X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/12e26db6ac29b960985b46d6778f73afa4acc05b..3ac5fb541db866689ad496a3943f8145c53b78a0:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index fc3d4ca..1cdb240 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-20 22:32+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-12-01 10:48+0100\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -241,15 +241,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:179 msgid "" -"Cartoon in by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " -"Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." +"Cartoon in by Paul " +"Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights " +"reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:183 msgid "" -"Diagram in courtesy of the office of FCC " -"Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." +"Diagram in " +"courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -470,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:398 freeculture.xml:1022 +#: freeculture.xml:398 freeculture.xml:1052 msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13090 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13855 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:580 freeculture.xml:1011 +#: freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:583 freeculture.xml:1041 msgid "Wright brothers" msgstr "" @@ -602,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14082 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14083 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13757 freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14083 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -649,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:559 freeculture.xml:578 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:1009 freeculture.xml:1057 freeculture.xml:9010 freeculture.xml:12466 freeculture.xml:13194 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13173 freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:560 freeculture.xml:579 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:1010 freeculture.xml:1058 freeculture.xml:9011 freeculture.xml:12467 freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13174 freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -672,8 +673,23 @@ msgid "" "wanted it to stop." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:530 +msgid "Douglas, William O." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14266 +msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:531 +msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:533 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -686,7 +702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:551 +#: freeculture.xml:553 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a taking if the government's use of its land " @@ -700,7 +716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:542 +#: freeculture.xml:544 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -713,13 +729,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:565 +#: freeculture.xml:567 msgid "Common sense revolts at the idea." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:568 +#: freeculture.xml:571 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -732,7 +748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:582 +#: freeculture.xml:585 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -753,28 +769,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:9018 freeculture.xml:9672 +#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9617 freeculture.xml:10310 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:603 +#: freeculture.xml:607 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:604 +#: freeculture.xml:608 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:605 +#: freeculture.xml:609 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4340 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:10217 +msgid "radio" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:6875 +msgid "FM spectrum of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:607 +#: freeculture.xml:612 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of " "America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " @@ -789,7 +815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:620 +#: freeculture.xml:625 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -801,7 +827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:630 +#: freeculture.xml:635 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -814,19 +840,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:641 +#: freeculture.xml:646 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:657 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:645 +#: freeculture.xml:650 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -837,9 +863,24 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:662 freeculture.xml:6878 +msgid "RCA" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:663 freeculture.xml:2540 freeculture.xml:2558 freeculture.xml:2592 freeculture.xml:2594 +msgid "media" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:663 freeculture.xml:2594 +msgid "ownership concentration in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:658 +#: freeculture.xml:665 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -849,23 +890,23 @@ msgid "" "networks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:672 freeculture.xml:693 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:673 freeculture.xml:695 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:667 +#: freeculture.xml:675 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " "quite excited when Armstrong told him he had a device that removed static " "from radio. But when Armstrong demonstrated his invention, " -"Sarnoff was not pleased. " +"Sarnoff was not pleased." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:679 +#: freeculture.xml:686 msgid "" "See Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era, " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -873,7 +914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:676 +#: freeculture.xml:683 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -881,27 +922,31 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:687 -msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:694 freeculture.xml:6874 +msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:689 +#: freeculture.xml:697 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " -"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described, " +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:702 +msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:710 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:697 +#: freeculture.xml:705 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -911,8 +956,18 @@ msgid "" "grown to power." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:714 +msgid "FCC" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:714 +msgid "on FM radio" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:707 +#: freeculture.xml:716 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -928,12 +983,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:726 +#: freeculture.xml:735 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:722 +#: freeculture.xml:731 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -942,12 +997,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:731 +#: freeculture.xml:740 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:733 +#: freeculture.xml:742 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -959,7 +1014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:743 +#: freeculture.xml:754 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -974,7 +1029,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:756 +#: freeculture.xml:770 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -989,8 +1044,18 @@ msgid "" "did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10216 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049 freeculture.xml:14050 freeculture.xml:14124 +msgid "Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14049 +msgid "development of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:778 +#: freeculture.xml:795 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide, Pew Internet and American " @@ -999,7 +1064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:772 +#: freeculture.xml:789 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the " "Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " @@ -1011,7 +1076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:787 +#: freeculture.xml:804 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -1025,7 +1090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:798 +#: freeculture.xml:815 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -1035,18 +1100,29 @@ msgid "" "don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:817 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:824 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:818 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:825 +msgid "culture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:825 +msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:826 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:807 +#: freeculture.xml:828 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1056,12 +1132,11 @@ msgid "" "street corners telling stories that kids and others consumed, that was " "noncommercial culture. When Noah Webster published his " "Reader, or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was commercial " -"culture. " +"culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:821 +#: freeculture.xml:840 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1074,13 +1149,23 @@ msgid "" "tapes—were left alone by the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:2944 freeculture.xml:7847 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9952 freeculture.xml:9953 freeculture.xml:9996 +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:850 +msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:846 freeculture.xml:1880 freeculture.xml:1891 +#: freeculture.xml:866 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2015 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:838 +#: freeculture.xml:858 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1093,7 +1178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:832 +#: freeculture.xml:852 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1105,40 +1190,40 @@ msgid "" "a controlled part, balanced with the free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:853 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14089 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:853 +#: freeculture.xml:873 msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:854 +#: freeculture.xml:874 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:854 +#: freeculture.xml:874 msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:860 freeculture.xml:9565 +#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:10201 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:858 +#: freeculture.xml:878 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:856 +#: freeculture.xml:876 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased. The Internet has set the " @@ -1153,8 +1238,13 @@ msgid "" "more and more a permission culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:896 +msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:875 +#: freeculture.xml:898 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1168,7 +1258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:888 +#: freeculture.xml:912 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1189,7 +1279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:907 +#: freeculture.xml:931 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1199,18 +1289,18 @@ msgid "" "to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:915 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:7570 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:915 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:7570 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:925 +#: freeculture.xml:950 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club, New " @@ -1218,7 +1308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:917 +#: freeculture.xml:942 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1234,7 +1324,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:934 +#: freeculture.xml:959 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1245,7 +1335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:942 +#: freeculture.xml:967 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1253,13 +1343,38 @@ msgid "" "culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11494 freeculture.xml:12140 +msgid "Constitution, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7658 +msgid "First Amendment to" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10190 freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11188 +msgid "copyright law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:7057 +msgid "as protection of creators" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:974 freeculture.xml:6911 freeculture.xml:7659 +msgid "First Amendment" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:956 freeculture.xml:14479 +#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15277 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:954 +#: freeculture.xml:983 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society, " "Yale Law Journal 106 (1996): 283. -#: freeculture.xml:948 +#: freeculture.xml:977 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1281,7 +1396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:964 +#: freeculture.xml:993 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1294,7 +1409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:976 +#: freeculture.xml:1005 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the " "centrality of technology to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1304,7 +1419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:984 +#: freeculture.xml:1013 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1315,8 +1430,13 @@ msgid "" "war. We must resolve it soon." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13405 freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658 +msgid "intellectual property rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:995 +#: freeculture.xml:1025 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, " "in part, about property. The property of this war is not as " @@ -1335,7 +1455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1013 +#: freeculture.xml:1043 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1345,7 +1465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1024 +#: freeculture.xml:1054 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1358,7 +1478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1034 +#: freeculture.xml:1064 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1367,14 +1487,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1040 +#: freeculture.xml:1070 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1044 +#: freeculture.xml:1074 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1384,7 +1504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1051 +#: freeculture.xml:1081 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1394,7 +1514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1060 +#: freeculture.xml:1090 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1406,7 +1526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1070 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now " "centers on two ideas: piracy and property. My " @@ -1414,7 +1534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1075 +#: freeculture.xml:1106 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1425,7 +1545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1083 +#: freeculture.xml:1114 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1439,7 +1559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1094 +#: freeculture.xml:1125 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1450,17 +1570,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1104 +#: freeculture.xml:1135 msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:4750 +msgid "English" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1107 freeculture.xml:4825 +#: freeculture.xml:1139 freeculture.xml:5160 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1140 +msgid "music publishing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1141 freeculture.xml:3263 +msgid "sheet music" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1109 +#: freeculture.xml:1143 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " "regulating creative property, there has been a war against " @@ -1472,23 +1607,38 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1121 +#: freeculture.xml:1155 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1117 +#: freeculture.xml:1151 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " "own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1160 +msgid "efficient content distribution on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11191 +msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1161 +msgid "efficiency of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1127 +#: freeculture.xml:1163 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1499,7 +1649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1136 +#: freeculture.xml:1172 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1509,7 +1659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1144 +#: freeculture.xml:1181 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1520,7 +1670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1152 +#: freeculture.xml:1189 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1530,12 +1680,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1158 +#: freeculture.xml:1195 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1162 +#: freeculture.xml:1199 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1545,28 +1695,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1170 +#: freeculture.xml:1207 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1171 +#: freeculture.xml:1208 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1172 +#: freeculture.xml:1209 msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7571 +msgid "creative property" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1210 +msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1173 freeculture.xml:2847 +#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:3071 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1179 +#: freeculture.xml:1217 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1574,12 +1734,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1192 freeculture.xml:6980 +#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1187 +#: freeculture.xml:1225 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1591,7 +1751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1175 +#: freeculture.xml:1213 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1606,7 +1766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1198 +#: freeculture.xml:1237 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1615,8 +1775,23 @@ msgid "" "property. It has never taken hold within our law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7753 +msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1246 freeculture.xml:1428 freeculture.xml:1585 +msgid "creativity" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1246 +msgid "legal restrictions on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1207 +#: freeculture.xml:1248 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1626,7 +1801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1214 +#: freeculture.xml:1255 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1636,7 +1811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1221 +#: freeculture.xml:1263 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1645,18 +1820,23 @@ msgid "" "copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1270 +msgid "creativity impeded by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1228 freeculture.xml:1259 +#: freeculture.xml:1271 freeculture.xml:1302 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1229 freeculture.xml:1260 +#: freeculture.xml:1272 freeculture.xml:1303 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1251 +#: freeculture.xml:1294 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1669,7 +1849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1231 +#: freeculture.xml:1274 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1691,7 +1871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1266 +#: freeculture.xml:1310 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1699,22 +1879,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1274 +#: freeculture.xml:1318 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1275 +#: freeculture.xml:1319 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1276 +#: freeculture.xml:1320 msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:5355 freeculture.xml:5389 freeculture.xml:6101 freeculture.xml:6145 +msgid "films" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1321 +msgid "animated" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1322 +msgid "Steamboat Willie" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:7532 +msgid "Mickey Mouse" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1278 +#: freeculture.xml:1325 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " "born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " @@ -1724,8 +1924,13 @@ msgid "" "character that would become Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11497 +msgid "Disney, Walt" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1285 +#: freeculture.xml:1333 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1737,7 +1942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1294 +#: freeculture.xml:1342 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1746,7 +1951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1301 +#: freeculture.xml:1349 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1756,14 +1961,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1314 +#: freeculture.xml:1362 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1308 +#: freeculture.xml:1356 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1772,22 +1977,21 @@ msgid "" "new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1367 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1320 +#: freeculture.xml:1369 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " -"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1326 +#: freeculture.xml:1374 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1798,8 +2002,18 @@ msgid "" "work of others." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1383 freeculture.xml:1745 +msgid "Keaton, Buster" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1384 freeculture.xml:1615 freeculture.xml:2003 +msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1335 +#: freeculture.xml:1386 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1808,7 +2022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1341 +#: freeculture.xml:1392 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1818,9 +2032,29 @@ msgid "" "genre." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:7439 freeculture.xml:7617 freeculture.xml:7726 freeculture.xml:7768 +msgid "derivative works" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7439 freeculture.xml:7617 +msgid "piracy vs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15343 +msgid "piracy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 +msgid "derivative work vs." +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1355 +#: freeculture.xml:1408 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1834,7 +2068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1349 +#: freeculture.xml:1402 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1847,9 +2081,19 @@ msgid "" "we get Steamboat Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1428 freeculture.xml:1585 +msgid "by transforming previous works" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1429 freeculture.xml:6318 freeculture.xml:7825 +msgid "Disney, Inc." +msgstr "" + #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1376 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1857,7 +2101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1372 +#: freeculture.xml:1431 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1871,8 +2115,13 @@ msgid "" "before him, creating something new out of something just barely old." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11085 +msgid "Grimm fairy tales" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1391 +#: freeculture.xml:1451 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1885,7 +2134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1400 +#: freeculture.xml:1460 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1912,7 +2161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1423 +#: freeculture.xml:1483 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1923,9 +2172,34 @@ msgid "" "the culture around us and makes it something different." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:11495 freeculture.xml:11496 +msgid "copyright" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11496 +msgid "duration of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11076 freeculture.xml:13493 freeculture.xml:14283 freeculture.xml:14284 +msgid "public domain" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1495 +msgid "defined" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1496 +msgid "traditional term for conversion to" +msgstr "" + #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1437 +#: freeculture.xml:1503 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -1939,7 +2213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1431 +#: freeculture.xml:1497 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1953,7 +2227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1454 +#: freeculture.xml:1520 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1966,7 +2240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1463 +#: freeculture.xml:1531 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1979,7 +2253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1477 +#: freeculture.xml:1550 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " "on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " @@ -1987,8 +2261,23 @@ msgid "" "broadly exploited and quite universal." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1659 freeculture.xml:1773 +msgid "comics, Japanese" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1557 freeculture.xml:1775 +msgid "Japanese comics" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1558 freeculture.xml:1776 +msgid "manga" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1483 +#: freeculture.xml:1561 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -2000,7 +2289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1492 +#: freeculture.xml:1570 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2014,16 +2303,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1503 +#: freeculture.xml:1581 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " "perspective is quite familiar." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1586 freeculture.xml:1774 +msgid "doujinshi comics" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1508 +#: freeculture.xml:1588 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2040,7 +2334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1523 +#: freeculture.xml:1604 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2053,8 +2347,13 @@ msgid "" "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 +msgid "Japanese" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1534 +#: freeculture.xml:1617 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2071,20 +2370,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1547 +#: freeculture.xml:1631 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1559 +#: freeculture.xml:1643 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1549 +#: freeculture.xml:1633 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2097,12 +2396,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1563 +#: freeculture.xml:1648 msgid "Superman comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1565 +#: freeculture.xml:1650 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2112,9 +2411,14 @@ msgid "" "stick to some parameters which are fifty years old.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1660 +msgid "Mehra, Salil" +msgstr "" + #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1582 +#: freeculture.xml:1670 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2128,7 +2432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1574 +#: freeculture.xml:1662 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2140,7 +2444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1593 +#: freeculture.xml:1684 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2153,7 +2457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1604 +#: freeculture.xml:1697 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2164,7 +2468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1611 +#: freeculture.xml:1704 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2177,12 +2481,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1623 +#: freeculture.xml:1717 msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1626 +#: freeculture.xml:1720 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2190,25 +2494,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1643 freeculture.xml:2867 freeculture.xml:4532 freeculture.xml:4756 freeculture.xml:7366 freeculture.xml:8472 +#: freeculture.xml:1730 freeculture.xml:3088 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:5074 freeculture.xml:7956 freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1636 -msgid "" -"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " -"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). See " -"also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: " -"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " -"<quote>property</quote> rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and " -"trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +#: freeculture.xml:1730 +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " +"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York " +"University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of " +"Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term " +"accurately describes a set of <quote>property</quote> " +"rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret—but the " +"nature of those rights is very different." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1631 +#: freeculture.xml:1725 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2220,7 +2524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1650 +#: freeculture.xml:1747 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2236,9 +2540,14 @@ msgid "" "because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1761 +msgid "derivative works based on" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1665 +#: freeculture.xml:1763 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2247,7 +2556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1674 +#: freeculture.xml:1778 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2258,7 +2567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1682 +#: freeculture.xml:1787 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2266,8 +2575,13 @@ msgid "" "find it hard to say why." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1798 freeculture.xml:4755 freeculture.xml:4887 freeculture.xml:4924 freeculture.xml:5254 +msgid "Shakespeare, William" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1688 +#: freeculture.xml:1800 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2284,7 +2598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1702 +#: freeculture.xml:1814 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2297,7 +2611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1713 +#: freeculture.xml:1826 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2311,7 +2625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1725 +#: freeculture.xml:1838 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2319,27 +2633,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1733 +#: freeculture.xml:1847 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1848 +msgid "Daguerre, Louis" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1734 freeculture.xml:1947 freeculture.xml:6400 +#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:6837 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1735 +#: freeculture.xml:1850 msgid "photography" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1736 -msgid "Daguerre, Louis" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1738 +#: freeculture.xml:1852 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " "first practical technology for producing what we would call " @@ -2351,13 +2665,13 @@ msgid "" "competition down so as to keep prices up.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1757 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1861 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1748 +#: freeculture.xml:1863 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2366,18 +2680,17 @@ msgid "" "be kept wet, the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the " "1870s, dry plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of " "a picture from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it " -"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1759 +#: freeculture.xml:1873 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1761 +#: freeculture.xml:1875 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2389,44 +2702,48 @@ msgid "" "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1886 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:6839 +msgid "Kodak cameras" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1887 +msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1778 +#: freeculture.xml:1894 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1780 -msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1773 +#: freeculture.xml:1889 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " "of its simplicity. <quote>You press the button and we do the " "rest.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in " -"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1797 freeculture.xml:1821 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 freeculture.xml:1936 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1795 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "" -"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " -"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " +"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1784 +#: freeculture.xml:1899 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2440,18 +2757,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1813 +#: freeculture.xml:1929 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1817 +#: freeculture.xml:1933 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1802 +#: freeculture.xml:1918 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2468,12 +2785,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1836 +#: freeculture.xml:1951 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1825 +#: freeculture.xml:1940 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2487,8 +2804,28 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1954 freeculture.xml:2060 freeculture.xml:2438 freeculture.xml:2456 +msgid "democracy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1954 freeculture.xml:2060 freeculture.xml:2438 +msgid "in technologies of expression" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1955 freeculture.xml:2061 freeculture.xml:2101 freeculture.xml:2440 +msgid "expression, technologies of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1955 freeculture.xml:2061 freeculture.xml:2440 +msgid "democratic" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1840 +#: freeculture.xml:1957 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2502,9 +2839,19 @@ msgid "" "tools could have before." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1970 +msgid "permissions" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:1970 +msgid "photography exempted from" +msgstr "" + #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1862 +#: freeculture.xml:1981 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2514,7 +2861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1853 +#: freeculture.xml:1972 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2526,9 +2873,14 @@ msgid "" "no.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:1990 freeculture.xml:9763 +msgid "images, ownership of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1870 +#: freeculture.xml:1992 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2540,12 +2892,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1892 +#: freeculture.xml:2016 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1889 +#: freeculture.xml:2013 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2553,7 +2905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1882 +#: freeculture.xml:2006 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2566,14 +2918,9 @@ msgid "" "to capture an image without compensating the source." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1898 freeculture.xml:9160 -msgid "images, ownership of" -msgstr "" - #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1910 +#: freeculture.xml:2034 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2584,7 +2931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1900 +#: freeculture.xml:2024 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2597,8 +2944,13 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:10004 +msgid "Napster" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1918 +#: freeculture.xml:2044 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2616,7 +2968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1935 +#: freeculture.xml:2065 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2630,8 +2982,18 @@ msgid "" "of expression would have been realized." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2081 freeculture.xml:6838 +msgid "digital cameras" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2082 +msgid "Just Think!" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1949 +#: freeculture.xml:2084 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " "Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " @@ -2648,9 +3010,29 @@ msgid "" "learn." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2099 freeculture.xml:2898 +msgid "education" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2099 +msgid "in media literacy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2100 +msgid "media literacy" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2101 +msgid "media literacy and" +msgstr "" + #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1973 +#: freeculture.xml:2109 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2659,7 +3041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1967 +#: freeculture.xml:2103 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2673,23 +3055,24 @@ msgid "" "literacy.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1990 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2119 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1985 +#: freeculture.xml:2122 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " "and deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the " "way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the " -"way people access it.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"way people access it.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1993 +#: freeculture.xml:2130 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2698,13 +3081,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2499 freeculture.xml:6399 freeculture.xml:7233 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8375 +#: freeculture.xml:2135 freeculture.xml:2687 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:8903 freeculture.xml:8974 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2136 freeculture.xml:6836 +msgid "commercials" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15341 +msgid "television" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 +msgid "advertising on" +msgstr "" + #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2004 +#: freeculture.xml:2143 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2713,7 +3111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2000 +#: freeculture.xml:2139 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2726,7 +3124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2015 +#: freeculture.xml:2154 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2739,7 +3137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2025 +#: freeculture.xml:2165 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2750,22 +3148,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2032 -msgid "Crichton, Michael" +#: freeculture.xml:2172 freeculture.xml:2188 freeculture.xml:2294 +msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2046 freeculture.xml:2106 freeculture.xml:2113 freeculture.xml:2562 -msgid "Barish, Stephanie" +#: freeculture.xml:2173 +msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2047 -msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2187 freeculture.xml:2247 freeculture.xml:2254 freeculture.xml:2327 freeculture.xml:2750 +msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2044 +#: freeculture.xml:2185 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2774,7 +3172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2058 +#: freeculture.xml:2199 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -2784,7 +3182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2034 +#: freeculture.xml:2175 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2803,12 +3201,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2065 +#: freeculture.xml:2206 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2067 +#: freeculture.xml:2208 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -2818,7 +3216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2074 +#: freeculture.xml:2215 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2827,7 +3225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2081 +#: freeculture.xml:2222 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2836,7 +3234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2089 +#: freeculture.xml:2230 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -2844,18 +3242,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2105 +#: freeculture.xml:2246 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2110 freeculture.xml:3881 freeculture.xml:4943 freeculture.xml:8193 +#: freeculture.xml:2251 freeculture.xml:4133 freeculture.xml:5302 freeculture.xml:8792 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2094 +#: freeculture.xml:2235 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2869,7 +3267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2115 +#: freeculture.xml:2256 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2883,7 +3281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2127 +#: freeculture.xml:2269 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2894,7 +3292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2135 +#: freeculture.xml:2277 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -2915,7 +3313,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2154 +#: freeculture.xml:2298 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -2927,7 +3325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2165 +#: freeculture.xml:2309 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2948,7 +3346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2184 +#: freeculture.xml:2329 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -2959,7 +3357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2191 +#: freeculture.xml:2336 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2968,12 +3366,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2201 +#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2409 freeculture.xml:6130 +msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2351 msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:6050 +msgid "news coverage" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2203 +#: freeculture.xml:2354 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " "Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " @@ -2987,7 +3395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2215 +#: freeculture.xml:2366 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2998,17 +3406,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2222 freeculture.xml:8132 freeculture.xml:8369 +#: freeculture.xml:2373 freeculture.xml:8731 freeculture.xml:8968 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2223 +#: freeculture.xml:2374 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2225 +#: freeculture.xml:2376 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3025,7 +3433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2239 +#: freeculture.xml:2391 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3036,7 +3444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2249 +#: freeculture.xml:2401 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3047,8 +3455,23 @@ msgid "" "practically instantaneously." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2410 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2644 +msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2507 +msgid "blogs on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2412 freeculture.xml:2508 +msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2258 +#: freeculture.xml:2414 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3059,13 +3482,18 @@ msgid "" "Springer</citetitle>, available anywhere in the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2266 freeculture.xml:2339 freeculture.xml:2462 -msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2422 freeculture.xml:2491 +msgid "political discourse" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2423 +msgid "public discourse conducted on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2268 +#: freeculture.xml:2425 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3080,9 +3508,14 @@ msgid "" "most important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2439 +msgid "elections" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2282 +#: freeculture.xml:2442 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3094,18 +3527,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2292 +#: freeculture.xml:2455 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2456 +msgid "public discourse in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2293 +#: freeculture.xml:2457 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2310 +#: freeculture.xml:2474 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3113,7 +3551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2295 +#: freeculture.xml:2459 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3133,14 +3571,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2319 +#: freeculture.xml:2484 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2315 +#: freeculture.xml:2480 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3152,14 +3590,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2334 +#: freeculture.xml:2500 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2327 +#: freeculture.xml:2493 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3171,13 +3609,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2340 +#: freeculture.xml:2506 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2342 +#: freeculture.xml:2513 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3188,7 +3626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2353 +#: freeculture.xml:2524 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3199,12 +3637,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2360 +#: freeculture.xml:2531 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2362 +#: freeculture.xml:2533 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3213,25 +3651,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2367 +#: freeculture.xml:2538 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2368 +#: freeculture.xml:2539 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2540 +msgid "blog pressure on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2541 +msgid "news events on" +msgstr "" + #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2381 +#: freeculture.xml:2554 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2370 +#: freeculture.xml:2543 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3245,8 +3693,13 @@ msgid "" "majority leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2558 freeculture.xml:2592 +msgid "commercial imperatives of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2386 +#: freeculture.xml:2560 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3254,8 +3707,13 @@ msgid "" "readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2567 +msgid "peer-generated rankings on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2393 +#: freeculture.xml:2569 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3266,13 +3724,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2401 +#: freeculture.xml:2578 +msgid "journalism" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2579 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2403 +#: freeculture.xml:2581 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3285,23 +3748,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2413 freeculture.xml:2459 +#: freeculture.xml:2591 freeculture.xml:2641 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2414 freeculture.xml:2460 freeculture.xml:5592 +#: freeculture.xml:2593 freeculture.xml:2642 freeculture.xml:5994 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2422 +#: freeculture.xml:2602 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2416 +#: freeculture.xml:2596 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3319,7 +3782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2440 +#: freeculture.xml:2622 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3329,7 +3792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2432 +#: freeculture.xml:2614 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3345,12 +3808,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2461 +#: freeculture.xml:2643 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2459 +#: freeculture.xml:2641 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -3367,7 +3830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2452 +#: freeculture.xml:2634 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3384,7 +3847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2482 +#: freeculture.xml:2665 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3400,13 +3863,13 @@ msgid "" "something extraordinary to report." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2498 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2686 freeculture.xml:6825 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2501 +#: freeculture.xml:2689 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3415,7 +3878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2507 +#: freeculture.xml:2695 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3425,7 +3888,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2514 +#: freeculture.xml:2702 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3440,7 +3903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2527 +#: freeculture.xml:2715 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3450,7 +3913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2534 +#: freeculture.xml:2722 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3462,7 +3925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2542 +#: freeculture.xml:2730 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3474,7 +3937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2551 +#: freeculture.xml:2739 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3489,7 +3952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2564 +#: freeculture.xml:2752 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3498,7 +3961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2572 +#: freeculture.xml:2760 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3511,7 +3974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2588 +#: freeculture.xml:2776 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3520,7 +3983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2581 +#: freeculture.xml:2769 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3533,7 +3996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2596 +#: freeculture.xml:2784 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3541,7 +4004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2601 +#: freeculture.xml:2789 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3551,7 +4014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2609 +#: freeculture.xml:2797 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3560,7 +4023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2615 +#: freeculture.xml:2803 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3568,22 +4031,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2622 +#: freeculture.xml:2810 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2811 freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:9679 +msgid "Jordan, Jesse" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2623 +#: freeculture.xml:2812 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2623 freeculture.xml:2624 +#: freeculture.xml:2812 freeculture.xml:2813 freeculture.xml:2814 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2814 +msgid "computer network search engine of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2815 +msgid "search engines" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2816 +msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2817 +msgid "search engines used on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2626 +#: freeculture.xml:2819 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3594,7 +4082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2634 +#: freeculture.xml:2827 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3605,7 +4093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2642 +#: freeculture.xml:2835 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3614,9 +4102,14 @@ msgid "" "access to other members of the RPI community." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2841 freeculture.xml:2897 +msgid "Google" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2649 +#: freeculture.xml:2843 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3629,8 +4122,18 @@ msgid "" "well." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13592 freeculture.xml:13661 +msgid "Microsoft" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2856 +msgid "network file system of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2661 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3641,7 +4144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2670 +#: freeculture.xml:2868 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3655,7 +4158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2682 +#: freeculture.xml:2881 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3666,7 +4169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2689 +#: freeculture.xml:2889 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3675,25 +4178,60 @@ msgid "" "made available in a public folder of their computer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2698 -msgid "" -"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " -"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " -"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is " -"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files " -"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these " -"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university " -"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the " -"aim. Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from " -"this tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any " -"money from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an " -"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was " -"supposed to do." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2898 +msgid "tinkering as means of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:2900 +msgid "" +"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " +"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " +"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is " +"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files " +"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these " +"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university " +"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the " +"aim. Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from " +"this tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any " +"money from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an " +"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was " +"supposed to do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:9953 +msgid "in recording industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2915 +msgid "against student file sharing" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:3267 freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:9954 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10365 freeculture.xml:10366 freeculture.xml:10522 +msgid "recording industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2916 freeculture.xml:9954 +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:2946 freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:9955 freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10368 freeculture.xml:10520 +msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2917 freeculture.xml:9955 +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2713 +#: freeculture.xml:2920 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3704,7 +4242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2722 +#: freeculture.xml:2929 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -3718,14 +4256,34 @@ msgid "" "majority of which had nothing to do with music." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2942 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9952 +msgid "exaggerated claims of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2943 +msgid "statutory damages of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2944 +msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2734 +#: freeculture.xml:2945 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2946 +msgid "intimidation tactics of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2736 +#: freeculture.xml:2948 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -3738,18 +4296,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2746 -msgid "Princeton University" +#: freeculture.xml:2958 +msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2747 -msgid "Michigan Technical University" +#: freeculture.xml:2959 +msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2761 +#: freeculture.xml:2973 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -3757,7 +4315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2749 +#: freeculture.xml:2961 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3772,7 +4330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2768 +#: freeculture.xml:2980 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3781,12 +4339,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2774 +#: freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2776 +#: freeculture.xml:2988 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3799,9 +4357,14 @@ msgid "" "saved." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2998 +msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2787 +#: freeculture.xml:3000 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3813,25 +4376,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2797 +#: freeculture.xml:3010 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4082 freeculture.xml:5193 freeculture.xml:5242 freeculture.xml:9624 freeculture.xml:9722 freeculture.xml:9891 freeculture.xml:14444 freeculture.xml:14509 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:4082 freeculture.xml:9624 freeculture.xml:9722 freeculture.xml:9891 freeculture.xml:14444 freeculture.xml:14509 +#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10262 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10521 freeculture.xml:10544 freeculture.xml:15242 freeculture.xml:15307 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4341 freeculture.xml:10364 freeculture.xml:10522 +msgid "artist remuneration in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3015 freeculture.xml:10368 +msgid "lobbying power of" +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2810 +#: freeculture.xml:3025 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3840,7 +4413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2818 +#: freeculture.xml:3033 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -3848,7 +4421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2802 +#: freeculture.xml:3017 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3862,7 +4435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2823 +#: freeculture.xml:3040 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3870,7 +4443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2830 +#: freeculture.xml:3047 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3879,7 +4452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2837 +#: freeculture.xml:3054 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3889,12 +4462,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2846 +#: freeculture.xml:3069 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3070 +msgid "in development of content industry" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2849 +#: freeculture.xml:3073 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -3906,23 +4484,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2860 +#: freeculture.xml:3084 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2864 +#: freeculture.xml:3088 msgid "" -"I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " -"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details Edison's " -"<quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " +"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details " +"Edison's <quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2862 +#: freeculture.xml:3086 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3936,12 +4513,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2880 +#: freeculture.xml:3104 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2884 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3951,13 +4528,28 @@ msgid "" "imported film stock to create their own underground market." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3116 +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3117 +msgid "General Film Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3118 freeculture.xml:3415 freeculture.xml:4567 freeculture.xml:10410 +msgid "Picker, Randal C." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:4296 freeculture.xml:9499 freeculture.xml:9619 +#: freeculture.xml:3142 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:10131 freeculture.xml:10257 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2904 +#: freeculture.xml:3131 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -3972,23 +4564,8 @@ msgid "" "No. 159. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2917 -msgid "Fox, William" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2918 -msgid "General Film Company" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2919 freeculture.xml:3172 freeculture.xml:4297 freeculture.xml:9764 -msgid "Picker, Randal C." -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2893 +#: freeculture.xml:3120 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3999,14 +4576,12 @@ msgid "" "effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film " "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " "defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2929 +#: freeculture.xml:3153 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4014,7 +4589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2923 +#: freeculture.xml:3147 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4029,7 +4604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2939 +#: freeculture.xml:3163 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4040,29 +4615,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2950 +#: freeculture.xml:3174 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:4338 +msgid "on music recordings" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2952 +#: freeculture.xml:3177 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2955 +#: freeculture.xml:3180 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2956 +#: freeculture.xml:3181 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2958 +#: freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4074,13 +4654,13 @@ msgid "" "it publicly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2967 freeculture.xml:3116 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3192 freeculture.xml:3330 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2969 +#: freeculture.xml:3194 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4100,12 +4680,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2992 freeculture.xml:3009 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:3234 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2988 +#: freeculture.xml:3213 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4113,7 +4693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3003 +#: freeculture.xml:3228 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4125,7 +4705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2996 +#: freeculture.xml:3221 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4136,13 +4716,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3013 +#: freeculture.xml:3238 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3019 +#: freeculture.xml:3244 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4150,7 +4730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3025 +#: freeculture.xml:3250 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4158,14 +4738,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3032 +#: freeculture.xml:3257 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3015 +#: freeculture.xml:3240 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4177,9 +4757,44 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3261 +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3262 +msgid "player pianos" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:10362 freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139 +msgid "Congress, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:10361 +msgid "on copyright laws" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:10363 +msgid "on recording industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:10190 +msgid "statutory licenses in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3267 +msgid "statutory license system in" +msgstr "" + #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3045 +#: freeculture.xml:3277 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4188,20 +4803,15 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3056 +#: freeculture.xml:3288 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " "Graphophone Company Association)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3060 -msgid "American Graphophone Company" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3037 +#: freeculture.xml:3269 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4214,13 +4824,17 @@ msgid "" "are.</quote> <quote>All talk about `theft,'</quote> the general counsel of " "the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for " "there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as " -"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3293 +msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3063 +#: freeculture.xml:3295 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4234,8 +4848,18 @@ msgid "" "so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by the law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3309 +msgid "compulsory license" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:10189 +msgid "statutory licenses" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3078 +#: freeculture.xml:3312 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4246,25 +4870,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3093 freeculture.xml:14142 +#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14938 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3086 +#: freeculture.xml:3321 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " "publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants " "for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, " "and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's " -"work except with permission of Grisham. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"work except with permission of Grisham." msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3110 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4275,7 +4898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3096 +#: freeculture.xml:3332 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4287,12 +4910,11 @@ msgid "" "gets access to a much wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress " "was quite explicit about its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was " "the monopoly power of rights holders, and that that power would stifle " -"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3119 +#: freeculture.xml:3357 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4301,7 +4923,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3141 +#: freeculture.xml:3379 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4309,7 +4931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3126 +#: freeculture.xml:3364 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4326,29 +4948,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3148 +#: freeculture.xml:3390 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3153 freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4531 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:4343 freeculture.xml:10365 +msgid "radio broadcast and" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3156 +#: freeculture.xml:3399 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3171 +#: freeculture.xml:3414 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3162 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4365,7 +4992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3159 +#: freeculture.xml:3402 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4376,13 +5003,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3189 freeculture.xml:8834 freeculture.xml:9293 freeculture.xml:12280 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9907 freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3179 +#: freeculture.xml:3422 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4397,7 +5024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3194 +#: freeculture.xml:3437 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4407,12 +5034,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:6154 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 freeculture.xml:3951 freeculture.xml:6551 freeculture.xml:6567 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3203 +#: freeculture.xml:3446 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4421,7 +5048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3209 +#: freeculture.xml:3452 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4433,7 +5060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3220 +#: freeculture.xml:3464 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4444,23 +5071,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3230 freeculture.xml:4267 +#: freeculture.xml:3474 freeculture.xml:4537 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3231 freeculture.xml:4095 freeculture.xml:8029 freeculture.xml:8068 freeculture.xml:14542 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15340 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3233 +#: freeculture.xml:3477 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3236 +#: freeculture.xml:3480 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4472,22 +5099,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3246 +#: freeculture.xml:3490 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3247 +#: freeculture.xml:3491 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:3259 +#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:3503 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3254 +#: freeculture.xml:3498 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4498,14 +5125,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3266 +#: freeculture.xml:3510 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3250 +#: freeculture.xml:3494 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -4520,14 +5147,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3277 +#: freeculture.xml:3521 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3273 +#: freeculture.xml:3517 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4535,13 +5162,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3283 +#: freeculture.xml:3527 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3292 +#: freeculture.xml:3536 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4549,7 +5176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3287 +#: freeculture.xml:3531 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4558,12 +5185,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3298 freeculture.xml:3306 +#: freeculture.xml:3542 freeculture.xml:3550 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3304 +#: freeculture.xml:3548 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4571,7 +5198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3300 +#: freeculture.xml:3544 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -4579,19 +5206,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3311 +#: freeculture.xml:3555 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3327 freeculture.xml:3329 +#: freeculture.xml:3571 freeculture.xml:3573 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3325 +#: freeculture.xml:3569 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4599,7 +5226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3316 +#: freeculture.xml:3560 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4611,14 +5238,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3333 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3337 +#: freeculture.xml:3581 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -4634,7 +5261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3355 +#: freeculture.xml:3600 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4645,7 +5272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3350 +#: freeculture.xml:3595 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -4659,12 +5286,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3372 +#: freeculture.xml:3617 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3374 +#: freeculture.xml:3619 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -4676,7 +5303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3382 +#: freeculture.xml:3627 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -4688,28 +5315,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3392 +#: freeculture.xml:3637 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3393 freeculture.xml:3473 freeculture.xml:3523 freeculture.xml:14544 +#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15342 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3394 freeculture.xml:3834 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:10100 freeculture.xml:13938 freeculture.xml:14526 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9908 freeculture.xml:10762 freeculture.xml:14733 freeculture.xml:15324 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3394 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3402 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4719,7 +5346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3396 +#: freeculture.xml:3641 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4731,7 +5358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3412 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4739,7 +5366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3418 +#: freeculture.xml:3663 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4751,7 +5378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3427 +#: freeculture.xml:3672 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4764,28 +5391,28 @@ msgid "" "legal wrong as well." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3438 +#: freeculture.xml:3683 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " -"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose <beginpage " -"pagenum=\"77\"/> not to protect copyright internationally. We may have been " -"born a pirate nation, but we will not allow any other nation to have a " -"similar childhood." +"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " +"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, " +"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3466 +#: freeculture.xml:3711 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3467 freeculture.xml:12564 freeculture.xml:13010 freeculture.xml:13017 +#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13279 freeculture.xml:13770 freeculture.xml:13777 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3451 +#: freeculture.xml:3696 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4805,7 +5432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3446 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4817,12 +5444,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3488 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:14692 +#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15490 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3481 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -4835,7 +5462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#: freeculture.xml:3720 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4845,7 +5472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3492 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4861,7 +5488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3506 +#: freeculture.xml:3751 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4879,33 +5506,48 @@ msgid "" "means." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15343 +msgid "in Asia" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14176 +msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 freeculture.xml:3561 freeculture.xml:11380 freeculture.xml:12888 freeculture.xml:13453 +#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14232 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3537 freeculture.xml:3564 freeculture.xml:11382 freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13454 +#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12073 freeculture.xml:13606 freeculture.xml:14233 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 freeculture.xml:5184 -msgid "Microsoft" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3773 +msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 -msgid "Windows operating system of" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3774 +msgid "Windows" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3539 -msgid "Windows" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3775 +msgid "international software piracy of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3776 +msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3525 +#: freeculture.xml:3778 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -4917,13 +5559,21 @@ msgid "" "Microsoft, Microsoft benefits from the piracy. If instead of pirating " "Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the free GNU/Linux operating system, " "then these Chinese users would not eventually be buying Microsoft. Without " -"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14264 +msgid "law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14264 +msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3542 +#: freeculture.xml:3792 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4933,18 +5583,18 @@ msgid "" "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3562 -msgid "Internet Explorer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3799 +msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3563 -msgid "Netscape" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3800 +msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3550 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4955,15 +5605,12 @@ msgid "" "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " -"access, then violating the law is still wrong. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"access, then violating the law is still wrong." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3568 +#: freeculture.xml:3818 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4975,7 +5622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3578 +#: freeculture.xml:3828 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -4988,7 +5635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3587 +#: freeculture.xml:3837 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4997,7 +5644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3593 +#: freeculture.xml:3843 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5006,20 +5653,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3599 +#: freeculture.xml:3849 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3605 +#: freeculture.xml:3855 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3610 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5027,7 +5674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3607 +#: freeculture.xml:3857 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5036,18 +5683,23 @@ msgid "" "either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the author of his profit." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3618 freeculture.xml:3625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3868 freeculture.xml:3876 freeculture.xml:9838 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3869 +msgid "Fanning, Shawn" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3635 freeculture.xml:8262 +#: freeculture.xml:3886 freeculture.xml:8861 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3625 +#: freeculture.xml:3876 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5061,25 +5713,20 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3638 -msgid "Fanning, Shawn" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3620 +#: freeculture.xml:3871 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " "every great advance in innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the " "Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), Shawn Fanning " "and crew had simply put together components that had been developed " -"independently. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"independently." msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3646 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5093,7 +5740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3641 +#: freeculture.xml:3891 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -5109,7 +5756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3668 +#: freeculture.xml:3918 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5120,14 +5767,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3677 +#: freeculture.xml:3927 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3662 +#: freeculture.xml:3912 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5143,7 +5790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3686 +#: freeculture.xml:3936 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5155,14 +5802,15 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3696 +#: freeculture.xml:3946 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" +#. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3702 +#: freeculture.xml:3954 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5170,12 +5818,12 @@ msgid "" "takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available " "for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who " "would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " -"of purchasing. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"of purchasing." msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3713 +#: freeculture.xml:3964 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5188,7 +5836,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 +#: freeculture.xml:3975 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5207,26 +5855,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3741 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3747 +#: freeculture.xml:3998 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:4006 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3750 +#: freeculture.xml:4001 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5240,7 +5888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3766 +#: freeculture.xml:4017 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5251,17 +5899,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3782 freeculture.xml:4124 freeculture.xml:7828 freeculture.xml:7857 freeculture.xml:9555 freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:15050 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:4124 freeculture.xml:7828 freeculture.xml:7857 freeculture.xml:9555 freeculture.xml:14254 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:15050 freeculture.xml:15051 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3782 +#: freeculture.xml:4033 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5278,7 +5926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3775 +#: freeculture.xml:4026 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5292,14 +5940,19 @@ msgid "" "the answer." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4051 +msgid "MTV" +msgstr "" + #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3809 +#: freeculture.xml:4061 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3801 +#: freeculture.xml:4053 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5311,7 +5964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3814 +#: freeculture.xml:4066 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5324,7 +5977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3824 +#: freeculture.xml:4076 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5336,12 +5989,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3834 +#: freeculture.xml:4086 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3836 +#: freeculture.xml:4088 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5350,7 +6003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3845 +#: freeculture.xml:4097 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5368,12 +6021,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3872 +#: freeculture.xml:4124 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3869 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5382,7 +6035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3841 +#: freeculture.xml:4093 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5403,7 +6056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3887 +#: freeculture.xml:4139 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5414,7 +6067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3895 +#: freeculture.xml:4147 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5432,7 +6085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3911 +#: freeculture.xml:4163 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5441,7 +6094,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3923 +#: freeculture.xml:4175 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5452,7 +6105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:4169 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5466,17 +6119,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3936 freeculture.xml:3944 freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4476 freeculture.xml:5801 freeculture.xml:5806 freeculture.xml:5858 freeculture.xml:6733 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7379 freeculture.xml:13641 freeculture.xml:14365 freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14436 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15163 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3936 freeculture.xml:3944 freeculture.xml:6734 freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15163 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3944 +#: freeculture.xml:4196 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -5490,7 +6143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3938 +#: freeculture.xml:4190 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5505,17 +6158,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3965 +#: freeculture.xml:4217 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:5801 freeculture.xml:5806 freeculture.xml:6733 freeculture.xml:14365 +#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15162 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3968 +#: freeculture.xml:4220 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5531,7 +6184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3981 +#: freeculture.xml:4233 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5542,13 +6195,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:13641 +#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3990 +#: freeculture.xml:4242 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5566,7 +6219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4008 +#: freeculture.xml:4260 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5575,7 +6228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4014 +#: freeculture.xml:4266 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -5585,7 +6238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4021 +#: freeculture.xml:4273 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -5601,7 +6254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4035 +#: freeculture.xml:4287 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -5609,7 +6262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4052 +#: freeculture.xml:4304 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5620,7 +6273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4039 +#: freeculture.xml:4291 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5633,7 +6286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4063 +#: freeculture.xml:4315 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5647,7 +6300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4074 +#: freeculture.xml:4326 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5658,8 +6311,28 @@ msgid "" "less." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4335 +msgid "composers, copyright protections of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4340 +msgid "music recordings played on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4342 +msgid "copyright protections in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4345 +msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4084 +#: freeculture.xml:4347 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -5673,7 +6346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4097 +#: freeculture.xml:4360 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5684,7 +6357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4107 +#: freeculture.xml:4371 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5702,12 +6375,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4123 +#: freeculture.xml:4389 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4126 +#: freeculture.xml:4392 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5724,7 +6397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4139 +#: freeculture.xml:4406 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5739,9 +6412,14 @@ msgid "" "wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4421 +msgid "on VCR technology" +msgstr "" + #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4161 +#: freeculture.xml:4430 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5751,13 +6429,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4173 +#: freeculture.xml:4442 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4178 +#: freeculture.xml:4447 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5765,14 +6443,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4189 +#: freeculture.xml:4458 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 +#: freeculture.xml:4423 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -5785,33 +6463,33 @@ msgid "" "by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the " "future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of " "basic economics and plain common sense.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, percent of " -"VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent " +"of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would later hold was " "not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the " -"means of an exemption from copyright infringementwithout creating a " -"mechanism to compensate copyrightowners,</quote> Valenti testified, Congress " -"would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their property: the " -"exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it " -"and thereby profit from its reproduction.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +"means of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a " +"mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, " +"Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their " +"property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, " +"who may copy it and thereby profit from its " +"reproduction.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4206 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4209 +#: freeculture.xml:4478 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4194 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5828,7 +6506,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4212 +#: freeculture.xml:4481 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5837,14 +6515,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4231 +#: freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4221 +#: freeculture.xml:4490 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5855,7 +6533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4236 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5865,77 +6543,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4247 +#: freeculture.xml:4517 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4248 +#: freeculture.xml:4518 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4249 +#: freeculture.xml:4519 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4250 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4255 +#: freeculture.xml:4525 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4256 +#: freeculture.xml:4526 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:4269 freeculture.xml:4275 +#: freeculture.xml:4527 freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:4545 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:4270 +#: freeculture.xml:4528 freeculture.xml:4540 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4532 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4533 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4264 freeculture.xml:4276 +#: freeculture.xml:4534 freeculture.xml:4546 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4268 +#: freeculture.xml:4538 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4273 +#: freeculture.xml:4543 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4274 +#: freeculture.xml:4544 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4286 +#: freeculture.xml:4556 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5952,7 +6630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4283 +#: freeculture.xml:4553 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5962,7 +6640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4304 +#: freeculture.xml:4574 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5976,7 +6654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4316 +#: freeculture.xml:4587 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5988,16 +6666,21 @@ msgid "" "every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get permission to record a song?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4598 +msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" +msgstr "" + #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4333 +#: freeculture.xml:4605 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4328 +#: freeculture.xml:4600 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6011,7 +6694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4344 +#: freeculture.xml:4616 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6028,7 +6711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#: freeculture.xml:4640 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6036,7 +6719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4360 +#: freeculture.xml:4632 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6048,7 +6731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4373 +#: freeculture.xml:4645 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6062,7 +6745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4385 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6070,13 +6753,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4394 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4399 +#: freeculture.xml:4671 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6086,7 +6769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4406 +#: freeculture.xml:4678 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6099,9 +6782,14 @@ msgid "" "it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14423 +msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4431 +#: freeculture.xml:4704 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6109,7 +6797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4418 +#: freeculture.xml:4691 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6124,8 +6812,13 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4709 +msgid "intangibility of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4437 +#: freeculture.xml:4711 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6135,7 +6828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4450 +#: freeculture.xml:4724 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6147,7 +6840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4445 +#: freeculture.xml:4719 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6157,7 +6850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4460 +#: freeculture.xml:4734 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6169,28 +6862,48 @@ msgid "" "warriors would have us draw." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4473 -msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:4747 +msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4748 +msgid "English copyright law developed for" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4751 +msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13964 +msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4474 -msgid "Henry V" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4752 +msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4475 freeculture.xml:4620 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4923 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4476 -msgid "English copyright law developed for" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4754 +msgid "Henry V" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4756 freeculture.xml:4888 +msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4758 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6203,18 +6916,28 @@ msgid "" "but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4769 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4962 freeculture.xml:5095 +msgid "Conger" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4770 +msgid "Tonson, Jacob" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4494 +#: freeculture.xml:4776 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4495 +#: freeculture.xml:4777 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4494 +#: freeculture.xml:4776 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6229,7 +6952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4507 +#: freeculture.xml:4789 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6238,7 +6961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4772 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6254,20 +6977,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4519 +#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:5175 freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:7164 +msgid "renewability of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4804 freeculture.xml:4856 freeculture.xml:4900 freeculture.xml:5007 freeculture.xml:5094 freeculture.xml:7154 +msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4530 +#: freeculture.xml:4815 msgid "" -"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -"<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " +"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " +"Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4521 +#: freeculture.xml:4806 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6281,13 +7014,23 @@ msgid "" "about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4547 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 +msgid "common vs. positive" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4825 freeculture.xml:5049 +msgid "positive law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4826 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4538 +#: freeculture.xml:4828 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6296,12 +7039,16 @@ msgid "" "had expired in 1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as " "a way to make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But " "after it expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, " -"or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"or <quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:5047 freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5218 +msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4550 +#: freeculture.xml:4841 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6315,9 +7062,14 @@ msgid "" "independent of any positive law." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4855 freeculture.xml:5084 freeculture.xml:5192 freeculture.xml:5270 +msgid "Scottish publishers" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4562 +#: freeculture.xml:4858 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6328,8 +7080,13 @@ msgid "" "publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of Anne." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4869 +msgid "as narrow monopoly right" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4574 +#: freeculture.xml:4871 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6340,7 +7097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4583 +#: freeculture.xml:4881 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6349,7 +7106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4589 +#: freeculture.xml:4890 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -6363,7 +7120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4600 +#: freeculture.xml:4902 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -6371,9 +7128,14 @@ msgid "" "<quote>booksellers.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 +msgid "usage restrictions attached to" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4606 +#: freeculture.xml:4909 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -6389,7 +7151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4622 +#: freeculture.xml:4926 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -6402,17 +7164,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4631 +#: freeculture.xml:4935 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4632 +#: freeculture.xml:4936 +msgid "monopoly, copyright as" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4937 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4634 +#: freeculture.xml:4939 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -6427,7 +7194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4647 +#: freeculture.xml:4952 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -6439,20 +7206,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4655 +#: freeculture.xml:4960 freeculture.xml:5253 +msgid "Milton, John" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4961 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4672 +#: freeculture.xml:4980 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4657 +#: freeculture.xml:4965 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6467,8 +7239,18 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4984 +msgid "Enlightenment" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4985 +msgid "knowledge, freedom of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4677 +#: freeculture.xml:4987 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6478,7 +7260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4685 +#: freeculture.xml:4996 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6491,8 +7273,13 @@ msgid "" "culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11166 +msgid "in perpetuity" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:5011 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6504,7 +7291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4706 +#: freeculture.xml:5020 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6512,7 +7299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4721 +#: freeculture.xml:5035 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6524,7 +7311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4711 +#: freeculture.xml:5025 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -6536,7 +7323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4732 +#: freeculture.xml:5051 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6552,17 +7339,22 @@ msgid "" "the only way to protect authors." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5083 freeculture.xml:5126 +msgid "Patterson, Raymond" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:5073 msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> " -"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " -"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " +"Use,</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For " +"a wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4747 +#: freeculture.xml:5067 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6573,29 +7365,44 @@ msgid "" "monopoly profit that the author's work gave." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5082 freeculture.xml:5191 +msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" +msgstr "" + #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4766 +#: freeculture.xml:5090 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4762 +#: freeculture.xml:5086 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5096 +msgid "Boswell, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5097 +msgid "Erskine, Andrew" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4778 freeculture.xml:14787 +#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15586 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4776 +#: freeculture.xml:5104 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -6603,22 +7410,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 +#: freeculture.xml:5115 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4789 -msgid "Boswell, James" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4790 -msgid "Erskine, Andrew" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4771 +#: freeculture.xml:5099 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -6628,21 +7425,19 @@ msgid "" "center for literary Scotsmen.</quote> <quote>[A]mong them,</quote> Professor " "Mark Rose writes, was <quote>the young James Boswell who, together with his " "friend Andrew Erskine, published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems " -"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4799 +#: freeculture.xml:5126 msgid "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " -"Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " +"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " +"Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4793 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6653,8 +7448,13 @@ msgid "" "the Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5135 +msgid "Millar v. Taylor" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4807 +#: freeculture.xml:5137 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -6663,13 +7463,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4811 +#: freeculture.xml:5143 freeculture.xml:5197 +msgid "Thomson, James" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5145 +msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4820 +#: freeculture.xml:5155 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6677,7 +7487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4813 +#: freeculture.xml:5148 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -6689,7 +7499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4827 +#: freeculture.xml:5162 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6704,7 +7514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4838 +#: freeculture.xml:5177 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6719,25 +7529,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4853 +#: freeculture.xml:5194 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4856 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5199 freeculture.xml:5306 +msgid "House of Lords" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5200 +msgid "House of Lords vs." +msgstr "" + #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4862 +#: freeculture.xml:5206 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4858 +#: freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6750,8 +7570,13 @@ msgid "" "years before." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5217 +msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:5220 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6764,7 +7589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:5231 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -6773,9 +7598,14 @@ msgid "" "voted." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:5307 +msgid "English legal establishment of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4889 +#: freeculture.xml:5241 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6786,33 +7616,23 @@ msgid "" "domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4907 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5250 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4908 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5251 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4909 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4910 -msgid "Milton, John" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4911 -msgid "Shakespeare, William" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4899 +#: freeculture.xml:5256 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -6821,20 +7641,17 @@ msgid "" "public domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the " "legal control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " "history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " -"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" +"Bunyan—were free of legal restraint." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4924 +#: freeculture.xml:5282 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4914 +#: freeculture.xml:5272 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6849,7 +7666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4928 +#: freeculture.xml:5287 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6857,7 +7674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4934 +#: freeculture.xml:5293 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -6871,7 +7688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4949 +#: freeculture.xml:5310 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -6894,7 +7711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4971 +#: freeculture.xml:5333 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6902,12 +7719,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 +#: freeculture.xml:5350 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 +msgid "fair use and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5352 +msgid "documentary film" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5353 +msgid "Else, Jon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5354 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:7647 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7766 freeculture.xml:7828 +msgid "fair use" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5354 +msgid "in documentary film" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5355 +msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4983 +#: freeculture.xml:5357 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -6917,31 +7764,40 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4990 +#: freeculture.xml:5364 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5001 freeculture.xml:5071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5368 freeculture.xml:5434 +msgid "Wagner, Richard" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5369 freeculture.xml:5448 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:5371 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " "particularly funny and colorful element of an opera. During a show, they " "hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and in the lighting loft. They " -"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5378 +msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5004 +#: freeculture.xml:5380 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6951,8 +7807,13 @@ msgid "" "the scene." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5389 +msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5013 +#: freeculture.xml:5391 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6962,35 +7823,43 @@ msgid "" "applies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:5033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5397 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5398 freeculture.xml:5459 freeculture.xml:5523 +msgid "Groening, Matt" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5020 +#: freeculture.xml:5400 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " "four-and-a-halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the " "room. How could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he " -"told Else to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"told Else to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5406 freeculture.xml:5458 freeculture.xml:5522 +msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5028 +#: freeculture.xml:5408 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " "called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot " "of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was " -"just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"just confirming the permission with Fox." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5036 +#: freeculture.xml:5416 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7001,12 +7870,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5043 +#: freeculture.xml:5425 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5045 +#: freeculture.xml:5427 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7018,7 +7887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5053 +#: freeculture.xml:5436 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7029,25 +7898,24 @@ msgid "" "on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5072 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5449 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5065 +#: freeculture.xml:5451 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " "reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last " "minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot " "with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day " -"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5075 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7061,7 +7929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5472 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7074,7 +7942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5098 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7084,7 +7952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5095 +#: freeculture.xml:5481 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7096,14 +7964,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5498 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:7828 +msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5114 +#: freeculture.xml:5503 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7113,9 +7986,14 @@ msgid "" "rely on the concept in any concrete way. Here's why:" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5512 +msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" +msgstr "" + #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5124 +#: freeculture.xml:5515 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7125,17 +8003,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5131 -msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" +#: freeculture.xml:5524 +msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5143 -msgid "Lucas, George" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5525 +msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" +#. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5134 +#: freeculture.xml:5528 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7145,13 +8024,13 @@ msgid "" "free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As " "a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing " "I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " -"defend a principle. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"defend a principle." msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5147 +#: freeculture.xml:5540 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7162,14 +8041,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5157 +#: freeculture.xml:5552 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5164 +#: freeculture.xml:5560 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7180,7 +8059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5172 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7189,22 +8068,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5181 +#: freeculture.xml:5583 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5182 +#: freeculture.xml:5584 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:5428 freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:14157 +#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:14953 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5186 +#: freeculture.xml:5588 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -7214,17 +8093,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5193 +#: freeculture.xml:5595 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5194 +#: freeculture.xml:5596 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5196 +#: freeculture.xml:5598 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -7236,7 +8115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5206 +#: freeculture.xml:5608 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -7246,7 +8125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5213 +#: freeculture.xml:5615 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -7256,7 +8135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5220 +#: freeculture.xml:5622 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -7267,19 +8146,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5228 +#: freeculture.xml:5630 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5242 +#: freeculture.xml:5644 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5238 +#: freeculture.xml:5640 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -7289,7 +8168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5232 +#: freeculture.xml:5634 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -7298,7 +8177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5247 +#: freeculture.xml:5649 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -7308,7 +8187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5254 +#: freeculture.xml:5656 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7316,7 +8195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5260 +#: freeculture.xml:5662 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -7328,7 +8207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5269 +#: freeculture.xml:5671 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -7341,12 +8220,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5280 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5282 +#: freeculture.xml:5684 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7359,14 +8238,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5293 +#: freeculture.xml:5695 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5297 +#: freeculture.xml:5699 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7374,7 +8253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5303 +#: freeculture.xml:5705 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -7387,20 +8266,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5717 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5318 +#: freeculture.xml:5720 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5326 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -7409,7 +8288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5320 +#: freeculture.xml:5722 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -7420,7 +8299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5736 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -7430,7 +8309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5744 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -7439,7 +8318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5350 +#: freeculture.xml:5752 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -7452,7 +8331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5361 +#: freeculture.xml:5763 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -7473,7 +8352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5381 +#: freeculture.xml:5783 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7483,7 +8362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5390 +#: freeculture.xml:5792 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -7498,7 +8377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5403 +#: freeculture.xml:5805 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7509,7 +8388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5413 +#: freeculture.xml:5815 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -7518,12 +8397,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5418 +#: freeculture.xml:5820 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5420 +#: freeculture.xml:5822 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7534,12 +8413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5427 +#: freeculture.xml:5829 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5430 +#: freeculture.xml:5832 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7556,7 +8435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5445 +#: freeculture.xml:5847 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -7566,13 +8445,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5451 +#: freeculture.xml:5853 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5453 +#: freeculture.xml:5855 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7585,7 +8464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5464 +#: freeculture.xml:5866 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -7595,7 +8474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5471 +#: freeculture.xml:5873 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7612,7 +8491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5486 +#: freeculture.xml:5888 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7622,7 +8501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#: freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -7636,7 +8515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5505 +#: freeculture.xml:5907 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -7648,7 +8527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5514 +#: freeculture.xml:5916 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7661,7 +8540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5524 +#: freeculture.xml:5926 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -7677,22 +8556,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5539 +#: freeculture.xml:5941 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 freeculture.xml:8668 freeculture.xml:10880 freeculture.xml:11126 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11584 freeculture.xml:11829 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:7967 +#: freeculture.xml:5943 freeculture.xml:8566 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5945 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -7705,12 +8584,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5553 freeculture.xml:5584 freeculture.xml:5646 +#: freeculture.xml:5955 freeculture.xml:5986 freeculture.xml:6048 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5555 +#: freeculture.xml:5957 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7721,12 +8600,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5562 +#: freeculture.xml:5964 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5564 +#: freeculture.xml:5966 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7736,7 +8615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5572 +#: freeculture.xml:5974 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7744,7 +8623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5577 +#: freeculture.xml:5979 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7754,12 +8633,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5593 +#: freeculture.xml:5995 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5592 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " @@ -7770,7 +8649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5586 +#: freeculture.xml:5988 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7780,12 +8659,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5601 +#: freeculture.xml:6003 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5603 +#: freeculture.xml:6005 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -7798,7 +8677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5614 +#: freeculture.xml:6016 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7811,7 +8690,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5623 +#: freeculture.xml:6025 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7823,7 +8702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5634 +#: freeculture.xml:6036 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7835,33 +8714,33 @@ msgid "" "was growing at about a billion pages a month." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5643 freeculture.xml:5697 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6045 freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:10504 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5644 +#: freeculture.xml:6046 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5645 +#: freeculture.xml:6047 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5647 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:14135 freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5647 +#: freeculture.xml:6049 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5649 +#: freeculture.xml:6052 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -7881,18 +8760,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5666 +#: freeculture.xml:6069 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5667 +#: freeculture.xml:6070 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5669 +#: freeculture.xml:6072 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7904,17 +8783,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5680 +#: freeculture.xml:6083 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5680 +#: freeculture.xml:6083 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:6085 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7925,7 +8804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5690 +#: freeculture.xml:6093 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7934,19 +8813,14 @@ msgid "" "copyright expired, so that others might access and copy the work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5698 freeculture.xml:5741 -msgid "films" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5698 freeculture.xml:5741 +#: freeculture.xml:6101 freeculture.xml:6145 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5709 +#: freeculture.xml:6112 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -7956,7 +8830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5700 +#: freeculture.xml:6103 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7969,7 +8843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5717 +#: freeculture.xml:6120 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7982,14 +8856,9 @@ msgid "" "to anyone who would look." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5727 -msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" -msgstr "" - #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5729 +#: freeculture.xml:6132 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8001,37 +8870,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5739 +#: freeculture.xml:6142 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5740 +#: freeculture.xml:6143 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5740 freeculture.xml:5742 +#: freeculture.xml:6143 freeculture.xml:6146 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5743 +#: freeculture.xml:6147 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5744 +#: freeculture.xml:6148 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5745 +#: freeculture.xml:6149 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5747 +#: freeculture.xml:6151 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8051,7 +8920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5765 +#: freeculture.xml:6169 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8061,7 +8930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5773 +#: freeculture.xml:6177 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8072,7 +8941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5781 +#: freeculture.xml:6185 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8084,7 +8953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5793 +#: freeculture.xml:6197 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8095,7 +8964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5806 +#: freeculture.xml:6210 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8107,7 +8976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5803 +#: freeculture.xml:6207 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8119,7 +8988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5821 +#: freeculture.xml:6225 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8133,7 +9002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5832 +#: freeculture.xml:6236 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8146,7 +9015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5844 +#: freeculture.xml:6248 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8157,7 +9026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5852 +#: freeculture.xml:6256 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8166,12 +9035,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5858 +#: freeculture.xml:6262 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5860 +#: freeculture.xml:6264 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8188,7 +9057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5874 +#: freeculture.xml:6279 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8204,7 +9073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5889 +#: freeculture.xml:6294 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -8216,22 +9085,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5900 +#: freeculture.xml:6305 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5901 +#: freeculture.xml:6306 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5902 freeculture.xml:9637 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:10263 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 +#: freeculture.xml:6309 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -8242,43 +9111,38 @@ msgid "" "perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5924 -msgid "Disney, Inc." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5925 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6319 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5926 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6320 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5927 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6321 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6322 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6323 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5930 freeculture.xml:7345 +#: freeculture.xml:6324 freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8108 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 +#: freeculture.xml:6326 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -8288,16 +9152,12 @@ msgid "" "made up of the chairmen and presidents of the seven major producers and " "distributors of motion picture and television programs in the United States: " "Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth " -"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/>" +"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5934 +#: freeculture.xml:6339 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -8311,7 +9171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5946 +#: freeculture.xml:6351 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -8323,13 +9183,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5955 +#: freeculture.xml:6360 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5969 +#: freeculture.xml:6374 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -8339,7 +9199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5960 +#: freeculture.xml:6365 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -8353,7 +9213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:6384 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -8365,7 +9225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:6395 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -8381,7 +9241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6005 +#: freeculture.xml:6410 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -8394,7 +9254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6002 +#: freeculture.xml:6407 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -8407,7 +9267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6020 +#: freeculture.xml:6425 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -8418,7 +9278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6028 +#: freeculture.xml:6433 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -8432,7 +9292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6043 +#: freeculture.xml:6448 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8444,7 +9304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6052 +#: freeculture.xml:6457 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -8452,7 +9312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6057 +#: freeculture.xml:6462 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -8467,7 +9327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6473 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -8484,7 +9344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6083 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8495,7 +9355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6092 +#: freeculture.xml:6498 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -8509,7 +9369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6104 +#: freeculture.xml:6510 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -8519,7 +9379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6112 +#: freeculture.xml:6520 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -8533,9 +9393,34 @@ msgid "" "artists get paid need also control how culture develops." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6532 +msgid "four modalities of constraint on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:9956 +msgid "regulation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6533 +msgid "four modalities of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6534 +msgid "as ex post regulation modality" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 +msgid "as constraint modality" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6127 +#: freeculture.xml:6539 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -8547,19 +9432,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6136 +#: freeculture.xml:6548 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6137 freeculture.xml:6321 freeculture.xml:6628 +#: freeculture.xml:6549 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:7109 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6140 +#: freeculture.xml:6553 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -8576,12 +9461,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6156 freeculture.xml:6215 freeculture.xml:6324 +#: freeculture.xml:6569 freeculture.xml:6631 freeculture.xml:6745 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6158 +#: freeculture.xml:6571 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -8594,12 +9479,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6168 freeculture.xml:6214 freeculture.xml:6304 freeculture.xml:6323 freeculture.xml:9251 freeculture.xml:9450 +#: freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:9848 freeculture.xml:10082 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6170 +#: freeculture.xml:6583 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -8610,13 +9495,13 @@ msgid "" "simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6179 freeculture.xml:6213 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:6303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6592 freeculture.xml:6629 freeculture.xml:6680 freeculture.xml:6721 freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6181 +#: freeculture.xml:6594 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -8635,7 +9520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6198 +#: freeculture.xml:6615 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -8643,7 +9528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6204 +#: freeculture.xml:6621 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -8655,12 +9540,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6212 +#: freeculture.xml:6632 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6633 +msgid "speeding, constraints on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6217 +#: freeculture.xml:6635 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -8677,7 +9567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6235 +#: freeculture.xml:6653 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -8691,7 +9581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6231 +#: freeculture.xml:6649 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -8708,27 +9598,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6259 +#: freeculture.xml:6677 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6260 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6301 +#: freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6302 +#: freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6272 +#: freeculture.xml:6690 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -8763,7 +9653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6264 +#: freeculture.xml:6682 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8774,12 +9664,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6308 +#: freeculture.xml:6727 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7099 +msgid "four regulatory modalities on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6310 +#: freeculture.xml:6730 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8788,18 +9683,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6316 +#: freeculture.xml:6736 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6320 freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:6740 freeculture.xml:7108 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6327 +#: freeculture.xml:6748 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8812,8 +9707,23 @@ msgid "" "this form of infringement." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6759 +msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6760 +msgid "regulatory balance lost in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6762 +msgid "MP3s" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6339 +#: freeculture.xml:6764 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8823,9 +9733,19 @@ msgid "" "of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6773 freeculture.xml:7616 freeculture.xml:7926 +msgid "technology" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6773 +msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6347 +#: freeculture.xml:6775 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8836,17 +9756,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6357 +#: freeculture.xml:6785 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6358 +#: freeculture.xml:6786 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6788 +msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9839 +msgid "as establishment protectionism" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6361 +#: freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -8860,13 +9790,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6372 +#: freeculture.xml:6804 freeculture.xml:6944 +msgid "farming" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6805 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6374 +#: freeculture.xml:6807 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8883,7 +9818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6391 +#: freeculture.xml:6827 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8894,13 +9829,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6398 +#: freeculture.xml:6840 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6841 +msgid "remote channel changers" +msgstr "" + #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6410 +#: freeculture.xml:6851 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8912,7 +9852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6402 +#: freeculture.xml:6843 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8933,26 +9873,36 @@ msgid "" "second, or to switch to only ten channels within an hour?)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6872 +msgid "free market, technological changes in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6431 freeculture.xml:14731 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15529 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6432 freeculture.xml:12971 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:7891 +msgid "market competition" +msgstr "" + #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6444 +#: freeculture.xml:6890 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6434 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8970,7 +9920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 +#: freeculture.xml:6901 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8981,8 +9931,18 @@ msgid "" "preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6912 +msgid "speech, freedom of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6912 +msgid "constitutional guarantee of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6465 +#: freeculture.xml:6914 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8999,7 +9959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6479 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9010,32 +9970,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6488 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6490 +#: freeculture.xml:6941 +msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6942 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6497 -msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6943 +msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6492 +#: freeculture.xml:6946 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " "insecticidal properties of DDT. By the 1950s, the insecticide was widely " "used around the world to kill disease-carrying pests. It was also used to " -"increase farm production. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"increase farm production." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6500 +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9043,17 +10008,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6504 +#: freeculture.xml:6957 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6505 -msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" +#: freeculture.xml:6958 +msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6959 +msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6507 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9062,7 +10032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6513 +#: freeculture.xml:6967 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9074,13 +10044,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6521 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6977 +msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" +msgstr "" + #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6527 +#: freeculture.xml:6983 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9089,7 +10064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6523 +#: freeculture.xml:6979 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -9107,7 +10082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6544 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -9121,19 +10096,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6555 +#: freeculture.xml:7013 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6562 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7023 +msgid "on creative property" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11494 +msgid "copyright purpose established in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11203 +msgid "Progress Clause of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11495 +msgid "constitutional purpose of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7028 +msgid "constitutional tradition on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11204 +msgid "Progress Clause" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6564 +#: freeculture.xml:7032 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -9141,8 +10146,13 @@ msgid "" "aim to avoid overly powerful publishers." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7037 +msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6570 +#: freeculture.xml:7039 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -9151,7 +10161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6575 +#: freeculture.xml:7044 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -9164,8 +10174,13 @@ msgid "" "purpose of rewarding authors." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7058 +msgid "history of American" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6588 +#: freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -9177,8 +10192,23 @@ msgid "" "Authors</quote> only." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7069 +msgid "Senate, U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7070 +msgid "structural checks and balances of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7071 +msgid "electoral college" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6598 +#: freeculture.xml:7073 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -9195,7 +10225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6613 +#: freeculture.xml:7090 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -9206,7 +10236,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6620 +#: freeculture.xml:7101 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -9214,38 +10244,53 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6631 +#: freeculture.xml:7112 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6634 +#: freeculture.xml:7115 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6635 +#: freeculture.xml:7116 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6638 +#: freeculture.xml:7119 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:7124 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7127 freeculture.xml:7419 +msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7128 +msgid "common law protections of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7129 +msgid "balance of U.S. content in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6659 +#: freeculture.xml:7145 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6653 +#: freeculture.xml:7139 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -9256,7 +10301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6645 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -9271,8 +10316,13 @@ msgid "" "to reprint and distribute works." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7155 +msgid "federal vs. state" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6669 +#: freeculture.xml:7157 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -9283,7 +10333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6677 +#: freeculture.xml:7166 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -9294,7 +10344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6692 +#: freeculture.xml:7182 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -9313,7 +10363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6684 +#: freeculture.xml:7174 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -9326,7 +10376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6708 +#: freeculture.xml:7200 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -9337,7 +10387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6723 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -9351,7 +10401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:7209 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -9362,12 +10412,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6740 +#: freeculture.xml:7233 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:7229 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -9379,8 +10429,18 @@ msgid "" "publication—is effectively free." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11141 +msgid "copyright terms extended by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11143 +msgid "term extensions in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6748 +#: freeculture.xml:7244 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -9390,8 +10450,18 @@ msgid "" "setting a maximum term of 56 years." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11167 freeculture.xml:15447 +msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11147 +msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6756 +#: freeculture.xml:7254 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -9403,9 +10473,19 @@ msgid "" "of existing and future copyrights by twenty years." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146 freeculture.xml:11147 freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715 +msgid "patents" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11146 +msgid "in public domain" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6766 +#: freeculture.xml:7265 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -9417,7 +10497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6777 +#: freeculture.xml:7277 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -9428,8 +10508,23 @@ msgid "" "be those that had some continuing commercial value." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7287 +msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13388 +msgid "corporations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7288 +msgid "copyright terms for" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#: freeculture.xml:7290 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -9441,7 +10536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6797 +#: freeculture.xml:7300 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -9453,7 +10548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6814 +#: freeculture.xml:7319 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -9462,7 +10557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6806 +#: freeculture.xml:7311 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -9474,12 +10569,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6823 +#: freeculture.xml:7333 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7553 +msgid "scope of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6825 +#: freeculture.xml:7336 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -9487,8 +10587,13 @@ msgid "" "changes if we're to keep this debate in context." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7342 +msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6831 +#: freeculture.xml:7344 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -9504,7 +10609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6844 +#: freeculture.xml:7357 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -9520,9 +10625,24 @@ msgid "" "that are based in a significant way on the initial creative work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7371 +msgid "marking of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7372 +msgid "formalities" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7373 +msgid "registration requirement of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6859 +#: freeculture.xml:7375 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -9537,7 +10657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6873 +#: freeculture.xml:7390 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -9552,8 +10672,13 @@ msgid "" "author." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7403 +msgid "European" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6887 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -9564,13 +10689,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6895 +#: freeculture.xml:7416 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6906 +#: freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -9580,7 +10705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6899 +#: freeculture.xml:7421 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -9594,7 +10719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6918 +#: freeculture.xml:7443 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -9605,7 +10730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6927 +#: freeculture.xml:7453 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -9616,7 +10741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6936 +#: freeculture.xml:7462 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -9624,7 +10749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6941 +#: freeculture.xml:7467 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -9639,7 +10764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6955 +#: freeculture.xml:7482 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -9651,7 +10776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 +#: freeculture.xml:7504 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -9660,7 +10785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6967 +#: freeculture.xml:7494 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -9675,12 +10800,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6999 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6992 +#: freeculture.xml:7519 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -9692,7 +10817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6987 +#: freeculture.xml:7514 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -9702,7 +10827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7004 +#: freeculture.xml:7534 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -9712,7 +10837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7012 +#: freeculture.xml:7542 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -9721,13 +10846,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7019 +#: freeculture.xml:7551 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7827 +msgid "copies as core issue of" +msgstr "" + #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7026 +#: freeculture.xml:7560 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -9741,7 +10871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7021 +#: freeculture.xml:7555 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -9750,9 +10880,14 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7571 +msgid "other property rights vs." +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7038 +#: freeculture.xml:7574 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -9768,7 +10903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7056 +#: freeculture.xml:7593 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -9777,7 +10912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7051 +#: freeculture.xml:7588 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -9789,30 +10924,40 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7067 +#: freeculture.xml:7606 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7071 +#: freeculture.xml:7610 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7072 +#: freeculture.xml:7611 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7074 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7615 +msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7616 +msgid "copyright intent altered by" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7077 +#: freeculture.xml:7621 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9827,17 +10972,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7090 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7091 +#: freeculture.xml:7635 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7094 +#: freeculture.xml:7638 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9848,26 +10993,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7102 +#: freeculture.xml:7650 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:7655 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7108 +#: freeculture.xml:7656 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7111 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9880,30 +11025,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7121 +#: freeculture.xml:7671 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7122 +#: freeculture.xml:7672 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7126 +#: freeculture.xml:7676 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7127 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7131 +#: freeculture.xml:7682 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9912,13 +11057,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:7170 freeculture.xml:7379 +#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7688 +msgid "books on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7766 +msgid "Internet burdens on" +msgstr "" + #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7141 +#: freeculture.xml:7694 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -9928,7 +11083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7138 +#: freeculture.xml:7691 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9945,7 +11100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7159 +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9957,8 +11112,18 @@ msgid "" "those uses produced a copy." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7725 +msgid "e-books" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7726 +msgid "technological developments and" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7172 +#: freeculture.xml:7728 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9972,7 +11137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7184 +#: freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9981,7 +11146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7190 +#: freeculture.xml:7746 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9992,7 +11157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7198 +#: freeculture.xml:7755 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -10005,9 +11170,14 @@ msgid "" "troubling with respect to transformative uses of creative work." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7768 +msgid "fair use vs." +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7210 +#: freeculture.xml:7770 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -10021,7 +11191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7224 +#: freeculture.xml:7789 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -10032,8 +11202,23 @@ msgid "" "fair use are not enough." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7805 +msgid "Video Pipeline" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15344 +msgid "film industry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7807 +msgid "trailer advertisements of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7235 +#: freeculture.xml:7809 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -10043,12 +11228,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:7301 freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14090 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7243 +#: freeculture.xml:7817 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -10061,7 +11246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7252 +#: freeculture.xml:7830 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -10076,8 +11261,18 @@ msgid "" "rights were in fact their rights." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7847 +msgid "willful infringement findings in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7848 +msgid "willful infringement" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7267 +#: freeculture.xml:7850 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -10090,7 +11285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7277 +#: freeculture.xml:7860 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -10101,8 +11296,13 @@ msgid "" "Disney's permission." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7868 +msgid "first-sale doctrine" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7287 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -10118,13 +11318,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7300 +#: freeculture.xml:7889 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7304 +#: freeculture.xml:7894 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -10141,7 +11341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7319 +#: freeculture.xml:7909 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -10152,12 +11352,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7328 +#: freeculture.xml:7918 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7330 +#: freeculture.xml:7920 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -10165,8 +11365,18 @@ msgid "" "regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7925 +msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:7926 +msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7336 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10176,18 +11386,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7343 +#: freeculture.xml:7935 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7344 freeculture.xml:7519 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7936 freeculture.xml:8107 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7355 +#: freeculture.xml:7947 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -10195,7 +11405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7347 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -10206,15 +11416,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7364 +#: freeculture.xml:7956 msgid "" -"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7360 +#: freeculture.xml:7952 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -10226,7 +11435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7374 +#: freeculture.xml:7966 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -10235,7 +11444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7381 +#: freeculture.xml:7973 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -10247,17 +11456,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7393 +#: freeculture.xml:7985 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7395 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7398 +#: freeculture.xml:7990 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -10266,13 +11475,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7405 +#: freeculture.xml:7997 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7409 +#: freeculture.xml:8001 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -10285,35 +11494,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7422 +#: freeculture.xml:8014 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7423 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7426 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7430 +#: freeculture.xml:8022 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7431 +#: freeculture.xml:8023 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7435 +#: freeculture.xml:8027 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -10323,76 +11532,85 @@ msgid "" "computer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8034 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8035 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7443 +#: freeculture.xml:8037 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7449 +#: freeculture.xml:8041 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7450 +#: freeculture.xml:8042 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7453 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7458 +#: freeculture.xml:8050 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:8051 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8053 freeculture.xml:9889 +msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251 freeculture.xml:13544 +msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7462 +#: freeculture.xml:8056 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7468 +#: freeculture.xml:8062 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7469 +#: freeculture.xml:8063 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:8066 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7482 +#: freeculture.xml:8076 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -10403,7 +11621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7475 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -10418,7 +11636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7497 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -10436,17 +11654,18 @@ msgid "" "simply won't read aloud." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7515 +#: freeculture.xml:8111 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " "to type <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> erased <quote>Brothers</quote> from " -"the sentence. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the sentence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7522 +#: freeculture.xml:8117 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -10458,7 +11677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7531 +#: freeculture.xml:8126 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -10468,40 +11687,44 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7538 +#: freeculture.xml:8133 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7548 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:8137 +msgid "e-book restrictions on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7542 +#: freeculture.xml:8139 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " "Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in " "Wonderland</citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet " -"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report: " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7551 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7553 +#: freeculture.xml:8149 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7557 +#: freeculture.xml:8153 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -10510,7 +11733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7562 +#: freeculture.xml:8158 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -10521,7 +11744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7570 +#: freeculture.xml:8166 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -10536,7 +11759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7583 +#: freeculture.xml:8181 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -10546,53 +11769,54 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7593 +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7596 freeculture.xml:7739 freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:7912 +#: freeculture.xml:8194 freeculture.xml:8338 freeculture.xml:8403 freeculture.xml:8511 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7597 freeculture.xml:7740 freeculture.xml:7805 freeculture.xml:7913 +#: freeculture.xml:8195 freeculture.xml:8339 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:8512 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7598 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:7914 +#: freeculture.xml:8196 freeculture.xml:8340 freeculture.xml:8405 freeculture.xml:8513 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7598 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7806 freeculture.xml:7914 +#: freeculture.xml:8196 freeculture.xml:8340 freeculture.xml:8405 freeculture.xml:8513 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7600 +#: freeculture.xml:8198 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " "that doesn't leave that much of a mess (at least in your house)." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7605 +#: freeculture.xml:8203 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " -"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set <beginpage " -"pagenum=\"165\"/> up aibopet.com (and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the " -"same site), and on that site he provided information about how to teach an " -"Aibo to do tricks in addition to the ones Sony had taught it." +"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set up aibopet.com " +"(and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the same site), and on that site he " +"provided information about how to teach an Aibo to do tricks in addition to " +"the ones Sony had taught it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7614 +#: freeculture.xml:8212 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -10603,12 +11827,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7621 +#: freeculture.xml:8219 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7623 +#: freeculture.xml:8221 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -10624,7 +11848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7637 +#: freeculture.xml:8235 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -10634,7 +11858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7644 +#: freeculture.xml:8242 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -10645,7 +11869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7654 +#: freeculture.xml:8252 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -10659,8 +11883,13 @@ msgid "" "there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:8267 +msgid "government case against" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7670 +#: freeculture.xml:8269 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -10674,12 +11903,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7693 freeculture.xml:10181 +#: freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:10843 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7683 +#: freeculture.xml:8282 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -10698,7 +11927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:8280 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -10708,7 +11937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7701 +#: freeculture.xml:8300 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -10720,7 +11949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7711 +#: freeculture.xml:8310 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10730,7 +11959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:8317 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10739,7 +11968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7724 +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10750,7 +11979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7732 +#: freeculture.xml:8331 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10760,7 +11989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7743 +#: freeculture.xml:8342 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10768,7 +11997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7750 +#: freeculture.xml:8349 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10776,7 +12005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:8358 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10785,7 +12014,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7765 +#: freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10794,7 +12023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7773 +#: freeculture.xml:8372 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10802,7 +12031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:8377 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10815,7 +12044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7789 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10825,7 +12054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7796 +#: freeculture.xml:8395 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10837,7 +12066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7808 +#: freeculture.xml:8407 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10851,7 +12080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7820 +#: freeculture.xml:8419 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10862,17 +12091,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7862 +#: freeculture.xml:8426 freeculture.xml:8461 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7838 freeculture.xml:7875 freeculture.xml:7901 +#: freeculture.xml:8437 freeculture.xml:8474 freeculture.xml:8500 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7830 +#: freeculture.xml:8429 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10885,7 +12114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7857 +#: freeculture.xml:8456 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -10896,7 +12125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7842 +#: freeculture.xml:8441 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -10916,7 +12145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7868 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10924,19 +12153,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:8472 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7878 +#: freeculture.xml:8477 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7881 +#: freeculture.xml:8480 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10947,13 +12176,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7888 +#: freeculture.xml:8487 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7890 +#: freeculture.xml:8489 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10962,17 +12191,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:8497 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7899 +#: freeculture.xml:8498 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7903 +#: freeculture.xml:8502 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10983,7 +12212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7916 +#: freeculture.xml:8515 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10994,7 +12223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7924 +#: freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -11008,7 +12237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7936 +#: freeculture.xml:8535 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -11023,7 +12252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7955 +#: freeculture.xml:8554 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -11032,7 +12261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7949 +#: freeculture.xml:8548 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -11042,7 +12271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7961 +#: freeculture.xml:8560 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -11052,7 +12281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7969 +#: freeculture.xml:8568 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -11065,7 +12294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7979 +#: freeculture.xml:8578 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -11076,13 +12305,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7988 +#: freeculture.xml:8587 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7990 +#: freeculture.xml:8589 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -11100,7 +12329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8008 +#: freeculture.xml:8607 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -11110,7 +12339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8015 +#: freeculture.xml:8614 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -11123,13 +12352,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8026 +#: freeculture.xml:8625 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8629 +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9999 +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8631 +msgid "McCain, John" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:10006 +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8633 +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8035 +#: freeculture.xml:8639 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -11138,7 +12392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8042 +#: freeculture.xml:8646 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -11146,39 +12400,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 +#: freeculture.xml:8652 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8051 -msgid "BMG" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8052 freeculture.xml:9402 -msgid "EMI" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8053 -msgid "McCain, John" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9403 -msgid "Universal Music Group" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8055 -msgid "Warner Music Group" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8031 +#: freeculture.xml:8635 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -11188,15 +12417,12 @@ msgid "" "Group, and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The <quote>five largest cable companies pipe " "programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers " -"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"7\"/>" +"nationwide.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8058 +#: freeculture.xml:8657 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -11209,7 +12435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8070 +#: freeculture.xml:8669 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -11223,12 +12449,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8084 freeculture.xml:8101 +#: freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:8700 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8081 +#: freeculture.xml:8680 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -11236,7 +12462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8099 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -11244,7 +12470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8088 +#: freeculture.xml:8687 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -11259,7 +12485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8106 +#: freeculture.xml:8705 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -11268,18 +12494,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8112 +#: freeculture.xml:8711 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8113 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8117 +#: freeculture.xml:8716 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -11287,7 +12513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8122 +#: freeculture.xml:8721 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -11296,24 +12522,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8128 +#: freeculture.xml:8727 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8131 +#: freeculture.xml:8730 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 freeculture.xml:8196 +#: freeculture.xml:8732 freeculture.xml:8795 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8135 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -11324,7 +12550,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8147 +#: freeculture.xml:8746 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -11335,7 +12561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8142 +#: freeculture.xml:8741 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -11345,7 +12571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8158 +#: freeculture.xml:8757 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -11357,7 +12583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8177 +#: freeculture.xml:8776 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -11369,7 +12595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8167 +#: freeculture.xml:8766 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -11388,7 +12614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8198 +#: freeculture.xml:8797 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -11396,28 +12622,27 @@ msgid "" "increasingly owned by the network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8207 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8802 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8208 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:8803 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8204 +#: freeculture.xml:8805 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " -"Diller said to Bill Moyers, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Diller said to Bill Moyers," msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8221 +#: freeculture.xml:8820 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -11425,7 +12650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8212 +#: freeculture.xml:8811 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -11436,7 +12661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8228 +#: freeculture.xml:8827 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -11450,13 +12675,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8239 +#: freeculture.xml:8838 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8248 +#: freeculture.xml:8847 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -11472,7 +12697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8241 +#: freeculture.xml:8840 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -11487,7 +12712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8265 +#: freeculture.xml:8864 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -11495,14 +12720,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8271 +#: freeculture.xml:8870 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8275 +#: freeculture.xml:8874 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -11511,7 +12736,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8280 +#: freeculture.xml:8879 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -11529,7 +12754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8299 +#: freeculture.xml:8898 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -11537,7 +12762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8306 +#: freeculture.xml:8905 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -11552,14 +12777,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8318 +#: freeculture.xml:8917 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8322 +#: freeculture.xml:8921 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -11569,7 +12794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8328 +#: freeculture.xml:8927 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -11578,32 +12803,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8370 +#: freeculture.xml:8969 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8371 +#: freeculture.xml:8970 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8372 +#: freeculture.xml:8971 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8373 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8374 +#: freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8345 +#: freeculture.xml:8944 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -11637,7 +12862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8335 +#: freeculture.xml:8934 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -11651,7 +12876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8379 +#: freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -11664,12 +12889,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8392 +#: freeculture.xml:8991 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8394 +#: freeculture.xml:8993 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -11679,7 +12904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8400 +#: freeculture.xml:8999 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -11694,7 +12919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8416 +#: freeculture.xml:9015 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -11703,7 +12928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8422 +#: freeculture.xml:9021 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -11717,7 +12942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8434 +#: freeculture.xml:9033 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -11732,7 +12957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8446 +#: freeculture.xml:9045 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -11743,15 +12968,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8470 +#: freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "" -"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four " -"surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " -"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " +"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " +"digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:9054 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11769,14 +12994,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8476 +#: freeculture.xml:9075 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8480 +#: freeculture.xml:9079 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11786,38 +13011,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8492 freeculture.xml:8529 +#: freeculture.xml:9091 freeculture.xml:9128 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8493 freeculture.xml:8530 freeculture.xml:8568 freeculture.xml:8600 +#: freeculture.xml:9092 freeculture.xml:9129 freeculture.xml:9167 freeculture.xml:9199 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8498 freeculture.xml:8535 freeculture.xml:8573 freeculture.xml:8605 +#: freeculture.xml:9097 freeculture.xml:9134 freeculture.xml:9172 freeculture.xml:9204 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8499 freeculture.xml:8536 freeculture.xml:8537 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:8575 freeculture.xml:8606 freeculture.xml:8607 freeculture.xml:8611 freeculture.xml:8612 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9173 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9205 freeculture.xml:9206 freeculture.xml:9210 freeculture.xml:9211 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8500 freeculture.xml:8504 freeculture.xml:8505 freeculture.xml:8541 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8580 +#: freeculture.xml:9099 freeculture.xml:9103 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9140 freeculture.xml:9141 freeculture.xml:9179 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8503 freeculture.xml:8540 freeculture.xml:8578 freeculture.xml:8610 +#: freeculture.xml:9102 freeculture.xml:9139 freeculture.xml:9177 freeculture.xml:9209 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8512 +#: freeculture.xml:9111 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11827,12 +13052,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8521 +#: freeculture.xml:9120 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8549 +#: freeculture.xml:9148 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11841,7 +13066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8555 +#: freeculture.xml:9154 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11851,17 +13076,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8567 freeculture.xml:8599 +#: freeculture.xml:9166 freeculture.xml:9198 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8579 +#: freeculture.xml:9178 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 +#: freeculture.xml:9186 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11872,7 +13097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8619 +#: freeculture.xml:9218 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11881,7 +13106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8627 +#: freeculture.xml:9226 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11890,7 +13115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8633 +#: freeculture.xml:9232 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11904,12 +13129,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8657 +#: freeculture.xml:9256 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8651 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11920,7 +13145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8645 +#: freeculture.xml:9244 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -11938,7 +13163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8670 +#: freeculture.xml:9269 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -11957,7 +13182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8689 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11972,33 +13197,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8706 +#: freeculture.xml:9305 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8710 +#: freeculture.xml:9309 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8711 +#: freeculture.xml:9310 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8712 +#: freeculture.xml:9311 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8713 +#: freeculture.xml:9312 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8721 +#: freeculture.xml:9320 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -12007,7 +13232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 +#: freeculture.xml:9315 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -12022,7 +13247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8733 +#: freeculture.xml:9332 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -12037,7 +13262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8745 +#: freeculture.xml:9344 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -12051,7 +13276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8756 +#: freeculture.xml:9355 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -12061,14 +13286,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8762 +#: freeculture.xml:9361 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8766 +#: freeculture.xml:9365 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -12076,7 +13301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8771 +#: freeculture.xml:9370 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -12085,7 +13310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8777 +#: freeculture.xml:9376 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -12095,7 +13320,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8783 +#: freeculture.xml:9382 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -12107,7 +13332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8797 +#: freeculture.xml:9396 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -12118,7 +13343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8805 +#: freeculture.xml:9404 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -12135,7 +13360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8819 +#: freeculture.xml:9418 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -12148,7 +13373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8828 +#: freeculture.xml:9427 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -12160,7 +13385,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8839 +#: freeculture.xml:9438 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -12172,7 +13397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8849 +#: freeculture.xml:9448 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -12182,22 +13407,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8865 freeculture.xml:9147 freeculture.xml:10182 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 freeculture.xml:9750 freeculture.xml:10844 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8896 +#: freeculture.xml:9495 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8897 freeculture.xml:9617 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 freeculture.xml:10255 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8865 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -12233,7 +13458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:9455 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -12246,7 +13471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8903 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -12256,7 +13481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8910 +#: freeculture.xml:9509 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -12270,7 +13495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8922 +#: freeculture.xml:9521 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -12281,7 +13506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8930 +#: freeculture.xml:9529 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -12295,14 +13520,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8943 +#: freeculture.xml:9542 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8947 +#: freeculture.xml:9546 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -12313,7 +13538,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8964 +#: freeculture.xml:9563 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -12324,7 +13549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8954 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -12337,12 +13562,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8978 freeculture.xml:9336 +#: freeculture.xml:9577 freeculture.xml:9950 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8975 +#: freeculture.xml:9574 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -12350,7 +13575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:9580 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -12358,12 +13583,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8989 +#: freeculture.xml:9588 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8991 +#: freeculture.xml:9590 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -12374,7 +13599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8999 +#: freeculture.xml:9598 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -12383,7 +13608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9005 +#: freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -12392,7 +13617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 +#: freeculture.xml:9612 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -12402,7 +13627,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9021 +#: freeculture.xml:9620 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -12412,12 +13637,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9627 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9030 +#: freeculture.xml:9629 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -12434,7 +13659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9045 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -12449,7 +13674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9056 +#: freeculture.xml:9655 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -12459,7 +13684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9066 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -12472,13 +13697,18 @@ msgid "" "presumptively illegal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9094 freeculture.xml:9115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:9698 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9678 +msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9089 +#: freeculture.xml:9693 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -12489,12 +13719,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9110 +#: freeculture.xml:9714 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9101 +#: freeculture.xml:9705 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -12508,7 +13738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9077 +#: freeculture.xml:9681 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -12525,17 +13755,17 @@ msgid "" "damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " "common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " "downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " -"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"negligently butchering a patient?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9117 +#: freeculture.xml:9720 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9138 +#: freeculture.xml:9741 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12545,7 +13775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9119 +#: freeculture.xml:9722 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -12565,7 +13795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9149 +#: freeculture.xml:9752 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -12579,7 +13809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9162 +#: freeculture.xml:9765 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -12593,7 +13823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9173 +#: freeculture.xml:9776 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -12604,7 +13834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9184 +#: freeculture.xml:9787 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -12617,7 +13847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9194 +#: freeculture.xml:9797 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -12630,7 +13860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9205 +#: freeculture.xml:9808 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -12643,13 +13873,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9216 +#: freeculture.xml:9819 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9220 +#: freeculture.xml:9823 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -12662,12 +13892,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9837 +msgid "innovation hampered by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9838 +msgid "industry establishment opposed to" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9235 +#: freeculture.xml:9841 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -12678,19 +13918,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9243 +#: freeculture.xml:9850 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " -"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 " -"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by " -"substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of " -"<quote>free culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests " -"affecting culture are more fundamental." +"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> pages into a " +"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting " +"<quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of <quote>free " +"culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests affecting " +"culture are more fundamental." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9253 +#: freeculture.xml:9861 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -12705,13 +13946,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9265 freeculture.xml:9373 +#: freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9995 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10007 +msgid "venture capitalists" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9267 +#: freeculture.xml:9877 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -12726,7 +13972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9280 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -12734,12 +13980,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9896 +msgid "MP3.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9897 +msgid "my.mp3.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9898 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9286 +#: freeculture.xml:9900 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -12750,12 +14006,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9294 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9296 +#: freeculture.xml:9910 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -12765,7 +14021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9303 +#: freeculture.xml:9917 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12780,7 +14036,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9315 +#: freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12790,7 +14046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9325 +#: freeculture.xml:9939 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12803,8 +14059,18 @@ msgid "" "something they had already bought." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9951 freeculture.xml:9996 +msgid "distribution technology targeted in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:9956 +msgid "outsize penalties of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9338 +#: freeculture.xml:9958 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12816,12 +14082,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9348 +#: freeculture.xml:9968 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9351 +#: freeculture.xml:9971 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12834,7 +14100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9361 +#: freeculture.xml:9982 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12846,18 +14112,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9372 +#: freeculture.xml:9997 +msgid "BMW" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9998 +msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10000 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9374 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10003 +msgid "MP3 players" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10004 +msgid "venture capital for" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10005 freeculture.xml:10051 +msgid "Needleman, Rafe" +msgstr "" + #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9382 +#: freeculture.xml:10015 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -12870,12 +14161,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9376 +#: freeculture.xml:10009 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " "(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " -"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder " +"cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should " "have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the " "industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a " @@ -12886,27 +14177,11 @@ msgid "" "buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " -"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9406 -msgid "BMW" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9407 -msgid "cars, MP3 sound system in" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9422 -msgid "Needleman, Rafe" +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9418 +#: freeculture.xml:10047 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12916,7 +14191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9409 +#: freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12928,7 +14203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9427 +#: freeculture.xml:10059 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -12940,7 +14215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9437 +#: freeculture.xml:10069 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -12956,7 +14231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9452 +#: freeculture.xml:10084 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -12971,7 +14246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9464 +#: freeculture.xml:10096 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12990,7 +14265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9483 +#: freeculture.xml:10115 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -13000,7 +14275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9490 +#: freeculture.xml:10122 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -13014,7 +14289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9505 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -13024,12 +14299,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:10150 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9501 +#: freeculture.xml:10133 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -13047,7 +14322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:10154 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -13056,32 +14331,31 @@ msgid "" "will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10163 freeculture.xml:12072 +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "" + #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9536 +#: freeculture.xml:10169 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9542 freeculture.xml:11381 -msgid "Intel" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9532 +#: freeculture.xml:10165 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " "impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was " "obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, " -"any protection should not do more harm than good. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"any protection should not do more harm than good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9545 +#: freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -13089,7 +14363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9550 +#: freeculture.xml:10182 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -13097,15 +14371,21 @@ msgid "" "regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10200 +msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:10198 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " -"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9557 +#: freeculture.xml:10192 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -13119,7 +14399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9574 +#: freeculture.xml:10210 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -13128,13 +14408,18 @@ msgid "" "effect of smothering the new to benefit the old." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10216 +msgid "radio on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9583 +#: freeculture.xml:10221 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9583 +#: freeculture.xml:10221 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -13153,17 +14438,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9602 +#: freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9618 +#: freeculture.xml:10256 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9602 +#: freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -13184,7 +14469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9581 +#: freeculture.xml:10219 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -13194,8 +14479,9 @@ msgid "" "demise of Internet radio." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9628 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -13205,11 +14491,11 @@ msgid "" "performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then " "whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright " "owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas " -"Marilyn Monroe would not. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Marilyn Monroe would not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9640 +#: freeculture.xml:10278 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -13222,7 +14508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9651 +#: freeculture.xml:10289 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -13233,7 +14519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9660 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -13249,7 +14535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:10314 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -13261,12 +14547,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9700 +#: freeculture.xml:10338 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9686 +#: freeculture.xml:10324 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -13284,12 +14570,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9710 +#: freeculture.xml:10348 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9705 +#: freeculture.xml:10343 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -13299,7 +14585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9715 +#: freeculture.xml:10353 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -13308,9 +14594,24 @@ msgid "" "what copyright rules would govern Internet radio?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10362 +msgid "on radio" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10366 +msgid "Internet radio hampered by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:10367 freeculture.xml:10520 +msgid "on Internet radio fees" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9724 +#: freeculture.xml:10370 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -13325,12 +14626,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9763 +#: freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9746 +#: freeculture.xml:10392 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -13352,7 +14653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9739 +#: freeculture.xml:10385 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -13363,7 +14664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9771 +#: freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -13372,57 +14673,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9779 +#: freeculture.xml:10429 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9785 +#: freeculture.xml:10435 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9788 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9791 +#: freeculture.xml:10441 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9794 +#: freeculture.xml:10444 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9797 +#: freeculture.xml:10447 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9800 +#: freeculture.xml:10450 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:10453 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9806 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9809 +#: freeculture.xml:10459 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -13430,77 +14731,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9812 +#: freeculture.xml:10462 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#: freeculture.xml:10465 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:10468 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9821 +#: freeculture.xml:10471 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9824 +#: freeculture.xml:10474 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9827 +#: freeculture.xml:10477 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9830 +#: freeculture.xml:10480 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9833 +#: freeculture.xml:10483 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9836 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9839 +#: freeculture.xml:10489 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9842 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9845 +#: freeculture.xml:10495 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9848 +#: freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9851 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9856 +#: freeculture.xml:10506 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -13511,7 +14812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9864 +#: freeculture.xml:10514 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -13519,12 +14820,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9868 freeculture.xml:14525 +#: freeculture.xml:10518 freeculture.xml:15323 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9871 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -13533,7 +14834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9877 +#: freeculture.xml:10530 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -13547,7 +14848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9893 +#: freeculture.xml:10546 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -13556,7 +14857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9902 +#: freeculture.xml:10558 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -13567,12 +14868,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:10574 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9914 +#: freeculture.xml:10576 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -13580,7 +14881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9920 +#: freeculture.xml:10582 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -13589,7 +14890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9929 +#: freeculture.xml:10591 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -13600,7 +14901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9925 +#: freeculture.xml:10587 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -13618,7 +14919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9963 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -13626,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9950 +#: freeculture.xml:10612 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -13647,9 +14948,14 @@ msgid "" "that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10636 +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9985 +#: freeculture.xml:10648 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -13658,7 +14964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:10656 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -13667,20 +14973,15 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10003 +#: freeculture.xml:10666 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " "(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10010 -msgid "alcohol prohibition" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9975 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -13699,17 +15000,16 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free " "society,</quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated " "within our society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans " -"regularly violate at least some law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"3\"/>" +"regularly violate at least some law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10674 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10013 +#: freeculture.xml:10676 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -13724,12 +15024,11 @@ msgid "" "case is over. Generations of Americans—more significantly in some " "parts of America than in others, but still, everywhere in America " "today—can't live their lives both normally and legally, since " -"<quote>normally</quote> entails a certain degree of illegality. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<quote>normally</quote> entails a certain degree of illegality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10031 +#: freeculture.xml:10693 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -13743,7 +15042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10044 +#: freeculture.xml:10706 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -13753,7 +15052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -13770,7 +15069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10065 +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -13784,13 +15083,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10077 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10080 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -13801,7 +15100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10091 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13813,17 +15112,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#: freeculture.xml:10761 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10100 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10102 +#: freeculture.xml:10764 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -13837,7 +15136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10113 +#: freeculture.xml:10775 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13850,7 +15149,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10123 +#: freeculture.xml:10785 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13864,7 +15163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10800 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13876,7 +15175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10147 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13889,7 +15188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10158 +#: freeculture.xml:10820 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13901,7 +15200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10167 +#: freeculture.xml:10829 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13911,7 +15210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10173 +#: freeculture.xml:10835 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -13920,7 +15219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10184 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -13931,20 +15230,20 @@ msgid "" "civil liberties generally." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10195 freeculture.xml:10305 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:10854 freeculture.xml:10954 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10193 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " -"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10199 +#: freeculture.xml:10861 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -13958,7 +15257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10211 +#: freeculture.xml:10873 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -13966,7 +15265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:10878 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13978,7 +15277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10234 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -13995,7 +15294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10225 +#: freeculture.xml:10887 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -14009,7 +15308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10252 +#: freeculture.xml:10914 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -14017,7 +15316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10248 +#: freeculture.xml:10910 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -14029,7 +15328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10273 +#: freeculture.xml:10935 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -14052,7 +15351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10261 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -14068,8 +15367,9 @@ msgid "" "network. She can, in some cases, be expelled." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10293 +#: freeculture.xml:10956 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -14079,11 +15379,11 @@ msgid "" "<quote>contraband</quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of " "college students have already learned, our presumptions about innocence " "disappear in the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different. " -"Says von Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Says von Lohmann," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:10971 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -14104,7 +15404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10329 +#: freeculture.xml:10991 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -14115,12 +15415,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10342 +#: freeculture.xml:11004 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:11009 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -14130,7 +15430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10354 +#: freeculture.xml:11016 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -14140,7 +15440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -14153,7 +15453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10372 +#: freeculture.xml:11034 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -14163,7 +15463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10380 +#: freeculture.xml:11042 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -14171,7 +15471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10385 +#: freeculture.xml:11047 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -14180,7 +15480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10391 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -14189,17 +15489,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10401 +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 +msgid "Eldred, Eric" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10404 +#: freeculture.xml:11067 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -14210,8 +15515,18 @@ msgid "" "alive." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11075 +msgid "of public-domain literature" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11076 +msgid "library of works derived from" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -14221,7 +15536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10420 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -14232,8 +15547,13 @@ msgid "" "accessible—technically accessible—today." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11097 +msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10431 +#: freeculture.xml:11099 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -14248,27 +15568,32 @@ msgid "" "works." msgstr "" -#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:12171 +msgid "pornography" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10455 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "" -"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " -"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " -"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " -"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " -"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " -"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " -"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " -"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " -"noncommercial speakers that the statute was found to exceed Congress's " -"power. The same point could have been made about noncommercial publishers " -"after the advent of the Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the " -"Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it at least as important to " -"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " +"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " +"phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial " +"pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were not making " +"money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class didn't " +"exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of distributing " +"porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got special attention " +"in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the Communications Decency " +"Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on noncommercial speakers " +"that the statute was found to exceed Congress's power. The same point could " +"have been made about noncommercial publishers after the advent of the " +"Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the Internet were extremely " +"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of " +"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10444 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -14282,8 +15607,18 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11144 +msgid "Frost, Robert" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11145 +msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10472 +#: freeculture.xml:11149 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -14299,17 +15634,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10485 freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10486 freeculture.xml:10496 +#: freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -14322,7 +15657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10490 +#: freeculture.xml:11171 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -14330,8 +15665,28 @@ msgid "" "forever.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11188 +msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11189 +msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11190 +msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11191 +msgid "felony punishments for" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -14341,8 +15696,18 @@ msgid "" "dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:12139 +msgid "constitutional powers of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11251 +msgid "Eldred case involvement of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10517 +#: freeculture.xml:11207 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -14352,7 +15717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10528 +#: freeculture.xml:11218 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -14360,7 +15725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10534 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -14373,13 +15738,14 @@ msgid "" "<quote>for limited Times.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10553 freeculture.xml:12032 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11237 freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10544 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -14388,12 +15754,11 @@ msgid "" "effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power " "to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " "forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as " -"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10556 +#: freeculture.xml:11253 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -14406,7 +15771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10567 +#: freeculture.xml:11264 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -14418,7 +15783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10576 +#: freeculture.xml:11273 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -14430,7 +15795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10586 +#: freeculture.xml:11283 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -14440,7 +15805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10593 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -14449,7 +15814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10601 +#: freeculture.xml:11298 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -14458,14 +15823,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10607 +#: freeculture.xml:11304 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10611 +#: freeculture.xml:11308 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -14473,7 +15838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10616 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -14482,7 +15847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10622 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -14491,14 +15856,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:11325 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10632 +#: freeculture.xml:11329 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -14506,7 +15871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10638 +#: freeculture.xml:11335 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -14515,7 +15880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10644 +#: freeculture.xml:11341 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -14527,7 +15892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10655 +#: freeculture.xml:11352 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -14536,7 +15901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10667 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -14545,7 +15910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10674 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -14554,7 +15919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10682 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -14562,7 +15927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10660 +#: freeculture.xml:11357 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -14577,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10689 +#: freeculture.xml:11386 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -14592,7 +15957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10701 +#: freeculture.xml:11401 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -14604,7 +15969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10714 +#: freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -14614,7 +15979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10724 +#: freeculture.xml:11424 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -14624,12 +15989,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10730 freeculture.xml:11513 +#: freeculture.xml:11430 freeculture.xml:12220 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10732 +#: freeculture.xml:11432 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -14645,7 +16010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10747 +#: freeculture.xml:11447 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -14653,14 +16018,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10754 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10745 +#: freeculture.xml:11445 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14673,7 +16038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10761 +#: freeculture.xml:11461 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -14688,7 +16053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10758 +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14702,7 +16067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10782 +#: freeculture.xml:11482 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -14718,7 +16083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10795 +#: freeculture.xml:11499 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -14737,9 +16102,14 @@ msgid "" "us all." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11516 +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" +msgstr "" + #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10819 +#: freeculture.xml:11524 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -14747,13 +16117,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10827 -msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10813 +#: freeculture.xml:11518 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -14761,11 +16126,11 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; " "and in our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " "Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " -"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"pirate's charter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10830 +#: freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -14777,7 +16142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10842 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -14792,7 +16157,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10860 +#: freeculture.xml:11564 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -14802,7 +16167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10854 +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -14814,7 +16179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10869 +#: freeculture.xml:11573 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -14825,7 +16190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10882 +#: freeculture.xml:11586 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -14836,14 +16201,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10894 +#: freeculture.xml:11598 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -14851,7 +16216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10901 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14861,7 +16226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10910 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -14869,7 +16234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10915 +#: freeculture.xml:11619 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14881,7 +16246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10924 +#: freeculture.xml:11628 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14895,7 +16260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10939 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14909,7 +16274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10951 +#: freeculture.xml:11655 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14917,23 +16282,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10957 freeculture.xml:11393 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 freeculture.xml:12096 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10958 +#: freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11663 +msgid "Lucky Dog, The" +msgstr "" + #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10971 +#: freeculture.xml:11676 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -14942,13 +16312,8 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10977 -msgid "Lucky Dog, The" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10960 +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14959,12 +16324,11 @@ msgid "" "controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal " "of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 " "videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent " -"films.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"films.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10980 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14974,7 +16338,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10986 +#: freeculture.xml:11689 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14986,7 +16350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11004 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -14998,18 +16362,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10997 +#: freeculture.xml:11700 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " "technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " "$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " -"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder " +"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of 8 mm film.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11014 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -15019,7 +16383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11022 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -15030,7 +16394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11030 +#: freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -15045,7 +16409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11041 +#: freeculture.xml:11744 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -15055,7 +16419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11052 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -15064,7 +16428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11060 +#: freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -15075,7 +16439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11068 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -15086,7 +16450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -15100,7 +16464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -15108,7 +16472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11098 +#: freeculture.xml:11801 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -15121,7 +16485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11109 +#: freeculture.xml:11812 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -15132,7 +16496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:11821 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -15141,12 +16505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11124 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11128 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -15161,7 +16525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11141 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -15174,7 +16538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11151 +#: freeculture.xml:11854 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -15188,7 +16552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11162 +#: freeculture.xml:11865 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -15197,7 +16561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11871 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -15212,7 +16576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11192 +#: freeculture.xml:11895 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -15220,21 +16584,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11180 +#: freeculture.xml:11883 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " "message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not " "doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the " "gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " -"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially " +"films, books, and music produced between 1923 and 1946 is not commercially " "available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " "value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11199 +#: freeculture.xml:11902 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -15246,7 +16610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11208 +#: freeculture.xml:11911 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -15256,7 +16620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11215 +#: freeculture.xml:11918 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -15270,7 +16634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11226 +#: freeculture.xml:11929 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -15279,13 +16643,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11233 +#: freeculture.xml:11936 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -15295,7 +16659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11945 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -15305,7 +16669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11249 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -15313,7 +16677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11255 +#: freeculture.xml:11958 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -15326,7 +16690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11266 +#: freeculture.xml:11969 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -15334,13 +16698,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11271 freeculture.xml:11285 +#: freeculture.xml:11974 freeculture.xml:11988 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11273 +#: freeculture.xml:11976 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -15352,17 +16716,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11283 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11658 freeculture.xml:11755 freeculture.xml:11975 freeculture.xml:12006 freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12462 freeculture.xml:12682 freeculture.xml:12713 freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11284 +#: freeculture.xml:11987 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11287 +#: freeculture.xml:11990 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -15375,7 +16739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11297 +#: freeculture.xml:12000 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -15397,7 +16761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11318 +#: freeculture.xml:12021 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -15408,7 +16772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11326 +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -15426,18 +16790,18 @@ msgid "" "was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11357 freeculture.xml:11383 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12047 freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -15450,12 +16814,11 @@ msgid "" "editorial documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's " "contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not " "justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, " -"Schlafly argued. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Schlafly argued." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11361 +#: freeculture.xml:12064 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -15464,8 +16827,9 @@ msgid "" "conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11369 +#: freeculture.xml:12076 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -15474,34 +16838,30 @@ msgid "" "were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First " "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " -"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11390 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12088 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11386 +#: freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " "the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " -"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"National Writers Union." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11395 +#: freeculture.xml:12098 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -15510,32 +16870,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11401 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11402 +#: freeculture.xml:12105 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11403 +#: freeculture.xml:12106 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11404 +#: freeculture.xml:12107 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11405 +#: freeculture.xml:12108 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -15548,28 +16908,29 @@ msgid "" "special-interest legislation gone wild." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11430 freeculture.xml:11446 freeculture.xml:11649 freeculture.xml:12011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12120 freeculture.xml:12138 freeculture.xml:12351 freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11432 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11433 freeculture.xml:11643 freeculture.xml:12758 +#: freeculture.xml:12123 freeculture.xml:12350 freeculture.xml:13499 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11418 +#: freeculture.xml:12125 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -15579,14 +16940,16 @@ msgid "" "history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending " "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " -"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:12140 +msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 +#: freeculture.xml:12142 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -15596,12 +16959,11 @@ msgid "" "Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power " "in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many " "positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining " -"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11449 +#: freeculture.xml:12154 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -15611,7 +16973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11456 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -15621,9 +16983,19 @@ msgid "" "who did what with content they wanted to control." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12169 +msgid "Gershwin, George" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12170 +msgid "Porgy and Bess" +msgstr "" + #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:12180 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -15631,20 +17003,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11480 +#: freeculture.xml:12188 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " "1998, B7." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11487 -msgid "Gershwin, George" -msgstr "" - +#. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11465 +#: freeculture.xml:12173 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -15657,11 +17025,11 @@ msgid "" "Bess</citetitle> to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the " "cast.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this " "part of American culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to " -"help them effect that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"help them effect that control." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11490 +#: freeculture.xml:12197 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -15676,7 +17044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11502 +#: freeculture.xml:12209 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -15686,7 +17054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11509 +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -15694,12 +17062,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 freeculture.xml:11700 +#: freeculture.xml:12221 freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11516 +#: freeculture.xml:12223 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -15712,18 +17080,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11525 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11902 freeculture.xml:11914 +#: freeculture.xml:12232 freeculture.xml:12257 freeculture.xml:12609 freeculture.xml:12621 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11526 freeculture.xml:11866 +#: freeculture.xml:12233 freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11528 +#: freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -15736,7 +17104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11540 +#: freeculture.xml:12247 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -15749,7 +17117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11552 +#: freeculture.xml:12259 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -15759,7 +17127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11561 +#: freeculture.xml:12268 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -15770,7 +17138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:12276 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -15783,7 +17151,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11579 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -15798,7 +17166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:12300 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -15808,7 +17176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11601 +#: freeculture.xml:12308 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -15817,7 +17185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11608 +#: freeculture.xml:12315 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -15832,7 +17200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11623 +#: freeculture.xml:12330 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -15842,7 +17210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11633 +#: freeculture.xml:12340 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -15853,17 +17221,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11645 +#: freeculture.xml:12353 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " "Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review " -"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"of the moot, he let his concern speak:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11652 +#: freeculture.xml:12359 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -15873,7 +17240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11660 +#: freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -15887,7 +17254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11670 +#: freeculture.xml:12377 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -15897,7 +17264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11680 +#: freeculture.xml:12387 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15913,7 +17280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11695 +#: freeculture.xml:12402 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15922,14 +17289,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11702 +#: freeculture.xml:12409 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11707 +#: freeculture.xml:12414 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15938,7 +17305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11714 +#: freeculture.xml:12421 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -15947,7 +17314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11720 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15955,14 +17322,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11728 +#: freeculture.xml:12435 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11734 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15972,14 +17339,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:12449 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11748 +#: freeculture.xml:12455 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15989,7 +17356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11757 +#: freeculture.xml:12464 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15999,7 +17366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11764 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -16008,21 +17375,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11769 +#: freeculture.xml:12476 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#: freeculture.xml:12483 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:12487 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -16031,12 +17398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11788 +#: freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11790 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -16044,7 +17411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11796 +#: freeculture.xml:12503 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -16053,7 +17420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11804 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -16069,7 +17436,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11817 +#: freeculture.xml:12524 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -16078,7 +17445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11826 +#: freeculture.xml:12533 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -16095,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11841 +#: freeculture.xml:12548 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -16106,7 +17473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11849 +#: freeculture.xml:12556 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -16114,7 +17481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11854 +#: freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -16122,7 +17489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11860 +#: freeculture.xml:12567 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -16133,7 +17500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -16141,7 +17508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11875 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -16150,7 +17517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -16164,7 +17531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11892 +#: freeculture.xml:12599 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -16177,7 +17544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11904 +#: freeculture.xml:12611 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -16192,7 +17559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11917 +#: freeculture.xml:12624 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -16206,7 +17573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11928 +#: freeculture.xml:12635 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -16217,7 +17584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#: freeculture.xml:12642 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -16225,12 +17592,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11940 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11942 +#: freeculture.xml:12649 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -16248,7 +17615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:12662 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -16263,7 +17630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11970 +#: freeculture.xml:12677 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -16271,7 +17638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11977 +#: freeculture.xml:12684 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -16286,7 +17653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:12695 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -16305,15 +17672,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12008 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " -"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Sullivan?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12014 +#: freeculture.xml:12721 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -16322,7 +17689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12020 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -16332,18 +17699,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12027 +#: freeculture.xml:12735 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " "intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case " "was a mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this " -"issue should not be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"issue should not be raised until it is." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12035 +#: freeculture.xml:12742 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -16356,7 +17722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12044 +#: freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -16370,7 +17736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12059 +#: freeculture.xml:12766 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -16381,12 +17747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12073 freeculture.xml:12078 +#: freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:12785 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12068 +#: freeculture.xml:12775 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -16397,19 +17763,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12077 +#: freeculture.xml:12784 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12081 +#: freeculture.xml:12788 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -16422,12 +17788,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12092 +#: freeculture.xml:12799 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12094 +#: freeculture.xml:12801 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -16440,7 +17806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12106 +#: freeculture.xml:12813 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -16454,7 +17820,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12823 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -16464,7 +17830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12124 +#: freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -16472,7 +17838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12129 +#: freeculture.xml:12836 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -16484,12 +17850,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12137 freeculture.xml:12338 +#: freeculture.xml:12844 freeculture.xml:13045 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12139 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -16503,7 +17869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12151 +#: freeculture.xml:12858 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -16516,22 +17882,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12161 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12162 freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12869 freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12170 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12170 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -16554,7 +17920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12165 +#: freeculture.xml:12872 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -16569,7 +17935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12197 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -16579,7 +17945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12205 +#: freeculture.xml:12912 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -16592,7 +17958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12215 +#: freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -16603,7 +17969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12223 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -16614,7 +17980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12231 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -16626,7 +17992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12243 +#: freeculture.xml:12950 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -16637,7 +18003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12252 +#: freeculture.xml:12959 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -16655,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12975 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -16670,7 +18036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12283 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -16683,7 +18049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:13000 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -16695,7 +18061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12302 +#: freeculture.xml:13009 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -16705,7 +18071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12309 +#: freeculture.xml:13016 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -16715,7 +18081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12316 +#: freeculture.xml:13023 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -16724,7 +18090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12322 +#: freeculture.xml:13029 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -16742,7 +18108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12340 +#: freeculture.xml:13047 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -16751,25 +18117,24 @@ msgid "" "step." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12354 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12347 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on " "the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general " -"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12357 +#: freeculture.xml:13064 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -16781,7 +18146,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -16803,7 +18168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12386 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -16814,7 +18179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12394 +#: freeculture.xml:13101 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -16827,7 +18192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12404 +#: freeculture.xml:13111 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -16837,7 +18202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12413 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -16851,12 +18216,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12423 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12425 +#: freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -16869,12 +18234,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12435 +#: freeculture.xml:13142 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12438 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -16887,7 +18252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12449 +#: freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -16898,7 +18263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12457 +#: freeculture.xml:13164 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -16909,7 +18274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12469 +#: freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -16919,7 +18284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:13183 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -16931,27 +18296,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12489 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 +msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13197 +msgid "AIDS medications" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12490 -msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" +#: freeculture.xml:13199 +msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12491 -msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713 +msgid "drugs" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13200 freeculture.xml:13713 +msgid "pharmaceutical" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13201 +msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -16961,7 +18346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12500 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -16972,7 +18357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12515 +#: freeculture.xml:13225 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -16983,7 +18368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12508 +#: freeculture.xml:13218 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16994,9 +18379,19 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13234 freeculture.xml:13715 +msgid "on pharmaceuticals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13235 +msgid "pharmaceutical patents" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -17007,7 +18402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12534 +#: freeculture.xml:13246 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -17020,7 +18415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12545 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -17030,12 +18425,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12563 freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 +msgid "international law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13264 +msgid "parallel importation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13265 +msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13278 freeculture.xml:13771 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:13276 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -17044,7 +18454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12552 +#: freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -17055,9 +18465,14 @@ msgid "" "European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13282 +msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" +msgstr "" + #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12574 +#: freeculture.xml:13290 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17072,7 +18487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:13317 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17081,7 +18496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12568 +#: freeculture.xml:13284 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -17104,7 +18519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12607 +#: freeculture.xml:13324 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -17116,7 +18531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12617 +#: freeculture.xml:13334 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -17127,7 +18542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12625 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -17141,7 +18556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12640 +#: freeculture.xml:13357 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -17159,7 +18574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12634 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -17171,7 +18586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12661 +#: freeculture.xml:13379 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17183,8 +18598,13 @@ msgid "" "such an abstraction?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13388 +msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12671 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17195,7 +18615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12679 +#: freeculture.xml:13398 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17205,9 +18625,14 @@ msgid "" "could be overcome." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13405 +msgid "of drug patents" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12687 +#: freeculture.xml:13407 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17224,7 +18649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12702 +#: freeculture.xml:13429 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17232,7 +18657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12708 +#: freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17246,7 +18671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12720 +#: freeculture.xml:13450 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17258,7 +18683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12731 +#: freeculture.xml:13459 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17273,7 +18698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12745 +#: freeculture.xml:13473 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -17289,19 +18714,69 @@ msgid "" "storm</quote> for free culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:14256 +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12759 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13658 +msgid "international organization on issues of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:13607 freeculture.xml:14175 +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14322 +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13492 freeculture.xml:14323 +msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13493 +msgid "public projects in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13494 +msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12760 +#: freeculture.xml:13495 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13496 freeculture.xml:13659 +msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13497 +msgid "World Wide Web" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13498 +msgid "Global Positioning System" +msgstr "" + #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12765 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -17315,23 +18790,9 @@ msgid "" "#61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12793 freeculture.xml:13480 -msgid "academic journals" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12794 freeculture.xml:12886 freeculture.xml:13406 -msgid "IBM" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12795 freeculture.xml:13543 -msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "" - +#. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12762 +#: freeculture.xml:13502 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -17343,21 +18804,20 @@ msgid "" "intellectual property. Examples include the Internet and the World Wide Web, " "both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in the public " "domain. It included an emerging trend to support open academic journals, " -"including the Public Library of Science project that I describe in the " -"Afterword. It included a project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms " -"(SNPs), which are thought to have great significance in biomedical " -"research. (That nonprofit project comprised a consortium of the Wellcome " -"Trust and pharmaceutical and technological companies, including Amersham " -"Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La " -"Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It " -"included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the " -"early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"including the Public Library of Science project that I describe in chapter " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"c-afterword\"/>. It " +"included a project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which " +"are thought to have great significance in biomedical research. (That " +"nonprofit project comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and " +"pharmaceutical and technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, " +"AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, " +"Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included " +"the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early " +"1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12799 +#: freeculture.xml:13538 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -17366,16 +18826,21 @@ msgid "" "way in which proprietary claims might be used." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13544 +msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" +msgstr "" + #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:13547 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12806 +#: freeculture.xml:13546 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -17385,9 +18850,14 @@ msgid "" "with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13556 freeculture.xml:13712 +msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12817 +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17411,7 +18881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:13582 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17420,12 +18890,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12846 freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:15321 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13592 +msgid "on free software" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 +#: freeculture.xml:13594 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -17438,9 +18913,14 @@ msgid "" "<quote>proprietary software,</quote> for their own internal uses." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13604 +msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" +msgstr "" + #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12870 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -17460,13 +18940,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12887 -msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12859 +#: freeculture.xml:13609 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -17477,15 +18952,22 @@ msgid "" "commercial entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to " "support a mode of software development that is different from " -"Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"4\"/>" +"Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13638 +msgid "General Public License (GPL)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13639 +msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12892 +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -17502,21 +18984,26 @@ msgid "" "on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13660 +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13661 +msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" +msgstr "" + #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12918 +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12922 -msgid "Krim, Jonathan" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12910 +#: freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -17525,11 +19012,11 @@ msgid "" "to Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " "lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " "meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " -"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"the meeting was canceled." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -17539,12 +19026,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12932 freeculture.xml:12985 +#: freeculture.xml:13685 freeculture.xml:13743 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12934 +#: freeculture.xml:13687 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -17556,12 +19043,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12944 +#: freeculture.xml:13698 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12948 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -17574,12 +19061,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12957 +#: freeculture.xml:13714 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12959 +#: freeculture.xml:13717 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -17595,7 +19082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:13731 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -17611,7 +19098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:13745 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -17624,8 +19111,18 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13756 +msgid "feudal system" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13757 +msgid "feudal system of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12999 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -17639,14 +19136,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13776 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13013 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17657,7 +19154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#: freeculture.xml:13787 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -17667,7 +19164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13032 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -17680,7 +19177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13044 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -17693,7 +19190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13055 +#: freeculture.xml:13819 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -17705,7 +19202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13063 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -17713,7 +19210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13069 +#: freeculture.xml:13833 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -17728,7 +19225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13080 +#: freeculture.xml:13844 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -17738,17 +19235,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13088 +#: freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13092 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13094 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -17762,7 +19259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13105 +#: freeculture.xml:13869 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -17772,7 +19269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13113 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -17782,7 +19279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -17794,7 +19291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13130 +#: freeculture.xml:13894 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -17804,7 +19301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13137 +#: freeculture.xml:13901 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -17815,20 +19312,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13145 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13148 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17847,7 +19344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13172 +#: freeculture.xml:13936 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17857,7 +19354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 +#: freeculture.xml:13943 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17865,7 +19362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13150 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -17884,29 +19381,34 @@ msgid "" "for kids who use a computer to share content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13196 freeculture.xml:13559 -msgid "Creative Commons" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13960 +msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13197 -msgid "Gil, Gilberto" +#: freeculture.xml:13961 +msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 -msgid "BBC" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13962 freeculture.xml:14353 +msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 -msgid "Brazil, free culture in" +#: freeculture.xml:13963 +msgid "Gil, Gilberto" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13964 +msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13204 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17915,7 +19417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13213 +#: freeculture.xml:13978 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17924,7 +19426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13201 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -17943,20 +19445,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13227 +#: freeculture.xml:13992 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13235 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13239 +#: freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -17964,7 +19466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -17973,7 +19475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13250 +#: freeculture.xml:14015 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -17982,7 +19484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 +#: freeculture.xml:14022 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -17992,12 +19494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13266 +#: freeculture.xml:14031 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:14033 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -18007,7 +19509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#: freeculture.xml:14040 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -18019,9 +19521,14 @@ msgid "" "with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14050 +msgid "initial free character of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:14052 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18033,7 +19540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13297 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -18050,7 +19557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13311 +#: freeculture.xml:14080 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -18061,12 +19568,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13320 +#: freeculture.xml:14088 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14089 +msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14091 +msgid "privacy rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13323 +#: freeculture.xml:14093 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -18078,12 +19595,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13333 +#: freeculture.xml:14103 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13337 +#: freeculture.xml:14107 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -18101,17 +19618,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13352 +#: freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14123 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14124 +msgid "privacy protection on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13354 +#: freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -18120,12 +19642,16 @@ msgid "" "viewed</quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the " "function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than " "not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> " -"protected by the friction disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"protected by the friction disappears, too." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14135 +msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13365 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -18138,7 +19664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13382 +#: freeculture.xml:14155 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18153,7 +19679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13376 +#: freeculture.xml:14149 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18166,25 +19692,29 @@ msgid "" "by default." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14174 +msgid "Data General" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13400 +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " "commercially, the software—both the source code and the " "binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data " "General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much " -"about controlling their software. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"about controlling their software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13408 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#: freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18194,7 +19724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13418 +#: freeculture.xml:14195 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18207,8 +19737,13 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14206 +msgid "proprietary code" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13430 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18221,7 +19756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13439 +#: freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18231,12 +19766,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13447 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:14228 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18247,7 +19782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13457 +#: freeculture.xml:14236 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18260,7 +19795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13468 +#: freeculture.xml:14247 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18270,17 +19805,37 @@ msgid "" "passively guaranteed." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14257 +msgid "scientific journals" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13476 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " "journals are produced." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14263 +msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14265 freeculture.xml:14301 +msgid "journals in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14266 +msgid "access to opinions of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13482 +#: freeculture.xml:14268 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18296,8 +19851,18 @@ msgid "" "opinion through their respective services." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14283 +msgid "access fees for material in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14284 +msgid "license system for rebuilding of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13498 +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18309,7 +19874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13507 +#: freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18317,7 +19882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13512 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18332,7 +19897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13524 +#: freeculture.xml:14315 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18341,8 +19906,9 @@ msgid "" "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18352,12 +19918,11 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13546 +#: freeculture.xml:14339 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18368,24 +19933,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13558 +#: freeculture.xml:14352 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13561 +#: freeculture.xml:14355 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13564 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13566 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -18399,7 +19964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13577 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -18418,7 +19983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#: freeculture.xml:14389 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -18432,7 +19997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13606 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -18444,13 +20009,14 @@ msgid "" "that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13617 +#: freeculture.xml:14412 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -18460,11 +20026,11 @@ msgid "" "movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content " "conducers,</quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the " "public domain and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public " -"domain to other creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"domain to other creativity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -18479,7 +20045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13643 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -18489,7 +20055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:14445 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -18503,7 +20069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13662 +#: freeculture.xml:14457 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -18511,18 +20077,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13667 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13668 +#: freeculture.xml:14463 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13670 +#: freeculture.xml:14465 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -18534,23 +20100,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:14476 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13682 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13683 +#: freeculture.xml:14478 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13700 +#: freeculture.xml:14495 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -18559,7 +20125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13685 +#: freeculture.xml:14480 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -18579,7 +20145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:14504 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -18594,7 +20160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13721 +#: freeculture.xml:14516 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -18605,7 +20171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13731 +#: freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -18616,7 +20182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:14534 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -18627,12 +20193,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -18642,7 +20208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13762 +#: freeculture.xml:14557 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -18651,12 +20217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:14564 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13771 +#: freeculture.xml:14566 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -18666,14 +20232,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:14573 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 +#: freeculture.xml:14578 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -18682,12 +20248,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13789 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#: freeculture.xml:14587 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -18698,7 +20264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:14596 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -18713,7 +20279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13815 +#: freeculture.xml:14610 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -18721,7 +20287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -18731,7 +20297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13823 +#: freeculture.xml:14618 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -18742,12 +20308,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13835 +#: freeculture.xml:14630 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:14632 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -18762,7 +20328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:14645 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -18774,7 +20340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -18787,7 +20353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:14664 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -18801,12 +20367,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13884 +#: freeculture.xml:14679 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#: freeculture.xml:14681 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -18818,7 +20384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13896 +#: freeculture.xml:14691 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -18826,7 +20392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13902 +#: freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -18840,7 +20406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:14714 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -18849,7 +20415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13912 +#: freeculture.xml:14707 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -18865,7 +20431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13932 +#: freeculture.xml:14727 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -18875,12 +20441,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13938 +#: freeculture.xml:14733 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13940 +#: freeculture.xml:14735 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -18894,7 +20460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13952 +#: freeculture.xml:14747 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -18905,7 +20471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13960 +#: freeculture.xml:14755 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -18913,7 +20479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13965 +#: freeculture.xml:14760 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -18924,12 +20490,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:14774 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -18938,7 +20504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13992 +#: freeculture.xml:14787 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -18946,7 +20512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13984 +#: freeculture.xml:14779 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -18959,7 +20525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13999 +#: freeculture.xml:14794 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -18968,7 +20534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14007 +#: freeculture.xml:14802 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -18981,7 +20547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:14811 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -18994,22 +20560,22 @@ msgid "" "use</quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14823 +msgid "veterans' pensions" +msgstr "" + #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14037 +#: freeculture.xml:14834 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14045 -msgid "veterans' pensions" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14029 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19019,12 +20585,12 @@ msgid "" "for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we " "couldn't require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a " -"single form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"single form." msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14049 +#: freeculture.xml:14845 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19041,7 +20607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14065 +#: freeculture.xml:14861 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19049,7 +20615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14071 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19059,12 +20625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14081 +#: freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14085 +#: freeculture.xml:14881 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19075,7 +20641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14093 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19086,38 +20652,38 @@ msgid "" "movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14897 +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "" + #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:14903 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14112 -msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14102 +#: freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " "courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever " "since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest " -"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan." msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14120 +#: freeculture.xml:14916 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14116 +#: freeculture.xml:14912 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19126,7 +20692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14125 +#: freeculture.xml:14921 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19136,7 +20702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14132 +#: freeculture.xml:14928 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19148,7 +20714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14145 +#: freeculture.xml:14941 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19163,7 +20729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14159 +#: freeculture.xml:14955 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19173,12 +20739,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14175 +#: freeculture.xml:14971 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14173 +#: freeculture.xml:14969 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19186,7 +20752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14167 +#: freeculture.xml:14963 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19196,7 +20762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14181 +#: freeculture.xml:14977 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19207,7 +20773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14188 +#: freeculture.xml:14984 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19217,12 +20783,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14996 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19232,7 +20798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#: freeculture.xml:15003 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19243,7 +20809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:15012 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19253,7 +20819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14223 +#: freeculture.xml:15019 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19264,7 +20830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14232 +#: freeculture.xml:15028 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19272,7 +20838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14237 +#: freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19281,7 +20847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14243 +#: freeculture.xml:15039 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19290,7 +20856,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:15045 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19298,7 +20864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14256 +#: freeculture.xml:15053 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19309,7 +20875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14264 +#: freeculture.xml:15061 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19319,7 +20885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14272 +#: freeculture.xml:15069 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19327,7 +20893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14277 +#: freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19342,7 +20908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14289 +#: freeculture.xml:15086 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19358,13 +20924,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:15100 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14323 +#: freeculture.xml:15120 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19372,7 +20938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14305 +#: freeculture.xml:15102 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -19394,7 +20960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:15127 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -19410,7 +20976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:15143 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -19424,7 +20990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14357 +#: freeculture.xml:15154 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -19436,7 +21002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:15165 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -19449,7 +21015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:15175 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -19462,7 +21028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14389 +#: freeculture.xml:15186 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -19474,7 +21040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14399 +#: freeculture.xml:15196 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -19487,7 +21053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14409 +#: freeculture.xml:15206 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -19498,14 +21064,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14417 +#: freeculture.xml:15214 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:15218 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -19519,7 +21085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14432 +#: freeculture.xml:15229 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -19530,17 +21096,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14478 -msgid "Fisher, William" +#: freeculture.xml:15236 freeculture.xml:15278 +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14480 freeculture.xml:14493 -msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:15276 +msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14444 +#: freeculture.xml:15242 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -19582,7 +21148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:15238 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19597,7 +21163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14495 +#: freeculture.xml:15292 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -19615,7 +21181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:15309 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -19628,17 +21194,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14524 +#: freeculture.xml:15322 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14526 +#: freeculture.xml:15324 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14528 +#: freeculture.xml:15326 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -19655,38 +21221,18 @@ msgid "" "on-line." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14543 -msgid "television" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14543 +#: freeculture.xml:15341 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14545 -msgid "piracy" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14545 -msgid "in Asia" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14546 -msgid "film industry" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14546 +#: freeculture.xml:15344 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:15346 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -19702,7 +21248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:15358 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -19713,13 +21259,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14569 +#: freeculture.xml:15367 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:15372 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -19728,19 +21274,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14581 +#: freeculture.xml:15379 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14587 +#: freeculture.xml:15385 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14591 +#: freeculture.xml:15389 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -19748,14 +21294,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14597 +#: freeculture.xml:15395 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14602 +#: freeculture.xml:15400 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -19764,7 +21310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14608 +#: freeculture.xml:15406 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -19781,7 +21327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14622 +#: freeculture.xml:15420 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -19791,12 +21337,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14633 +#: freeculture.xml:15431 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14635 +#: freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -19805,7 +21351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14641 +#: freeculture.xml:15439 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -19815,23 +21361,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14648 +#: freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14649 -msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14649 +#: freeculture.xml:15447 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14660 +#: freeculture.xml:15458 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -19839,7 +21380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14651 +#: freeculture.xml:15449 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -19852,7 +21393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14666 +#: freeculture.xml:15464 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -19860,7 +21401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14676 +#: freeculture.xml:15474 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -19880,7 +21421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:15469 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -19892,7 +21433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14700 +#: freeculture.xml:15498 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -19902,7 +21443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14708 +#: freeculture.xml:15506 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -19915,7 +21456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14718 +#: freeculture.xml:15516 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -19926,7 +21467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14726 +#: freeculture.xml:15524 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -19934,7 +21475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14733 +#: freeculture.xml:15531 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -19945,9 +21486,9 @@ msgid "" "produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 311 +#. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14742 +#: freeculture.xml:15540 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -19957,7 +21498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14751 +#: freeculture.xml:15549 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -19965,12 +21506,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14760 +#: freeculture.xml:15558 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14762 +#: freeculture.xml:15560 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -19984,12 +21525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14780 +#: freeculture.xml:15579 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14782 +#: freeculture.xml:15581 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -19998,7 +21539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14789 +#: freeculture.xml:15588 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20014,7 +21555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14802 +#: freeculture.xml:15601 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20027,7 +21568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14813 +#: freeculture.xml:15612 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20049,7 +21590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14833 +#: freeculture.xml:15632 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20060,7 +21601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:15641 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "