +3886,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of " -#| "Political Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " "of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" -"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " -"Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." +"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " +"of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3803,19 +3905,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, " -#| "2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" -"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " -"65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " +"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3827,7 +3925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " @@ -3844,7 +3942,7 @@ msgstr "" "public discourse uten publikum noensinne trenger Ã¥ samles i en enkelt " "offentlig sted." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. " @@ -3861,11 +3959,11 @@ msgstr "" "det er mange av alle politiske striper. og med blogger som ikke er politisk " "dekker politiske spørsmÃ¥l nÃ¥r anledningen fortjener." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "Dean, Howard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " @@ -3878,7 +3976,7 @@ msgstr "" "Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennÃ¥ lesing har en effekt." #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " @@ -3887,11 +3985,11 @@ msgstr "" "Noah shachtman, \"med uopphørlig innlegg, en pundit stirs potten,\" new york " "times, 16 januar 2003, g5." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "Lott, Trent" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott \"misspoke" @@ -3905,7 +4003,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " @@ -3918,7 +4016,7 @@ msgstr "" "selskaper. de mÃ¥ arbeide for Ã¥ holde oppmerksomheten. Hvis de mister lesere, " "mister de inntekt. som haier, mÃ¥ de flytte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " @@ -3935,12 +4033,12 @@ msgstr "" "historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av " "en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "Winer, Dave" #. PAGE BREAK 57 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " @@ -3960,16 +4058,16 @@ msgstr "" "journalist simpelthen har ikke en konflikt av interesse, eller konflikt av " "interesse er sÃ¥ lett avslørt at du vet du kan liksom fÃ¥ det ut av veien.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "CNN" msgstr "CNN" #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "Telefonintervju med David Winer, 16. april 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3985,7 +4083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci " @@ -3994,7 +4092,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -4008,7 +4106,7 @@ msgid "" "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" " @@ -4031,7 +4129,7 @@ msgstr "" "problemer og folk som han var dekket.\")" #. PAGE BREAK 58 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. " "\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public " @@ -4045,7 +4143,7 @@ msgid "" "copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " @@ -4074,22 +4172,21 @@ msgstr "" "blogger der skrive slike skjer. NÃ¥r det er ti millioner, vil det være noe " "ekstraordinære til rapporten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "Brown, John Seely" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " -"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " -"knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" +"as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and … the creation " +"of knowledge ecologies for creating … innovation.\"" msgstr "" -"John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans " -"arbeid, som hans webomrÃ¥det beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... " -"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for Ã¥ opprette... innovasjon.\"" +"John Seely Brown er sjefsforsker ved Xerox Corporation. Hans arbeid, i " +"følge hans eget nettsted, er \"menneskelig læring og … Ã¥ skape " +"kunnskapsøkologier for Ã¥ skape … innovasjon\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " @@ -4103,7 +4200,7 @@ msgstr "" "men hans hÃ¥v kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring." #. PAGE BREAK 59 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " @@ -4127,7 +4224,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller \"gratis collage,\" som brown kaller det. mange kommer til Ã¥ legge til " "eller forandre fiksing og den triksing av mange andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -4136,11 +4233,11 @@ msgid "" "technology works can tinker with the code." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " -"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " +"Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you … unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " "your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it." "\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " @@ -4153,13 +4250,13 @@ msgstr "" "hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"Ã¥pen kildekode blir en større læretid " "plattform.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " "and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that you're doing in " -"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. . . . You are " +"your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. … You are " "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" @@ -4170,7 +4267,7 @@ msgstr "" "triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du " "forbedre, jo mer du lærer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " @@ -4178,8 +4275,8 @@ msgid "" "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " "processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. " -"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " -"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can " +"\"The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " +"visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot you can " "start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple " "forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" @@ -4194,7 +4291,7 @@ msgstr "" "respektere disse flere former for intelligens.\"" #. PAGE BREAK 60 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " @@ -4206,7 +4303,7 @@ msgstr "" "som fiksing og denne triksing med kultur lærer samt oppretter. det utvikler " "talenter annerledes, og det bygger en annen type gjenkjenning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " @@ -4225,7 +4322,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." #. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " @@ -4237,18 +4334,18 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangskontroll forstyrrer noninfringing stipend,\" kommunikasjon av " "association for computer machinery 43 (2000): 9." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " -"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " -"developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " -"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " -"of the law." +"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a " +"powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it applies to " +"computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more fundamental. " +"It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " @@ -4259,12 +4356,12 @@ msgstr "" "forklarer. Vi trenger Ã¥ \"forstÃ¥ hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og " "vil lære.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " -"tendencies of today's digital kids. . . . We're building an architecture " +"tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an architecture " "that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system that closes down " "that part of the brain.\"" msgstr "" @@ -4273,32 +4370,33 @@ msgstr "" "dagens digitale barn.... bygger vi en arkitektur som unleashes 60 prosent av " "hjernen [og] en juridisk system stenger ned som en del av hjernen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " "spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building the law to close down " "that technology." msgstr "" -"bygger vi en teknologi som tar magiske kodak, mikser flytte bilder og lyd, " -"og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre at " -"kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til Ã¥ lukke den teknologien." +"Vi bygger en teknologi som tar magien til Kodak, misker inn bevegelige " +"bilder og lyd, og legger inn plass for kommentarer og en mulighet til Ã¥ spre " +"denne kreativiteten over alt. Men vi bygger loven for Ã¥ stenge ned denne " +"teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " -"9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to " +"me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" -"\"ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøre en kultur\" som brewster kahle, hvem vil vi møtes i " -"kapittel 9, quipped til meg i en sjelden øyeblikk av despondence." +"\"Ikke mÃ¥ten Ã¥ drive en kultur pÃ¥\", sa Brewster Kahle, som vi møtte i " +"kapittel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " +"kommenterte til meg i et sjeldent øyeblikk av nedstemthet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "Kapittel tre: Kataloger" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -4312,7 +4410,7 @@ msgstr "" "en programmerer, bestemte Jesse seg i oktober Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ fikle med en " "søkemotorteknologi som var tilgjengelig pÃ¥ RPI-nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " @@ -4329,7 +4427,7 @@ msgstr "" "blanding av talent og erfaring til Ã¥ tenke og deretter bygge en generasjon " "for nettverk-alder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " @@ -4345,7 +4443,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." #. PAGE BREAK 62 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " @@ -4366,7 +4464,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan fÃ¥ personer utenfor bedriften. " "universiteter gjøre det ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " @@ -4384,7 +4482,7 @@ msgstr "" "Microsofts NFS til Ã¥ lage en indeks over alle filer som er tilgjengelige " "innenfor rpi-nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " @@ -4407,7 +4505,7 @@ msgstr "" "det problemet, ved Ã¥ legge til en knapp som en bruker kan klikke for Ã¥ se om " "maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " @@ -4421,7 +4519,7 @@ msgstr "" "mappen, inkludert alle typer innhold som kan være pÃ¥ brukernes datamaskiner." #. PAGE BREAK 63 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " @@ -4436,7 +4534,7 @@ msgstr "" "Universitetet brosjyrer—i utgangspunktet alt som brukere av rpi-" "nettverket gjøres tilgjengelig i en fellesmappe pÃ¥ datamaskinen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " @@ -4465,7 +4563,7 @@ msgstr "" "fiksing og triksing med teknologi i et miljø hvor fiksing og triksing med " "teknologi var nøyaktig hva han skulle gjøre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " @@ -4482,19 +4580,19 @@ msgstr "" "servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og sÃ¥ " "nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " -"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " -"promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " -"in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a <emphasis>search " -"engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows " -"filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable members of " -"the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not himself " -"created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do with " -"music." +"\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. " +"… I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I " +"ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any " +"way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the " +"search engine in a way that would make it easier to use\"—again, a " +"<emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had not himself built, using " +"the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not himself built, to enable " +"members of the RPI community to get access to content, which Jesse had not " +"himself created or posted, and the vast majority of which had nothing to do " +"with music." msgstr "" "\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " "Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " @@ -4508,7 +4606,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre med musikk." #. PAGE BREAK 64 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " @@ -4528,22 +4626,17 @@ msgstr "" "derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " -#| "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 " -#| "(2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group LCC</" "citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." msgstr "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " -"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " -"5, tilgjengelig fra 2003 WL 55179443." +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group LCC</" +"citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, tilgjengelig fra 2003 WL 55179443." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. " @@ -4556,7 +4649,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " @@ -4569,7 +4662,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre " "sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for Ã¥ avvise saken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " @@ -4591,7 +4684,7 @@ msgstr "" "krone jesse hadde lagret." #. PAGE BREAK 65 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " @@ -4610,7 +4703,7 @@ msgstr "" "vunnet, ville han ha et stykke papir som sa han hadde vunnet, og et stykke " "papir sier han og hans familie var konkurs." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -4619,7 +4712,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller $12.000 og et forlik." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " @@ -4631,19 +4724,15 @@ msgstr "" "enn en i en blÃ¥ mÃ¥nen (2000)." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " -#| "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" "Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relatert poeng i \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 10. september 2003, A24." +"<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, A24." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4656,7 +4745,7 @@ msgid "" "for running a search engine?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4667,11 +4756,11 @@ msgstr "" "fiklet med en datamaskin og blitt saksøkt for 15 millioner dollar en " "aktivist:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " -"activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " +"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " "foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the " "RIAA has done." msgstr "" @@ -4680,14 +4769,14 @@ msgstr "" "jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det " "riaa har gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " -"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " -"I. . . . He's not a tree hugger. . . . I think it's bizarre that they would " -"pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " -"message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" +"father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do I. " +"… He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they " +"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the " +"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" "Jesses foreldre viser en viss stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. Som hans " "far fortalte meg, Jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og det samme " @@ -4695,11 +4784,11 @@ msgstr "" "plukket ut ham. Men han ønsker Ã¥ la folk fÃ¥ vite at de sender feil " "budskap, Og han ønsker Ã¥ korrigere posten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"Pirater\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " @@ -4717,12 +4806,12 @@ msgstr "" "definert. konsekvent historien er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med " "denne generasjon country club—før nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Film" msgstr "filmen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " @@ -4735,7 +4824,7 @@ msgstr "" "inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent." #. PAGE BREAK 67 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4748,12 +4837,12 @@ msgid "" "demanded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "som en kommentator forteller en del av historien," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " @@ -4771,7 +4860,7 @@ msgstr "" "film lager til Ã¥ lage sine egne underjordisk marked." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4785,15 +4874,19 @@ msgid "" "in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "Fox, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "Picker, Randal C." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4805,24 +4898,22 @@ msgid "" "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " -#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents Majority</" "citetitle>, archived at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#12</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, arkivert pÃ¥ " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." +"Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents Majority</" +"citetitle>, arkivert pÃ¥ <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#12</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like Fox. " "And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -4836,8 +4927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4845,17 +4935,18 @@ msgid "" "enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had expired. A new industry " "had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative property." msgstr "" -"Selvfølgelig, california vokste raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse av føderale " -"lov til slutt spre vest. men fordi patenter gi patent holder en virkelig " -"\"begrenset\" monopol (bare sytten Ã¥r pÃ¥ den tiden), etter tid nok føderale " -"marshals dukket opp, patentene var utløpt. en ny industri hadde blitt født, " -"delvis fra piratkopiering av Edisons kreative eiendom." +"California vokste naturligvis raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse av føderale " +"lover spredte seg til slutt vestover. Men fordi patenter tildeler " +"patentinnehaveren et i sannhet \"begrenset\" monopol (kun sytten Ã¥r pÃ¥ den " +"tiden), sÃ¥ patentene var utgÃ¥tt før nok føderale lovmenn dukket opp. En ny " +"industri var født, delvis fra piratvirksomhet mot Edison's kreative " +"rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "Innspilt musikk" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." @@ -4864,7 +4955,11 @@ msgstr "" "hvordan krever at en setter seg inn i detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer " "musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" +msgstr "Fourneaux, Henri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " @@ -4884,11 +4979,11 @@ msgstr "" "musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre det " "offentlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beatles" msgstr "Beatles" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " @@ -4922,7 +5017,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunne jeg effektivt pirat andres sang uten Ã¥ betale sin komponist noe." #. PAGE BREAK 69 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " @@ -4932,7 +5027,7 @@ msgstr "" "som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " @@ -4948,7 +5043,7 @@ msgstr "" "reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton " "og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. " @@ -4959,7 +5054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " @@ -4969,7 +5064,7 @@ msgstr "" "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " @@ -4979,7 +5074,7 @@ msgstr "" "nathan burkan, advokat for musikk publishers association)." #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " @@ -4988,7 +5083,7 @@ msgstr "" "endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer opphavsrett, 23 (setning av " "john philip sousa, komponist)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -5000,7 +5095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " @@ -5012,7 +5107,7 @@ msgstr "" "new york)." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " @@ -5023,7 +5118,11 @@ msgstr "" "memorandum of philip mauro, patent sjefsjurist for amerikansk graphophone " "selskapet association)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -5036,11 +5135,12 @@ msgid "" "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " "ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer <emphasis>and</" @@ -5065,7 +5165,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre gratis Ã¥ registrere samme sang, sÃ¥ lenge de betaler den opprinnelige " "komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " @@ -5082,11 +5182,11 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "Grisham, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " @@ -5105,7 +5205,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ bruke grisham's arbeide bortsett med tillatelse fra grisham." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. " @@ -5121,7 +5221,7 @@ msgstr "" "copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton og abe goldman, Red. (south " "hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -5137,7 +5237,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " @@ -5149,7 +5249,7 @@ msgstr "" "relaterer rapport fra house committee pÃ¥ rettsvesenet," #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " @@ -5161,7 +5261,7 @@ msgstr "" "er takknemlig for glenn brun for tegning min oppmerksomhet til denne " "rapporten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-" @@ -5177,7 +5277,7 @@ msgid "" "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " @@ -5186,20 +5286,20 @@ msgstr "" "ved Ã¥ begrense fordel rettighetene musikere har, ved delvis pirating sine " "skapende arbeid, registrere produsentene og offentligheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Radio" msgstr "Radio" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "Radio ble ogsÃ¥ født av piratkopiering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "Hand, Learned" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " @@ -5224,7 +5324,7 @@ msgstr "" "nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ " "gjennom 70 (2003): 281." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -5233,12 +5333,12 @@ msgid "" "owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "Lovett, Lyle" #. PAGE BREAK 72 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " @@ -5261,7 +5361,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosent konsekvente, radiostasjonen vil mÃ¥tte betale Plateartist for sitt " "arbeid, akkurat som det lønner seg komponist av musikken for sitt arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " @@ -5276,11 +5376,11 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ utføre den Plateartist arbeid gratis, selv om det mÃ¥ betale komponisten " "noe for privilegiet av Ã¥ spille sangen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Madonna" msgstr "Madonna" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " @@ -5293,7 +5393,7 @@ msgstr "" "teateroppsetninger av at musikk. sÃ¥ hvis madonna ønsker Ã¥ synge sangen i det " "offentlige, hun har Ã¥ bli din tillatelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " @@ -5312,7 +5412,7 @@ msgstr "" "innspilling er ikke en \"beskyttet\" høyre. radiostasjonen fÃ¥r dermed pirat " "verdien av madonna's arbeid uten Ã¥ betale henne noe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. " @@ -5327,17 +5427,17 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre dette valget. ved Ã¥ gjøre valg for ham eller henne, gir loven " "radiostasjonen retten til Ã¥ ta noe for ingenting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "Kabel-TV" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "kabel-tv ble ogsÃ¥ født av en form for piratkopiering." #. PAGE BREAK 73 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " @@ -5356,16 +5456,16 @@ msgstr "" "noensinne—napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til " "Ã¥ gi bort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "Anello, Douglas" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "Burdick, Quentin" #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " @@ -5379,7 +5479,7 @@ msgstr "" "federal communications commission)." #. f14 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " @@ -5388,7 +5488,7 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 116 (setning av douglas a. anello, " "sjefsjurist av national association of broadcasters)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -5401,7 +5501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " @@ -5410,20 +5510,19 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 126 (setning av ernest w. jennes, " "sjefsjurist av tilknytningen for maksimal service telecasters, inc.)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" -msgstr "igjen, etterspørselen av rettighetshavere virket fornuftig nok:" +msgstr "Igjen, kravene til opphavsrettsinnehaverne virket rimelige nok:" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " @@ -5434,16 +5533,20 @@ msgstr "" "president i united artists Corporation og john sinn, president i united " "artists TV, inc.)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " "think there is any lesser word to describe it. I think there are harsher " "words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Alt vi ber om er en veldig enkel ting, at folk som tar vÃ¥r eiendom gratis " +"betaler for den. Vi forsøker Ã¥ stoppe piratvirksomhet og jeg kan ikke tenke " +"pÃ¥ et svakere ord for Ã¥ beskrive det. Jeg tror det er sterkere ord som " +"ville passe.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." @@ -5451,7 +5554,7 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (vitnemÃ¥l fra Charlton Heston, " "president i Screen Actors Guild)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type=" @@ -5461,7 +5564,7 @@ msgstr "" "Actor's Guild, som \"tok lønna fra skuespillerne\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," @@ -5469,11 +5572,11 @@ msgstr "" "Men igjen, det er en annen side i debatten. Som assisterende justisminister " "Edwin Zimmerman sa det," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "Zimmerman, Edwin" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " @@ -5483,18 +5586,18 @@ msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision—catv, 216 (setning av edwin m. Zimmerman " "fungerende assistent justisministeren)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " -"extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"1\"/>" +"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation " +"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." @@ -5502,7 +5605,7 @@ msgstr "" "Opphavsrettinnehaverne tok kabelselskapene til retten. Høyesterett fant to " "ganger at kabelselskaper ikke skyldte opphavsrettinnehaverne noen ting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " @@ -5526,7 +5629,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5536,23 +5639,23 @@ msgid "" "the Internet.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " "creator—as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> — then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " "affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind " -"of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. . . . The list is long and could " -"well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every " -"generation—until now." +"of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable TV. … The list is long and " +"could well be expanded. Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last. " +"Every generation—until now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"Piratvirksomhet\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " @@ -5568,7 +5671,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det." #. PAGE BREAK 76 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " @@ -5585,13 +5688,13 @@ msgstr "" "tvetydig enn outright kopiering og loven skal konto for at tvetydighet som " "det sÃ¥ ofte har gjort i fortiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "piratkopiering jeg" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5600,7 +5703,7 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5611,7 +5714,7 @@ msgid "" "billion annually worldwide to piracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " @@ -5623,7 +5726,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne boken, bør trekke i tvil dette enkle punktet: denne piratkopiering er " "galt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. " @@ -5640,7 +5743,7 @@ msgstr "" "hypocritical for oss Ã¥ insistere sÃ¥ sterkt at andre utviklingsland behandle " "feil hva vi, for de første hundre Ã¥r av vÃ¥r eksistens, behandlet som høyre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " @@ -5664,7 +5767,7 @@ msgstr "" "internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt ogsÃ¥." #. PAGE BREAK 77 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. " @@ -5681,7 +5784,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "Drahos, Peter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " @@ -5712,7 +5815,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunne bruke dette for Ã¥ fÃ¥ fordelene med utenlandske patenter til lavere " "priser. Dette er en lovende strategi for utviklingsland rammene turer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5723,20 +5826,21 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " -"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy " -"on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will " -"be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual " -"engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating " -"were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. \"In some instances … the impact of " +"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the " +"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the " +"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if " +"pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se " "stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144­" @@ -5746,7 +5850,7 @@ msgstr "" "i pirating ikke ville ha kjøpt en original selv om pirating var ikke en " "alternativet. ibid., 149." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5755,7 +5859,7 @@ msgid "" "otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " @@ -5781,7 +5885,7 @@ msgstr "" "piratkopiering av en konkret." #. PAGE BREAK 78 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " @@ -5811,11 +5915,27 @@ msgstr "" "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt Ã¥ ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren " "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" +msgstr "GNU/Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Linux operating system" +msgstr "Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Microsoft" +msgstr "Microsoft" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> +msgid "Windows operating system of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Windows" msgstr "Windows" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -5827,10 +5947,12 @@ msgid "" "the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the " "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not " "eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft would " -"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. " @@ -5847,7 +5969,7 @@ msgstr "" "tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre nÃ¥r de blir jurister (og mÃ¥ " "betale høy abonnementsavgift)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5858,11 +5980,12 @@ msgid "" "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " -"access, then violating the law is still wrong." +"access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " @@ -5882,7 +6005,7 @@ msgstr "" "endret for Ã¥ tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat " "ut feil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " @@ -5902,7 +6025,7 @@ msgstr "" "har du noensinne utestengt alle \"piratkopiering\" i den forstand av " "begrepet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " @@ -5915,7 +6038,7 @@ msgstr "" "peer-to-peer deling litt mer før vi fordømmer det til galgen med ansvar for " "piratkopiering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " @@ -5928,7 +6051,7 @@ msgstr "" "bare utnytter en ny mÃ¥te Ã¥ distribuere innhold; men det er (3) i motsetning " "til kabel-tv, ingen selger innholdet som er delt pÃ¥ p2p tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " @@ -5938,22 +6061,22 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere samtidig som du gir denne deling til Ã¥ " "overleve." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "piratkopiering ii" #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " "1274 (1777)." -msgstr "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777)." #. PAGE BREAK 80 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -5962,11 +6085,11 @@ msgid "" "alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " @@ -5988,11 +6111,11 @@ msgstr "" "reassemble eksisterende teknologi pÃ¥ oppfinnsomme mÃ¥ter. for en diskusjon av " "Christensens idéer, kan du se lawrence lessig, fremtidige, 89­92, 139." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "Fanning, Shawn" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -6003,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " @@ -6022,7 +6145,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥kne opp samtalen,\" økonom, 24 juni 2000, 23; John naughton, \"hollywood " "krig med Internett\" (london) ganger, 26 juli 2002, 18." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -6037,7 +6160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " @@ -6052,7 +6175,7 @@ msgstr "" "digitale musikkfiler som er lagret pÃ¥ datamaskinene sine." #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " @@ -6061,7 +6184,7 @@ msgstr "" "Amy harmon, \"industri tilbyr en gulrot i online musikk kamp,\" new york " "times, 6. juni 2003 a1." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -6076,7 +6199,7 @@ msgid "" "music in a way that they hadn't before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. " @@ -6094,7 +6217,7 @@ msgstr "" "og hva slags skade det innebærer." #. PAGE BREAK 81 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -6102,7 +6225,7 @@ msgstr "" "Fildelerne deler ulike typer innhold. Vi kan derel disse ulike typene inn i " "fire typer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " @@ -6121,7 +6244,7 @@ msgstr "" "a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " @@ -6141,7 +6264,7 @@ msgstr "" "av musikk som er kjøpt." #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " @@ -6172,7 +6295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " @@ -6182,23 +6305,19 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er opphavsrettslig beskyttet, eller at eieren av " "opphavsretten ønsker Ã¥ gi bort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "Hvordan balanserer disse ulike delingstypene?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " -#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Se Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " +"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -6211,7 +6330,7 @@ msgid "" "around the issue suggests." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " @@ -6227,7 +6346,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"tyveri\", som er \"ødeleggende\" industrien." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " @@ -6254,7 +6373,7 @@ msgstr "" "cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing office, oktober 1989), 145­" "56." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -6268,22 +6387,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "amerikanske Kongressen, copyright og hjem kopiering, 4." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " -"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " -"the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had " -"to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " +"the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' … was not the fault " +"of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into being]—but " +"had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the " "major labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " @@ -6303,7 +6422,7 @@ msgstr "" "skadelig. spørsmÃ¥let er hvordan skadelige type er ogsÃ¥ en deling, og hvor " "nyttig de andre typene deling er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " @@ -6322,7 +6441,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettverk ville faktisk fordel musikk bedriftene pÃ¥ balanse. de ville derfor " "ha liten statisk grunn til Ã¥ motstÃ¥ dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " @@ -6334,7 +6453,7 @@ msgstr "" "Lukk." #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" @@ -6351,11 +6470,11 @@ msgid "" "dollar value of shipments).\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "Black, Jane" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</" @@ -6365,7 +6484,7 @@ msgstr "" "2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type=" @@ -6384,7 +6503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " @@ -6400,7 +6519,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. SÃ¥ledes, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble " "lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " @@ -6429,7 +6548,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis, og ennÃ¥ inntekter fra salg falt med bare 6.7 prosent, er det en stor " "forskjell mellom \"nedlasting av sanger og stjele en cd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " @@ -6441,7 +6560,7 @@ msgstr "" "hva verdien produserer det i tillegg til disse kostnadene?" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6451,7 +6570,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6465,7 +6584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -6477,7 +6596,7 @@ msgid "" "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6491,11 +6610,11 @@ msgid "" "don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "Bernstein, Leonard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " @@ -6520,7 +6639,7 @@ msgstr "" "klassen av innhold som ikke er kommersielt tilgjengelig. Internett gjør det " "tilgjengelig, gjennom felles deling, uten konkurrerer med markedet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " @@ -6536,7 +6655,7 @@ msgstr "" "stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt ogsÃ¥?" #. PAGE BREAK 86 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " @@ -6565,7 +6684,7 @@ msgstr "" "sitt arbeid til Ã¥ bli spredt, er bÃ¥de han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye " "bedre av: det er en stor bok!)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " @@ -6578,7 +6697,7 @@ msgstr "" "løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d " "deling, sÃ¥ vi mister noe viktig for Ã¥ beskytte type en innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " @@ -6591,19 +6710,20 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være " "utilgjengelig?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " -"like the piracy I described in chapter 4, much of this piracy is motivated " -"by a new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " -"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, " -"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be " -"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while " -"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The " -"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that " -"balance will be found only with time." +"like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber" +"\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a new way of " +"spreading content caused by changes in the technology of distribution. Thus, " +"consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, radio, the recording " +"industry, and cable TV, the question we should be asking about file sharing " +"is how best to preserve its benefits while minimizing (to the extent " +"possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The question is one of " +"balance. The law should seek that balance, and that balance will be found " +"only with time." msgstr "" "for i motsetning til piratkopiering jeg beskrevet i den første delen av " "dette kapitlet, er mye av \"piratkopiering\" det arkiv deler aktiverer " @@ -6616,7 +6736,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunstnere. spørsmÃ¥let er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og " "denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -6625,7 +6745,7 @@ msgstr "" "bare det du kaller type A-deling?" #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6635,7 +6755,7 @@ msgid "" "citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6647,7 +6767,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " @@ -6670,7 +6790,7 @@ msgstr "" "den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener bare for Ã¥ sikre at det er " "null opphavsrett infringements forÃ¥rsaket av p2p." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " @@ -6688,7 +6808,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen " "ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " @@ -6710,7 +6830,7 @@ msgstr "" "blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har Ã¥ betale dem for kreativitet " "det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte fordel var nok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " @@ -6726,7 +6846,7 @@ msgstr "" "lenge de betalte lovbestemte pris." #. PAGE BREAK 88 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " @@ -6755,11 +6875,11 @@ msgstr "" "Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten Ã¥ gi " "siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Betamax" msgstr "Betamax" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " @@ -6785,7 +6905,7 @@ msgstr "" "universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse." #. PAGE BREAK 89 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " @@ -6813,7 +6933,7 @@ msgstr "" "universal ønsket Ã¥ holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt." #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " @@ -6827,13 +6947,13 @@ msgstr "" "america, inc.)." #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475." #. f20 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " @@ -6843,7 +6963,7 @@ msgstr "" "429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." #. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " @@ -6852,7 +6972,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 485 (vitnesbyrd om jack " "valenti)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -6877,7 +6997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " @@ -6886,7 +7006,7 @@ msgstr "" "Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 659 f. 2d 963 " "(9 cir. 1981)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6901,7 +7021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " @@ -6913,7 +7033,7 @@ msgstr "" "intervenere i slike konflikter. som domstol skrev," #. f23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " @@ -6922,7 +7042,7 @@ msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, 431 (1984)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6932,7 +7052,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " @@ -6945,73 +7065,73 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, denne \"tar\" til " "tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -msgid "Table" -msgstr "Tabell" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Pattern of Court and Congress response" +msgstr "Mønster for respons fra rett og kongress" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CASE" msgstr "tilfelle" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "Svar til domstolene" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Recordings" msgstr "Innspillinger" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Composers" msgstr "Komponister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "No protection" msgstr "Ingen beskyttelse" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "lovbestemte lisens" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "Innspillingsartister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "N/A" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Nothing" msgstr "Ingenting" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "Kringkastere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "VCR" msgstr "Videoopptakere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Film creators" msgstr "Filmskapere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " @@ -7038,7 +7158,7 @@ msgstr "" "datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget kringkasting,\" university of chicago " "lov gjennomgÃ¥ 70 (2003): 293­96." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -7047,7 +7167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " @@ -7068,7 +7188,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for Ã¥ dra nytte av innhold gjort før. " "det balansert interesser pÃ¥ spill." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " @@ -7091,7 +7211,7 @@ msgstr "" "registrere en sang?" #. f25 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " @@ -7100,7 +7220,7 @@ msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, (1984)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -7113,7 +7233,7 @@ msgid "" "of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " @@ -7141,7 +7261,7 @@ msgstr "" "at innovasjon fortsette." #. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " @@ -7150,7 +7270,7 @@ msgstr "" "John schwartz, \"nye økonomien: angrepet pÃ¥ node-til-node-programvare " "reflekterer forbi innsats,\" new york times, 22 september 2003, c3." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -7168,7 +7288,7 @@ msgid "" "whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " @@ -7177,12 +7297,12 @@ msgstr "" "\"det er vÃ¥r eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ " "samme mÃ¥te som en annen egenskap er beskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "\"Eiendom\"" #. PAGE BREAK 94 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " @@ -7195,7 +7315,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten til Ã¥ holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner " "tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan fÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " @@ -7218,7 +7338,7 @@ msgstr "" "det jeg tar deretter?" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " @@ -7229,7 +7349,7 @@ msgstr "" "thomas jefferson, vol. 6 (andrew a. lipscomb og albert ellery bergh, Red., " "1903), 330, 333­34." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -7244,7 +7364,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " @@ -7258,7 +7378,7 @@ msgstr "" "blir immaterielle eiendom." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " @@ -7277,7 +7397,7 @@ msgstr "" "se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? Ã¥ sette dem tilbake sammen,\"-arizona " "lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -7285,7 +7405,7 @@ msgid "" "proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " @@ -7305,11 +7425,11 @@ msgstr "" "implikasjoner vil bli avslørt som ganske forskjellig fra implikasjonene at " "opphavsrett krigere ville ha oss til Ã¥ tegne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "Kapittel seks: Grunnleggerne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. " "The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that " @@ -7330,7 +7450,7 @@ msgstr "" "full av klisjeer.\"" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -7350,7 +7470,7 @@ msgstr "" "<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-­31." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" "citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." @@ -7359,7 +7479,7 @@ msgstr "" "citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." #. PAGE BREAK 97 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " @@ -7384,7 +7504,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle " "konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, ble fjernet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" @@ -7394,7 +7514,7 @@ msgstr "" "en \"opphavsrettslov.\" Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7417,7 +7537,11 @@ msgstr "" "loven, sÃ¥ skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha falt i det fri i " "1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -7426,18 +7550,19 @@ msgid "" "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier " "for the Crown to control what was published. But after it expired, there " "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an " -"exclusive right to print books." +"exclusive right to print books. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva " +"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennÃ¥ ikke hadde bestemt hva " "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " "engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om " "opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " "av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " "noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " "etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde " -"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker." +"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -7462,7 +7587,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket positiv." #. PAGE BREAK 98 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. " @@ -7480,7 +7605,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i \"Statute of " "Anne\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -7495,7 +7620,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av " "hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne hadde tenkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7506,7 +7631,7 @@ msgstr "" "trykkeretten? SprøsmÃ¥let er ikke hvorfor de bestemte seg for denne perioden, " "men hvorfor ville de begrense retten <emphasis>i det hele tatt?</emphasis>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7528,7 +7653,7 @@ msgstr "" "Shakespeares verkuten hans, eller hans arvingers, tillatelse? Hvilke grunner " "finnes for Ã¥ tillate at noen \"stjeler\" Shakespeares verk?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. " @@ -7539,7 +7664,7 @@ msgstr "" "Deretter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med bokhandlerne." #. PAGE BREAK 99 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -7564,7 +7689,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ fremføre, og " "sÃ¥ videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7583,7 +7708,7 @@ msgstr "" "lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. \"Kopi-retten\" var bare en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " "trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -7607,7 +7732,7 @@ msgstr "" "oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende " "monopolet pÃ¥ publisering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -7625,7 +7750,7 @@ msgstr "" "skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." #. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." @@ -7633,7 +7758,7 @@ msgstr "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. " "It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " @@ -7657,7 +7782,7 @@ msgstr "" "derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig." "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7671,7 +7796,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskap burde være gratis er et kjennetegn for tiden, og disse kraftige " "kommersielle interesser forstyrret denne idéen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7692,7 +7817,7 @@ msgstr "" "Begrensninger med dato var en indirekte mÃ¥te Ã¥ skape konkurranse mellom " "utgivere, og slik en skapelse og spredning av kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7709,7 +7834,7 @@ msgstr "" "1737 de prøvde Ã¥ tvinge Parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide periodene. Tjueen Ã¥r var " "ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7718,7 +7843,7 @@ msgstr "" "idag," #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7729,7 +7854,7 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7746,7 +7871,7 @@ msgstr "" "forfatterne, men en stor avgift for folket; og alt dette kun for Ã¥ øke " "bokhandlernes personlige rikdom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7773,7 +7898,7 @@ msgstr "" "publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om \"Statute of Anne\" sa at de var " "falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -7785,25 +7910,26 @@ msgstr "" "fantastisk overbevisende fortelling, se Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " -"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . " -"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." +"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " +"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." "\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat " "for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the " "author's work gave." msgstr "" "Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende " "jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som " -"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne ... like bekymret " -"for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes rettigheter. " -"Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk ga." +"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne … like " +"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes " +"rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk " +"ga." #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." @@ -7811,7 +7937,7 @@ msgstr "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7822,7 +7948,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92." @@ -7831,15 +7957,15 @@ msgstr "" "University Press, 1993), 92." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "Ibid., 93." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "Erskine, Andrew" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -7861,7 +7987,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" "citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." @@ -7869,7 +7995,7 @@ msgstr "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" "citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7887,7 +8013,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være \"Statute of Anne\", var falt i det " "fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -7899,7 +8025,7 @@ msgstr "" "mellom <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</" @@ -7909,7 +8035,7 @@ msgstr "" "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</" "citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -7925,7 +8051,7 @@ msgstr "" "han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva \"Statute of Anne" "\" sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7946,7 +8072,7 @@ msgstr "" "publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem." #. PAGE BREAK 103 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—" @@ -7969,7 +8095,7 @@ msgstr "" "rimelig tid. Storbritannia skulle vokse fra den kontrollerte kulturen under " "kronen, inn i en fri og Ã¥pen kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." @@ -7977,16 +8103,16 @@ msgstr "" "Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare \"Statute of Anne\"s begrensninger sluttet uansett " "ikke der, for nÃ¥ kommer Donaldson." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "Beckett, Thomas" #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "Ibid., 1156." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett." @@ -8007,7 +8133,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette organet muligheten til Ã¥ tolke Parlamentets mening med utøpsdatoen fra " "seksti Ã¥r før." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. " "<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -8026,7 +8152,7 @@ msgstr "" "for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d med vilkÃ¥rene i " "\"Statute of Anne\", falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort beskyttelsesperioden var over." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -8040,7 +8166,7 @@ msgstr "" "Overhuset." #. PAGE BREAK 104 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -8057,27 +8183,27 @@ msgstr "" "hadde tolket sedvaneretten, var nÃ¥ kopiretten begrenset til en periode, og " "etter denne ville verket falle i det fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "Bacon, Francis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "Bunyan, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "Johnson, Samuel" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "Milton, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "Shakespeare, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " @@ -8103,11 +8229,11 @@ msgstr "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "Rose, 97." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -8128,7 +8254,7 @@ msgstr "" "Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</" @@ -8137,18 +8263,19 @@ msgstr "" "I London, ihvertfall blant utgiverne, var reaksjonen like sterk, men i " "motsatt retning. <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle> skrev:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " -"purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " -"reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many of whom " -"sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner ruined, and " -"those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a competency " -"to provide for their families now find themselves without a shilling to " -"devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " +"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " +"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many " +"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner " +"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a " +"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a " +"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen ... er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som er " -"blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " +"Gjennom denne avgjørelsen … er verdier til nesten 200 000 pund, som " +"er blitt ærlig kjøpt gjennom allment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var eiendom, er nÃ¥ " "redusert til ingenting. Bokselgerne i London og Westminster, mange av dem " "har solgt hus og eiendom for Ã¥ kjøpe kopirettigheter, er med ett ruinerte, " "og mange som gjennom mange Ã¥r har opparbeidet kompetanse for Ã¥ brødfø " @@ -8156,7 +8283,7 @@ msgstr "" "id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 105 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -8193,7 +8320,7 @@ msgstr "" "skulle være tilgjengelig for folket og hvor deres tilgang til den ble styrt " "av noen fÃ¥, pÃ¥ tros av flertallets ønsker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -8203,39 +8330,36 @@ msgstr "" "holdt stand mot utgivernes krav. I en verden hvor parlamentet er lett Ã¥ " "pÃ¥virke, vil den frie kultur være mindre beskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "Kapittel sju: Innspillerne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " "myself, I envy the loyalty and admiration that his students feel for him. (I " "met, by accident, two of his students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" msgstr "" -"Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har " -"vært svært vellykket i Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, og som lærer " -"meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for " -"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. " -"Han var deres Gud)." +"Jon Else er en filmskaper. Han er mest kjent for sine dokumentarer og har pÃ¥ " +"ypperlig vis klart Ã¥ spre sin kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, som meg selv, og " +"jeg misunner den lojaliteten og beundringen hans studenter har for ham. (Ved " +"et uhell møtte jeg to av hans studenter i et middagsselskap og han var deres " +"Gud.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" -"Ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar som jeg var involvert i. pÃ¥ en pause, han " -"fortalte meg en historie om frihet Ã¥ opprette med film i Amerika i dag." +"Else arbeidet med en dokumentarfilm hvor ogsÃ¥ jeg var involvert. I en pause " +"sÃ¥ fortalte han meg om hvordan det kunne være Ã¥ skape film i dagens Amerika." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "San Francisco Opera" -msgstr "" +msgstr "San Francisco Opera" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -8244,15 +8368,14 @@ msgid "" "make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"i 1990, ellers arbeidet pÃ¥ en dokumentar om wagner's ring syklus. fokus var " -"stagehands ved san francisco opera. stagehands er et spesielt morsom og " -"fargerike element i en opera. under fremvisningen henger de nedenfor scenen " -"i fatt lounge og i loft belysning. de gjør en perfekt kontrast til kunst pÃ¥ " -"scenen." +"I 1990 arbeidet Else med en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Fokuset var pÃ¥ " +"*stagehands* pÃ¥ San Francisco Opera. Stagehands er spesielt morsomt og " +"fargerikt innslag i en opera. I løpet av forestillingen oppholder de seg " +"blant publikum og pÃ¥ lysloftet. De er en perfekt kontrast til kunsten pÃ¥ " +"scenen.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 107 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -8261,14 +8384,13 @@ msgid "" "this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special about " "the scene." msgstr "" -"under en av forestillinger, var ellers skyting noen stagehands spille " -"brikker. i et hjørne av rommet var en TV-apparatet. spille pÃ¥ TV-apparatet, " -"mens stagehands spilte brikker og opera selskapet spilte wagner, var " -"simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av " -"det som var spesielt med scenen." +"Under en forestilling, filmet Else noen stagehands som spilte *checkers*. I " +"et hjørne av rommet stod det et fjernsynsapparat. PÃ¥ fjernsynet, mens " +"forestillingen pÃ¥gikk og operakompaniet spilte Wagner, gikk <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle>. Slik Else sÃ¥ det, sÃ¥ hjalp dette tegnefilm-innslaget " +"med Ã¥ fange det spesielle med scenen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -8276,19 +8398,18 @@ msgid "" "of course, to use copyrighted material you need the permission of the " "copyright owner, unless \"fair use\" or some other privilege applies." msgstr "" -"Ã¥r senere, nÃ¥r han til slutt fikk finansiering for Ã¥ fullføre filmen, ellers " -"forsøkte Ã¥ tømme rettighetene for de noen sekunder av simpsons. for " -"selvfølgelig, er de fÃ¥ sekunder opphavsrettsbeskyttet; og selvfølgelig, hvis " -"du vil bruke opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale du trenger tillatelse fra " -"eieren av opphavsretten, med mindre \"fair use\" eller noen andre " -"privilegium gjelder." +"SÃ¥ noen Ã¥r senere, da han endelig hadde fÃ¥tt ordnet den siste " +"finansieringen, ville Else skaffe rettigheter til Ã¥ bruke disse fÃ¥ sekundene " +"med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse fÃ¥ sekundene var selvsagt " +"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og for Ã¥ bruke beskyttet materiale mÃ¥ man ha " +"tillatelse fra eieren, dersom det ikke er \"rimelig bruk\" eller det " +"foreligger spesielle avtaler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gracie Films" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Gracie Films" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-" @@ -8297,14 +8418,14 @@ msgid "" "to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. " -"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en " -"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade " -"for Ã¥ ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for Ã¥ kontakte gracie films, " -"firmaet som lager programmet." +"Else kontaktet <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-skaper Matt Groenings kontor " +"for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. Og Groening gav ham det. Det var tross alt kun snakk om " +"fire og et halvt sekund pÃ¥ et lite fjernsyn, bakerst i et hjørne av rommet. " +"Hvordan kunne det skade? Groening var glad for Ã¥ fÃ¥ ha det med i filmen, men " +"han ba Else om Ã¥ kontakte Gracie Films, firmaet som produserer programmet." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -8313,47 +8434,45 @@ msgid "" "just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Gracie films var bra med den, ogsÃ¥, men de, som groening, ønsket Ã¥ være " -"forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " -"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av " -"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var " -"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +"Gracie Films sa ogsÃ¥ at det var greit, men de, slik som Groening, ønsket Ã¥ " +"være forsiktige, og ba Else om Ã¥ kontakte Fox, konsernet som eide Gracie. Og " +"Else kontaktet Fox og forklarte situasjonen; at det var snakk om et klipp i " +"hjørnet i bakgrunnen i ett rom i filmen. Matt Groening hadde allerede gitt " +"sin tillatelse, sa Else. Han ville bare fÃ¥ det avklart med Fox.<placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " -"Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " -"[at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " +"Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered … " +"that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that " +"someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.\" And second, Fox " "\"wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to use this four-" -"point-five seconds of . . . entirely unsolicited <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited <citetitle>Simpsons</" "citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.\"" msgstr "" -"deretter, som ellers fortalte meg, \"to ting har skjedd. første vi " -"oppdaget... at matt groening ikke eier sin egen etablering— eller i " -"det minste at noen [pÃ¥ fox] mener han ikke eier sin egen etableringen. \"og " -"andre fox\"ville ti tusen dollar som en lisenskostnader avgift for oss Ã¥ " -"bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i " -"hjørnet av skutt.\"" +"Deretter, fortalte Else: \"skjedde to ting. Først oppdaget vi … at " +"Matt Groening ikke eide sitt eget verk — ihvertfall at noen [hos Fox] " +"trodde at han ikke eide sitt eget verk.\" Som det andre krevde Fox \"ti " +"tusen dollar i lisensavgift for disse fire og et halvt sekundene med " +"… fullstendig tilfeldig <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle> som var i et " +"hjørne i ett opptak.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " -"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. . . . We're asking for your " +"to her, \"There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for your " "educational rate on this.\" That was the educational rate, Herrera told " "Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he had been told." msgstr "" -"Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han jobbet seg opp noen trodde han " -"var vice president for lisensiering, rebecca herrera. Han forklarte henne, " -"\"det mÃ¥ være noen feil her.... Vi ber om din pedagogisk rate pÃ¥ dette.\"det " -"var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller sÃ¥ senere, ellers " -"kalles pÃ¥ nytt for Ã¥ bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt." +"Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han fikk tak i noen som han trodde " +"var nestleder for lisensiering, Rebecca Herrera. Han forklarte for henne at " +"\"det mÃ¥ være en feil her … Vi ber deg om en utdanningssats pÃ¥ dette." +"\" Og de hadde fÃ¥tt utdanningssats, fortalte Herrera. Kort tid etter ringte " +"Else igjen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ dette bekreftet." #. PAGE BREAK 108 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -8363,19 +8482,19 @@ msgid "" "an assistant to Herrera told Else later on, \"They don't give a shit. They " "just want the money.\"" msgstr "" -"\"jeg ønsket Ã¥ sikre at jeg hadde min fakta rett,\" sa han til meg. \"Ja, du " -"har din fakta rett,\" sa hun. det ville koste $ 10 000 for Ã¥ bruke klippet " -"av simpsons i hjørnet av et skudd i en dokumentarfilm om wagner's ring " -"syklus. og deretter astonishingly, herrera fortalte annet \"og hvis du " -"siterer meg, vil jeg slÃ¥ deg til vÃ¥re advokater.\" som assistent for herrera " -"fortalte andre senere, \"de ikke gir faen. de vil bare penger.\"" +"\"Jeg mÃ¥tte være sikker pÃ¥ at jeg hadde riktige opplysninger foran meg,\" sa " +"han. \"Ja, du har riktige opplysninger,\" sa hun. Det ville koste $10 000 Ã¥ " +"bruke dette lille klippet av <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>, plassert " +"bakerst i et hjørne i en scene i en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om " +"det ikke var nok, forbløffet Herrera Else med Ã¥ si \"Og om du siterer meg, " +"vil du høre fra vÃ¥re advokater.\" En av Herreras assistenter fortalte Else " +"at \"De bryr seg ikke i det heletatt. Alt de vil ha er pengene.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -8385,14 +8504,14 @@ msgid "" "After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"ellers har ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe retten til Ã¥ spille hva spilte pÃ¥ TV " -"backstage ved san francisco opera. Hvis du vil gjenskape denne virkeligheten " -"var utenfor den dokumentar filmskaper budsjett. i svært siste øyeblikk før " -"filmen var Ã¥ bli befridd, erstattet ellers digitalt skutt med et utklipp fra " -"en annen film som han hadde jobbet pÃ¥, dagen etter trinity, fra ti Ã¥r før." +"Men Else hadde ikke penger til Ã¥ kjøpe lisens for klippet. SÃ¥ Ã¥ gjenskape " +"denne delen av virkeligheten, lÃ¥ langt utenfor hans budsjett. Like før " +"dokumentaren skulle slippes, redigerte Else inn et annet klipp pÃ¥ " +"fjernsynet, et klipp fra en av hans andre filmer <citetitle>The Day After " +"Trinity</citetitle> fra ti Ã¥r tidligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -8404,17 +8523,16 @@ msgid "" "market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the price for any " "use that the law says the owner gets to control." msgstr "" -"Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten " -"til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for Ã¥ bruke at " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale sÃ¥ledes noen ganger krever tillatelse fra " -"eieren av opphavsretten. Hvis Bruk som ellers ville være av simpsons " -"opphavsrett var en av de bruker begrenset av loven, ville han trenger Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten før han kunne bruke arbeidet pÃ¥ den " -"mÃ¥ten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan " -"angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren fÃ¥r kontroll." +"Det er ingen tvil om at noen, enten det er er Matt Groening eller Fox, eier " +"rettighetene til <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Rettighetene er deres " +"eiendom. For Ã¥ bruke beskyttet mteriale, kreves det ofte at men fÃ¥r " +"tillatelse fra eieren eller eierne. Dersom Else ønsket Ã¥ bruke " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> til noe hvor loven gir verket " +"beskyttelse, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ han innhente tillatelse fra eieren før han kan bruke det. " +"Og i et fritt markes er det eieren som bestemmer hvor mye han/hun vil ta for " +"hvilken som helst bruk (hvor loven krever tillatelse fra eier)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</" "citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection " @@ -8424,17 +8542,16 @@ msgid "" "view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. That's her " "right, as set by the law." msgstr "" -"\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " -"opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " -"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til Ã¥ komme se \"min favoritt simpsons" -"\", mÃ¥ du fÃ¥ tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " -"rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun " -"ønsker—$ 10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av " +"For eksempel \"offentlig fremvisning\"* av <citetitle>The Simpson</" +"citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. Dersom du " +"velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger billetter til " +"\"Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter\", sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du ha tillatelse " +"fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med rette, slik jeg ser " +"det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er hans rett ifølge " "loven." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -8442,13 +8559,13 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle>\" (draft on file with author), University of " "Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." msgstr "" -"Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at " -"jurister ikke tillater anerkjennelse som det er \"rettferdig bruk,\" se " -"richard a. posner med william f. patry, \"rettferdig bruk og lovbestemte " -"reform i kjølvannet av eldred\" (utkast pÃ¥ filen med forfatteren), " -"university of chicago law school, 5 august 2003." +"Ønsker du Ã¥ lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er \"fair use\", og " +"hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, sÃ¥ les Richard A. Posner og William " +"F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> \" (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), University of Chicago Law " +"School, 5. august 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -8456,18 +8573,22 @@ msgid "" "is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>—and fair " "use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r jurister hører denne historien om Jon Else og Fox, sÃ¥ er deres " +"første tanke \"rimelig bruk\".<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel pÃ¥ \"rimelig bruk\" av " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og \"rimelig bruk\" krever ingen " +"tillatelse fra noen." #. PAGE BREAK 109 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" -"sÃ¥ jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole pÃ¥ \"rettferdig bruk.\" her " -"annet hans svar:" +"SÃ¥ jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte pÃ¥ \"fair use\". Og her " +"er hans svar:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -8476,16 +8597,15 @@ msgid "" "fair use\" in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't rely on the concept in " "any concrete way. Here's why:" msgstr "" -"simpsons fiasco var for meg en fin leksjon i avgrunnen mellom hvilket " -"advokater finne irrelevant i noen abstrakt forstand, og hva er crushingly " -"relevant i praksis for de av oss faktisk prøver Ã¥ gjøre og kringkaste " -"dokumentarer. Jeg har aldri hatt noen tvil om at det var \"klart fair use\" " -"i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ " -"noen konkret mÃ¥te. Her er hvorfor:" +"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-fiaskoen lærte meg om hvor stor avstand det " +"var mellom det jurister finner urelevant pÃ¥ en abstrakt mÃ¥te, og hva som er " +"knusende relevant pÃ¥ en konkret mÃ¥te for oss som prøver Ã¥ lage og kringkaste " +"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri pÃ¥ at dette helt klart var \"rimelig bruk\", " +"men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ noen konkret mÃ¥te. Og dette er " +"grunnen:" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet" @@ -8493,18 +8613,17 @@ msgid "" "take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the " "application process to a halt." msgstr "" -"før vÃ¥r filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og " -"utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" " -"liste over kilden og lisensiering status for hver skudd i filmen. de tar en " -"dim visning av \"fair use\", og et krav om \"fair use\" kan slipe " -"søknadsprosessen til Ã¥ stoppe." +"Før vÃ¥re filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en \"Errors " +"and Omissions\"-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert \"visual cue sheet\" " +"med alle kilder og lisens-status pÃ¥ alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt " +"syn pÃ¥ \"fair use\", og Ã¥ pÃ¥stÃ¥ at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i " +"verste fall stoppe, prosessen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "Lucas, George" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -8516,46 +8635,42 @@ msgid "" "I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " "defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jeg skulle trolig aldri ha spurt matt groening i utgangspunktet. men jeg " -"visste (minst fra folklore) at fox hadde en historie for Ã¥ spore ned og " -"stopper ulisensiert simpsons-bruk, akkurat som george lucas hadde en meget " -"høy profil prosedere star wars-bruk. sÃ¥ jeg besluttet Ã¥ spille av boken, " -"tenker at vi ville bli gitt gratis eller Billige lisens til fire sekunder av " -"simpsons. som en dokumentar produsent arbeider til utmattelse pÃ¥ en " -"shoestring, var den siste tingen jeg ønsket Ã¥ risikere juridiske problemer, " -"selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for Ã¥ forsvare et " -"prinsipp." +"Jeg skulle nok aldri ha bedt om Matt Groenings tillatelse. Men jeg visste " +"(ihvertfall fra rykter) at Fox tidligere hadde brukt Ã¥ jakte pÃ¥ og stoppe " +"ulisensiert bruk av <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som " +"George Lucas var veldig ivrig pÃ¥ Ã¥ forfølge bruken av <citetitle>Star Wars</" +"citetitle>. SÃ¥ jeg bestemte meg for Ã¥ følge boka, og trodde at vi kulle fÃ¥ " +"til en gratis, i alle fall rimelig, avtale for fire sekunders bruk av " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Som en dokumentarskaper, arbeidende pÃ¥ " +"randen av utryddelse, var det siste jeg ønsket en juridisk strid, selv for Ã¥ " +"forsvare et prinsipp." #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" -"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law " -"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " +"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " "would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " "of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " "the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" -"Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law " -"school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at fox " -"ville \"avsette og litigate du innenfor en tomme av livet,\" uavhengig av " -"fordelene ved mitt krav. Han gjorde det klart at det ville koker ned til " -"hvem som hadde større juridiske avdelingen og dypere lommebøker, meg eller " -"dem." +"Jeg snakket faktisk med en av dine kolleger pÃ¥ Stanford Law School … " +"som bekreftet at dette var rimelig bruk. Han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at Fox ville " +"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life\", uavhengig av " +"sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke ned til hvem " +"som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem." #. 4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" -"spørsmÃ¥let om rettferdig bruk kommer vanligvis pÃ¥ slutten av prosjektet, nÃ¥r " -"vi er opp mot en release frist og tom for penger." +"SpørsmÃ¥let om \"fair use\" dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten av " +"prosjektet, nÃ¥r vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8564,39 +8679,38 @@ msgid "" "effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the " "right aim; practice has defeated the aim." msgstr "" -"i teorien betyr fair use du trenger ingen tillatelse. teorien derfor støtter " -"fri kultur og isolerer mot en tillatelse kultur. men i praksis, rettferdig " -"bruk funksjonene veldig annerledes. krusete linjene av loven, knyttet til " -"det ekstraordinære ansvaret Hvis linjer er krysset, betyr at effektiv " -"rettferdig bruk for mange typer skaperne er liten. loven har høyre mÃ¥l; " -"praksis har beseiret mÃ¥let." +"I teorien betyr \"fair use\" at du ikke trenger tillatelse. Teorien støtter " +"derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. Men i praksis " +"fungerer \"fair use\" helt annerledes. Men de uklare linjene i lovverket, " +"samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar feil, gjør at mange " +"kunstnere ikke stoler pÃ¥ \"fair use\". Loven har en svært god hensikt, men " +"praksisen har ikke fulgt opp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-" "century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits " "against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that " "interferes with any use, transformative or not." msgstr "" -"denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet " -"røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for Ã¥ beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot " -"urettferdig konkurranse av en pirat. Det har modnet til et sverd som " -"forstyrrer bruke transformative eller ikke." +"Dette eksempelet viser hvor langt denne loven har kommet fra sine " +"syttenhundretalls røtter. Loven som skulle beskytte utgiverne mot " +"urettferdig piratkonkurranse, hadde utviklet seg til et sverd som slo ned pÃ¥ " +"_all_ bruk, transformativ* eller ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: Omformere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "Allen, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "Alben, Alex" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " @@ -8611,7 +8725,7 @@ msgstr "" "investere i ny teknologi for Ã¥ levere underholdning i pÃ¥vente av the power " "of networks." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " @@ -8630,7 +8744,7 @@ msgstr "" "eastwood. idéen var Ã¥ presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra " "hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " @@ -8644,7 +8758,7 @@ msgstr "" "inkludere dem pÃ¥ CD-ROMen." #. PAGE BREAK 112 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " @@ -8659,7 +8773,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin karriere ble brukt pÃ¥ warner brothers, og sÃ¥ var det relativt lett Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tillatelse for innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " @@ -8675,7 +8789,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt pÃ¥ en skuespiller-karriere." "\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " @@ -8684,15 +8798,15 @@ msgstr "" "Alben brakt idéen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "artists" msgstr "artister" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " @@ -8706,7 +8820,7 @@ msgstr "" "mikse, brenne\" kreativitet, som evinces i dette kapitlet. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -8714,7 +8828,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " @@ -8729,7 +8843,7 @@ msgstr "" "skuespillerne, sÃ¥ det var ingen klar mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite akkurat hva starwave var Ã¥ " "gjøre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " @@ -8740,7 +8854,7 @@ msgstr "" "hans resourcefulness som skjult Ã¥penbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted " "alben bare hva de gjorde:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " @@ -8757,7 +8871,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin tillatelse. og deretter mÃ¥ du bestemme hva du skal betale ham." #. PAGE BREAK 113 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " @@ -8778,7 +8892,7 @@ msgstr "" "stuntman? og sÃ¥ begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og " "noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " @@ -8799,7 +8913,7 @@ msgstr "" "hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen pÃ¥ clint " "eastwood karriere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " @@ -8808,7 +8922,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det var ett Ã¥r senere, \"og selv da vi var ikke sikker pÃ¥ om vi var helt i " "klartekst.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " @@ -8819,14 +8933,14 @@ msgstr "" "eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde pÃ¥tatt seg et kjempestort " "prosjekt for Ã¥ slippe en retrospektiv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " "there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.\" But we " "just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts and said, " -"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, . . . this many " +"\"Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, … this many " "musicians,\" and we just went at it very systematically and cleared the " "rights." msgstr "" @@ -8838,7 +8952,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi bare gikk pÃ¥ den svært systematisk og fjernet rettighetene." #. PAGE BREAK 114 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " @@ -8847,12 +8961,12 @@ msgstr "" "og ingen tvil, selve produktet var usedvanlig god. Eastwood elsket det, og " "det selges godt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "Drucker, Peter" #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</" @@ -8860,7 +8974,7 @@ msgid "" "#22</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8870,11 +8984,11 @@ msgid "" "Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " +"For, as he acknowledged, \"very few … have the time and resources, " +"and the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " "Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really " "thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to " "go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" @@ -8885,20 +8999,20 @@ msgstr "" "var noensinne Ã¥ gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du mÃ¥ gÃ¥ klart " "rettigheter for disse typer utklipp?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " -"gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " -"used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I don't " -"think that that person . . . should be compensated for that." +"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " +"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I " +"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that." msgstr "" "jeg tror ikke det. NÃ¥r en aktør gjengir en forestilling i en film, han eller " "hun fÃ¥r svært godt betalt.... og deretter nÃ¥r 30 sekunder av denne " "prestasjonen brukes i et nytt produkt som er en retrospektiv av en persons " "karriere, jeg tror ikke at vedkommende... skal kompenseres for som." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " @@ -8918,7 +9032,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosessen kan gjøres for Ã¥ være mer ren?" #. PAGE BREAK 115 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—" @@ -8953,7 +9067,7 @@ msgstr "" "visst antall mennesker kommer til Ã¥ holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir " "vanskeligere Ã¥ sette en av disse tingene sammen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " @@ -8987,7 +9101,7 @@ msgstr "" "bør se pÃ¥ rettighetene og spør, \"betyr dette fortsatt fornuftig?\"" #. PAGE BREAK 116 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " @@ -9004,7 +9118,7 @@ msgstr "" "firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, robert " "fairbank, hadde produsert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -9016,11 +9130,11 @@ msgstr "" "<citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>. Utførelsen var perfekt, ned til seksti " "minutter stoppeklokken. Dommerne elsket enhver minutt av den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "Nimmer, David" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -9036,11 +9150,11 @@ msgstr "" "tale med et spørsmÃ¥l: \"Vet dere hvor mange føderale lover som nettopp brutt " "i dette rommet?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "Boies, David" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " @@ -9068,7 +9182,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nÃ¥ gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men " "du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " @@ -9083,11 +9197,11 @@ msgstr "" "omtrent alle bildet du ønsker; i en annen andre, kan du ha det plantet i " "presentasjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " @@ -9108,7 +9222,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og " "musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " @@ -9123,7 +9237,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke " "komme ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " @@ -9152,7 +9266,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke ha nytte av en full immaterielle rettigheter (som betyr retten " "til Ã¥ gi navn til sin egen pris) med mindre han registrerer arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " @@ -9166,7 +9280,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville alle ha til Ã¥ motsette seg det?" #. PAGE BREAK 118 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " @@ -9186,7 +9300,7 @@ msgstr "" "og—med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi—sett myers og " "andre aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " @@ -9204,7 +9318,7 @@ msgstr "" "sier,\"Hvis noen kan opprette en mÃ¥te Ã¥ bringe gamle filmer til nye " "mÃ¥lgrupper, det er mike\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " @@ -9225,7 +9339,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nÃ¥ et privilegium reservert for morsomt " "og berømte— og antagelig rik." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " @@ -9252,11 +9366,11 @@ msgstr "" "prosessen er en prosess med Ã¥ betale advokater—igjen en rettighet, " "eller kanskje en forbannelse, forbeholdt fÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "Kapittel ni: Samlere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " @@ -9275,7 +9389,7 @@ msgstr "" "igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to mÃ¥neder, disse biter av koden tok " "kopier av Internett og lagret dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " @@ -9291,7 +9405,7 @@ msgstr "" "kalles \"vei tilbake maskinen\", kan du angi en web-side, og se alle dens " "Kopier gÃ¥ tilbake til 1996, og nÃ¥r disse sidene endres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " @@ -9305,7 +9419,7 @@ msgstr "" "forrige nyhetsrapporter." #. PAGE BREAK 120 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " @@ -9316,7 +9430,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen mÃ¥te noen gang Ã¥ vite om historien du lese i dag var historie som ble " "skrevet ut pÃ¥ dato publisert pÃ¥ papiret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " @@ -9332,7 +9446,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥litelig minne." #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " @@ -9347,7 +9461,7 @@ msgstr "" "endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" e-" "post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -9356,7 +9470,7 @@ msgid "" "forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember reading. " @@ -9377,7 +9491,7 @@ msgstr "" "huske—ikke bare hva det er praktisk Ã¥ huske, men husker noe nær " "sannheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. " @@ -9395,7 +9509,7 @@ msgstr "" "fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge." #. PAGE BREAK 121 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " @@ -9413,7 +9527,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi har scads av arkiver av aviser fra bittesmÃ¥ byer rundt om i verden, men " "det er én kopi av Internett—det ettall holdt av internet archive." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " @@ -9434,7 +9548,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en " "milliard sider per mÃ¥ned." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " @@ -9467,7 +9581,7 @@ msgstr "" "[arkivene], men hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," #. PAGE BREAK 122 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " @@ -9475,8 +9589,8 @@ msgid "" "fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " "study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " "between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " -"after it . . . it would be almost impossible. . . . Those materials are " -"almost unfindable. . . ." +"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials " +"are almost unfindable. …" msgstr "" "husker du nÃ¥r dan quayle samhandlet med murphy brown? Husk at frem og " "tilbake surrealistisk opplevelse av en politiker samarbeidsstil et fiktive " @@ -9485,7 +9599,7 @@ msgstr "" "episoden som kom ut etter det... det ville være nesten umulig.... disse " "materialene er nesten unfindable...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " @@ -9502,7 +9616,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere tid enn forskere prøver Ã¥ forstÃ¥ virkningen av media pÃ¥ 1900-tallet " "Amerika?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " @@ -9518,7 +9632,7 @@ msgstr "" "at andre kan fÃ¥ tilgang til og kopiere arbeidet." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " @@ -9532,7 +9646,7 @@ msgstr "" "lysbildet, nitrat vil ikke vente: en historie om filmen bevaring i USA " "(jefferson, NC: mcfarland & Co, 1992), 36." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -9544,7 +9658,7 @@ msgid "" "company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " @@ -9566,7 +9680,7 @@ msgstr "" "kulturen er praktisk talt usynlige for alle som ville se." #. PAGE BREAK 123 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " @@ -9585,11 +9699,11 @@ msgstr "" "on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " "hendelsene den dagen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " @@ -9624,7 +9738,7 @@ msgstr "" "angrep? gÃ¥ til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen minutter—" "gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " @@ -9639,7 +9753,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke disse kopiene skal holdes av alle, eller for Ã¥ bli satt i et arkiv av " "alle. derfor finnes det ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ finne dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " @@ -9656,7 +9770,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell liv." #. PAGE BREAK 124 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " @@ -9675,7 +9789,7 @@ msgstr "" "levetid ekstremt viktig. uten denne reklamen marked, ville det være, mange " "hevder, mye mindre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " @@ -9693,7 +9807,7 @@ msgstr "" "informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " @@ -9710,7 +9824,7 @@ msgstr "" "i tid med digitale nettverk,\" boston college lov gÃ¥ gjennom 44 (2003): 593 " "n. 51." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote" @@ -9721,7 +9835,7 @@ msgid "" "the spread and stability of culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " @@ -9742,7 +9856,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur." #. PAGE BREAK 125 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " @@ -9761,7 +9875,7 @@ msgstr "" "impossibly vanskelig Ã¥ gjøre noe med denne flyktige kultur; loven hadde lite " "praktiske effekten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " @@ -9778,7 +9892,7 @@ msgstr "" "bøker som er utgitt og stadig mer gjør det mulig Ã¥ forestille seg et arkiv " "over alle bevegelige bilder og lyd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " @@ -9790,17 +9904,17 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahles i vÃ¥r historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første gang " "ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. " -"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and " -"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. " -"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these " -"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be " -"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " +"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, … " +"and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " +"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " +"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " +"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " "Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different " -"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things " +"life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things " "humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, " "putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press." msgstr "" @@ -9816,7 +9930,7 @@ msgstr "" "alexandria." #. PAGE BREAK 126 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " @@ -9842,7 +9956,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥r fortid—en fremtid for vÃ¥r fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan " "gjøre drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " @@ -9859,15 +9973,15 @@ msgstr "" "noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, " "og andre vil utøve." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "Kapittel ti: \"Eiendom\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "Johnson, Lyndon" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " @@ -9885,35 +9999,35 @@ msgstr "" "bakgrunnen. i hans nesten førti Ã¥r kjører mpaa, har valenti etablert seg som " "kanskje mest iøynefallende og effektiv korridorpolitiker i washington." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "MGM" msgstr "MGM" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " @@ -9940,7 +10054,7 @@ msgstr "" "paramount bilder, 20th century fox, universal studios og warner brothers." #. PAGE BREAK 128 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " @@ -9963,7 +10077,7 @@ msgstr "" "verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. NÃ¥r valenti gikk til washington, han " "mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian mÃ¥te." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " @@ -9981,7 +10095,7 @@ msgstr "" "er organisasjonens-innsats, epitomized i valenti's hver handling, til Ã¥ " "redefinere betydningen av \"kreative property.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" @@ -9989,7 +10103,7 @@ msgstr "" "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" #. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. " @@ -10004,7 +10118,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettsvesenet av house of representatives, 97th cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 " "(vitnesbyrd om jack valenti)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-" "charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women " @@ -10017,7 +10131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " @@ -10035,7 +10149,7 @@ msgstr "" "bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har " "fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " @@ -10060,7 +10174,7 @@ msgstr "" "har sakte redefinert denne tradisjonen, minst i washington." #. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " @@ -10079,7 +10193,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale university " "press, 1977), 26­27." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -10090,7 +10204,7 @@ msgid "" "radical, and radically undesirable, change in our tradition." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " @@ -10106,7 +10220,7 @@ msgstr "" "kraftig kontroll over hvordan vÃ¥r kreative kultur ville utvikle." #. PAGE BREAK 130 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " @@ -10129,7 +10243,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn perfekt " "kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " @@ -10151,7 +10265,7 @@ msgstr "" "et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, mÃ¥ vi se " "lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " @@ -10174,7 +10288,7 @@ msgstr "" "mindre regjeringen betaler for privilegiet." #. PAGE BREAK 131 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " @@ -10200,7 +10314,7 @@ msgstr "" "land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett uten noen " "kompensasjon overhodet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " @@ -10217,7 +10331,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i vÃ¥re " "Grunnloven selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " @@ -10240,7 +10354,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre som vi bør avvise ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ mitt argument ikke er bare at fordi " "jefferson gjorde det, vi bør, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " @@ -10255,7 +10369,7 @@ msgstr "" "som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det mÃ¥ " "være et frivare?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " @@ -10280,7 +10394,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrollere hvordan kultur utvikler seg." #. PAGE BREAK 132 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " @@ -10300,17 +10414,17 @@ msgstr "" "støtte eller svekke høyre eller regulering. Jeg representerte det med dette " "diagrammet:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " @@ -10338,7 +10452,7 @@ msgstr "" "bokføre det\\/den pÃ¥ weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine " "er en ex post straff for Ã¥ bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pÃ¥lagt av staten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " @@ -10359,7 +10473,7 @@ msgstr "" "differansen er ikke av alvorlighetsgraden av regelen, men kilden for " "hÃ¥ndhevelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " @@ -10378,7 +10492,7 @@ msgstr "" "sett av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pÃ¥legger en " "samtidige begrensning pÃ¥ hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture" @@ -10407,7 +10521,7 @@ msgstr "" "et fly til new york, er det markedet som hÃ¥ndhever denne betingelsen." #. PAGE BREAK 134 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " @@ -10418,7 +10532,7 @@ msgstr "" "samhandler. restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av en kan bli forsterket av en annen. eller " "restriksjoner pÃ¥lagt av en kan bli undergravd av en annen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " @@ -10436,11 +10550,11 @@ msgstr "" "blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) " "mÃ¥ vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "kjørehastighet, begrensninger pÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. " @@ -10468,7 +10582,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke være sÃ¥ effektiv i en annen by, eller om natten." #. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " @@ -10489,7 +10603,7 @@ msgstr "" "skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." #. PAGE BREAK 135 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -10505,19 +10619,19 @@ msgid "" "driving." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "Commons, John R." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " @@ -10575,7 +10689,7 @@ msgstr "" "bør tas med i betraktningen for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ den effektive frihet at hver av " "disse gruppene kan gjøre ansiktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -10585,11 +10699,11 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har rett" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " @@ -10602,19 +10716,19 @@ msgstr "" "domstolene Ã¥ forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne " "samlingspunkt fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" #. PAGE BREAK 136 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " @@ -10637,7 +10751,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥rt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med denne form for " "krenkelse av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " @@ -10654,7 +10768,7 @@ msgstr "" "før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett." #. PAGE BREAK 137 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " @@ -10670,15 +10784,15 @@ msgstr "" "rettigheter har gÃ¥tt tapt. Dette er Irak etter fallet av saddam, men denne " "gangen ingen regjering er rettferdiggjørende looting resultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " @@ -10702,7 +10816,7 @@ msgstr "" "skal utdanne barn Ã¥ bedre beskytte opphavsretten." #. PAGE BREAK 138 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " @@ -10731,7 +10845,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringen Ã¥ kausjon dem. NÃ¥r import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stÃ¥l " "industrien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " @@ -10749,7 +10863,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"arkitektur av inntekter.\"" #. f5 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -10759,7 +10873,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -10781,7 +10895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " @@ -10793,7 +10907,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "Gates, Bill" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -10811,7 +10925,7 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " @@ -10830,7 +10944,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ forespørsel fra de vondt ved Ã¥ endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare " "insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " @@ -10840,7 +10954,7 @@ msgid "" "wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " "the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " "game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " -"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " +"Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of " "speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge" "\" the freedom of speech, it should ask— carefully—whether such " "regulation is justified." @@ -10858,7 +10972,7 @@ msgstr "" "regulering er begrunnet." #. PAGE BREAK 140 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " @@ -10874,19 +10988,19 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥l som mye avhenger av verdier, bør vi først be om vi forstÃ¥r effekten " "av endringene innhold industrien ønsker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "Her kommer metaforen som vil forklare argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "DDT" msgstr "DDT" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " @@ -10901,7 +11015,7 @@ msgstr "" "i verden til Ã¥ drepe sykdom-bærer skadedyr. Det ble ogsÃ¥ brukt til Ã¥ øke " "produksjonen av gÃ¥rden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " @@ -10912,15 +11026,15 @@ msgstr "" "som er en god ting. ingen tvil at arbeidet med müller var viktig og " "verdifull og sannsynligvis lagret liv, kanskje millioner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "Carson, Rachel" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " @@ -10934,7 +11048,7 @@ msgstr "" "fugler var Ã¥ miste muligheten til Ã¥ reprodusere. hele kjeder av økologi ble " "blir ødelagt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " @@ -10953,21 +11067,18 @@ msgstr "" "miljøvennlig mÃ¥ten Ã¥ løse problemer som ddt var ment Ã¥ løse." #. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -#| "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " "(1997): 87." msgstr "" -"Se, for eksempel, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -"Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." +"Se for eksempel James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +"Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " +"(1997): 87." #. PAGE BREAK 141 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for culture." @@ -10984,7 +11095,7 @@ msgid "" "our actions' effects on the environment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " @@ -11007,7 +11118,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne massive økningen i beskyttelse være ødeleggende for miljøet for " "kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " @@ -11016,11 +11127,11 @@ msgstr "" "i en linje: for Ã¥ drepe en mygg, er vi sprøyting ddt med konsekvenser, for " "fri kultur som vil være langt mer ødeleggende enn denne mygg, vil gÃ¥ tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "Opphav" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " @@ -11033,7 +11144,7 @@ msgstr "" "property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den " "engelske mÃ¥l Ã¥ unngÃ¥ altfor kraftig utgivere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " @@ -11045,7 +11156,7 @@ msgstr "" "setningsdelen i vÃ¥r grunnlov sier at:" #. PAGE BREAK 142 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " @@ -11067,12 +11178,13 @@ msgstr "" "og formÃ¥let er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller " "med hovedsakelig formÃ¥let med givende forfatternes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " -"chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " -"few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " +"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " +"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not " +"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " "reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors" @@ -11086,7 +11198,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsterket det mÃ¥let ved Ã¥ kreve at opphavsretten utvide \"til forfattere\" " "bare." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " @@ -11114,7 +11226,7 @@ msgstr "" "struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, " "strukturert for Ã¥ hindre at ellers uunngÃ¥elig konsentrasjoner av makt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " @@ -11130,7 +11242,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥rene siden de først slo sin design." #. PAGE BREAK 143 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " @@ -11141,32 +11253,32 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi, og noen i lys av endringer i teknologi gitt en bestemt " "konsentrasjon av markedets makt. NÃ¥r det gjelder vÃ¥r modell startet vi her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "Vi kommer til Ã¥ ende opp her:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr ""Opphavsrett" i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 144 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "La meg forklare hvordan." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "Loven: Varighet" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "Crosskey, William W." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " @@ -11182,7 +11294,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettigheter som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen Ã¥ ha, under felles " "lov\" (vekt legges til)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -11197,7 +11309,7 @@ msgid "" "to reprint and distribute works." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " @@ -11214,7 +11326,7 @@ msgstr "" "at opphavsretten for alle engelsk arbeider utløpt, en føderale vedtekter " "betydde at staten opphavsrettigheter utløpt ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " @@ -11230,7 +11342,7 @@ msgstr "" "bestÃ¥tt hans arbeid i public domain." #. f9 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -11248,7 +11360,7 @@ msgid "" "Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -11266,7 +11378,7 @@ msgstr "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 145 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -11281,7 +11393,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke verdt det for samfunnet Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve opphavsretten." #. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " @@ -11303,7 +11415,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"pÃ¥ ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of chicago lov gÃ¥ gjennom " "70 (2003): 471, 498­501 og tilhørende tallene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -11312,11 +11424,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "Se Ringer, kap. 9, n. 2." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -11328,7 +11440,7 @@ msgid "" "publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " @@ -11344,7 +11456,7 @@ msgstr "" "Republikken begrepet økt igjen. i 1909 utvidet Kongressen begrepet fornyelse " "av 14 Ã¥r til 28 Ã¥r, angi en maksimal periode pÃ¥ 56 Ã¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " @@ -11366,7 +11478,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue Ã¥r." #. PAGE BREAK 146 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " @@ -11384,7 +11496,7 @@ msgstr "" "million patenter vil passere i den offentlige sfæren, vil dermed null " "opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett sikt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-" @@ -11403,7 +11515,7 @@ msgstr "" "domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " @@ -11423,7 +11535,7 @@ msgstr "" "deretter tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti " "Ã¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " @@ -11441,7 +11553,7 @@ msgstr "" "\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." #. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " @@ -11454,7 +11566,7 @@ msgstr "" "tretti-to Ã¥r, og tretti Ã¥r i gjennomsnitt. se landes og posner, \"pÃ¥ " "ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" loc. cit." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -11465,11 +11577,11 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "Loven: VirkeomrÃ¥de" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " @@ -11482,7 +11594,7 @@ msgstr "" "er ikke nødvendigvis dÃ¥rlig. men vi bør forstÃ¥ omfanget av endringene Hvis " "vi Ã¥ holde denne debatten i sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " @@ -11509,7 +11621,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller Ã¥ tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " "(for eksempel et drama basert pÃ¥ en publiserte bok)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " @@ -11539,7 +11651,7 @@ msgstr "" "verk som er basert pÃ¥ en betydelig mÃ¥te pÃ¥ det første skapende arbeidet." #. PAGE BREAK 148 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " @@ -11563,7 +11675,7 @@ msgstr "" "lov om opphavsrett, det var et krav at works settes med regjeringen før " "opphavsretten som kan sikres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " @@ -11590,7 +11702,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet et sted slik at den kan kopieres av andre uten Ã¥ finne den " "opprinnelige forfatteren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " @@ -11606,14 +11718,14 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten finnes om du merker arbeidet med en ©; og opphavsretten finnes " "om du faktisk lage en kopi tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ kopiere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" "Vurder et praktisk eksempel for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ omfanget av disse forskjellene." #. f13 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " @@ -11626,7 +11738,7 @@ msgstr "" "og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett " "records, 1790­1800 (US g.p.o., 1987)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -11639,7 +11751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " @@ -11657,7 +11769,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til utgivere " "var behersket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " @@ -11674,7 +11786,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopirettigheter. Det er ikke nødvendig Ã¥ registrere deg eller merke arbeidet " "ditt. beskyttelse følger etablering, ikke trinnene du ta for Ã¥ beskytte den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " @@ -11685,7 +11797,7 @@ msgstr "" "unntak) til Ã¥ kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den " "til Ã¥ publisere den pÃ¥ nytt, eller for Ã¥ dele et utdrag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " @@ -11710,7 +11822,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv rett til skrifter, men en eksklusiv rett til skrifter og en stor " "andel av skrifter som er inspirert av dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " @@ -11729,22 +11841,18 @@ msgstr "" "spøk av opphavsretten, slik loven ble riktig utvidet til Ã¥ omfatte disse smÃ¥ " "endringer, sÃ¥ vel som ordrett opprinnelige arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" -#| "ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" "citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." "cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</" -"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" +"citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -11759,7 +11867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " @@ -11775,7 +11883,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's constitutionality,\" yale law " "journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (se spesielt s. 53­59)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -11784,7 +11892,7 @@ msgid "" "creative work are treated the same." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " @@ -11799,7 +11907,7 @@ msgstr "" "kalt \"Mikke Mus\", hvorfor skal du kunne gjøre Mikke Mus leker og være en " "til Ã¥ handle pÃ¥ verdien som disney opprinnelig opprettet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " @@ -11811,12 +11919,12 @@ msgstr "" "er grunnløs. meg sikte akkurat nÃ¥ er mye smalere: bare for Ã¥ gjøre det klart " "at denne utvidelsen er en betydelig endring fra de opprinnelig rettighetene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "Lov og arkitektur: Rekkevidde" #. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " @@ -11836,7 +11944,7 @@ msgstr "" "antagelse under den eksisterende lov (som regulerer \"Kopier\"; 17 united " "states code, avsnitt 102) er at hvis det er en kopi, det er rett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -11846,7 +11954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for <emphasis>copy</" @@ -11870,7 +11978,7 @@ msgstr "" "presist, bør de ikke alltid være utløser for lov om opphavsrett." #. f17 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " @@ -11883,7 +11991,7 @@ msgstr "" "for dens utvidelse der den does, og bør ikke avgjøre sin rekkevidde pÃ¥ " "grunnlag av vilkÃ¥rlig og automatiske endringer forÃ¥rsaket av teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -11893,23 +12001,23 @@ msgid "" "contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle." msgstr "" "Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "Alle potensielle bruk av en bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 152 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " @@ -11935,15 +12043,15 @@ msgstr "" "disse handlinger er regulert av lov om opphavsrett, fordi disse handlinger " "ikke gjør en kopi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "Eksempler pÃ¥ uregulert bruk av en bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " @@ -11960,26 +12068,25 @@ msgstr "" "paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første " "diagrammet pÃ¥ neste side)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" -"Til slutt er det en tynn skive av ellers regulert kopierings-bruk " -"som forblir uregluert pÃ¥ grunn av at loven anser dette som \"rimelig " -"bruk\"." +"Til slutt er det en tynn skive av ellers regulert kopierings-bruk som " +"forblir uregluert pÃ¥ grunn av at loven anser dette som \"rimelig bruk\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " @@ -12000,26 +12107,26 @@ msgstr "" "slike \"fair bruker\" for offentlig politikk (og muligens first endring) " "grunner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "Uregulert kopiering anses som "rimelig bruk"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 154 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " @@ -12032,7 +12139,7 @@ msgstr "" "visninger." #. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " @@ -12047,7 +12154,7 @@ msgstr "" "digital network kan være utformet for Ã¥ slette noe det kopierer slik at det " "samme antallet kopier forblir." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -12063,7 +12170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " @@ -12084,7 +12191,7 @@ msgstr "" "lesing—kan reguleres av lov om opphavsrett, fordi ingen av de bruker " "produsert en kopi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " @@ -12106,7 +12213,7 @@ msgstr "" "ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover den " "femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " @@ -12119,7 +12226,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ gjøre det klart endringen. NÃ¥r du ser dette punktet, bli noen andre " "punkter ogsÃ¥ klar:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " @@ -12136,7 +12243,7 @@ msgstr "" "policy her for Ã¥ skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur " "før Internett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " @@ -12159,7 +12266,7 @@ msgstr "" "svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid." #. PAGE BREAK 156 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " @@ -12182,7 +12289,7 @@ msgstr "" "behovet for en rettferdig bruk forsvar. retten til Ã¥ lese var effektivt " "beskyttet før fordi lesing ikke ble regulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " @@ -12200,7 +12307,7 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men nÃ¥r alt blir presumptively " "regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " @@ -12215,7 +12322,7 @@ msgstr "" "video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere pÃ¥ bÃ¥nd, og " "solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " @@ -12233,7 +12340,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil ogsÃ¥ kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den." #. PAGE BREAK 157 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " @@ -12260,7 +12367,7 @@ msgstr "" "de hadde. sÃ¥ de anlagt en sak Ã¥ be retten Ã¥ erklære at disse rettighetene " "var faktisk sine rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " @@ -12281,7 +12388,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktivere video butikker Ã¥ selge kopier av disse filmene, var disney nÃ¥ suing " "video rørledning for $100 millioner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " @@ -12299,7 +12406,7 @@ msgstr "" "vise titlene pÃ¥ filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til Ã¥ vise klipp av " "filmer som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ selge dem uten disney's tillatelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " @@ -12326,7 +12433,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontroll, fordi teknologien bygger en kopi til hver transaksjon." #. PAGE BREAK 158 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " @@ -12355,7 +12462,7 @@ msgstr "" "men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette skjer " "er ganske liten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " @@ -12372,11 +12479,11 @@ msgstr "" "eiere velge. i enkelte sammenhenger, minst, er det faktum harmløse. men det " "er en oppskrift pÃ¥ katastrofe i enkelte sammenhenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "Arkitektur og lov: Makt" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " @@ -12389,7 +12496,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥virker ikke rekkevidden av opphavsrett regulering; det pÃ¥virker hvordan " "slike regulering fremtvinges." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " @@ -12404,24 +12511,24 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonen med loven og cognizant av saldoer som tradisjon omfavnet, som sa " "om og hvordan loven ville begrense friheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "Casablanca" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Marx Brothers" +msgstr "" + #. f19 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -#| "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" -"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " -"Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." +"Se David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " +"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of <citetitle>Casablanca</" @@ -12436,7 +12543,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridiske konsekvenser hvis de gikk videre med sin plan.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" "citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -12444,7 +12551,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" "citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -12460,7 +12567,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsøke Ã¥ kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, sÃ¥ ville Marx-" "brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontroll over <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. " @@ -12472,7 +12579,7 @@ msgstr "" "hÃ¥ndheve et slikt dumt krav. Denne ekstremismen var irrelevant for de ekte " "friheter som alle (inkludert Warner Brothers) nøt godt av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " @@ -12492,11 +12599,15 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke fÃ¥ humor av the marx brothers. Konsekvensen av dette er overhodet " "ikke morsomt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "La oss se pÃ¥ livet til min Adobe eBook Reader." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -12508,7 +12619,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruker Ã¥ levere e-bøker. Den bidrar med teknologien, og utgiveren leverer " "innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." @@ -12516,7 +12627,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." #. PAGE BREAK 160 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " @@ -12535,15 +12646,15 @@ msgstr "" "vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, " "vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp pÃ¥ bunnen kalt tillatelser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "Bilde av en gammel versjon av Adobe eBook Reader." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " @@ -12552,19 +12663,19 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene " "som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" "Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ knappen tillatelser, ser du en liste over tillatelsene " "som utgiveren hensikt Ã¥ gi med denne boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 161 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " @@ -12580,24 +12691,33 @@ msgstr "" "boken ti dager. til slutt, jeg har tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke lese høyt knapp " "for Ã¥ høre middlemarch lest høyt gjennom datamaskinen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Aristotle" +msgstr "Aristoteles" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" +msgstr "<citetitle>Politikk</citetitle>, (Aristotles)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert " -"oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk." +"Her er e-boken for et annet allemannseid verk (inkludert oversettelsen): " +"Aristoteles <citetitle>Politikk</citetitle> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "E-bok av Aristoteles "Politikk"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. " @@ -12606,15 +12726,15 @@ msgstr "" "i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det " "hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for Ã¥ høre boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." -msgstr "Liste med tillatelser for Aristotles "Politics"." +msgstr "Liste med tillatelser for Aristotles "Politikk"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " @@ -12623,21 +12743,21 @@ msgstr "" "Endelig (og mest embarrassingly), her er du tillatelsene for den " "opprinnelige e-bok-versjonen av boken min siste, fremtiden for idéer:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" "Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og vÃ¥g ikke Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ lytte til denne boken!" #. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " @@ -12654,7 +12774,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrakten, ikke fra lov om opphavsrett og forpliktelsene ved kontrakt ville " "ikke nødvendigvis gÃ¥ til alle som senere kjøpt boken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -12668,7 +12788,7 @@ msgid "" "control that the law would enable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " @@ -12700,19 +12820,19 @@ msgstr "" "hvis du gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, " "maskinen bare vil ikke lese høyt." -#. PAGE BREAK 163 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " -"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." +"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx " "brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde Ã¥ skrive inn " "\"warner brothers,\" slettet \"brødre\" fra setningen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright <emphasis>law</" @@ -12731,7 +12851,7 @@ msgstr "" "dommer, kontrollene som er innebygd i teknologien har ingen tilsvarende " "innebygde kontroller." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " @@ -12746,7 +12866,7 @@ msgstr "" "programvaren, men det var trivielle beskyttelse til tap. Hvorfor vil ikke " "være trivielt Ã¥ beseire slik beskyttelse ogsÃ¥?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " @@ -12755,31 +12875,36 @@ msgstr "" "Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gÃ¥ tilbake til adobe eBok-" "leser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " "Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</" "citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you " -"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" +"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "tidlig i livet av adobe eBok reader LED adobe et PR mareritt. Blant bøkene " "som du kan laste ned gratis pÃ¥ adobe siden var en kopi av alice's adventures " "in wonderland. denne fantastiske boken er offentlig tilgjengelig. ennÃ¥ nÃ¥r " "du klikket pÃ¥ tillatelser for boken, fikk du det fulgte rapporten:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 164 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " @@ -12790,7 +12915,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ lÃ¥ne, ikke lov til Ã¥ gi og, som \"tillatelser\" angitt, ikke lov til Ã¥ " "\"lese høyt\"!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " @@ -12806,7 +12931,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense høyre for foreldre, for eksempel Ã¥ lese boken til sine barn, som " "syntes Ã¥ si mildt, absurd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " @@ -12832,7 +12957,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettferdig? Adobe ikke svare fordi svaret, men absurde det kan virke, er " "ingen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " @@ -12847,7 +12972,7 @@ msgstr "" "det mulig for kontroll, og adobe har et insentiv til Ã¥ forsvare denne " "kontrollen. dette insentiv er forstÃ¥elig, men hva som skaper er ofte gal." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " @@ -12856,11 +12981,11 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en " "favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "Aibo robothund" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " @@ -12872,7 +12997,7 @@ msgstr "" "av et rot (i det minste i huset)." #. PAGE BREAK 165 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " @@ -12889,7 +13014,7 @@ msgstr "" "informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo Ã¥ gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony " "hadde lært det pÃ¥ det omrÃ¥det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " @@ -12906,7 +13031,7 @@ msgstr "" "pet om hvordan Ã¥ hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " "(derfor aibohack.com)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " @@ -12932,7 +13057,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil du senere gjerne til Ã¥ oppdage en hack pÃ¥ nettet av noen som har skrevet " "en driver for Ã¥ aktivere datamaskinen til Ã¥ kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " @@ -12945,7 +13070,7 @@ msgstr "" "en viss respekt som gÃ¥r med talent Ã¥ hacke godt. Det er en velfortjent " "respekt som gÃ¥r med talent Ã¥ hacke etisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " @@ -12959,7 +13084,7 @@ msgstr "" "forvandlet hunden til en mer talentfull skapning enn sony hadde bygget." #. PAGE BREAK 166 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " @@ -12984,7 +13109,7 @@ msgstr "" "en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem kan det være " "med undervisning en robot hunden Ã¥ danse?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " @@ -13006,11 +13131,11 @@ msgstr "" "felten stÃ¥tt sin bakken. Han var ikke om Ã¥ bli mobba til Ã¥ være stille om " "noe han visste godt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "Elektronisk forpost-stiftelsen (EFF)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -13026,7 +13151,7 @@ msgid "" "#27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper " @@ -13035,7 +13160,7 @@ msgid "" "Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " @@ -13054,7 +13179,7 @@ msgstr "" "være del av et \"klarert system\" av kontroll som ville fÃ¥ innholdseiere kan " "stole pÃ¥ systemet av Internett mye mer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " @@ -13068,7 +13193,7 @@ msgstr "" "problemer til konsortiet." #. PAGE BREAK 167 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " @@ -13081,7 +13206,7 @@ msgstr "" "samme svakhet, og felten og teamet hans trodde det verdt Ã¥ pÃ¥peke dette til " "de som studerer kryptering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. " @@ -13098,7 +13223,7 @@ msgstr "" "av kritikk. at kritikk er sannsynlig, i sin tur til Ã¥ forbedre systemer " "eller personer eller idéer kritisert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " @@ -13113,7 +13238,7 @@ msgstr "" "for fleste. men det viste klart svakhetene i sdmi-systemet, og hvorfor sdmi " "ville ikke, sÃ¥ dag konstituert, lykkes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " @@ -13124,7 +13249,7 @@ msgstr "" "mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com banalisere. " "Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " @@ -13135,7 +13260,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopibeskyttelse protokollen utgjør et brudd pÃ¥ anti-omgÃ¥else bestemmelsene i " "digital millennium copyright act." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " @@ -13147,7 +13272,7 @@ msgstr "" "lese:" #. PAGE BREAK 168 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " @@ -13160,7 +13285,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunne utsettes du og din undersøkelsesgruppen for handlinger under digital " "millennium copyright act (\"dmca\")." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " @@ -13171,7 +13296,7 @@ msgstr "" "spredningen av informasjon. digital millennium copyright act gjort sprer seg " "slik informasjon en krenkelser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " @@ -13191,7 +13316,7 @@ msgstr "" "utviklet som kode for Ã¥ endre den opprinnelige koden for Internett, for Ã¥ " "gjenopprette noe beskyttelse for eiere av opphavsretter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " @@ -13205,7 +13330,7 @@ msgstr "" "var vi kunne si, Juridisk Lisenstekst ment Ã¥ buttress programvarekode som " "selv var ment Ã¥ støtte Juridisk Lisenstekst av opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " @@ -13223,7 +13348,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjort mulig ved at omgÃ¥else ville ha vært et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten." #. PAGE BREAK 169 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " @@ -13246,7 +13371,7 @@ msgstr "" "av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten. spørsmÃ¥let er om " "et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " @@ -13263,7 +13388,11 @@ msgstr "" "selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre " "til Ã¥ krenke andres opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conrad, Paul" +msgstr "Conrad, Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " @@ -13272,7 +13401,8 @@ msgid "" "consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " "doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " "\"<citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,\" for example, had testified in that " -"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." +"case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "bizarreness av disse argumentene er fanget i en tegneserie tegnet i 1981 av " "paul conrad. pÃ¥ den tiden, en domstol i california hadde holdt at " @@ -13283,7 +13413,7 @@ msgstr "" "fall at han ønsket Ã¥ fremkalle gratis Ã¥ tape mr. rogers' neighborhood." #. f23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " @@ -13297,7 +13427,7 @@ msgstr "" "james lardner, spole fremover: hollywood, japanske og onslaught av " "videoopptakeren (new york: w. w. norton, 1987), 270­71." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -13315,7 +13445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " @@ -13325,20 +13455,21 @@ msgstr "" "Selv om det var bruker som var juridiske, fordi det var noen bruksomrÃ¥der " "som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Dette førte conrad Ã¥ trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta Ã¥ dmca." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" "ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve Ã¥ komme nær." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " @@ -13356,7 +13487,7 @@ msgstr "" "god slutt." #. PAGE BREAK 171 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " @@ -13370,15 +13501,15 @@ msgstr "" "bruk ville vært bra. det, ogsÃ¥, er en teknologi som har bÃ¥de gode og dÃ¥rlige " "bruker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " @@ -13386,7 +13517,8 @@ msgid "" "technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " "circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " "absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " -"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "den Ã¥penbare punkt conrad's tegneserie er weirdness av en verden der guns er " "juridisk, til tross for skade som de kan gjøre, mens videospillere (og " @@ -13395,7 +13527,7 @@ msgstr "" "tross for potensialet som de kan gjøre noe godt, men tillater vÃ¥pen, til " "tross for den Ã¥penbare og tragisk skaden de gjør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " @@ -13411,7 +13543,7 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ rimelig bruk som de innføre gjennom koden. teknologien blir et middel som " "kan bli slettet fair use; loven av dmca sikkerhetskopierer at sletting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " @@ -13433,7 +13565,7 @@ msgstr "" "de innehaverne av opphavsrett med advokater som kan skrive ekkel bokstavene " "som felten og aibopet.com som er mottatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " @@ -13456,7 +13588,7 @@ msgstr "" "identiteten til de som bryter reglene." #. f24 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " @@ -13467,7 +13599,7 @@ msgstr "" "fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles " "underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -13476,7 +13608,7 @@ msgid "" "continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " @@ -13491,7 +13623,7 @@ msgstr "" "av vÃ¥r kultur. du ble tillatt Ã¥ bygge videre pÃ¥ det som du selv ønsker, uten " "frykt for juridisk kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " @@ -13512,7 +13644,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er " "rask." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " @@ -13529,12 +13661,12 @@ msgstr "" "utstede billetter basert pÃ¥ dataene du har overført. det vil si, hva som " "skjer her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "Marked: Konsentrasjon" #. PAGE BREAK 173 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " @@ -13564,7 +13696,7 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av regjeringens kontroll over innovasjon og kreativitet; det ville " "være helt ugjenkjennelige til de som fødte copyright's kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " @@ -13579,7 +13711,7 @@ msgstr "" "godt forstÃ¥tt. Det er den som oppretter nettopp grunnen til Ã¥ være bekymret " "for alle andre endringer jeg har beskrevet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " @@ -13600,18 +13732,18 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥r vil vi lever i en verden der bare tre selskaper kontrollere mer enn " "prosent av media." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" "Det er her to sorter endringer: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "BMG" msgstr "BMG" #. f25 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " @@ -13622,7 +13754,7 @@ msgstr "" "108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)." #. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " @@ -13632,7 +13764,7 @@ msgstr "" "skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002." #. f27 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " @@ -13641,11 +13773,11 @@ msgstr "" "Molly ivins, \"media konsolidering mÃ¥ stoppes,\" charleston gazette, 31 kan " "2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "McCain, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -13659,7 +13791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " @@ -13678,7 +13810,7 @@ msgstr "" "markedet inntekter. Total, bare fire selskaper styre 90 prosent av landets " "radio annonsering inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " @@ -13698,11 +13830,11 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt Ã¥ beskytte. Det er " "faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet—av markedet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "Fallows, James" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " @@ -13713,25 +13845,21 @@ msgstr "" "natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " "artikkel om rupert murdoch," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " -#| "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</" "citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (september 2003): " -"89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</" +"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . " -"Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " -"content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on the " -"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " "distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " "Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " "Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " @@ -13739,7 +13867,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " @@ -13752,58 +13880,54 @@ msgstr "" "uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre " "dette mønsteret:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "Mønster for moderne mediaeierskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" #. PAGE BREAK 175 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " "content?" msgstr "" -"har denne konsentrasjonen saken? vil det pÃ¥virke hva er gjort, eller hva er " -"distribuert? eller er det bare en mer effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ produsere og " +"Betyr denne konsentrasjonen noe? PÃ¥virker det hva som blir laget, eller hva " +"som blir distribuert? Eller er det bare en mer effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ produsere og " "distribuere innhold?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " "listening to a barrage of creators try to convince me to the contrary, I am " "beginning to change my mind." msgstr "" -"Jeg var at konsentrasjon ikke ville saken. Jeg trodde det var ingenting mer " -"enn en mer effektive økonomiske strukturen. men nÃ¥, etter at lese og lytte " -"til en barrage av skaperne prøver Ã¥ overbevise meg om det motsatte, jeg " -"begynner Ã¥ endre meg sinn." +"Mitt syn var at konsentrasjonen ikke betød noe. Jeg tenkte det ikke var noe " +"mer enn en mer effektiv finansiell struktur. Men nÃ¥, etter Ã¥ ha lest og " +"hørt pÃ¥ en haug av skapere prøve Ã¥ overbevise meg om det motsatte, har jeg " +"begynt Ã¥ endre mening." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" -"Her er en representant historie som begynner Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ hvordan denne " -"integreringen kan saken." +"Her er en representativ historie som kan foreslÃ¥ hvorfor denne integreringen " +"er viktig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "Lear, Norman" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</" "citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too " @@ -13811,14 +13935,14 @@ msgid "" "than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told " "Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more." msgstr "" -"i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten " -"til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var ogsÃ¥ irritabel, fortalte de " -"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn først. " -"ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre " -"irritabel, ikke mer." +"I 1969 laget Norman Lear en polit for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. Han tok piloten til ABC, og nettverket likte det ikke. Da sa " +"til Lear at det var for pÃ¥ kanten. Gjør det om igjen. Lear lagde piloten pÃ¥ " +"nytt, mer pÃ¥ kanten enn den første. ABC ble fra seg. Du fÃ¥r ikke med deg " +"poenget, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil ha det mindre pÃ¥ kanten, ikke mer." #. f29 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -13828,16 +13952,20 @@ msgid "" "notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " "Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"I stedet for Ã¥ føye seg, to Lear ganske enkelt serien sin til noen andre. " +"CBS var glad for Ã¥ ha seriene, og ABC kunne ikke stoppe Lear fra Ã¥ gÃ¥ til " +"andre. Opphavsretten som Lear hadde sikret uavhengighet fra nettverk-" +"kontroll.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 176 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " @@ -13855,7 +13983,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"uavhengige\" av nettverk." #. f30 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. " @@ -13866,7 +13994,7 @@ msgid "" "Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -13884,7 +14012,7 @@ msgid "" "decreased 63%.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</" @@ -13897,15 +14025,15 @@ msgstr "" "hvilket som helst Vis utviklet for et nettverk er i økende grad eid av " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "Diller, Barry" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "Moyers, Bill" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " @@ -13918,22 +14046,18 @@ msgstr "" "moyers," #. f32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 " -#| "April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #76</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" -"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " -"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#76</ulink>." +"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " +"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</" +"ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -13943,7 +14067,7 @@ msgid "" "you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " @@ -13966,12 +14090,12 @@ msgstr "" "kritiske, forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et " "demokrati." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "Clark, Kim B." #. f33 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</" @@ -13985,7 +14109,7 @@ msgid "" "citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -13998,7 +14122,7 @@ msgid "" "little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " @@ -14009,14 +14133,14 @@ msgstr "" "hva konsentrasjon og integrering vil gjøre. effektiviteten er viktig, og " "effekten pÃ¥ kultur er vanskelig Ã¥ mÃ¥le." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "men det er en typiske Ã¥penbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. " @@ -14028,7 +14152,7 @@ msgstr "" "og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen." #. PAGE BREAK 178 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " @@ -14060,7 +14184,7 @@ msgstr "" "redusert narkotikabruk av amerikanerne kunne muligens oppveier disse " "kostnadene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " @@ -14072,7 +14196,7 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig fundamentalt pressen for Ã¥ informere amerikanerne om disse " "problemene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " @@ -14095,7 +14219,7 @@ msgstr "" "av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). " "pluggen pÃ¥ slutten er en damning angrep pÃ¥ pro-legalization kampanjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " @@ -14104,7 +14228,7 @@ msgstr "" "Fair nok. Det er en god annonse. ikke veldig misvisende. Det gir sin melding " "godt. Det er en rettferdig og rimelig melding." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " @@ -14118,7 +14242,7 @@ msgstr "" "stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?" #. PAGE BREAK 179 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. " @@ -14131,19 +14255,27 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ hjelpe deg Ã¥ fÃ¥ budskapet. kan du være sikker pÃ¥ at meldingen vil " "deretter bli hørt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Comcast" msgstr "Comcast" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "NBC" +msgstr "NBC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "WJOA" -msgstr "" +msgstr "WJOA" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "WRC" +msgstr "WRC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -14170,10 +14302,11 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was " "\"too controversial.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"2\"/>" +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -14186,7 +14319,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " @@ -14208,11 +14341,11 @@ msgstr "" "der bare en noen kommer til Ã¥ bestemme hvilke problemer med resten av oss fÃ¥ " "vite om." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> msgid "Together" msgstr "Sammen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " @@ -14226,7 +14359,7 @@ msgstr "" "Anarkisten kan uenige." #. PAGE BREAK 180 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " @@ -14250,7 +14383,7 @@ msgstr "" "fundamentalt endres frihet i denne kulturen til Ã¥ dyrke og bygge pÃ¥ vÃ¥r " "fortid, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " @@ -14262,7 +14395,7 @@ msgstr "" "copyright eller gÃ¥ tilbake til 1700-tallet. det ville være en totalt feil, " "katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vÃ¥r kultur i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " @@ -14284,7 +14417,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's " "regulering—en svekkelse av den reguleringen, Ã¥ styrke kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " @@ -14308,7 +14441,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknologi og markedet aktivere." #. PAGE BREAK 181 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " @@ -14325,7 +14458,7 @@ msgstr "" "færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " "enn nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " @@ -14335,7 +14468,7 @@ msgstr "" "for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, " "159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -14352,12 +14485,12 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nÃ¥ kort oppgis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " @@ -14372,33 +14505,37 @@ msgstr "" "Fjern tilordning av endringene som har gjennomgÃ¥tt en lov om opphavsrett. i " "1790, loven sÃ¥ ut som dette:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status in 1790" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "Publiser" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "transformere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Commercial" msgstr "Kommersiell" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "©" msgstr "©" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Free" msgstr "Fri" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "Ikke-kommersiell" #. PAGE BREAK 182 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. " @@ -14412,12 +14549,16 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-" "kommersielt arbeid var ogsÃ¥ gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "ved slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre, hadde loven endres til dette:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status at the end of ninetheenth centory" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " @@ -14430,7 +14571,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersielt. men ikke-kommersiell publisering og transformasjon var fortsatt " "hovedsakelig gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " @@ -14445,15 +14586,19 @@ msgstr "" "kunne som fotokopiering maskiner ble mer vanlig, vi si loven begynte Ã¥ se " "slik ut:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status in 1975" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "COPY" msgstr "Kopier" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "©/Free" msgstr "©/Fri" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " @@ -14467,8 +14612,12 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i " "sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nÃ¥ ser slik ut:" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> +msgid "Law status now" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 183 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " @@ -14481,7 +14630,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller ikke, transformative eller ikke – med de samme reglene som er utformet " "for Ã¥ regulere kommersielle utgivere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " @@ -14493,16 +14642,18 @@ msgstr "" "virker ikke godt. SÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør spørre akkurat nÃ¥ er enten utvide " "forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " "regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " "transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " -"chapters 7 and 8, one might well wonder whether it does more harm than good " -"for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " -"created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" "Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " "men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra nÃ¥r regulerer (som " @@ -14513,7 +14664,7 @@ msgstr "" "bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset." #. f36 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " @@ -14528,7 +14679,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. " "(new york: new york university press, 1980)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -14545,7 +14696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " @@ -14578,7 +14729,7 @@ msgstr "" "fri kultur er svært forskjellig fra ekstremistgrupper visjonen som dominerer " "debatten i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " @@ -14602,28 +14753,28 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten til Ã¥ opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der " "oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet mÃ¥ kontrollere med en advokat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "Nøtter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "Wells, H. G." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " @@ -14634,7 +14785,7 @@ msgstr "" "blind og andre historier, michael sherborne, ed. (new york: oxford " "university press, 1996)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -14647,7 +14798,7 @@ msgid "" "life as a king." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " @@ -14669,7 +14820,7 @@ msgstr "" "være! \"\"" #. PAGE BREAK 187 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " @@ -14691,7 +14842,7 @@ msgstr "" "overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare " "halvparten forstÃ¥r, men hun var mysteriously glad.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " @@ -14704,7 +14855,7 @@ msgstr "" "instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe " "høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " @@ -14713,16 +14864,17 @@ msgstr "" "etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" " "rapporterer han." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " -"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" +"the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to affect his brain." +"\"" msgstr "" "\"hva pÃ¥virker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " "sykelig... pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som pÃ¥virker hans hjernen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " @@ -14735,7 +14887,7 @@ msgstr "" "operasjon – nemlig Ã¥ fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\"" #. PAGE BREAK 188 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " @@ -14747,7 +14899,7 @@ msgid "" "The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the " "skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the " "DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood " -"was at the scene. . . .\"" +"was at the scene. …\"" msgstr "" "\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av " "denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham Ã¥ være tillatt hans brud. (du mÃ¥ " @@ -14759,7 +14911,7 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med " "100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble pÃ¥ scenen....\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " @@ -14776,7 +14928,7 @@ msgstr "" "chimera). vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " "virkeligheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " @@ -14804,7 +14956,7 @@ msgstr "" "relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling " "selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " @@ -14823,7 +14975,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt Ã¥ dele musikk med \"vÃ¥re ti tusen beste " "venner.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " @@ -14840,7 +14992,7 @@ msgstr "" "kopi til Ã¥ ta, det er veldig mye som Ã¥ stjele en kopi fra tÃ¥rnet." #. PAGE BREAK 189 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " @@ -14859,7 +15011,7 @@ msgstr "" "california lov, i det minste er $1000. Ifølge riaa, derimot, er hvis jeg " "dataoverføre en ti-sang-cd, jeg ansvarlig for $1,500,000 i skader.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " @@ -14874,11 +15026,15 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "Berman, Howard L." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -14907,10 +15063,11 @@ msgid "" "sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " "to Name Students,\" <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -14922,7 +15079,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " @@ -14937,7 +15094,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet. gjøre fildeling som sladder: regulert, hvis i det " "hele tatt, av sosiale normer, men ikke av loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " @@ -14958,7 +15115,7 @@ msgstr "" "løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene." #. PAGE BREAK 190 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " @@ -14974,7 +15131,7 @@ msgstr "" "aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny " "innovasjon og nye kreativitet gÃ¥r tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " @@ -14997,7 +15154,7 @@ msgstr "" "innovators sette emusic.com, det nÃ¥r kritiserer dmca ekstra beskyttelse for " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " @@ -15006,7 +15163,7 @@ msgstr "" "eMusic motsetter musikk piratkopiering. Vi er distributør av " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker Ã¥ beskytte disse rettighetene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " @@ -15022,7 +15179,7 @@ msgstr "" "annen industri-modell." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " @@ -15039,7 +15196,7 @@ msgstr "" "global offentlig politikk og standarder, emusic.com), tilgjengelig i lexis, " "føderale dokumentet Ã¥ fjerne huset Kongressens vitnesbyrd fil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -15051,11 +15208,11 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " @@ -15065,7 +15222,7 @@ msgstr "" "i april 2001, ble emusic.com kjøpt av vivendi universal, en av \"den store " "etiketter.\" posisjonen pÃ¥ disse sakene er nÃ¥ endret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " @@ -15076,11 +15233,11 @@ msgstr "" "ofre verdier som er viktig for denne kulturen og vil drepe muligheter som " "kan være svært verdifull." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "Kapittel tolv: Skader" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " @@ -15095,7 +15252,7 @@ msgstr "" "direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil " "disse skader bli rammet mest av vÃ¥re egne folk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " @@ -15108,7 +15265,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen " "rettferdiggjøres?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " @@ -15120,7 +15277,7 @@ msgstr "" "første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare nÃ¥r strømmen av " "egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er pÃ¥ sitt største i vÃ¥r historie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " @@ -15134,7 +15291,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille." #. PAGE BREAK 193 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " @@ -15149,12 +15306,12 @@ msgstr "" "første beskytte moderne rcas, men det er ingen howard armstrong i vingene Ã¥ " "bekjempe dagens monopolists kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "Begrensende skaperne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " @@ -15183,7 +15340,7 @@ msgstr "" "Mashup—av sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den " "tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " @@ -15205,7 +15362,7 @@ msgstr "" "til kultur rundt." #. PAGE BREAK 194 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -15219,7 +15376,7 @@ msgstr "" "samling med naboer i en liten landsby. Forestill deg sÃ¥ den samme " "historiefortellingen utvidet til Ã¥ nÃ¥ over hele verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " @@ -15242,11 +15399,11 @@ msgstr "" "over Internett. men som loven er nÃ¥ laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively " "ugyldig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "Worldcom" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -15256,11 +15413,11 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "Bush, George W." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -15273,7 +15430,7 @@ msgid "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -15294,25 +15451,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 " -#| "November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink " -#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" "citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Se Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4. november " -"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" -"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." +"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +"citetitle>, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -15331,17 +15482,18 @@ msgid "" "is critical or reflective." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " -"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " -"part has to do with the increasing ease with which infractions can be " -"tracked. As users of file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a " -"trivial matter for copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service " -"providers to reveal who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape " -"player transmitted a list of the songs that you played in the privacy of " -"your own home that anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." msgstr "" "en del av Ã¥rsaken til denne frykten for illegality har Ã¥ gjøre med endring " "loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda " @@ -15352,7 +15504,7 @@ msgstr "" "sendt en liste over sanger som du har spilt i personvernet til din egen " "hjemmeside som noen kunne tune inn uansett grunn de valgte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " @@ -15375,13 +15527,14 @@ msgstr "" "kulturelle: ikoner; retten til Ã¥ dyrke og forvandle dem er ikke pÃ¥ samme " "mÃ¥te gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " -"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " -"I have been lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was " -"fair use, and hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." msgstr "" "advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg " "beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar pÃ¥ historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon " @@ -15390,7 +15543,7 @@ msgstr "" "regulerer slik bruk." #. PAGE BREAK 196 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " @@ -15411,7 +15564,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en " "forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg pÃ¥ rettssikkerhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " @@ -15432,7 +15585,7 @@ msgstr "" "og disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste " "seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " @@ -15453,19 +15606,19 @@ msgstr "" "tar en studert blindhet for folk Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ tro de bor i en kultur som er " "gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg," #. PAGE BREAK 197 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " "And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " -"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it " +"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it " "distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " "lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on " "PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control " @@ -15479,12 +15632,12 @@ msgstr "" "skal ikke engang fÃ¥ det pÃ¥ pbs uten den typen tillatelse. Det er poenget som " "de kontrollen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "Begrensende innovators" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " @@ -15499,7 +15652,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk til hva synes Ã¥ være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror " "det er lite i denne historien Ã¥ bekymre deg over." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " @@ -15517,7 +15670,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"fritt marked\" hvert sted som jeg har omtalt \"gratis kultur.\" poenget er " "det samme, selv om interesser som pÃ¥virker kultur er mer grunnleggende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " @@ -15542,23 +15695,24 @@ msgstr "" "regulering aktiverer bare de kraftige industriene i dag for Ã¥ beskytte seg " "mot konkurrenter i morgen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "Barry, Hank" #. PAGE BREAK 198 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " -"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " -"liability tied to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators " -"who want to innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the " -"sign-off from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been " -"taught through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach " -"venture capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank " -"Barry calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has " -"been learned." +"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied " +"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to " +"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off " +"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught " +"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture " +"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry " +"calls a \"nuclear pall\" that has fallen over the Valley—has been " +"learned." msgstr "" "Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " "som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " @@ -15570,7 +15724,7 @@ msgstr "" "ceo hank barry kaller en \"kjernefysisk pall\" som har falt over dalen—" "har blitt lært." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " @@ -15581,7 +15735,7 @@ msgstr "" "fortalt i fremtiden for idéer og som har kommet i en mÃ¥te at selv jeg " "(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " @@ -15598,7 +15752,7 @@ msgstr "" "en arena for Ã¥ distribuere sine kreativitet, uten Ã¥ kreve en eksklusiv " "engasjement fra skaperne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " @@ -15613,7 +15767,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til Ã¥ nyte bonnie raitt. og sÃ¥ " "videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3." "com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -15627,7 +15781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " @@ -15642,7 +15796,7 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet de allerede eid, til Ã¥ oppdage hva slags innhold som brukerne " "likte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " @@ -15665,7 +15819,7 @@ msgstr "" "dette var 50 000 eksemplarer, det var 50,000 kopier som er rettet mot Ã¥ gi " "kunder noe de hadde allerede kjøpt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " @@ -15684,11 +15838,11 @@ msgstr "" "saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3." "com omtrent et Ã¥r senere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "Den delen av historien har jeg fortalt før. NÃ¥ kommer konklusjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " @@ -15708,7 +15862,7 @@ msgstr "" "krevde." #. PAGE BREAK 200 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -15726,12 +15880,12 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥ du. SÃ¥ de av dere som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv bør " "innse at et slikt syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste deg og ditt firma dyrt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "Hummer, John" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -15742,7 +15896,7 @@ msgid "" "Times</citetitle>, 28 May 2001." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -15761,44 +15915,38 @@ msgid "" "Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> msgid "BMW" msgstr "BMW" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" -#| "ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. " -#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" "citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this " "example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16. juni 2003, " -"tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</" -"ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot " +"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " "had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " "but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " "with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " -"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. . . . <placeholder " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -15813,7 +15961,7 @@ msgstr "" "selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." #. PAGE BREAK 201 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " @@ -15840,7 +15988,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre " "levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " @@ -15864,7 +16012,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet." #. PAGE BREAK 202 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " @@ -15904,7 +16052,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold for Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ regulere direkte teknologi pÃ¥ Internett slik " "at det bedre beskytter innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " @@ -15926,7 +16074,7 @@ msgstr "" "sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -15935,12 +16083,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "gartnerg2, 26­27." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -15956,7 +16104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " @@ -15972,7 +16120,7 @@ msgstr "" "trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " @@ -15981,7 +16129,7 @@ msgstr "" "se david mcguire, \"tech execs torget off over piratkopiering,\" newsbytes, " "februar 2002 (underholdning)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose." @@ -15990,7 +16138,7 @@ msgid "" "should not do more harm than good." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—" @@ -15999,7 +16147,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er en tydeligere mÃ¥te der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en " "historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " @@ -16012,28 +16160,28 @@ msgstr "" "gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. NÃ¥r gjort galt, det " "er regulering kraftig bruk Ã¥ beseire konkurrenter." -#. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " -"Prometheus Books, 2001)." +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " -"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. " -"As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has " -"struck a balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. " -"Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free " -"use (as in the case of the VCR) has been another." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and " +"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book " +"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, " +"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to " +"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, " +"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of " +"the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " @@ -16049,7 +16197,7 @@ msgstr "" "av smothering ny for Ã¥ dra nytte av gamle." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " @@ -16079,7 +16227,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " "medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" "to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright " @@ -16096,7 +16244,7 @@ msgid "" "#44</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and " @@ -16107,14 +16255,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " -"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " -"or she is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded " -"a version of \"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance " -"before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist " +"doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he or she is also the " +"composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a version of " +"\"Happy Birthday\"—to memorialize her famous performance before " +"President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then whenever that " "recording was played on the radio, the current copyright owners of \"Happy " "Birthday\" would get some money, whereas Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" @@ -16127,7 +16276,7 @@ msgstr "" "eierne av \"happy birthday\" ville fÃ¥ noen penger, mens marilyn monroe ville " "ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " @@ -16148,7 +16297,7 @@ msgstr "" "ganske god til Ã¥ stoppe enhver innsats for Ã¥ fÃ¥ Kongressen til Ã¥ kreve " "kompensasjon for artistene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " @@ -16165,7 +16314,7 @@ msgstr "" "san francisco, selv om det er ingen mÃ¥te for meg Ã¥ stille inn pÃ¥ en vanlig " "radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " @@ -16191,7 +16340,7 @@ msgstr "" "millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn pÃ¥ denne nye formen for radio." #. PAGE BREAK 205 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " @@ -16209,18 +16358,18 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ aktivere fm-radio," #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "Lessing, 239." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " "longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " "limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " -"restrictions. . . . Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " "radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " "governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " "mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " @@ -16231,12 +16380,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f13. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "ibid., 229." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -16244,7 +16393,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " @@ -16260,7 +16409,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?" #. PAGE BREAK 206 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " @@ -16284,11 +16433,11 @@ msgstr "" "nøytral mot Internett-radio—loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer " "enn det byrder bakkesendte radio." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -16309,7 +16458,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -16319,7 +16468,7 @@ msgid "" "broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " @@ -16331,56 +16480,56 @@ msgstr "" "foreslÃ¥tt, Internett-radiostasjonen (men ikke en terrestriske radiostasjon) " "ville ha til Ã¥ samle inn følgende data fra hver lytting transaksjon:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "navnet pÃ¥ tjenesten," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "dato for overføring;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "tidspunktet for overføring;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "tidssonen til opprinnelse av overføring;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "varigheten av overføring (til nærmeste sekund):" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "Lydinnspilling-tittel;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "ISRC-koden pÃ¥ opptaket;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " @@ -16390,77 +16539,77 @@ msgstr "" "gi Ã¥r av albumet per opphavsrett og nÃ¥r det gjelder samlealbum, utgivelsesÃ¥r " "av albumet og kopi høyre datoen for spor;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "anbefalte Plateartist;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "detaljhandel albumtittel;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "recording label;" msgstr "plateselskap;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "UPC koden for selge i detalj albumet;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "katalognummer;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "opphavsrettsinnehaveren informasjon;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "musikksjanger av kanal eller -programmet (stasjon format);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "navnet pÃ¥ tjenesten eller selskap;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "kanal eller program;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget pÃ¥ (i brukerens tidssone);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget ut (i brukerens tidssone);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "tidssone der signalet ble mottatt (bruker);" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "unik bruker identifikator;" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "landet som brukeren mottok sendinger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " @@ -16476,7 +16625,7 @@ msgstr "" "forskjellen mellom Internett-radio og bakkesendte radio gjenstÃ¥r: Internett " "radio har Ã¥ betale en type opphavsrett gebyr som bakkesendte radio ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " @@ -16487,7 +16636,7 @@ msgstr "" "økonomiske konsekvensene fra Internett-radio som ville forsvare disse " "forskjellene? var motivet Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere mot piratkopiering?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " @@ -16499,18 +16648,18 @@ msgstr "" "networks, meg:" #. PAGE BREAK 208 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " "it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " "perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " -"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, . . . \"How do you come up with " -"a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because here " -"we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that should " -"establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're going to " -"drive the small webcasters out of business. . . .\"" +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … \"How do you come up " +"with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? Because " +"here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, and that " +"should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, you're " +"going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …\"" msgstr "" "riaa, som var som representerer plateselskapene, presentert noen vitnesbyrd " "om hva de tenkte en villig kjøper betaler til en villig selger, og det var " @@ -16522,7 +16671,7 @@ msgstr "" "etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen sÃ¥ høyt, du kommer til Ã¥ " "drive smÃ¥ webcasters ut av business.... \"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " @@ -16535,7 +16684,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller sju store spillere som kan betale en høy hastighet, og det er en " "stabil, forutsigbar marked.\" (vekt legges)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " @@ -16553,12 +16702,12 @@ msgstr "" "praktisk talt ingen, enten til høyre eller venstre, som gjør noe effektivt " "for Ã¥ hindre den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "ødelegge borgere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " @@ -16569,7 +16718,7 @@ msgstr "" "dinosaurer vetorett over fremtiden. det avfall ekstraordinær mulighet for en " "demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør det mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " @@ -16581,7 +16730,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettssikkerhet." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -16591,7 +16740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -16608,7 +16757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f16. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " @@ -16617,7 +16766,7 @@ msgstr "" "Alex pham, \"etikettene streik tilbake: ny jente settles riaa tilfelle,\" " "los angeles times, 10 september 2003, business." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -16639,7 +16788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f17. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " @@ -16650,7 +16799,7 @@ msgstr "" "amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." #. f18. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " @@ -16662,7 +16811,7 @@ msgstr "" "direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)." #. f19. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " @@ -16673,7 +16822,11 @@ msgstr "" "journal av økonomiske litteratur 36 (1998): 818 (undersøkelse av samsvar " "litteratur)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -16691,10 +16844,11 @@ msgid "" "that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an " "endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a " -"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law." +"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " @@ -16727,7 +16881,7 @@ msgstr "" "liv bÃ¥de normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av " "illegality." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " @@ -16749,7 +16903,7 @@ msgstr "" "vurdere alternativet." #. PAGE BREAK 211 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " @@ -16764,7 +16918,7 @@ msgstr "" "mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett Ã¥ utestenge " "drap alltid og overalt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " @@ -16792,7 +16946,7 @@ msgstr "" "alder siden Internett innført denne annen idé om \"deling.\" vi trenger Ã¥ " "kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " @@ -16815,13 +16969,13 @@ msgstr "" "felons? betyr det fornuftig hvis det finnes andre mÃ¥ter Ã¥ sikre at artister " "fÃ¥r betalt uten Ã¥ transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel." #. PAGE BREAK 212 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " @@ -16836,7 +16990,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett for meg Ã¥ selge min klassisk poster pÃ¥ en brukte platebutikk og " "kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " @@ -16853,11 +17007,11 @@ msgstr "" "foreslÃ¥ at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple " "godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "Adromeda" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " @@ -16879,7 +17033,7 @@ msgstr "" "uavhengig verdifull. samlinger av sanger er kreative og meningsfull i egen " "rett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " @@ -16899,7 +17053,7 @@ msgstr "" "identifisere rippede innhold pÃ¥ folks maskiner." #. PAGE BREAK 213 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " @@ -16922,7 +17076,7 @@ msgstr "" "plast eller var del av en svært kompleks \"digital rights management\" " "systemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " @@ -16940,7 +17094,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre ord, et annet system kan forsikre kompensasjon til kunstnere samtidig " "som du beholder ogsÃ¥ bevege innhold lett?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " @@ -16961,7 +17115,7 @@ msgstr "" "med andre ord, ville ikke være mellom eiendom og piratkopiering; valget " "ville være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " @@ -16980,7 +17134,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke lenger utøve denne ekstreme av kontroll. de ville heller gÃ¥ veien for " "hest trukket buggy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " @@ -16993,7 +17147,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " "kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " @@ -17018,11 +17172,11 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -17030,16 +17184,16 @@ msgstr "" "\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter,\" forklarer von " "Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " -"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " "hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " "you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " -"continue to receive Internet access? . . . Our sensibilities change as soon " -"as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" Well, " -"what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, \"Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a lawbreaker.\" " +"Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done is turn a remarkable " "percentage of the American Internet-using population into \"lawbreakers.\"" msgstr "" "sÃ¥ plutselig en rekke grunnleggende frihet for sivil beskyttelse fordampe " @@ -17052,7 +17206,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ slÃ¥ en bemerkelsesverdig prosent av den amerikanske internett-bruker " "befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " @@ -17063,7 +17217,7 @@ msgstr "" "til kriminelle er at den blir triviell, som et spørsmÃ¥l om grunn prosessen " "til Ã¥ effektivt viske ut mye av personvernet mest ville anta." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " @@ -17080,7 +17234,7 @@ msgstr "" "det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt." #. f20. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " @@ -17106,7 +17260,7 @@ msgstr "" "2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 " "september 2003, p7." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -17119,14 +17273,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f21. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #47</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -17137,7 +17291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f22. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -17157,7 +17311,7 @@ msgid "" "September 2000, 3D." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -17173,7 +17327,7 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " @@ -17195,7 +17349,7 @@ msgstr "" "uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke " "annerledes. sier von sang," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " @@ -17210,7 +17364,7 @@ msgid "" "[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " "liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " "it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " -"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have " +"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have " "become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " "civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." msgstr "" @@ -17231,7 +17385,7 @@ msgstr "" "glatt skrÃ¥ning Ã¥ miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti " "millioner av dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " @@ -17248,11 +17402,11 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥re egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vÃ¥rt demokrati for Ã¥ endre " "vÃ¥r lov?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "Maktfordeling" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. " @@ -17264,7 +17418,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvordan du slokker den. Ved siden av deg er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. " "Bensin vil Ã¥penbart ikke slukke brannen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -17278,7 +17432,7 @@ msgstr "" "tur mot den brennende bilen. Og brannen som bensinen kommer til Ã¥ fyre opp " "vil straks sette fyr pÃ¥ alt i omgivelsene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -17295,7 +17449,7 @@ msgstr "" "seg selv vil brenne ut." #. PAGE BREAK 219 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -17310,7 +17464,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens vi ser pÃ¥ denne lille brannen i hjørnet er det en massiv endring i " "hvordan kultur blir skapt som pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt. " -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -17320,7 +17474,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktige og fundametale problemet. Vi mÃ¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ Ã¥ helle " "bensin pÃ¥ denne brannen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -17333,7 +17487,7 @@ msgstr "" "som bestÃ¥r. Vi kjører sakte forbi og stirrer pÃ¥ brannen nÃ¥r vi i stedet " "burde holde øynene pÃ¥ veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -17346,11 +17500,11 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥ forstÃ¥ disse mislyktede forsøkene hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hva som kreves for " "Ã¥ lykkes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " @@ -17367,7 +17521,7 @@ msgstr "" "koblinger til bilder og forklarende tekst, ville gjøre av 1800-tallet " "forfatterens arbeid blir levende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " @@ -17381,7 +17535,7 @@ msgstr "" "skanning disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis." #. PAGE BREAK 221 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " @@ -17400,7 +17554,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred transformert hawthorne, og mange andre, til et skjema som er mer " "tilgjengelig—teknisk tilgjengelig—i dag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " @@ -17426,7 +17580,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " @@ -17457,7 +17611,7 @@ msgstr "" "en tro det minst like viktig Ã¥ beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-" "kommersiell pornographers." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -17470,20 +17624,20 @@ msgid "" "culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " "public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " -"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter 10, in " -"1998, for the eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of " -"existing copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be " -"free to add any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. " -"Indeed, no copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that " -"year (and not even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, " -"in the same period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public " -"domain." +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " @@ -17497,7 +17651,7 @@ msgstr "" "mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " @@ -17515,7 +17669,7 @@ msgstr "" "forslag til et uttrykk til Ã¥ vare evig mindre en dag. Komiteen kan kanskje " "se pÃ¥ at neste Kongressen,\"144 cong. REC h9946, 9951-2 (7. oktober 1998)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -17523,7 +17677,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " @@ -17540,7 +17694,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre eldred en forbryter—om noen klaget. Dette var en farlig strategi " "for en deaktivert programmerer Ã¥ gjennomføre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " @@ -17555,17 +17709,17 @@ msgstr "" "av Grunnloven, hadde det alltid slo meg som viktigere forskjellige. som du " "vet, Grunnloven sier," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . " -"Writings. . . ." +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved Ã¥ sikre for " "begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " @@ -17573,9 +17727,9 @@ msgid "" "to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " "example, to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War." "\" But here, the \"something\" is something quite specific—to " -"\"promote . . . Progress\"—through means that are also specific— " -"by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times." -"\"" +"\"promote … Progress\"—through means that are also " +"specific— by \"securing\" \"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) " +"\"for limited Times.\"" msgstr "" "som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" "setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver andre " @@ -17585,11 +17739,11 @@ msgstr "" "\"fremme... fremgang\"—gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke—av " "\"sikre\" \"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "Jaszi, Peter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " @@ -17610,7 +17764,7 @@ msgstr "" "evigvarende vilkÃ¥r \"pÃ¥ avbetaling plan,\" som professor peter jaszi sÃ¥ pent " "sette den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " @@ -17631,7 +17785,7 @@ msgstr "" "være villig til Ã¥ betale mye penger Ã¥ se sine opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r utvidet. og " "sÃ¥ congress er ganske fornøyd med Ã¥ holde denne Kjøttsaft tog gÃ¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " @@ -17650,7 +17804,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense handlingene til disse tingene det mÃ¥ gjøre— og de tingene som " "betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " @@ -17669,7 +17823,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelse av opphavsrett, siden ingen publisher vil betale eiendom noen " "penger hvis dikt frost skrev publiseres av alle gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " @@ -17683,7 +17837,7 @@ msgstr "" "rÃ¥dgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:" #. PAGE BREAK 224 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " @@ -17694,7 +17848,7 @@ msgstr "" "utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste Ã¥r, vi vil ikke lenger motta Ã¥rlige royalty " "kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " @@ -17707,7 +17861,7 @@ msgstr "" "tjue Ã¥r. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. sÃ¥ vi bør hÃ¥pe " "passerer denne regningen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?" @@ -17715,7 +17869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "\"hÃ¥per?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " @@ -17725,7 +17879,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rÃ¥dgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av " "en rekke representanter Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sikre at de støtter regningen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " @@ -17736,7 +17890,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi fÃ¥ Hvis denne " "utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rÃ¥dgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " @@ -17749,7 +17903,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi bruker til Ã¥ evaluere eiendom investeringer (6 prosent), og denne loven " "vil være verdt $1,146,000 til eiendom.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " @@ -17757,7 +17911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " @@ -17768,7 +17922,7 @@ msgstr "" "kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker pÃ¥ disse bidragene vil forsikre at " "regningen ble sendt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " @@ -17780,7 +17934,7 @@ msgstr "" "som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" #. PAGE BREAK 225 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " @@ -17798,7 +17952,7 @@ msgstr "" "filtypen. og sÃ¥ hver gang opphavsrett er om Ã¥ opphøre, det er en enorm " "mengde lobbyvirksomhet for Ã¥ fÃ¥ opphavsrett begrepet utvidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " @@ -17810,23 +17964,18 @@ msgstr "" "ytterligere utvidelser av copyright." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " -#| "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " -#| "Chicago Tribune, 17 October 1998, 22." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " "<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." msgstr "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " -"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " -"Tribune, 17. oktober 1998, 22." +"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -17836,22 +17985,18 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>." #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " -#| "Congressional Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=" -#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8. august 1990, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8. august 1990, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</" +"ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -17865,7 +18010,7 @@ msgid "" "campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " @@ -17887,7 +18032,7 @@ msgstr "" "forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen." #. PAGE BREAK 226 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " @@ -17906,7 +18051,7 @@ msgstr "" "av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 Ã¥ ramme en lov som forbød " "besittelse av vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " @@ -17921,7 +18066,7 @@ msgstr "" "makt til Ã¥ inkludere makt til Ã¥ regulere alle aktiviteter som bare berørt " "utdanningen handel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " @@ -17936,7 +18081,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begrense Kongressens makt ble i stedet tolket for Ã¥ innføre ingen " "grense." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " @@ -17962,7 +18107,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressen." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U." @@ -17970,14 +18115,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)." #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -17989,7 +18134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " @@ -18011,7 +18156,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for." #. PAGE BREAK 227 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -18024,7 +18169,7 @@ msgid "" "extend the term of existing copyrights." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " @@ -18050,7 +18195,7 @@ msgstr "" "til undervisning statsrett Hvis disse ni justiariusene skulle være smÃ¥lig " "politikere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " @@ -18084,7 +18229,7 @@ msgstr "" "oss alle." #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</" "citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. " @@ -18092,7 +18237,11 @@ msgid "" "\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -18100,10 +18249,10 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in our " "constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " "Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " -"pirate's charter." +"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " @@ -18122,7 +18271,7 @@ msgstr "" "perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper " "ikke, sÃ¥ lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for Ã¥ utvide dem igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " @@ -18144,7 +18293,7 @@ msgstr "" "lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " @@ -18153,7 +18302,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -18164,7 +18313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " @@ -18181,7 +18330,7 @@ msgstr "" "for verden i iarchive prosjektet gjenværende 9,873. Hva ville du trenger Ã¥ " "gjøre?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " @@ -18198,7 +18347,7 @@ msgstr "" "og fornyelse postene for verk utgitt i 1930. som vil produsere en liste over " "bøker som fortsatt under opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " @@ -18207,7 +18356,7 @@ msgstr "" "deretter for bøkene fortsatt under opphavsrett trenger du Ã¥ finne gjeldende " "opphavsrett eiere. How 'd du gjøre det?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " @@ -18219,7 +18368,7 @@ msgstr "" "være tusenvis og tusenvis av regjeringen monopoler uten det er minst en " "liste?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " @@ -18234,7 +18383,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike poster—spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er " "nødvendigvis gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " @@ -18244,7 +18393,7 @@ msgstr "" "apologists for systemet svarer. \"Hvorfor skulle det være en liste over " "eiere av opphavsretter?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " @@ -18262,7 +18411,7 @@ msgstr "" "vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen." #. PAGE BREAK 230 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " @@ -18285,7 +18434,7 @@ msgstr "" "der eieren vi ikke finner lett. Det er unntaket som beviser regelen: at vi " "vanligvis vet svært godt hvem som eier hva egenskapen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " @@ -18308,7 +18457,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥rt, der er det en forbrytelse Ã¥ bruke slike eiendom uten egenskapen " "eierens tillatelse, egenskapen er ikke skal brukes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " @@ -18319,12 +18468,12 @@ msgstr "" "vil bare rot bort pÃ¥ hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er " "mye mer dire." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "Agee, Michael" #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " @@ -18339,11 +18488,11 @@ msgstr "" "dag pÃ¥ støtning ned opphavsrett forlengelsen,\"orlando sentinel tribune, 9 " "oktober 2002." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -18357,7 +18506,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " @@ -18371,7 +18520,7 @@ msgstr "" "generasjon av american film." #. PAGE BREAK 231 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " @@ -18389,7 +18538,7 @@ msgstr "" "overskride kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</" @@ -18399,7 +18548,7 @@ msgid "" "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -18409,7 +18558,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " @@ -18424,7 +18573,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettighetene. og for Ã¥ sikre rettighetene for en film som er under " "opphavsrett, du trenger Ã¥ finne eieren av opphavsretten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " @@ -18440,7 +18589,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for Ã¥ være et svært stort tall. dermed " "kostnadene ved Ã¥ fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " @@ -18464,7 +18613,7 @@ msgstr "" "advokat er det samme som Ã¥ si du ikke gjøre noen penger." #. PAGE BREAK 232 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " @@ -18479,7 +18628,7 @@ msgstr "" "agee hevdet, filmen vil ikke bli restaurert og distribuert til opphavsretten " "utløper." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " @@ -18492,7 +18641,7 @@ msgstr "" "tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nÃ¥ lagret bli fylt med " "noe mer enn støv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " @@ -18507,7 +18656,7 @@ msgstr "" "incentiver til Ã¥ produsere og distribuere skapende arbeid. for at liten " "brøkdel fungerer opphavsretten som en \"motoren i fri ytring.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " @@ -18524,7 +18673,7 @@ msgstr "" "faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid " "slutter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " @@ -18546,7 +18695,7 @@ msgstr "" "trenger vi Ã¥ ha tilgang til denne historien." #. PAGE BREAK 233 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " @@ -18557,7 +18706,7 @@ msgstr "" "uttrykksmÃ¥ter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. " "opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " @@ -18578,7 +18727,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten noe. dermed var vanlig bruk av en bok etter sin kommersiell " "levetid avsluttet en bruk som var uavhengig av lov om opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " @@ -18596,7 +18745,7 @@ msgstr "" "arkivert for litt, men det var slutten av sitt liv sÃ¥ lenge markedet ikke " "har mer Ã¥ tilby." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " @@ -18609,12 +18758,12 @@ msgstr "" "sin kommersiell verdi. lang opphavsretten for disse arbeider ville ikke har " "interfered med noe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "men denne situasjonen er nÃ¥ endret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " @@ -18638,7 +18787,7 @@ msgstr "" "kultur, mens før det ikke var." #. PAGE BREAK 234 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " @@ -18659,7 +18808,7 @@ msgstr "" "som ønsker Ã¥ utforske, er nÃ¥ inhibited med et sett med regler som ble " "skrevet for en radikalt annen sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " @@ -18680,7 +18829,7 @@ msgstr "" "spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis " "uttrykksmÃ¥ter. Copyright er en brems." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " @@ -18691,7 +18840,7 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ " "ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i Ã¥ spre kultur allment?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " @@ -18714,7 +18863,7 @@ msgstr "" "oss." #. f13. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -18724,7 +18873,7 @@ msgstr "" "December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #54</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -18737,7 +18886,7 @@ msgid "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " @@ -18753,7 +18902,7 @@ msgstr "" "at utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene krenket av Grunnloven \"begrenset ganger\" " "krav, og (2) at utvide vilkÃ¥rene ved en annen tjue Ã¥r krenket first endring." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " @@ -18768,7 +18917,7 @@ msgstr "" "en av de mest konservative dommerne pÃ¥ at domstolen. at ga dissens livet " "vÃ¥rt krav." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " @@ -18790,7 +18939,7 @@ msgstr "" "sentelle hevdet, ville være Ã¥ nekte Kongressen makt til Ã¥ utvide " "eksisterende vilkÃ¥r." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " @@ -18804,7 +18953,7 @@ msgstr "" "der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for Ã¥ høre tilfelle." #. PAGE BREAK 236 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " @@ -18817,7 +18966,7 @@ msgstr "" "tatel. bÃ¥de den mest konservative og mest liberale dommere i DC-krets mente " "Kongressen hadde overstepped sin grensene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " @@ -18832,7 +18981,7 @@ msgstr "" "og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en " "vedtekt nÃ¥r ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgÃ¥tt vedtektene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " @@ -18844,7 +18993,7 @@ msgstr "" "satt for oktober 2002. sommeren ville være utbrent skrive truser og " "forberede for argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " @@ -18865,7 +19014,7 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥rsaken. og ingen fra jordhaugen var mer betydelig for meg enn e-post fra " "min klient, eric eldred." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. " "It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story " @@ -18876,12 +19025,12 @@ msgstr "" "historien til meg selv, kan jeg aldri unnslippe troen pÃ¥ at det er min feil " "at vi ikke vant." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey" #. PAGE BREAK 237 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. " "Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -18899,15 +19048,15 @@ msgstr "" "advokatfirmaer noen sinne ville gjøre), og ga alt de hadde gjennom hele " "saken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "Ayer, Don" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "Bromberg, Dan" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " @@ -18925,7 +19074,7 @@ msgstr "" "dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de " "aldri stemt mot \"de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " @@ -18961,7 +19110,7 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle basert pÃ¥ Grunnloven, ikke basert pÃ¥ om de likte verdiene " "som underskrev de innlegge Grunnloven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " @@ -18978,7 +19127,7 @@ msgstr "" "forfatningsstridig." #. PAGE BREAK 238 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " @@ -19010,15 +19159,15 @@ msgstr "" "troverdig ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at " "denne loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " @@ -19046,7 +19195,7 @@ msgstr "" "bidrag til sentrale aktører pÃ¥ komiteene. Det var penger, ikke " "rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue Ã¥r i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " @@ -19061,7 +19210,7 @@ msgstr "" "grense for Kongressens makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. som sterkt konservativ " "argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -19071,23 +19220,33 @@ msgid "" "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "National Writers Union" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " "the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " -"National Writers Union." +"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "disse truser innrammet et juridisk argument. deretter for Ã¥ støtte " "argumentet juridiske, var det en rekke kraftige truser av biblioteker og " "arkiver, inkludert internet archive, american association av loven " "biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " @@ -19100,27 +19259,27 @@ msgstr "" "ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre " "gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "Akerlof, George" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "Buchanan, James" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "Coase, Ronald" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "Friedman, Milton" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " @@ -19141,11 +19300,11 @@ msgstr "" "slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"—fancy sikt " "økonomer bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "Fried, Charles" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " @@ -19169,7 +19328,7 @@ msgstr "" "hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en " "første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " @@ -19193,7 +19352,7 @@ msgstr "" "posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte Ã¥rsaken " "var en stemme av tilliten i vÃ¥r argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " @@ -19206,7 +19365,7 @@ msgstr "" "økonomer. truser pÃ¥ den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av " "store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " @@ -19224,7 +19383,7 @@ msgstr "" "ønsket Ã¥ kontroll." #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " @@ -19234,7 +19393,7 @@ msgstr "" "amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " @@ -19243,11 +19402,11 @@ msgstr "" "dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer " "fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "Gershwin, George" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -19263,7 +19422,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " @@ -19288,7 +19447,7 @@ msgstr "" "snakke pÃ¥ en bestemt mÃ¥te, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er " "tradisjonelt ment Ã¥ blokkere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " @@ -19307,7 +19466,7 @@ msgstr "" "februar og oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne " "saken. tidlig som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -19319,12 +19478,12 @@ msgid "" "limits." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "Breyer, Stephen" #. PAGE BREAK 242 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " @@ -19345,7 +19504,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest " "konsekvent avtalt med, var de ogsÃ¥ stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig Ã¥ fÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " @@ -19366,7 +19525,7 @@ msgstr "" "makt i denne sammenheng Ã¥ gjøre som det ønsket, selv om hva Kongressen " "ønsket gjort lite fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " @@ -19382,7 +19541,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse " "retrospektiv utvidelser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. " @@ -19399,7 +19558,7 @@ msgstr "" "argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var " "ganske trygg pÃ¥ han ville anerkjenne grenser her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " @@ -19418,7 +19577,7 @@ msgstr "" "Kongressens makt mÃ¥ tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger." #. PAGE BREAK 243 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " @@ -19440,7 +19599,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til Ã¥ regulere handel var begrenset, " "deretter sÃ¥, ogsÃ¥, congress's makt til Ã¥ regulere copyright skal begrenses." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " @@ -19455,7 +19614,7 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nÃ¥ si at praksis er " "unconstitutional." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " @@ -19469,7 +19628,7 @@ msgstr "" "regelmessig—betingelser elleve ganger i førti Ã¥r." #. PAGE BREAK 244 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " @@ -19501,7 +19660,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " "justiariusene brann spørsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ wannabe vinnere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " @@ -19518,7 +19677,7 @@ msgstr "" "følge: ikke utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. moots var en effektiv praksis, Jeg " "har funnet mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ta alle spørsmÃ¥l tilbake til dette sentrale idéen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " @@ -19532,7 +19691,7 @@ msgstr "" "stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin " "bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " @@ -19548,7 +19707,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke noen sjanse til Ã¥ vinne." #. PAGE BREAK 245 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " @@ -19577,7 +19736,7 @@ msgstr "" "proceedings. score tilbragte natten pÃ¥ Høyesterett trinnene slik at de ville " "være trygg pÃ¥ et sete." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " @@ -19605,7 +19764,7 @@ msgstr "" "ned ved bordet, sÃ¥ jeg jack valenti sitter i delen spesielle vanligvis " "forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " @@ -19618,7 +19777,7 @@ msgstr "" "sak om nummerert kreftene, jeg sa, og om de nummerert kreftene hadde noen " "grense." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " @@ -19627,7 +19786,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettferdighet o'connor stoppet meg ett minutts min Ã¥pning. historien var " "plaget henne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " @@ -19640,7 +19799,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes Ã¥ være en praksis som begynte med " "svært første akt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " @@ -19652,7 +19811,7 @@ msgstr "" "understreke begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt." #. PAGE BREAK 246 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " @@ -19663,7 +19822,7 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let er, er det en mÃ¥te Ã¥ tolke sine ord som gir kraft til hva de " "hadde i tankene, og svaret er Ja." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " @@ -19672,7 +19831,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det var to poeng i dette argumentet nÃ¥r jeg burde ha sett hvor domstolen " "skulle. Først var et spørsmÃ¥l av rettferdighet kennedy, som observert," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " @@ -19686,7 +19845,7 @@ msgstr "" "avbrudd, er som for alle disse Ã¥rene loven har hindret fremgang i vitenskap " "og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser ikke noen empiriske bevis for dette." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " @@ -19694,7 +19853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " @@ -19709,7 +19868,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er nødvendig for Ã¥ sikre at det ville være et effektivt evigvarende sikt " "ikke tillates under lover om opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " @@ -19723,7 +19882,7 @@ msgstr "" "skrevet om den. han ønsket Ã¥ høre den. og her var sted don ayer's rÃ¥d skal " "ha mattered. Dette var en softball; mitt svar var en swing og en glipp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " @@ -19735,7 +19894,7 @@ msgstr "" "se denne saken som sin andre fetter." #. PAGE BREAK 247 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " @@ -19744,7 +19903,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmÃ¥let at han ikke var pÃ¥ alle sympatisk. " "til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. sÃ¥ han spurte:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " @@ -19753,7 +19912,7 @@ msgstr "" "Chief justice: godt, men du ønsker mer enn som. du vil ha rett til Ã¥ kopiere " "ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " @@ -19766,7 +19925,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan begrunnes under vanlige første endring analyse eller under en riktig " "lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " @@ -19777,7 +19936,7 @@ msgstr "" "plukket opp pÃ¥ kjernen av vÃ¥re krav. som rettferdighet spurte scalia advokat " "generelt olson" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " @@ -19789,7 +19948,7 @@ msgstr "" "[av Grunnloven], men det er nettopp argumentet som gjøres av petitioners " "her, det en begrenset periode som er utvidbart er samme en ubegrenset tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " @@ -19816,7 +19975,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til min side." #. PAGE BREAK 248 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " @@ -19828,7 +19987,7 @@ msgstr "" "hadde svart pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te. men en mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ dette tilfellet forlatt " "meg optimistisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " @@ -19857,7 +20016,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville konservative—føle seg begrenset av rettssikkerhet at det hadde " "etablert andre steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " @@ -19872,7 +20031,7 @@ msgstr "" "the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " "justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " @@ -19883,7 +20042,7 @@ msgstr "" "postet en kunngjøring til vÃ¥r blogg, og satte meg ned for Ã¥ se hvor jeg " "hadde vært feil i mitt resonnement." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " @@ -19894,7 +20053,7 @@ msgstr "" "resonnement. og her var den siste naivt lov professoren, scouring sider, pÃ¥ " "jakt etter resonnement." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " @@ -19909,7 +20068,7 @@ msgstr "" "vÃ¥rt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening." #. PAGE BREAK 249 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " @@ -19920,7 +20079,7 @@ msgstr "" "konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, " "hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " @@ -19933,7 +20092,7 @@ msgstr "" "skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de " "hadde arbeidet sÃ¥ hardt for Ã¥ beseire." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " @@ -19955,7 +20114,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng " "vil det ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " @@ -19976,7 +20135,7 @@ msgstr "" "system der domstolen fÃ¥r velge konstitusjonelle verdiene som det vil " "respektere,." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " @@ -20000,7 +20159,7 @@ msgstr "" "kostnad gÃ¥ ubesvart." #. PAGE BREAK 250 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " @@ -20022,7 +20181,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrepet var sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ være effektivt ubegrenset, sÃ¥ det var " "forfatningsstridig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " @@ -20037,7 +20196,7 @@ msgstr "" "har adressert argumentet om at vi hadde fraktet fra dommer sentelle. Det var " "hamlet uten prinsen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " @@ -20048,7 +20207,7 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " "Dette sinne var inälvor." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " @@ -20075,7 +20234,7 @@ msgstr "" "nÃ¥?" #. PAGE BREAK 251 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " @@ -20100,7 +20259,7 @@ msgstr "" "resultat som de likte. det ikke produsere en grunn som var i samsvar med sin " "egen prinsipper." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " @@ -20110,7 +20269,7 @@ msgstr "" "mitt sinne med høyre raskt gitt til sinne med meg selv. for jeg hadde la en " "visning av loven som jeg likte forstyrre en visning av loven som det er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " @@ -20134,7 +20293,7 @@ msgstr "" "det bør ogsÃ¥ følge i popularitet." #. PAGE BREAK 252 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " @@ -20167,7 +20326,7 @@ msgstr "" "brukt et annet sted. Det var ikke grunnlag som en domstol bør avgjøre " "problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " @@ -20178,7 +20337,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært annerledes hvis don ayer hadde hevdet det? eller charles stekt? " "eller kathleen sullivan?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " @@ -20191,7 +20350,7 @@ msgstr "" "mye mer Ã¥ vise vÃ¥rt samfunn hvorfor vÃ¥re underskrev hadde rett. og nÃ¥r vi " "gjør det, vil vi være i stand til Ã¥ vise at domstolen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " @@ -20206,7 +20365,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate " "rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " @@ -20222,7 +20381,7 @@ msgstr "" "før det er." #. PAGE BREAK 253 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " @@ -20257,7 +20416,7 @@ msgstr "" "fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin " "redaksjonell," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " @@ -20274,25 +20433,34 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " -"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " -"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref linkend=" +"\"fig-18\"/>). The \"powerful and wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the " +"punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—" "av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " "bolling, gjengis pÃ¥ neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstÃ¥ende\" er en " "smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sÃ¥nn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " @@ -20310,11 +20478,11 @@ msgstr "" "engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett " "effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " @@ -20333,7 +20501,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsinket pÃ¥ grunn av trafikk, sÃ¥ jeg Ã¥pnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en " "op-ed brikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " @@ -20355,7 +20523,7 @@ msgstr "" "politikk." #. PAGE BREAK 256 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " @@ -20370,7 +20538,7 @@ msgstr "" "gebyret, fikk han fordelen med full sikt av opphavsrett. Hvis han ikke " "gjorde bestÃ¥tt arbeidet i public domain." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " @@ -20381,7 +20549,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred var slag nok Ã¥ la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det " "vil ikke fÃ¥ gÃ¥tt med mindre det er et annet navn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " @@ -20398,11 +20566,11 @@ msgstr "" "av kunnskap. La det for sÃ¥ lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der " "er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "Forbes, Steve" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " @@ -20425,7 +20593,7 @@ msgstr "" "demokratene og republikanerne pÃ¥ dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de " "dumme skader som dagens ordning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " @@ -20447,16 +20615,16 @@ msgstr "" "systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved Ã¥ etablere minst én registret der " "eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "Bern-konvensjonen (1908)" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " @@ -20493,20 +20661,21 @@ msgstr "" "anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for " "immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 153­54." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" -"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " -"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" -"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " -"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " -"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " -"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when " +"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before " +"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" Natural rights " +"don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-American tradition " +"that required copyright owners to follow form if their rights were to be " +"protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly respect the dignity of " +"the author. My right as a creator turns on my creativity, not upon the " +"special favor of the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " @@ -20521,7 +20690,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet\" er ødelagt nÃ¥r det er ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hva er beskyttet " "og hva som ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " @@ -20541,7 +20710,7 @@ msgstr "" "charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av Ã¥ " "dot en i eller pÃ¥ tvers av en t ført til tap av enker eneste inntekt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " @@ -20557,7 +20726,7 @@ msgstr "" "formaliteter helt, burde svaret i berlin vært Ã¥ omfavne en mer rettferdig " "system for registrering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " @@ -20572,7 +20741,7 @@ msgstr "" "unødvendig regulatoriske belastning pÃ¥tvang skapere." #. PAGE BREAK 258 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " @@ -20591,7 +20760,7 @@ msgstr "" "alle som ville stjele tabellen, om han har informert regjeringen av sitt " "eierskap av tabellen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " @@ -20608,7 +20777,7 @@ msgstr "" "formaliteter svarer pÃ¥ spesielle fysikk av kreative eiendom, Ã¥ sikre at det " "kan være effektivt og ganske spredt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " @@ -20639,7 +20808,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av " "beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " @@ -20663,7 +20832,7 @@ msgstr "" "hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten " "formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " @@ -20682,7 +20851,7 @@ msgstr "" "fjorten Ã¥r, ville under underskrev system, et arbeid presumptively " "kontrolleres. etter fjorten Ã¥r, ville det være presumptively ukontrollerte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " @@ -20701,7 +20870,7 @@ msgstr "" "systemet bebyrde kreativitet pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som aldri har vært sett før fordi " "det er ingen formaliteter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " @@ -20716,7 +20885,7 @@ msgstr "" "tillatelse hvis de vil bruke arbeidet. og du vil fÃ¥ nytte av en utvidet " "opphavsrett sikt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " @@ -20731,7 +20900,7 @@ msgstr "" "der alle kan kopiere den, eller bygge arkivet med det eller opprette en film " "basert pÃ¥ den. Det bør bli gratis hvis det ikke er verdt $1 for deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -20743,7 +20912,7 @@ msgstr "" "registrering?" #. PAGE BREAK 260 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " @@ -20774,7 +20943,7 @@ msgstr "" "fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen " "femti Ã¥r. hva tror du?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -20786,11 +20955,11 @@ msgstr "" "introdusere en Eldred-lov. og jeg hadde noen fÃ¥ som foreslo direkte at de " "kan være villige til Ã¥ ta det første skrittet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -20808,7 +20977,7 @@ msgstr "" "generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " @@ -20826,7 +20995,7 @@ msgstr "" "om." #. PAGE BREAK 261 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " @@ -20865,7 +21034,7 @@ msgstr "" "skjedde i public domain. men hva risikoen er at? Hvis det er allemannseie, " "deretter er filmen en gyldig avledet bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " @@ -20881,7 +21050,7 @@ msgstr "" "er fri til Ã¥ gi bort deres copyright eller ikke—kontroversielle krav i " "alle fall—hvis de ikke kjenner om opphavsretten, sannsynligvis de ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " @@ -20900,7 +21069,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilfelle gjorde de interessen har makt til Ã¥ beskytte seg mot denne nye " "konkurransedyktig trusselen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -20914,7 +21083,7 @@ msgstr "" "sunne fornuften?" #. PAGE BREAK 262 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " @@ -20936,7 +21105,7 @@ msgstr "" "hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner Ã¥rsakene til Ã¥ begrense " "opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig Ã¥ se god tro i motstanden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " @@ -20957,11 +21126,11 @@ msgstr "" "verden. sÃ¥ nÃ¥r warriors motsette en endring som dette, bør vi ber ett enkelt " "spørsmÃ¥l:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "Hva ønsker denne industrien egentlig?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " @@ -20981,7 +21150,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen " "kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " @@ -20997,7 +21166,7 @@ msgstr "" "er deres." #. PAGE BREAK 263 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " @@ -21014,7 +21183,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er koblet til et offentlig som nÃ¥ har mulighet til Ã¥ opprette med det og " "dele sin egen etablering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " @@ -21029,7 +21198,7 @@ msgstr "" "at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften " "for andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " @@ -21171,20 +21340,16 @@ msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "Braithwaite, John" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns " -#| "the Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " -#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgid "" -"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " -"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " -"Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " +"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who " +"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21220,29 +21385,23 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection " -#| "and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report " -#| "Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D." -#| "C., 2000), 15." msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " "Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " "(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." msgstr "" -"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " -"Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en rapport " -"forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D." -"C., 2000), 15." +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en " +"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " -"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" +"characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … not " +"to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " "Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" "and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " @@ -21260,7 +21419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med Ã¥ være imot. Som " "International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, " -"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika . . . til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " +"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " "lisensiering eller parallellimport\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" "> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-" "Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge press bak den forespørselen, " @@ -21540,16 +21699,6 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, " -#| "August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' " -#| "Meeting Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" -#| "ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO," -#| "\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at " -#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -21561,16 +21710,21 @@ msgid "" "Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, august " -"2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting " -"Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" -"ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" " -"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on " +"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official " +"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's " +"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" @@ -21594,7 +21748,8 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" "I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual " "Property Organiation om Ã¥ avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -21614,7 +21769,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " "Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " "frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21732,22 +21888,6 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " -#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " -#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's " -#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft" -#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the " -#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of " -#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward " -#| "Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for " -#| "Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " -#| "Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -#| "notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice " -#| "president, The Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York " -#| "University Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=" -#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -21771,13 +21911,18 @@ msgstr "" "lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " "som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " "Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " -"Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software (Washington, D.C.: " -"AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise " -"Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, " -"Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial Software Model, diskusjon " -"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig " -"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory " +"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), " +"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</" +"ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " +"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York " +"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -21789,7 +21934,9 @@ msgid "" "\"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, " "to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " "entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " -"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "Jeg mener ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for Ã¥ gjøre " "det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell " @@ -21800,7 +21947,9 @@ msgstr "" "aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " "kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " "programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -22012,16 +22161,12 @@ msgstr "" "som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " -#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22217,7 +22362,7 @@ msgid "" "property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " "bigness bad." msgstr "" -"Faren med mediakonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " +"Faren med mediekonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " "kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles " "til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige " "selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " @@ -22269,20 +22414,6 @@ msgstr "Dylan, Bob" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " -#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" -#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " -#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " -#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New " -#| "York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits " -#| "Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. " -#| "Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -#| "\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, " -#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" -#| "ulink>." msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" @@ -22302,22 +22433,22 @@ msgstr "" "#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " "8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " -"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " -"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10. september 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</" -"ulink>." +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with " +"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " "17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #68</ulink>." @@ -22366,7 +22497,7 @@ msgstr "" "Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " "dele innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "Creative Commons" @@ -22489,11 +22620,11 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ledes, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen " "kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -22501,7 +22632,7 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " @@ -22523,7 +22654,7 @@ msgstr "" "du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -22540,7 +22671,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -22567,7 +22698,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " @@ -22582,11 +22713,11 @@ msgstr "" "gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -22605,25 +22736,26 @@ msgstr "" "Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" " "var trygg pÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " -"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " -"data and hence a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather " -"that data. If you were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, " -"no doubt your privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA " -"would (we hope) find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to " -"track you. But for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The " -"highly inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly " -"robust amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not " -"by law (there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in " -"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " -"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting \"privacy\" in public places), and in many " +"places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the " +"costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." msgstr "" "Vel, hvis vi tror nÃ¥r det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, " "personvernet var forsikret pÃ¥ grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for Ã¥ samle " @@ -22639,11 +22771,15 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Amazon" msgstr "Amazon" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -22653,7 +22789,7 @@ msgid "" "pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function of " "cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The friction " "has disappeared, and hence any \"privacy\" protected by the friction " -"disappears, too." +"disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Angi Internett, der kostnaden for sporing av surfing spesielt har blitt " "ganske liten. Hvis du er en kunde pÃ¥ amazon, deretter samler som du blar " @@ -22663,7 +22799,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -22683,7 +22819,7 @@ msgstr "" "friksjon i gÃ¥r." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -22696,7 +22832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -22708,7 +22844,7 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " @@ -22724,11 +22860,11 @@ msgstr "" "maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om " "hvordan du styrer deres programvare." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "Stallman, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -22742,7 +22878,7 @@ msgstr "" "smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman Ã¥ basere " "seg frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre pÃ¥ andre personers arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " @@ -22764,7 +22900,7 @@ msgstr "" "være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " "ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " @@ -22784,7 +22920,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " @@ -22799,15 +22935,22 @@ msgstr "" "og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " "dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " "the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" kernel " -"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system." +"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann pÃ¥ et prosjekt for Ã¥ bygge et fritt " +"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle " +"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen til " +"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere GNU/Linux-" +"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " @@ -22828,7 +22971,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. hans grunnleggende mÃ¥let var frihet; nyskapende, kreative " "koden var en byproduct." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " @@ -22845,7 +22988,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt " "beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " @@ -22857,7 +23000,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler er produsert." #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " @@ -22885,7 +23028,7 @@ msgstr "" "den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " @@ -22903,7 +23046,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting galt med Ã¥ selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet " "med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " @@ -22914,7 +23057,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til Ã¥ bla " "gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " @@ -22939,7 +23082,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen til en papir-journal." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " @@ -22954,7 +23097,7 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " @@ -22979,7 +23122,7 @@ msgstr "" "utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " "forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " @@ -22996,11 +23139,11 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen i vÃ¥r tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt nÃ¥r det " "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" -msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " @@ -23009,7 +23152,7 @@ msgstr "" "samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ økende kontrollen " "berørt gjennom lov og teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " @@ -23030,7 +23173,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " @@ -23060,7 +23203,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-" "merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -23082,7 +23225,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruk, sÃ¥ lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk " "bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " @@ -23103,11 +23246,11 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "Garlick, Mia" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -23129,7 +23272,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -23152,7 +23295,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " "begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " @@ -23167,7 +23310,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " "pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " @@ -23190,7 +23333,7 @@ msgstr "" "(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " "trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " @@ -23202,7 +23345,7 @@ msgstr "" "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." #. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " @@ -23222,7 +23365,7 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -23230,7 +23373,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -23249,7 +23392,7 @@ msgid "" "creativity might grow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " @@ -23273,7 +23416,7 @@ msgstr "" "det til andre." #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " @@ -23290,7 +23433,7 @@ msgstr "" "med creative commons-friheter. sÃ¥ er neste trinn Ã¥ se pÃ¥ og feire skaperne " "som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " @@ -23305,7 +23448,7 @@ msgstr "" "commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ dette Ã¥ gjenoppbygge. de " "vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " @@ -23322,11 +23465,11 @@ msgstr "" "forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " "at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "Dem, snart" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " @@ -23340,7 +23483,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " @@ -23353,11 +23496,11 @@ msgstr "" "skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei " "til vÃ¥r side." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " @@ -23371,7 +23514,7 @@ msgstr "" "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " @@ -23380,7 +23523,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -23393,19 +23536,20 @@ msgstr "" "registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang Ã¥ merke innholdet. standard er " "kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why?" msgstr "hvorfor?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " -"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " -"burden on copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when " -"the law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to " -"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In " +"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on " +"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law " +"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect " +"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." msgstr "" "som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til Ã¥ avskaffe formaliteter en " "god en. i verden før digital teknologi pÃ¥lagt formaliteter en byrde pÃ¥ " @@ -23413,7 +23557,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren mÃ¥ bære Ã¥ " "beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " @@ -23437,7 +23581,7 @@ msgstr "" "styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " @@ -23448,7 +23592,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " "land ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " @@ -23457,7 +23601,7 @@ msgid "" "formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " @@ -23473,11 +23617,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra " "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "Registrering og fornying" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " @@ -23502,7 +23646,7 @@ msgstr "" "første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " "til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " @@ -23521,7 +23665,7 @@ msgstr "" "private selskaper Ã¥ tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen " "angir." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " @@ -23542,7 +23686,7 @@ msgstr "" "opp." #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " @@ -23565,11 +23709,11 @@ msgstr "" "lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer " "som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "MARKING" msgstr "Merking" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " @@ -23588,7 +23732,7 @@ msgstr "" "og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves jevnt pÃ¥ " "tvers av alle medier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " @@ -23600,7 +23744,7 @@ msgstr "" "mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " "tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " @@ -23622,7 +23766,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " @@ -23634,7 +23778,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -23648,7 +23792,7 @@ msgid "" "would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " @@ -23663,7 +23807,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " "steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " @@ -23685,7 +23829,7 @@ msgstr "" "skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole pÃ¥ regjeringen for Ã¥ holde produktet av " "innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " @@ -23701,7 +23845,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " "unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " @@ -23712,7 +23856,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting for Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for Ã¥ gjøre ting " "som er uklart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " @@ -23729,38 +23873,32 @@ msgstr "" "type innhold; det ville være enkelt Ã¥ hevde de rettighetene og Ã¥ fornye at " "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " "authors." msgstr "" -"begrepet av opphavsrett har gÃ¥tt fra fjorten Ã¥r til ninety-fem Ã¥r for " -"corporate forfattere og livet forfatter pluss sytti Ã¥r for naturlig " -"forfattere." +"Vernetiden i opphavsretten har gÃ¥tt fra fjorten Ã¥r til nittifem Ã¥r der " +"selskap har forfatterskapet , og livstiden til forfatteren pluss sytti Ã¥r " +"for individuelle forfattere." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, " -#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</" -#| "ulink>." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" -"\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25. januar 2003): 15, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</" -"ulink>." +"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25. " +"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #74</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" "year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " @@ -23772,7 +23910,7 @@ msgid "" "patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " @@ -23784,7 +23922,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " @@ -23803,7 +23941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -23825,7 +23963,7 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " @@ -23835,11 +23973,11 @@ msgstr "" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -23853,7 +23991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " @@ -23881,7 +24019,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " "er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -23892,7 +24030,7 @@ msgstr "" "Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være " "det samme." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -23904,11 +24042,11 @@ msgstr "" "lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " "be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " @@ -23925,7 +24063,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" @@ -23943,19 +24081,15 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " -#| "University Press, 1967), 32." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" -"Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " -"University Press, 1967), 32." +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -23966,12 +24100,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "ibid., 56." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -23979,7 +24113,7 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " @@ -23994,7 +24128,7 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " @@ -24013,7 +24147,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " @@ -24038,7 +24172,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " "Smothers det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " @@ -24053,26 +24187,21 @@ msgstr "" "poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " "her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial " -#| "Jukebox (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. " -#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " "187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " -"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -24081,7 +24210,7 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " @@ -24097,7 +24226,7 @@ msgstr "" "med innovasjon." #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " @@ -24112,11 +24241,11 @@ msgstr "" "kultur for andre Ã¥ dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at " "gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " @@ -24130,7 +24259,7 @@ msgstr "" "fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmÃ¥l som " "bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " @@ -24148,7 +24277,7 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " @@ -24163,13 +24292,14 @@ msgstr "" "offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist Ã¥ " "kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " -"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter 5, they enable " -"four different kinds of sharing:" +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different " +"kinds of sharing:" msgstr "" "fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved Ã¥ aktivere spredning av " "innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke " @@ -24177,7 +24307,7 @@ msgstr "" "fire forskjellige typer deling:" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -24185,7 +24315,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " @@ -24196,7 +24326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -24207,7 +24337,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -24217,7 +24347,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " "opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " @@ -24232,20 +24362,21 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " "er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " -"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " -"assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than " -"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy" +"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes " +"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other " +"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the " +"dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" "som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forÃ¥rsaket av deling " "kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " "Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " "b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." @@ -24253,7 +24384,7 @@ msgstr "" "Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " "omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " @@ -24278,7 +24409,7 @@ msgstr "" "idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " @@ -24306,7 +24437,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" @@ -24316,7 +24447,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -24337,7 +24468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " @@ -24363,7 +24494,7 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " @@ -24385,7 +24516,7 @@ msgstr "" "med ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ " "eliminere kidnapping." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -24402,7 +24533,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -24422,7 +24553,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" @@ -24442,7 +24573,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis som handel bøker." #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " @@ -24461,7 +24592,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " "denne handelen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " @@ -24481,7 +24612,7 @@ msgstr "" "royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte " "en kommersiell utgiver." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " @@ -24497,7 +24628,7 @@ msgstr "" "som problemet er, forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien " "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." @@ -24506,7 +24637,7 @@ msgstr "" "sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " "seg om." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " @@ -24528,7 +24659,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold industrien." #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -24543,11 +24674,11 @@ msgstr "" "eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " "bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "Fisher, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" "citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -24583,7 +24714,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -24597,7 +24728,7 @@ msgid "" "be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " @@ -24627,7 +24758,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangen." #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " @@ -24647,7 +24778,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -24676,7 +24807,7 @@ msgstr "" "en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " "musikk pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -24700,7 +24831,7 @@ msgstr "" "seter og mÃ¥ltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i " "Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -24716,12 +24847,12 @@ msgstr "" "bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " "fra loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -24733,18 +24864,18 @@ msgstr "" "denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " "effektive teknologien vi kan lage." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" "Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -24753,7 +24884,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." @@ -24761,7 +24892,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " "den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -24773,7 +24904,7 @@ msgstr "" "signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " "Burde loven gjøre noe da?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -24801,7 +24932,7 @@ msgstr "" "finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -24815,11 +24946,11 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " "internettet er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -24831,7 +24962,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " "jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -24847,20 +24978,17 @@ msgstr "" "synet ødelegge loven." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " -#| "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " "1069–70." msgstr "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " -"Memorial Lecture), UCLA law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." +"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " +"1069–70." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -24880,7 +25008,7 @@ msgstr "" "utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -24890,24 +25018,7 @@ msgstr "" "imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " "om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to " -#| "be commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading " -#| "him to question his own publicly stated position—twice. He " -#| "initially predicted that downloading would substantially harm the " -#| "industry. He then revised his view in light of the data, and he has since " -#| "revised his view again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the " -#| "Network Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New " -#| "York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing " -#| "skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record " -#| "Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -#| "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis " -#| "is extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing " -#| "technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal " -#| "system. See, for example, Rethinking, 174–76. <placeholder type=" -#| "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -24930,18 +25041,18 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥ stille spørsmÃ¥l med sin egen uttalte posisjon—to ganger. I starten " "predicated han at nedlasting ville pÃ¥føre industrien vesentlig skade. Han " "endret sÃ¥ sitt syn etter i lys av dataene, og han har siden endret sitt syn " -"pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy: The " -"True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace (New York: Amacom, 2002), " -"(gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) med Stan J. " -"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" artikkelutkast, " -"juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt verdifull " -"i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt syn " -"underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " -"eksempel, Rethinking, 174–76. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) " +"med Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" " +"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt " +"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt " +"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " +"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -24958,7 +25069,7 @@ msgstr "" "samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -24973,7 +25084,7 @@ msgstr "" "med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " "aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -24992,7 +25103,7 @@ msgstr "" "av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " "mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -25008,7 +25119,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " "og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -25018,7 +25129,7 @@ msgstr "" "unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " "altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -25037,7 +25148,7 @@ msgstr "" "virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -25051,7 +25162,7 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥let: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". NÃ¥r de blir utfordret om det " "utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "