From 3ee80157a29b10e2df222b5c6091d9385b20fdef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 6 Sep 2020 21:34:24 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Updated POT from RST. --- po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot | 1766 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 899 insertions(+), 867 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot index 1bd4abe..0b86f9d 100644 --- a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot +++ b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE -# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. -# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# Copyright (C) YEAR Cory Doctorow +# This file is distributed under the same license as the How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism package. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" -"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 11:38+0200\n" +"Project-Id-Version: How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism n/a\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 15:54+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -21,46 +21,43 @@ msgstr "" msgid "en" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: complete-book.xml:6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: complete-book.xml:6 complete-book.xml:44 msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism" msgstr "" +#. subtitle> +#. </subtitle #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> #: complete-book.xml:8 -msgid "<pubdate>2020-??-??</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:10 -msgid "git-utgaven" +msgid "<pubdate>2020-??-??</pubdate>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> -#: complete-book.xml:13 +#: complete-book.xml:11 msgid "Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> -#: complete-book.xml:14 +#: complete-book.xml:12 msgid "Doctorow" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> -#: complete-book.xml:19 +#: complete-book.xml:17 #, no-wrap msgid "<city>Oslo</city>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:17 +#: complete-book.xml:15 msgid "" "<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " "type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> -#: complete-book.xml:25 +#: complete-book.xml:23 msgid "" "<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " "width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " @@ -69,17 +66,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> -#: complete-book.xml:32 +#: complete-book.xml:30 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: complete-book.xml:24 +#: complete-book.xml:22 msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: complete-book.xml:38 +#: complete-book.xml:36 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "any use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more information " @@ -87,12 +84,12 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:46 msgid "The net of a thousand lies" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:48 msgid "" "The most surprising thing about the rebirth of flat Earthers in the 21st " @@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ msgid "" "commonsense belief that the flat-seeming Earth was, indeed, flat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:56 msgid "" "But today, when elementary schools routinely dangle GoPro cameras from " @@ -112,16 +109,16 @@ msgid "" "flat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:63 msgid "" "Likewise for white nationalism and eugenics: In an age where you can become " "a computational genomics datapoint by swabbing your cheek and mailing it to " -"a gene-sequencing company along with a modest sum of money, “race science” " -"has never been easier to refute." +"a gene-sequencing company along with a modest sum of money, <quote>race " +"science</quote> has never been easier to refute." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:69 msgid "" "We are living through a golden age of both readily available facts and " @@ -129,7 +126,7 @@ msgid "" "decades or even centuries have gone mainstream seemingly overnight." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:75 msgid "" "When an obscure idea gains currency, there are only two things that can " @@ -144,7 +141,7 @@ msgid "" "the Greta Thunbergs of the world to convince us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:88 msgid "" "The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like " @@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ msgid "" "refuting facts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:95 msgid "" "Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early " @@ -165,14 +162,14 @@ msgid "" "and they have a much harder job." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:104 msgid "" "So can these far-fetched conspiracy theorists really be succeeding on the " "basis of superior arguments?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:108 msgid "" "Some people think so. Today, there is a widespread belief that machine " @@ -183,14 +180,14 @@ msgid "" "everyday people into flat Earthers, anti-vaxxers, or even Nazis. When the " "RAND Corporation <ulink " "url=\"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR453/RAND_RR453.pdf\">blames " -"Facebook for “radicalization”</ulink> and when Facebook’s role in spreading " -"coronavirus misinformation is <ulink " +"Facebook for <quote>radicalization</quote></ulink> and when Facebook’s role " +"in spreading coronavirus misinformation is <ulink " "url=\"https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/\">blamed " "on its algorithm</ulink>, the implicit message is that machine learning and " "surveillance are causing the changes in our consensus about what’s true." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:124 msgid "" "After all, in a world where sprawling and incoherent conspiracy theories " @@ -198,7 +195,7 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>something</emphasis> must be afoot." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:129 msgid "" "But what if there’s another explanation? What if it’s the material " @@ -207,10 +204,11 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>real conspiracies</emphasis> all around us — conspiracies among " "wealthy people, their lobbyists, and lawmakers to bury inconvenient facts " "and evidence of wrongdoing (these conspiracies are commonly known as " -"“corruption”) — is making people vulnerable to conspiracy theories?" +"<quote>corruption</quote>) — is making people vulnerable to conspiracy " +"theories?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:139 msgid "" "If it’s trauma and not contagion — material conditions and not ideology — " @@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ msgid "" "ever-more-extreme ideas and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:147 msgid "" "Belief in conspiracy is a raging fire that has done real damage and poses " @@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ msgid "" "world through the conspiracies they’ve been confused by." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:159 msgid "" "But firefighting is reactive. We need fire " @@ -244,13 +242,13 @@ msgid "" "too, tech has a role to play." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:165 msgid "" "There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink " "url=\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, " -"which requires platforms to police and remove “extremist” content, to the " -"U.S. proposals to <ulink " +"which requires platforms to police and remove <quote>extremist</quote> " +"content, to the U.S. proposals to <ulink " "url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/earn-it-act-violates-constitution\">force " "tech companies to spy on their users</ulink> and hold them liable <ulink " "url=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/article/repeal-cda-section-230\">for " @@ -258,19 +256,19 @@ msgid "" "companies to solve the problems they created." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:176 msgid "" "There’s a critical piece missing from the debate, though. All these " "solutions assume that tech companies are a fixture, that their dominance " "over the internet is a permanent fact. Proposals to replace Big Tech with a " "more diffused, pluralistic internet are nowhere to be found. Worse: The " -"“solutions” on the table today <emphasis>require</emphasis> Big Tech to stay " -"big because only the very largest companies can afford to implement the " -"systems these laws demand." +"<quote>solutions</quote> on the table today <emphasis>require</emphasis> Big " +"Tech to stay big because only the very largest companies can afford to " +"implement the systems these laws demand." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:186 msgid "" "Figuring out what we want our tech to look like is crucial if we’re going to " @@ -280,19 +278,19 @@ msgid "" "Tech’s stranglehold. We can’t do both, so we have to choose." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:194 msgid "" "I want us to choose wisely. Taming Big Tech is integral to fixing the " "internet, and for that, we need digital rights activism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:198 msgid "Digital rights activism, a quarter-century on" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:200 msgid "" "Digital rights activism is more than 30 years old now. The Electronic " @@ -304,39 +302,42 @@ msgid "" "declared broadband a human right in 2010</ulink>), and real-world activism " "was shoe-leather activism (think of Malcolm Gladwell’s <ulink " "url=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell\">contempt " -"for “clicktivism”</ulink>). But as tech has grown more central to our daily " -"lives, these accusations of irrelevance have given way first to accusations " -"of insincerity (“You only care about tech because you’re <ulink " +"for <quote>clicktivism</quote></ulink>). But as tech has grown more central " +"to our daily lives, these accusations of irrelevance have given way first to " +"accusations of insincerity (<quote>You only care about tech because you’re " +"<ulink " "url=\"https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/04/report-engine-eff-shills-google-patent-reform/id=98007/\">shilling " -"for tech companies</ulink>”) to accusations of negligence (“Why didn’t you " -"foresee that tech could be such a destructive force?”). But digital rights " -"activism is right where it’s always been: looking out for the humans in a " -"world where tech is inexorably taking over." +"for tech companies</ulink></quote>) to accusations of negligence (<quote>Why " +"didn’t you foresee that tech could be such a destructive force?</quote>). " +"But digital rights activism is right where it’s always been: looking out for " +"the humans in a world where tech is inexorably taking over." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:221 msgid "" -"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of “surveillance " -"capitalism,” a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in her long " -"and influential 2019 book, <emphasis>The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The " -"Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power</emphasis>. Zuboff " -"argues that “surveillance capitalism” is a unique creature of the tech " -"industry and that it is unlike any other abusive commercial practice in " -"history, one that is “constituted by unexpected and often illegible " -"mechanisms of extraction, commodification, and control that effectively " -"exile persons from their own behavior while producing new markets of " -"behavioral prediction and modification. Surveillance capitalism challenges " -"democratic norms and departs in key ways from the centuries-long evolution " -"of market capitalism.” It is a new and deadly form of capitalism, a “rogue " -"capitalism,” and our lack of understanding of its unique capabilities and " -"dangers represents an existential, species-wide threat. She’s right that " -"capitalism today threatens our species, and she’s right that tech poses " -"unique challenges to our species and civilization, but she’s really wrong " -"about how tech is different and why it threatens our species." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of <quote>surveillance " +"capitalism,</quote> a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in " +"her long and influential 2019 book, <emphasis>The Age of Surveillance " +"Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of " +"Power</emphasis>. Zuboff argues that <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> " +"is a unique creature of the tech industry and that it is unlike any other " +"abusive commercial practice in history, one that is <quote>constituted by " +"unexpected and often illegible mechanisms of extraction, commodification, " +"and control that effectively exile persons from their own behavior while " +"producing new markets of behavioral prediction and " +"modification. Surveillance capitalism challenges democratic norms and " +"departs in key ways from the centuries-long evolution of market " +"capitalism.</quote> It is a new and deadly form of capitalism, a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism,</quote> and our lack of understanding of its unique " +"capabilities and dangers represents an existential, species-wide " +"threat. She’s right that capitalism today threatens our species, and she’s " +"right that tech poses unique challenges to our species and civilization, but " +"she’s really wrong about how tech is different and why it threatens our " +"species." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:242 msgid "" "What’s more, I think that her incorrect diagnosis will lead us down a path " @@ -344,39 +345,40 @@ msgid "" "Tech, and to do that, we need to start by correctly identifying the problem." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:248 msgid "Tech exceptionalism, then and now" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:250 msgid "" "Early critics of the digital rights movement — perhaps best represented by " "campaigning organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Free " "Software Foundation, Public Knowledge, and others that focused on preserving " "and enhancing basic human rights in the digital realm — damned activists for " -"practicing “tech exceptionalism.” Around the turn of the millennium, serious " -"people ridiculed any claim that tech policy mattered in the “real world.” " -"Claims that tech rules had implications for speech, association, privacy, " -"search and seizure, and fundamental rights and equities were treated as " -"ridiculous, an elevation of the concerns of sad nerds arguing about " -"<emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> on bulletin board systems above the struggles " -"of the Freedom Riders, Nelson Mandela, or the Warsaw ghetto uprising." +"practicing <quote>tech exceptionalism.</quote> Around the turn of the " +"millennium, serious people ridiculed any claim that tech policy mattered in " +"the <quote>real world.</quote> Claims that tech rules had implications for " +"speech, association, privacy, search and seizure, and fundamental rights and " +"equities were treated as ridiculous, an elevation of the concerns of sad " +"nerds arguing about <emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> on bulletin board systems " +"above the struggles of the Freedom Riders, Nelson Mandela, or the Warsaw " +"ghetto uprising." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:265 msgid "" -"In the decades since, accusations of “tech exceptionalism” have only " -"sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech has " -"infiltrated every corner of our life and our online lives have been " +"In the decades since, accusations of <quote>tech exceptionalism</quote> have " +"only sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech " +"has infiltrated every corner of our life and our online lives have been " "monopolized by a handful of giants, defenders of digital freedoms are " "accused of carrying water for Big Tech, providing cover for its " "self-interested negligence (or worse, nefarious plots)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:273 msgid "" "From my perspective, the digital rights movement has remained stationary " @@ -389,40 +391,40 @@ msgid "" "for good actors to help users)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:284 msgid "" -"The “surveillance capitalism” critique recasts the digital rights movement " -"in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the importance of " -"their shiny toys nor as shills for big tech but as serene deck-chair " -"rearrangers whose long-standing activism is a liability because it makes " -"them incapable of perceiving novel threats as they continue to fight the " -"last century’s tech battles." +"The <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> critique recasts the digital " +"rights movement in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the " +"importance of their shiny toys nor as shills for big tech but as serene " +"deck-chair rearrangers whose long-standing activism is a liability because " +"it makes them incapable of perceiving novel threats as they continue to " +"fight the last century’s tech battles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:292 msgid "But tech exceptionalism is a sin no matter who practices it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:295 msgid "Don’t believe the hype" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:297 msgid "" -"You’ve probably heard that “if you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " -"product.” As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. But what is " -"<emphasis>absolutely</emphasis> true is that ad-driven Big Tech’s customers " -"are advertisers, and what companies like Google and Facebook sell is their " -"ability to convince <emphasis>you</emphasis> to buy stuff. Big Tech’s " -"product is persuasion. The services — social media, search engines, maps, " -"messaging, and more — are delivery systems for persuasion." +"You’ve probably heard that <quote>if you’re not paying for the product, " +"you’re the product.</quote> As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. " +"But what is <emphasis>absolutely</emphasis> true is that ad-driven Big " +"Tech’s customers are advertisers, and what companies like Google and " +"Facebook sell is their ability to convince <emphasis>you</emphasis> to buy " +"stuff. Big Tech’s product is persuasion. The services — social media, search " +"engines, maps, messaging, and more — are delivery systems for persuasion." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:307 msgid "" "The fear of surveillance capitalism starts from the (correct) presumption " @@ -436,7 +438,7 @@ msgid "" "indicator of a product’s efficacy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:319 msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism assumes that because advertisers buy a lot of what " @@ -446,7 +448,7 @@ msgid "" "and commerce." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:326 msgid "" "Being watched changes your behavior, and not for the better. It creates " @@ -461,21 +463,21 @@ msgid "" "supercomputers guarantee them perpetual and total world domination." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:340 msgid "What is persuasion?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:342 msgid "" "To understand why you shouldn’t worry about mind-control rays — but why you " "<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> Big Tech — we must start by unpacking what we mean " -"by “persuasion.”" +"by <quote>persuasion.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:348 msgid "" "Google, Facebook, and other surveillance capitalists promise their customers " @@ -486,14 +488,14 @@ msgid "" "purchases, votes, and other desired outcomes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #: complete-book.xml:357 msgid "" "The impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be " "central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:362 msgid "" "But there’s little evidence that this is happening. Instead, the predictions " @@ -503,12 +505,12 @@ msgid "" "things:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> #: complete-book.xml:369 msgid "1. Segmenting" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:371 msgid "" "If you’re selling diapers, you have better luck if you pitch them to people " @@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ msgid "" "for baby products, who haunt maternity wards with baskets full of freebies)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:382 msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is segmenting times a billion. Diaper vendors can go " @@ -535,22 +537,22 @@ msgid "" "the like convincingly claim that’s not happening — yet)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:396 msgid "This is seriously creepy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:399 msgid "But it’s not mind control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:402 msgid "It doesn’t deprive you of your free will. It doesn’t trick you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:405 msgid "" "Think of how surveillance capitalism works in politics. Surveillance " @@ -563,7 +565,7 @@ msgid "" "fliers at John Birch Society meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:416 msgid "" "But this is an inexact and thus wasteful practice. The union organizer can’t " @@ -575,7 +577,7 @@ msgid "" "Charlottesville, Virginia." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:426 msgid "" "Because targeting improves the yields on political pitches, it can " @@ -588,7 +590,7 @@ msgid "" "that marched in Charlottesville." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:437 msgid "" "It’s important to differentiate this kind of political organizing from " @@ -600,7 +602,7 @@ msgid "" "queer all along." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:446 msgid "" "But the personal accounts of those who have come out tell a different story " @@ -611,12 +613,12 @@ msgid "" "ideas." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> #: complete-book.xml:455 msgid "2. Deception" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:457 msgid "" "Lies and fraud are pernicious, and surveillance capitalism supercharges them " @@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ msgid "" "loans." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:469 msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism also abets fraud by making it easy to locate other " @@ -642,7 +644,7 @@ msgid "" "product." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:479 msgid "" "Sometimes, online deception involves replacing someone’s correct beliefs " @@ -652,7 +654,7 @@ msgid "" "belief that vaccines are harmful." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:486 msgid "" "But it’s much more common for fraud to succeed when it doesn’t have to " @@ -665,7 +667,7 @@ msgid "" "know what they’re doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:497 msgid "" "This is pernicious and difficult — and it’s also the kind of thing the " @@ -683,12 +685,12 @@ msgid "" "displaced by a false one by means of sophisticated persuasion." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> #: complete-book.xml:514 msgid "3. Domination" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:516 msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is the result of monopoly. Monopoly is the cause, " @@ -699,7 +701,7 @@ msgid "" "nascent competitors, and expanding to control whole market verticals." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:525 msgid "" "One example of how monopolism aids in persuasion is through dominance: " @@ -707,14 +709,14 @@ msgid "" "sort order of the responses to our queries. If a cabal of fraudsters have " "set out to trick the world into thinking that the Brooklyn Bridge is 5,800 " "feet long, and if Google gives a high search rank to this group in response " -"to queries like “How long is the Brooklyn Bridge?” then the first eight or " -"10 screens’ worth of Google results could be wrong. And since most people " -"don’t go beyond the first couple of results — let alone the first " -"<emphasis>page</emphasis> of results — Google’s choice means that many " +"to queries like <quote>How long is the Brooklyn Bridge?</quote> then the " +"first eight or 10 screens’ worth of Google results could be wrong. And since " +"most people don’t go beyond the first couple of results — let alone the " +"first <emphasis>page</emphasis> of results — Google’s choice means that many " "people will be deceived." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:538 msgid "" "Google’s dominance over search — more than 86% of web searches are performed " @@ -728,10 +730,10 @@ msgid "" "company that is too big to audit: break it up into smaller pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:550 msgid "" -"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a “rogue capitalism” whose " +"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> whose " "data-hoarding and machine-learning techniques rob us of our free will. But " "influence campaigns that seek to displace existing, correct beliefs with " "false ones have an effect that is small and temporary while monopolistic " @@ -744,39 +746,41 @@ msgid "" "should be central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> #: complete-book.xml:565 msgid "4. Bypassing our rational faculties" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:567 msgid "" -"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, “dark " -"patterns,” engagement hacking, and other techniques to get us to do things " -"that run counter to our better judgment. This is mind control." +"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, " +"<quote>dark patterns,</quote> engagement hacking, and other techniques to " +"get us to do things that run counter to our better judgment. This is mind " +"control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:573 msgid "" "Some of these techniques have proven devastatingly effective (if only in the " "short term). The use of countdown timers on a purchase completion page can " "create a sense of urgency that causes you to ignore the nagging internal " "voice suggesting that you should shop around or sleep on your decision. The " -"use of people from your social graph in ads can provide “social proof” that " -"a purchase is worth making. Even the auction system pioneered by eBay is " -"calculated to play on our cognitive blind spots, letting us feel like we " -"“own” something because we bid on it, thus encouraging us to bid again when " -"we are outbid to ensure that “our” things stay ours." +"use of people from your social graph in ads can provide <quote>social " +"proof</quote> that a purchase is worth making. Even the auction system " +"pioneered by eBay is calculated to play on our cognitive blind spots, " +"letting us feel like we <quote>own</quote> something because we bid on it, " +"thus encouraging us to bid again when we are outbid to ensure that " +"<quote>our</quote> things stay ours." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:586 msgid "" -"Games are extraordinarily good at this. “Free to play” games manipulate us " -"through many techniques, such as presenting players with a series of " -"smoothly escalating challenges that create a sense of mastery and " +"Games are extraordinarily good at this. <quote>Free to play</quote> games " +"manipulate us through many techniques, such as presenting players with a " +"series of smoothly escalating challenges that create a sense of mastery and " "accomplishment but which sharply transition into a set of challenges that " "are impossible to overcome without paid upgrades. Add some social proof to " "the mix — a stream of notifications about how well your friends are faring — " @@ -784,44 +788,45 @@ msgid "" "level." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:597 msgid "" -"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the “fallen” part " -"is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to stimulus: " -"Something that is very compelling or noteworthy when you first encounter it " -"fades with repetition until you stop noticing it altogether. Consider the " -"refrigerator hum that irritates you when it starts up but disappears into " -"the background so thoroughly that you only notice it when it stops again." +"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the " +"<quote>fallen</quote> part is worth paying attention to. In general, living " +"things adapt to stimulus: Something that is very compelling or noteworthy " +"when you first encounter it fades with repetition until you stop noticing it " +"altogether. Consider the refrigerator hum that irritates you when it starts " +"up but disappears into the background so thoroughly that you only notice it " +"when it stops again." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:607 msgid "" -"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses “intermittent reinforcement " -"schedules.” Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " +"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses <quote>intermittent reinforcement " +"schedules.</quote> Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " "setbacks, games and gamified services scatter rewards on a randomized " "schedule — often enough to keep you interested and random enough that you " "can never quite find the pattern that would make it boring." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:615 msgid "" "Intermittent reinforcement is a powerful behavioral tool, but it also " "represents a collective action problem for surveillance capitalism. The " -"“engagement techniques” invented by the behaviorists of surveillance " -"capitalist companies are quickly copied across the whole sector so that what " -"starts as a mysteriously compelling fillip in the design of a service—like " -"“pull to refresh” or alerts when someone likes your posts or side quests " -"that your characters get invited to while in the midst of main " -"quests—quickly becomes dully ubiquitous. The impossible-to-nail-down " -"nonpattern of randomized drips from your phone becomes a grey-noise wall of " -"sound as every single app and site starts to make use of whatever seems to " -"be working at the time." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"<quote>engagement techniques</quote> invented by the behaviorists of " +"surveillance capitalist companies are quickly copied across the whole sector " +"so that what starts as a mysteriously compelling fillip in the design of a " +"service—like <quote>pull to refresh</quote> or alerts when someone likes " +"your posts or side quests that your characters get invited to while in the " +"midst of main quests—quickly becomes dully ubiquitous. The " +"impossible-to-nail-down nonpattern of randomized drips from your phone " +"becomes a grey-noise wall of sound as every single app and site starts to " +"make use of whatever seems to be working at the time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:630 msgid "" "From the surveillance capitalist’s point of view, our adaptive capacity is " @@ -838,7 +843,7 @@ msgid "" "base had halved." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:645 msgid "" "Not everyone, of course. Some people never adapt to stimulus, just as some " @@ -849,7 +854,7 @@ msgid "" "collapse." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:653 msgid "" "But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification " @@ -860,7 +865,7 @@ msgid "" "while surveillance capitalism rakes in infinitesimal penny fractions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:663 msgid "" "Slot machines’ high returns mean that they can be profitable just by " @@ -879,7 +884,7 @@ msgid "" "every success." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: complete-book.xml:681 msgid "" "The vulnerability of small segments of the population to dramatic, efficient " @@ -887,12 +892,12 @@ msgid "" "energy. But it’s not an existential threat to society." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:688 msgid "If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:691 msgid "" "This adaptation problem offers an explanation for one of surveillance " @@ -902,30 +907,31 @@ msgid "" "parties." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:698 msgid "" "Zuboff observes this phenomenon and concludes that data must be very " "valuable if surveillance capitalism is so hungry for it. (In her words: " -"“Just as industrial capitalism was driven to the continuous intensification " -"of the means of production, so surveillance capitalists and their market " -"players are now locked into the continuous intensification of the means of " -"behavioral modification and the gathering might of instrumentarian power.”) " -"But what if the voracious appetite is because data has such a short " -"half-life — because people become inured so quickly to new, data-driven " -"persuasion techniques — that the companies are locked in an arms race with " -"our limbic system? What if it’s all a Red Queen’s race where they have to " -"run ever faster — collect ever-more data — just to stay in the same spot?" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"<quote>Just as industrial capitalism was driven to the continuous " +"intensification of the means of production, so surveillance capitalists and " +"their market players are now locked into the continuous intensification of " +"the means of behavioral modification and the gathering might of " +"instrumentarian power.</quote>) But what if the voracious appetite is " +"because data has such a short half-life — because people become inured so " +"quickly to new, data-driven persuasion techniques — that the companies are " +"locked in an arms race with our limbic system? What if it’s all a Red " +"Queen’s race where they have to run ever faster — collect ever-more data — " +"just to stay in the same spot?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:713 msgid "" "Of course, all of Big Tech’s persuasion techniques work in concert with one " "another, and collecting data is useful beyond mere behavioral trickery." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:718 msgid "" "If someone wants to recruit you to buy a refrigerator or join a pogrom, they " @@ -941,7 +947,7 @@ msgid "" "someone like you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:732 msgid "" "Each phase of this process benefits from surveillance: The more data they " @@ -951,16 +957,17 @@ msgid "" "rebate in April." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:739 msgid "" "Also, the more data they have, the better they can craft deceptive messages " "— if I know that you’re into genealogy, I might not try to feed you " -"pseudoscience about genetic differences between “races,” sticking instead to " -"conspiratorial secret histories of “demographic replacement” and the like." +"pseudoscience about genetic differences between <quote>races,</quote> " +"sticking instead to conspiratorial secret histories of <quote>demographic " +"replacement</quote> and the like." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:746 msgid "" "Facebook also helps you locate people who have the same odious or antisocial " @@ -972,7 +979,7 @@ msgid "" "Earth is flat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:756 msgid "" "There is one way in which targeted advertising uniquely benefits those " @@ -988,7 +995,7 @@ msgid "" "people who don’t want refrigerators, resulting in a lot of wasted expense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:771 msgid "" "But even if you wanted to advertise your Nazi movement on a billboard or " @@ -998,7 +1005,7 @@ msgid "" "damage, etc.) from other people who disagree with your views." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:779 msgid "" "Targeted ads solve this problem: On the internet, every ad unit can be " @@ -1011,7 +1018,7 @@ msgid "" "or billboard owner who might want to run a Nazi ad." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:790 msgid "" "Online ads are placed by algorithms that broker between a diverse ecosystem " @@ -1026,7 +1033,7 @@ msgid "" "publication and that the publication has no idea who its advertisers are." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:804 msgid "" "These layers of indirection between advertisers and publishers serve as " @@ -1036,7 +1043,7 @@ msgid "" "able to overcome significant barriers to organizing their movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:812 msgid "" "Data has a complex relationship with domination. Being able to spy on your " @@ -1044,7 +1051,7 @@ msgid "" "to head off your rivals at the pass." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:817 msgid "" "More importantly, if you can dominate the information space while also " @@ -1055,18 +1062,19 @@ msgid "" "domination deprives your target of an escape route." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:826 msgid "" "If you’re a Nazi who wants to ensure that your prospects primarily see " "deceptive, confirming information when they search for more, you can improve " "your odds by seeding the search terms they use through your initial " -"communications. You don’t need to own the top 10 results for “voter " -"suppression” if you can convince your marks to confine their search terms to " -"“voter fraud,” which throws up a very different set of search results." +"communications. You don’t need to own the top 10 results for <quote>voter " +"suppression</quote> if you can convince your marks to confine their search " +"terms to <quote>voter fraud,</quote> which throws up a very different set of " +"search results." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:835 msgid "" "Surveillance capitalists are like stage mentalists who claim that their " @@ -1075,30 +1083,31 @@ msgid "" "cameras, sleight of hand, and brute-force memorization to amaze you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:842 msgid "" "Or perhaps they’re more like pick-up artists, the misogynistic cult that " "promises to help awkward men have sex with women by teaching them " -"“neurolinguistic programming” phrases, body language techniques, and " -"psychological manipulation tactics like “negging” — offering unsolicited " -"negative feedback to women to lower their self-esteem and prick their " -"interest." +"<quote>neurolinguistic programming</quote> phrases, body language " +"techniques, and psychological manipulation tactics like " +"<quote>negging</quote> — offering unsolicited negative feedback to women to " +"lower their self-esteem and prick their interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:850 msgid "" "Some pick-up artists eventually manage to convince women to go home with " "them, but it’s not because these men have figured out how to bypass women’s " -"critical faculties. Rather, pick-up artists’ “success” stories are a mix of " -"women who were incapable of giving consent, women who were coerced, women " -"who were intoxicated, self-destructive women, and a few women who were sober " -"and in command of their faculties but who didn’t realize straightaway that " -"they were with terrible men but rectified the error as soon as they could." +"critical faculties. Rather, pick-up artists’ <quote>success</quote> stories " +"are a mix of women who were incapable of giving consent, women who were " +"coerced, women who were intoxicated, self-destructive women, and a few women " +"who were sober and in command of their faculties but who didn’t realize " +"straightaway that they were with terrible men but rectified the error as " +"soon as they could." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:861 msgid "" "Pick-up artists <emphasis>believe</emphasis> they have figured out a secret " @@ -1109,7 +1118,7 @@ msgid "" "the men who use them as irredeemable losers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:870 msgid "" "Pick-up artists are proof that people can believe they have developed a " @@ -1129,24 +1138,24 @@ msgid "" "secrets of pick-up artistry." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:888 msgid "" -"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, “Half the " -"money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don’t know which " -"half.” The fact that Wanamaker thought that only half of his advertising " -"spending was wasted is a tribute to the persuasiveness of advertising " -"executives, who are <emphasis>much</emphasis> better at convincing potential " -"clients to buy their services than they are at convincing the general public " -"to buy their clients’ wares." +"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, " +"<quote>Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I " +"don’t know which half.</quote> The fact that Wanamaker thought that only " +"half of his advertising spending was wasted is a tribute to the " +"persuasiveness of advertising executives, who are <emphasis>much</emphasis> " +"better at convincing potential clients to buy their services than they are " +"at convincing the general public to buy their clients’ wares." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:898 msgid "What is Facebook?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:900 msgid "" "Facebook is heralded as the origin of all of our modern plagues, and it’s " @@ -1160,29 +1169,29 @@ msgid "" "users <emphasis>and</emphasis> spying on them all the time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:912 msgid "" "Facebook’s surveillance regime is really without parallel in the Western " "world. Though Facebook tries to prevent itself from being visible on the " "public web, hiding most of what goes on there from people unless they’re " "logged into Facebook, the company has nevertheless booby-trapped the entire " -"web with surveillance tools in the form of Facebook “Like” buttons that web " -"publishers include on their sites to boost their Facebook profiles. Facebook " -"also makes various libraries and other useful code snippets available to web " -"publishers that act as surveillance tendrils on the sites where they’re " -"used, funneling information about visitors to the site — newspapers, dating " -"sites, message boards — to Facebook." +"web with surveillance tools in the form of Facebook <quote>Like</quote> " +"buttons that web publishers include on their sites to boost their Facebook " +"profiles. Facebook also makes various libraries and other useful code " +"snippets available to web publishers that act as surveillance tendrils on " +"the sites where they’re used, funneling information about visitors to the " +"site — newspapers, dating sites, message boards — to Facebook." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #: complete-book.xml:926 msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:931 msgid "" "Facebook offers similar tools to app developers, so the apps — games, fart " @@ -1190,12 +1199,13 @@ msgid "" "schooling — you use will send information about your activities to Facebook " "even if you don’t have a Facebook account and even if you don’t download or " "use Facebook apps. On top of all that, Facebook buys data from third-party " -"brokers on shopping habits, physical location, use of “loyalty” programs, " -"financial transactions, etc., and cross-references that with the dossiers it " -"develops on activity on Facebook and with apps and the public web." +"brokers on shopping habits, physical location, use of <quote>loyalty</quote> " +"programs, financial transactions, etc., and cross-references that with the " +"dossiers it develops on activity on Facebook and with apps and the public " +"web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:942 msgid "" "Though it’s easy to integrate the web with Facebook — linking to news " @@ -1209,7 +1219,7 @@ msgid "" "of other services that you use." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:954 msgid "" "And Facebook is incredibly popular, with 2.3 billion claimed users (though " @@ -1222,14 +1232,14 @@ msgid "" "out to anyone with a few bucks to spend." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:965 msgid "" "To understand what role Facebook plays in the formulation and mobilization " "of antisocial movements, we need to understand the dual nature of Facebook." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:970 msgid "" "Because it has a lot of users and a lot of data about those users, Facebook " @@ -1246,7 +1256,7 @@ msgid "" "fridge." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:985 msgid "" "Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a " @@ -1263,7 +1273,7 @@ msgid "" "be subjected to traditional, offline targeted refrigerator marketing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1001 msgid "" "Facebook also makes it a lot easier to find people who have the same rare " @@ -1274,7 +1284,7 @@ msgid "" "the four corners of the Earth." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1009 msgid "" "Facebook also makes it much easier to find people who hold the same rare " @@ -1289,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "" "people in your life." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1022 msgid "" "All of this presents a dilemma for Facebook: Targeting makes the company’s " @@ -1298,12 +1308,12 @@ msgid "" "that Facebook ads are more effective than ads on systems with less " "sophisticated targeting, advertisers can also see that in nearly every case, " "the people who see their ads ignore them. Or, at best, the ads work on a " -"subconscious level, creating nebulous unmeasurables like “brand " -"recognition.” This means that the price per ad is very low in nearly every " -"case." +"subconscious level, creating nebulous unmeasurables like <quote>brand " +"recognition.</quote> This means that the price per ad is very low in nearly " +"every case." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1033 msgid "" "To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little " @@ -1314,15 +1324,16 @@ msgid "" "hockey-card collectors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1041 msgid "" -"With nothing but “organic” discussion, Facebook would not generate enough " -"traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to continually expand " -"by buying up its competitors while returning handsome sums to its investors." +"With nothing but <quote>organic</quote> discussion, Facebook would not " +"generate enough traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to " +"continually expand by buying up its competitors while returning handsome " +"sums to its investors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1047 msgid "" "So Facebook has to gin up traffic by sidetracking its own forums: Every time " @@ -1335,7 +1346,7 @@ msgid "" "figuring out things that people will get angry about." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1058 msgid "" "Facebook <emphasis>can</emphasis> modify our behavior but only in a couple " @@ -1348,7 +1359,7 @@ msgid "" "control, and it can only really make us miserable, angry, and anxious." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1069 msgid "" "This is why Facebook’s targeting systems — both the ones it shows to " @@ -1360,7 +1371,7 @@ msgid "" "against being nonconsensually eyeball-fucked with Donald Trump headlines." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1079 msgid "" "The more time you spend on Facebook, the more ads it gets to show you. The " @@ -1374,21 +1385,21 @@ msgid "" "it eventually shows you at least one ad that you respond to." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:1091 msgid "Monopoly and the right to the future tense" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1093 msgid "" "Zuboff and her cohort are particularly alarmed at the extent to which " "surveillance allows corporations to influence our decisions, taking away " -"something she poetically calls “the right to the future tense” — that is, " -"the right to decide for yourself what you will do in the future." +"something she poetically calls <quote>the right to the future tense</quote> " +"— that is, the right to decide for yourself what you will do in the future." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1100 msgid "" "It’s true that advertising can tip the scales one way or another: When " @@ -1401,7 +1412,7 @@ msgid "" "risks from their dreams coming true are very speculative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1111 msgid "" "By contrast, Zuboff is rather sanguine about 40 years of lax antitrust " @@ -1412,7 +1423,7 @@ msgid "" "screenshots of the other four." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1119 msgid "" "However, if we are to be alarmed that we might lose the right to choose for " @@ -1421,16 +1432,16 @@ msgid "" "tech policy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1125 msgid "" -"Start with “digital rights management.” In 1998, Bill Clinton signed the " -"Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex piece of " -"legislation with many controversial clauses but none more so than Section " -"1201, the “anti-circumvention” rule." +"Start with <quote>digital rights management.</quote> In 1998, Bill Clinton " +"signed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex " +"piece of legislation with many controversial clauses but none more so than " +"Section 1201, the <quote>anti-circumvention</quote> rule." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1131 msgid "" "This is a blanket ban on tampering with systems that restrict access to " @@ -1441,7 +1452,7 @@ msgid "" "manufacturers’ commercial plans." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1139 msgid "" "For example, Section 1201’s first major application was on DVD players as a " @@ -1455,7 +1466,7 @@ msgid "" "reject it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1151 msgid "" "However, watching a lawfully produced disc in a country other than the one " @@ -1466,7 +1477,7 @@ msgid "" "with one another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1159 msgid "" "The fact that a movie studio wants to charge Indians less than Americans or " @@ -1475,7 +1486,7 @@ msgid "" "infringement to watch it no matter where you happen to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1166 msgid "" "So DVD and DVD player manufacturers would not be able to use accusations of " @@ -1485,16 +1496,17 @@ msgid "" "programmers who created programs to let you do this." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1174 msgid "" "That’s where Section 1201 of the DMCA comes in: By banning tampering with an " -"“access control,” the rule gave manufacturers and rights holders standing to " -"sue competitors who released superior products with lawful features that the " -"market demanded (in this case, region-free players)." +"<quote>access control,</quote> the rule gave manufacturers and rights " +"holders standing to sue competitors who released superior products with " +"lawful features that the market demanded (in this case, region-free " +"players)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1181 msgid "" "This is an odious scam against consumers, but as time went by, Section 1201 " @@ -1502,22 +1514,22 @@ msgid "" "as canny manufacturers have realized certain things:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> #: complete-book.xml:1189 msgid "" -"Any device with software in it contains a “copyrighted work” — i.e., the " -"software." +"Any device with software in it contains a <quote>copyrighted work</quote> — " +"i.e., the software." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> #: complete-book.xml:1195 msgid "" "A device can be designed so that reconfiguring the software requires " -"bypassing an “access control for copyrighted works,” which is a potential " -"felony under Section 1201." +"bypassing an <quote>access control for copyrighted works,</quote> which is a " +"potential felony under Section 1201." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> #: complete-book.xml:1202 msgid "" "Thus, companies can control their customers’ behavior after they take home " @@ -1525,7 +1537,7 @@ msgid "" "modifications that fall afoul of Section 1201." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1210 msgid "" "Section 1201 then becomes a means for manufacturers of all descriptions to " @@ -1533,7 +1545,7 @@ msgid "" "shareholders instead of themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1215 msgid "" "This manifests in many ways: from a new generation of inkjet printers that " @@ -1544,7 +1556,7 @@ msgid "" "manufacturer’s unlock code." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1224 msgid "" "Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both " @@ -1558,7 +1570,7 @@ msgid "" "to hold onto their phones for longer rather than replacing them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1237 msgid "" "Apple’s use of copyright locks also allows it to establish a monopoly over " @@ -1570,7 +1582,7 @@ msgid "" "either charge more or accept lower profits for their products." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1247 msgid "" "Crucially, Apple’s use of copyright locks gives it the power to make " @@ -1586,7 +1598,7 @@ msgid "" "to a game</ulink> that commented on the Israel-Palestine conflict." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1260 msgid "" "Apple often justifies monopoly power over software installation in the name " @@ -1602,11 +1614,11 @@ msgid "" "VPNs that would protect them from Chinese state snooping." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1274 msgid "" -"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a “rogue capitalism.” Theoreticians of " -"capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink " +"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote> " +"Theoreticians of capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink " "url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_signal\">aggregates information in " "the form of consumers’ decisions</ulink>, producing efficient " "markets. Surveillance capitalism’s supposed power to rob its victims of " @@ -1616,7 +1628,7 @@ msgid "" "capitalism’s mind-control rays." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1285 msgid "" "If our concern is that markets cease to function when consumers can no " @@ -1628,12 +1640,12 @@ msgid "" "it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:1294 msgid "Search order and the right to the future tense" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1296 msgid "" "Markets are posed as a kind of magic: By discovering otherwise hidden " @@ -1642,26 +1654,26 @@ msgid "" "efficient allocations—more efficient than any computer could calculate. But " "monopolies are incompatible with that notion. When you only have one app " "store, the owner of the store — not the consumer — decides on the range of " -"choices. As Boss Tweed once said, “I don’t care who does the electing, so " -"long as I get to do the nominating.” A monopolized market is an election " -"whose candidates are chosen by the monopolist." +"choices. As Boss Tweed once said, <quote>I don’t care who does the electing, " +"so long as I get to do the nominating.</quote> A monopolized market is an " +"election whose candidates are chosen by the monopolist." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1308 msgid "" "This ballot rigging is made more pernicious by the existence of monopolies " "over search order. Google’s search market share is about 90%. When Google’s " "ranking algorithm puts a result for a popular search term in its top 10, " "that helps determine the behavior of millions of people. If Google’s answer " -"to “Are vaccines dangerous?” is a page that rebuts anti-vax conspiracy " -"theories, then a sizable portion of the public will learn that vaccines are " -"safe. If, on the other hand, Google sends those people to a site affirming " -"the anti-vax conspiracies, a sizable portion of those millions will come " -"away convinced that vaccines are dangerous." +"to <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</quote> is a page that rebuts anti-vax " +"conspiracy theories, then a sizable portion of the public will learn that " +"vaccines are safe. If, on the other hand, Google sends those people to a " +"site affirming the anti-vax conspiracies, a sizable portion of those " +"millions will come away convinced that vaccines are dangerous." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1320 msgid "" "Google’s algorithm is often tricked into serving disinformation as a " @@ -1670,33 +1682,35 @@ msgid "" "the user has no cause to doubt it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1326 msgid "" -"This is true whether the search is for “Are vaccines dangerous?” or “best " -"restaurants near me.” Most users will never look past the first page of " -"search results, and when the overwhelming majority of people all use the " -"same search engine, the ranking algorithm deployed by that search engine " -"will determine myriad outcomes (whether to adopt a child, whether to have " -"cancer surgery, where to eat dinner, where to move, where to apply for a " -"job) to a degree that vastly outstrips any behavioral outcomes dictated by " -"algorithmic persuasion techniques." +"This is true whether the search is for <quote>Are vaccines " +"dangerous?</quote> or <quote>best restaurants near me.</quote> Most users " +"will never look past the first page of search results, and when the " +"overwhelming majority of people all use the same search engine, the ranking " +"algorithm deployed by that search engine will determine myriad outcomes " +"(whether to adopt a child, whether to have cancer surgery, where to eat " +"dinner, where to move, where to apply for a job) to a degree that vastly " +"outstrips any behavioral outcomes dictated by algorithmic persuasion " +"techniques." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1337 msgid "" "Many of the questions we ask search engines have no empirically correct " -"answers: “Where should I eat dinner?” is not an objective question. Even " -"questions that do have correct answers (“Are vaccines dangerous?”) don’t " -"have one empirically superior source for that answer. Many pages affirm the " -"safety of vaccines, so which one goes first? Under conditions of " -"competition, consumers can choose from many search engines and stick with " -"the one whose algorithmic judgment suits them best, but under conditions of " -"monopoly, we all get our answers from the same place." +"answers: <quote>Where should I eat dinner?</quote> is not an objective " +"question. Even questions that do have correct answers (<quote>Are vaccines " +"dangerous?</quote>) don’t have one empirically superior source for that " +"answer. Many pages affirm the safety of vaccines, so which one goes first? " +"Under conditions of competition, consumers can choose from many search " +"engines and stick with the one whose algorithmic judgment suits them best, " +"but under conditions of monopoly, we all get our answers from the same " +"place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1348 msgid "" "Google’s search dominance isn’t a matter of pure merit: The company has " @@ -1713,7 +1727,7 @@ msgid "" "that competed with the shippers whose freight they carried." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1364 msgid "" "If we’re worried about giant companies subverting markets by stripping " @@ -1725,7 +1739,7 @@ msgid "" "would not have such an outsized effect on consumer choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1374 msgid "" "This goes for many other companies. Amazon, a classic surveillance " @@ -1742,7 +1756,7 @@ msgid "" "ability to shape markets by making informed choices." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1389 msgid "" "Not every monopolist is a surveillance capitalist, but that doesn’t mean " @@ -1758,7 +1772,7 @@ msgid "" "free-market researchers, then forcing them out of any markets they discover." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1404 msgid "" "Because of its use of copyright locks, Apple’s mobile customers are not " @@ -1772,12 +1786,12 @@ msgid "" "by surveillance capitalism’s ad-serving bots." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:1416 msgid "Monopolists can afford sleeping pills for watchdogs" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1418 msgid "" "Only the most extreme market ideologues think that markets can self-regulate " @@ -1789,7 +1803,7 @@ msgid "" "holding them to account." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1428 msgid "" "But this kind of regulatory capture doesn’t come cheap. In competitive " @@ -1798,7 +1812,7 @@ msgid "" "regulations that serve their ends." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1434 msgid "" "Many of the harms of surveillance capitalism are the result of weak or " @@ -1807,7 +1821,7 @@ msgid "" "exists to permit their existing businesses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1440 msgid "" "Here’s an example: When firms over-collect and over-retain our data, they " @@ -1818,14 +1832,14 @@ msgid "" "data breached and the sensitivity of that data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1449 msgid "" "But still, firms continue to over-collect and over-retain our data for three " "reasons:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1453 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">1. They are locked in the aforementioned limbic " @@ -1839,7 +1853,7 @@ msgid "" "inured to the pitch." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1465 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism " @@ -1854,7 +1868,7 @@ msgid "" "else at an even greater price." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1478 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are " @@ -1867,7 +1881,7 @@ msgid "" "largely ineffectual credit-monitoring service." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1489 msgid "" "But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these " @@ -1880,7 +1894,7 @@ msgid "" "these future harms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1499 msgid "" "However, even the most ambitious privacy rules, such as the EU General Data " @@ -1890,7 +1904,7 @@ msgid "" "pursued by regulators." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1506 msgid "" "This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and " @@ -1900,7 +1914,7 @@ msgid "" "them to internalize the costs of their surveillance activities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1514 msgid "" "And then there’s state surveillance, which the surveillance capitalism story " @@ -1909,17 +1923,18 @@ msgid "" "learning." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1520 msgid "" "But state surveillance and private surveillance are intimately related. As " "we saw when Apple was conscripted by the Chinese government as a vital " "collaborator in state surveillance, the only really affordable and tractable " "way to conduct mass surveillance on the scale practiced by modern states — " -"both “free” and autocratic states — is to suborn commercial services." +"both <quote>free</quote> and autocratic states — is to suborn commercial " +"services." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1528 msgid "" "Whether it’s Google being used as a location tracking tool by local law " @@ -1938,7 +1953,7 @@ msgid "" "surveillance without mass commercial surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1546 msgid "" "Monopolism is key to the project of mass state surveillance. It’s true that " @@ -1950,7 +1965,7 @@ msgid "" "time by state actors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1555 msgid "" "A concentrated tech sector that works with authorities is a much more " @@ -1966,7 +1981,7 @@ msgid "" "government relations departments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1569 msgid "" "They can even make a good case for doing this: After all, when there are " @@ -1977,14 +1992,14 @@ msgid "" "at one of the other ones." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #: complete-book.xml:1578 msgid "" "While surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies certainly abet " "surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1583 msgid "" "Industries that are competitive are fragmented — composed of companies that " @@ -1995,7 +2010,7 @@ msgid "" "a whole." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1591 msgid "" "Surveillance combined with machine learning is supposed to be an existential " @@ -2005,12 +2020,12 @@ msgid "" "threat to our society and possibly our species." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1599 msgid "But that threat grows out of monopoly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1602 msgid "" "One of the consequences of tech’s regulatory capture is that it can shift " @@ -2021,7 +2036,7 @@ msgid "" "products." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1610 msgid "" "IT is the only field in which this is practiced: No one builds a bridge or a " @@ -2032,7 +2047,7 @@ msgid "" "are deployed in the field and put into sensitive places." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1619 msgid "" "The monopoly power that keeps any meaningful consequences for breaches at " @@ -2044,7 +2059,7 @@ msgid "" "decisions have been seriously punished in the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1629 msgid "" "These bad security decisions are compounded yet again by the use of " @@ -2055,17 +2070,17 @@ msgid "" "property." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1637 msgid "" "Recall also that these copyright locks are backstopped by legislation (such " "as Section 1201 of the DMCA or Article 6 of the 2001 EU Copyright Directive) " -"that ban tampering with (“circumventing”) them, and these statutes have been " -"used to threaten security researchers who make disclosures about " -"vulnerabilities without permission from manufacturers." +"that ban tampering with (<quote>circumventing</quote>) them, and these " +"statutes have been used to threaten security researchers who make " +"disclosures about vulnerabilities without permission from manufacturers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1645 msgid "" "This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and " @@ -2075,19 +2090,20 @@ msgid "" "powerful, large firms whose lobbying muscle is unstoppable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1653 msgid "" "Copyright locks are a double whammy: They create bad security decisions that " "can’t be freely investigated or discussed. If markets are supposed to be " "machines for aggregating information (and if surveillance capitalism’s " -"notional mind-control rays are what make it a “rogue capitalism” because it " -"denies consumers the power to make decisions), then a program of legally " -"enforced ignorance of the risks of products makes monopolism even more of a " -"“rogue capitalism” than surveillance capitalism’s influence campaigns." +"notional mind-control rays are what make it a <quote>rogue " +"capitalism</quote> because it denies consumers the power to make decisions), " +"then a program of legally enforced ignorance of the risks of products makes " +"monopolism even more of a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> than surveillance " +"capitalism’s influence campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1663 msgid "" "And unlike mind-control rays, enforced silence over security is an " @@ -2099,26 +2115,26 @@ msgid "" "of technology debt." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1672 msgid "" -"In software design, “technology debt” refers to old, baked-in decisions that " -"turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago developer decided " -"to incorporate a networking protocol made by a vendor that has since stopped " -"supporting it. But everything in the product still relies on that " -"superannuated protocol, and so, with each revision, the product team has to " -"work around this obsolete core, adding compatibility layers, surrounding it " -"with security checks that try to shore up its defenses, and so on. These " -"Band-Aid measures compound the debt because every subsequent revision has to " -"make allowances for <emphasis>them</emphasis>, too, like interest mounting " -"on a predatory subprime loan. And like a subprime loan, the interest mounts " -"faster than you can hope to pay it off: The product team has to put so much " -"energy into maintaining this complex, brittle system that they don’t have " -"any time left over to refactor the product from the ground up and “pay off " -"the debt” once and for all." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"In software design, <quote>technology debt</quote> refers to old, baked-in " +"decisions that turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago " +"developer decided to incorporate a networking protocol made by a vendor that " +"has since stopped supporting it. But everything in the product still relies " +"on that superannuated protocol, and so, with each revision, the product team " +"has to work around this obsolete core, adding compatibility layers, " +"surrounding it with security checks that try to shore up its defenses, and " +"so on. These Band-Aid measures compound the debt because every subsequent " +"revision has to make allowances for <emphasis>them</emphasis>, too, like " +"interest mounting on a predatory subprime loan. And like a subprime loan, " +"the interest mounts faster than you can hope to pay it off: The product team " +"has to put so much energy into maintaining this complex, brittle system that " +"they don’t have any time left over to refactor the product from the ground " +"up and <quote>pay off the debt</quote> once and for all." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1690 msgid "" "Typically, technology debt results in a technological bankruptcy: The " @@ -2131,7 +2147,7 @@ msgid "" "house due to bankruptcy is scary and traumatic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1701 msgid "" "But the technology debt created by copyright locks isn’t individual debt; " @@ -2144,12 +2160,12 @@ msgid "" "unauditable copyright locks — it will indeed pose an existential risk." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:1713 msgid "Privacy and monopoly" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1715 msgid "" "Many tech companies are gripped by an orthodoxy that holds that if they just " @@ -2163,21 +2179,21 @@ msgid "" "once more data is in hand." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1727 msgid "" "Surveillance tech is far from the first industry to embrace a nonsensical, " "self-serving belief that harms the rest of the world, and it is not the " "first industry to profit handsomely from such a delusion. Long before " "hedge-fund managers were claiming (falsely) that they could beat the " -"S&P 500, there were plenty of other “respectable” industries that have " -"been revealed as quacks in hindsight. From the makers of radium " -"suppositories (a real thing!) to the cruel sociopaths who claimed they " -"could “cure” gay people, history is littered with the formerly respectable " -"titans of discredited industries." +"S&P 500, there were plenty of other <quote>respectable</quote> " +"industries that have been revealed as quacks in hindsight. From the makers " +"of radium suppositories (a real thing!) to the cruel sociopaths who claimed " +"they could <quote>cure</quote> gay people, history is littered with the " +"formerly respectable titans of discredited industries." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1739 msgid "" "This is not to say that there’s nothing wrong with Big Tech and its " @@ -2185,44 +2201,45 @@ msgid "" "overstated, its harms are, if anything, <emphasis>understated</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1745 msgid "" -"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a “rogue " -"capitalism” is driven by the belief that markets wouldn’t tolerate firms " -"that are gripped by false beliefs. An oil company that has false beliefs " -"about where the oil is will eventually go broke digging dry wells after all." +"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is driven by the belief that markets " +"wouldn’t tolerate firms that are gripped by false beliefs. An oil company " +"that has false beliefs about where the oil is will eventually go broke " +"digging dry wells after all." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1752 msgid "" "But monopolists get to do terrible things for a long time before they pay " "the price. Think of how concentration in the finance sector allowed the " "subprime crisis to fester as bond-rating agencies, regulators, investors, " "and critics all fell under the sway of a false belief that complex " -"mathematics could construct “fully hedged” debt instruments that could not " -"possibly default. A small bank that engaged in this kind of malfeasance " -"would simply go broke rather than outrunning the inevitable crisis, perhaps " -"growing so big that it averted it altogether. But large banks were able to " -"continue to attract investors, and when they finally " +"mathematics could construct <quote>fully hedged</quote> debt instruments " +"that could not possibly default. A small bank that engaged in this kind of " +"malfeasance would simply go broke rather than outrunning the inevitable " +"crisis, perhaps growing so big that it averted it altogether. But large " +"banks were able to continue to attract investors, and when they finally " "<emphasis>did</emphasis> come a-cropper, the world’s governments bailed them " "out. The worst offenders of the subprime crisis are bigger than they were in " "2008, bringing home more profits and paying their execs even larger sums." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1767 msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>. The reason every web publisher " -"embeds a Facebook “Like” button is that Facebook dominates the internet’s " -"social media referrals — and every one of those “Like” buttons spies on " -"everyone who lands on a page that contains them (see also: Google Analytics " -"embeds, Twitter buttons, etc.)." +"embeds a Facebook <quote>Like</quote> button is that Facebook dominates the " +"internet’s social media referrals — and every one of those " +"<quote>Like</quote> buttons spies on everyone who lands on a page that " +"contains them (see also: Google Analytics embeds, Twitter buttons, etc.)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1776 msgid "" "The reason the world’s governments have been slow to create meaningful " @@ -2232,14 +2249,14 @@ msgid "" "a unified negotiating position that supercharges the lobbying." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1784 msgid "" "The reason that the smartest engineers in the world want to work for Big " "Tech is that Big Tech commands the lion’s share of tech industry jobs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1789 msgid "" "The reason people who are aghast at Facebook’s and Google’s and Amazon’s " @@ -2248,7 +2265,7 @@ msgid "" "local merchants out of business." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1795 msgid "" "Competitive markets would weaken the companies’ lobbying muscle by reducing " @@ -2261,19 +2278,19 @@ msgid "" "and make the case against Facebook and Google and Twitter embeds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1806 msgid "" "In other words, while surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies " "certainly abet surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:1810 msgid "Ronald Reagan, pioneer of tech monopolism" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1812 msgid "" "Technology exceptionalism is a sin, whether it’s practiced by technology’s " @@ -2287,7 +2304,7 @@ msgid "" "to break up the monopolies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1824 msgid "" "To understand how tech became so monopolistic, it’s useful to look at the " @@ -2301,19 +2318,19 @@ msgid "" "enact similar reforms that eventually spread around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1836 msgid "" "Antitrust’s story began nearly a century before all that with laws like the " "Sherman Act, which took aim at monopolists on the grounds that monopolies " "were bad in and of themselves — squeezing out competitors, creating " -"“diseconomies of scale” (when a company is so big that its constituent parts " -"go awry and it is seemingly helpless to address the problems), and capturing " -"their regulators to such a degree that they can get away with a host of " -"evils." +"<quote>diseconomies of scale</quote> (when a company is so big that its " +"constituent parts go awry and it is seemingly helpless to address the " +"problems), and capturing their regulators to such a degree that they can get " +"away with a host of evils." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1845 msgid "" "Then came a fabulist named Robert Bork, a former solicitor general who " @@ -2322,21 +2339,22 @@ msgid "" "its successors out of whole cloth. Bork insisted that these statutes were " "never targeted at monopolies (despite a wealth of evidence to the contrary, " "including the transcribed speeches of the acts’ authors) but, rather, that " -"they were intended to prevent “consumer harm” — in the form of higher " -"prices." +"they were intended to prevent <quote>consumer harm</quote> — in the form of " +"higher prices." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1855 msgid "" "Bork was a crank, but he was a crank with a theory that rich people really " "liked. Monopolies are a great way to make rich people richer by allowing " -"them to receive “monopoly rents” (that is, bigger profits) and capture " -"regulators, leading to a weaker, more favorable regulatory environment with " -"fewer protections for customers, suppliers, the environment, and workers." +"them to receive <quote>monopoly rents</quote> (that is, bigger profits) and " +"capture regulators, leading to a weaker, more favorable regulatory " +"environment with fewer protections for customers, suppliers, the " +"environment, and workers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1863 msgid "" "Bork’s theories were especially palatable to the same power brokers who " @@ -2344,11 +2362,11 @@ msgid "" "to incorporate Bork’s antitrust doctrine into their enforcement decisions " "(Reagan even put Bork up for a Supreme Court seat, but Bork flunked the " "Senate confirmation hearing so badly that, 40 years later, D.C. insiders use " -"the term “borked” to refer to any catastrophically bad political " -"performance)." +"the term <quote>borked</quote> to refer to any catastrophically bad " +"political performance)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1872 msgid "" "Little by little, Bork’s theories entered the mainstream, and their backers " @@ -2360,7 +2378,7 @@ msgid "" "disposal to lobby for even more Borkian antitrust influence campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1882 msgid "" "The history of Bork’s antitrust theories is a really good example of the " @@ -2374,35 +2392,37 @@ msgid "" "coherent ideology that elevated inequality to a virtue." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1894 msgid "" "Today, many fear that machine learning allows surveillance capitalism to " -"sell “Bork-as-a-Service,” at internet speeds, so that you can contract a " -"machine-learning company to engineer <emphasis>rapid</emphasis> shifts in " -"public sentiment without needing the capital to sustain a multipronged, " -"multigenerational project working at the local, state, national, and global " -"levels in business, law, and philosophy. I do not believe that such a " -"project is plausible, though I agree that this is basically what the " -"platforms claim to be selling. They’re just lying about it. Big Tech lies " -"all the time, <emphasis>including</emphasis> in their sales literature." +"sell <quote>Bork-as-a-Service,</quote> at internet speeds, so that you can " +"contract a machine-learning company to engineer <emphasis>rapid</emphasis> " +"shifts in public sentiment without needing the capital to sustain a " +"multipronged, multigenerational project working at the local, state, " +"national, and global levels in business, law, and philosophy. I do not " +"believe that such a project is plausible, though I agree that this is " +"basically what the platforms claim to be selling. They’re just lying about " +"it. Big Tech lies all the time, <emphasis>including</emphasis> in their " +"sales literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1907 msgid "" -"The idea that tech forms “natural monopolies” (monopolies that are the " -"inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the monopolies " -"that accrue the first company to run long-haul phone lines or rail lines) is " -"belied by tech’s own history: In the absence of anti-competitive tactics, " -"Google was able to unseat AltaVista and Yahoo; Facebook was able to head off " -"Myspace. There are some advantages to gathering mountains of data, but those " -"mountains of data also have disadvantages: liability (from leaking), " -"diminishing returns (from old data), and institutional inertia (big " -"companies, like science, progress one funeral at a time)." +"The idea that tech forms <quote>natural monopolies</quote> (monopolies that " +"are the inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the " +"monopolies that accrue the first company to run long-haul phone lines or " +"rail lines) is belied by tech’s own history: In the absence of " +"anti-competitive tactics, Google was able to unseat AltaVista and Yahoo; " +"Facebook was able to head off Myspace. There are some advantages to " +"gathering mountains of data, but those mountains of data also have " +"disadvantages: liability (from leaking), diminishing returns (from old " +"data), and institutional inertia (big companies, like science, progress one " +"funeral at a time)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1919 msgid "" "Indeed, the birth of the web saw a mass-extinction event for the existing " @@ -2413,12 +2433,12 @@ msgid "" "customers or users or communities outweighs even the most massive " "products. CompuServe, AOL, MSN, and a host of other proprietary walled " "gardens learned this lesson the hard way: Each believed it could stay " -"separate from the web, offering “curation” and a guarantee of consistency " -"and quality instead of the chaos of an open system. Each was wrong and ended " -"up being absorbed into the public web." +"separate from the web, offering <quote>curation</quote> and a guarantee of " +"consistency and quality instead of the chaos of an open system. Each was " +"wrong and ended up being absorbed into the public web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1933 msgid "" "Yes, tech is heavily monopolized and is now closely associated with industry " @@ -2432,7 +2452,7 @@ msgid "" "so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1945 msgid "" "In support of this thesis, I offer the concentration that every " @@ -2449,7 +2469,7 @@ msgid "" "but are not any longer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1960 msgid "" "Again: When you change the laws intended to prevent monopolies and then " @@ -2458,30 +2478,30 @@ msgid "" "can be readily explained without recourse to radical theories of network " "effects — but only if you’re willing to indict unregulated markets as " "tending toward monopoly. Just as a lifelong smoker can give you a hundred " -"reasons why their smoking didn’t cause their cancer (“It was the " -"environmental toxins”), true believers in unregulated markets have a whole " -"suite of unconvincing explanations for monopoly in tech that leave " +"reasons why their smoking didn’t cause their cancer (<quote>It was the " +"environmental toxins</quote>), true believers in unregulated markets have a " +"whole suite of unconvincing explanations for monopoly in tech that leave " "capitalism intact." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:1972 msgid "Steering with the windshield wipers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1974 msgid "" "It’s been 40 years since Bork’s project to rehabilitate monopolies achieved " "liftoff, and that is a generation and a half, which is plenty of time to " "take a common idea and make it seem outlandish and vice versa. Before the " "1940s, affluent Americans dressed their baby boys in pink while baby girls " -"wore blue (a “delicate and dainty” color). While gendered colors are " -"obviously totally arbitrary, many still greet this news with amazement and " -"find it hard to imagine a time when pink connoted masculinity." +"wore blue (a <quote>delicate and dainty</quote> color). While gendered " +"colors are obviously totally arbitrary, many still greet this news with " +"amazement and find it hard to imagine a time when pink connoted masculinity." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1984 msgid "" "After 40 years of studiously ignoring antitrust analysis and enforcement, " @@ -2491,7 +2511,7 @@ msgid "" "integration could land a company in court." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:1992 msgid "" "Antitrust is a market society’s steering wheel, the control of first resort " @@ -2504,24 +2524,24 @@ msgid "" "heading before we careen off a cliff." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2002 msgid "" "It’s like a 1960s science-fiction plot come to life: People stuck in a " -"“generation ship,” plying its way across the stars, a ship once piloted by " -"their ancestors; and now, after a great cataclysm, the ship’s crew have " -"forgotten that they’re in a ship at all and no longer remember where the " -"control room is. Adrift, the ship is racing toward its extinction, and " -"unless we can seize the controls and execute emergency course correction, " -"we’re all headed for a fiery death in the heart of a sun." +"<quote>generation ship,</quote> plying its way across the stars, a ship once " +"piloted by their ancestors; and now, after a great cataclysm, the ship’s " +"crew have forgotten that they’re in a ship at all and no longer remember " +"where the control room is. Adrift, the ship is racing toward its extinction, " +"and unless we can seize the controls and execute emergency course " +"correction, we’re all headed for a fiery death in the heart of a sun." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2012 msgid "Surveillance still matters" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2014 msgid "" "None of this is to minimize the problems with surveillance. Surveillance " @@ -2530,7 +2550,7 @@ msgid "" "machine learning rob us of our free will." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2021 msgid "" "Surveillance has become <emphasis>much</emphasis> more efficient thanks to " @@ -2539,7 +2559,7 @@ msgid "" "every 60 people to serve as an informant or intelligence operative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2028 msgid "" "Today, we know that the NSA is spying on a significant fraction of the " @@ -2550,7 +2570,7 @@ msgid "" "involved in NSA spying, but it’s definitely not all of them)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2037 msgid "" "How did the ratio of surveillable citizens expand from 1:60 to 1:10,000 in " @@ -2572,7 +2592,7 @@ msgid "" "the cost of 9,999 false positives." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2058 msgid "" "Let me explain that again: If one in a million people is a terrorist, then " @@ -2582,7 +2602,7 @@ msgid "" "is 10,000). For every true positive, you’ll get 9,999 false positives." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2066 msgid "" "In reality, the accuracy of algorithmic terrorism detection falls far short " @@ -2592,7 +2612,7 @@ msgid "" "the lives of everyone you love." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2073 msgid "" "Mass state surveillance is only feasible because of surveillance capitalism " @@ -2603,7 +2623,7 @@ msgid "" "totalitarianism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2081 msgid "" "State surveillance is no mere parasite on Big Tech, sucking up its data and " @@ -2614,7 +2634,7 @@ msgid "" "and surveillance capitalism; they are dependent on one another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2090 msgid "" "To see this at work today, look no further than Amazon’s home surveillance " @@ -2623,15 +2643,15 @@ msgid "" "camera-enabled doorbell that streams footage from your front door to your " "mobile device. The Neighbors app allows you to form a neighborhood-wide " "surveillance grid with your fellow Ring owners through which you can share " -"clips of “suspicious characters.” If you’re thinking that this sounds like a " -"recipe for letting curtain-twitching racists supercharge their suspicions of " -"people with brown skin who walk down their blocks, <ulink " +"clips of <quote>suspicious characters.</quote> If you’re thinking that this " +"sounds like a recipe for letting curtain-twitching racists supercharge their " +"suspicions of people with brown skin who walk down their blocks, <ulink " "url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">you’re " "right</ulink>. Ring has become a <emphasis>de facto,</emphasis> " "off-the-books arm of the police without any of the pesky oversight or rules." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2106 msgid "" "In mid-2019, a series of public records requests revealed that Amazon had " @@ -2645,7 +2665,7 @@ msgid "" "the footage from the company, which it will then produce." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2118 msgid "" "Ring and law enforcement have found many ways to intertwine their " @@ -2655,7 +2675,7 @@ msgid "" "but isn’t sure whether their neighborhood is dangerous enough to warrant it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2126 msgid "" "The more the cops buzz-market the surveillance capitalist Ring, the more " @@ -2668,12 +2688,12 @@ msgid "" "rely on them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2137 msgid "Dignity and sanctuary" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2139 msgid "" "But even if we could exercise democratic control over our states and force " @@ -2681,15 +2701,15 @@ msgid "" "data, surveillance capitalism would still harm us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2144 msgid "" -"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on “sanctuary” — the " -"feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " +"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on <quote>sanctuary</quote> " +"— the feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " "calmness, mindfulness, and tranquility." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2149 msgid "" "When you are watched, something changes. Anyone who has ever raised a child " @@ -2707,7 +2727,7 @@ msgid "" "parent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2165 msgid "" "In the digital age, our authentic selves are inextricably tied to our " @@ -2717,14 +2737,14 @@ msgid "" "the different facets of your identity, the people you’ve connected with." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2173 msgid "" "To be observed in these activities is to lose the sanctuary of your " "authentic self." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2177 msgid "" "There’s another way in which surveillance capitalism robs us of our capacity " @@ -2737,36 +2757,36 @@ msgid "" "systems never quite become inured to it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2188 msgid "" -"Our devices and services are “general purpose” in that they can connect " -"anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run any " -"program that can be written. This means that the distraction rectangles in " -"our pockets hold our most precious moments with our most beloved people and " -"their most urgent or time-sensitive communications (from “running late can " -"you get the kid?” to “doctor gave me bad news and I need to talk to you " -"RIGHT NOW”) as well as ads for refrigerators and recruiting messages from " -"Nazis." +"Our devices and services are <quote>general purpose</quote> in that they can " +"connect anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run " +"any program that can be written. This means that the distraction rectangles " +"in our pockets hold our most precious moments with our most beloved people " +"and their most urgent or time-sensitive communications (from <quote>running " +"late can you get the kid?</quote> to <quote>doctor gave me bad news and I " +"need to talk to you RIGHT NOW</quote>) as well as ads for refrigerators and " +"recruiting messages from Nazis." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2198 msgid "" "All day and all night, our pockets buzz, shattering our concentration and " "tearing apart the fragile webs of connection we spin as we think through " "difficult ideas. If you locked someone in a cell and agitated them like " -"this, we’d call it “sleep deprivation torture,” and it would be <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">a war crime under the " -"Geneva Conventions</ulink>." +"this, we’d call it <quote>sleep deprivation torture,</quote> and it would be " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">a war crime under " +"the Geneva Conventions</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2207 msgid "Afflicting the afflicted" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2209 msgid "" "The effects of surveillance on our ability to be our authentic selves are " @@ -2776,19 +2796,19 @@ msgid "" "of social consequence." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2216 msgid "" "But for many of us, this is not true. Recall that in living memory, many of " "the ways of being that we think of as socially acceptable today were once " "cause for dire social sanction or even imprisonment. If you are 65 years " -"old, you have lived through a time in which people living in “free " -"societies” could be imprisoned or sanctioned for engaging in homosexual " -"activity, for falling in love with a person whose skin was a different color " -"than their own, or for smoking weed." +"old, you have lived through a time in which people living in <quote>free " +"societies</quote> could be imprisoned or sanctioned for engaging in " +"homosexual activity, for falling in love with a person whose skin was a " +"different color than their own, or for smoking weed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2226 msgid "" "Today, these activities aren’t just decriminalized in much of the world, " @@ -2796,7 +2816,7 @@ msgid "" "shameful, regrettable relics of the past." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2231 msgid "" "How did we get from prohibition to normalization? Through private, personal " @@ -2811,7 +2831,7 @@ msgid "" "their cause one conversation at a time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2244 msgid "" "The right to choose the time and manner of these conversations was key to " @@ -2821,7 +2841,7 @@ msgid "" "make a scene." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2251 msgid "" "Without a private sphere, there’s a chance that none of these changes would " @@ -2830,7 +2850,7 @@ msgid "" "have never been able to reveal their true selves to the people they love." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2258 msgid "" "The corollary is that, unless you think that our society has attained social " @@ -2844,17 +2864,17 @@ msgid "" "sorrow will be the falsity of their relationship to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2270 msgid "A private realm is necessary for human progress." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2273 msgid "Any data you collect and retain will eventually leak" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2275 msgid "" "The lack of a private life can rob vulnerable people of the chance to be " @@ -2863,7 +2883,7 @@ msgid "" "people with a secret: crime." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2281 msgid "" "Personally identifying information is of very limited use for the purpose of " @@ -2873,7 +2893,7 @@ msgid "" "expose you to physical danger — thrives on it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2289 msgid "" "Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, " @@ -2887,7 +2907,7 @@ msgid "" "use different parts of the data for different criminal purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2301 msgid "" "For example, attackers can use leaked username and password combinations to " @@ -2902,7 +2922,7 @@ msgid "" "take over your email, bank account, and/or cryptocurrency wallets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2314 msgid "" "Attackers are endlessly inventive in the pursuit of creative ways to " @@ -2910,7 +2930,7 @@ msgid "" "companies in order to access <emphasis>more</emphasis> data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2319 msgid "" "Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies " @@ -2921,7 +2941,7 @@ msgid "" "of companies’ databases</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2327 msgid "" "The over-collection of data has a host of terrible social consequences, from " @@ -2931,41 +2951,42 @@ msgid "" "that’s the least of our troubles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2335 msgid "Critical tech exceptionalism is still tech exceptionalism" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2338 msgid "" "Big Tech has long practiced technology exceptionalism: the idea that it " -"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of “meatspace.” Mottoes " -"like Facebook’s “move fast and break things” attracted justifiable scorn of " -"the companies’ self-serving rhetoric." +"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of " +"<quote>meatspace.</quote> Mottoes like Facebook’s <quote>move fast and break " +"things</quote> attracted justifiable scorn of the companies’ self-serving " +"rhetoric." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2344 msgid "" "Tech exceptionalism got us all into a lot of trouble, so it’s ironic and " "distressing to see Big Tech’s critics committing the same sin." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2348 msgid "" -"Big Tech is not a “rogue capitalism” that cannot be cured through the " -"traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing companies to " -"divest of competitors they have acquired) and bans on mergers to monopoly " -"and other anti-competitive tactics. Big Tech does not have the power to use " -"machine learning to influence our behavior so thoroughly that markets lose " -"the ability to punish bad actors and reward superior competitors. Big Tech " -"has no rule-writing mind-control ray that necessitates ditching our old " -"toolbox." +"Big Tech is not a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> that cannot be cured " +"through the traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing " +"companies to divest of competitors they have acquired) and bans on mergers " +"to monopoly and other anti-competitive tactics. Big Tech does not have the " +"power to use machine learning to influence our behavior so thoroughly that " +"markets lose the ability to punish bad actors and reward superior " +"competitors. Big Tech has no rule-writing mind-control ray that necessitates " +"ditching our old toolbox." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2358 msgid "" "The thing is, people have been claiming to have perfected mind-control rays " @@ -2973,33 +2994,33 @@ msgid "" "the con artists were also conning themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2364 msgid "" "For generations, the advertising industry has been steadily improving its " "ability to sell advertising services to businesses while only making " "marginal gains in selling those businesses’ products to prospective " -"customers. John Wanamaker’s lament that “50% of my advertising budget is " -"wasted, I just don’t know which 50%” is a testament to the triumph of " -"<emphasis>ad executives</emphasis>, who successfully convinced Wanamaker " +"customers. John Wanamaker’s lament that <quote>50% of my advertising budget " +"is wasted, I just don’t know which 50%</quote> is a testament to the triumph " +"of <emphasis>ad executives</emphasis>, who successfully convinced Wanamaker " "that only half of the money he spent went to waste." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2374 msgid "" "The tech industry has made enormous improvements in the science of " "convincing businesses that they’re good at advertising while their actual " "improvements to advertising — as opposed to targeting — have been pretty " "ho-hum. The vogue for machine learning — and the mystical invocation of " -"“artificial intelligence” as a synonym for straightforward statistical " -"inference techniques — has greatly boosted the efficacy of Big Tech’s sales " -"pitch as marketers have exploited potential customers’ lack of technical " -"sophistication to get away with breathtaking acts of overpromising and " -"underdelivering." +"<quote>artificial intelligence</quote> as a synonym for straightforward " +"statistical inference techniques — has greatly boosted the efficacy of Big " +"Tech’s sales pitch as marketers have exploited potential customers’ lack of " +"technical sophistication to get away with breathtaking acts of overpromising " +"and underdelivering." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2386 msgid "" "It’s tempting to think that if businesses are willing to pour billions into " @@ -3015,25 +3036,26 @@ msgid "" "accumulation, not a sign that managed funds are a good buy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2400 msgid "" "The claims of Big Tech’s mind-control system are full of tells that the " "enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink " "url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">the " -"reliance on the “Big Five” personality traits</ulink> as a primary means of " -"influencing people even though the “Big Five” theory is unsupported by any " -"large-scale, peer-reviewed studies and is <ulink " +"reliance on the <quote>Big Five</quote> personality traits</ulink> as a " +"primary means of influencing people even though the <quote>Big Five</quote> " +"theory is unsupported by any large-scale, peer-reviewed studies and is " +"<ulink " "url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\">mostly " "the realm of marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2410 msgid "" "Big Tech’s promotional materials also claim that their algorithms can " -"accurately perform “sentiment analysis” or detect peoples’ moods based on " -"their “microexpressions,” but <ulink " +"accurately perform <quote>sentiment analysis</quote> or detect peoples’ " +"moods based on their <quote>microexpressions,</quote> but <ulink " "url=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647040758/advertising-on-facebook-is-it-worth-it\">these " "are marketing claims, not scientific ones</ulink>. These methods are largely " "untested by independent scientific experts, and where they have been tested, " @@ -3044,7 +3066,7 @@ msgid "" "been shown</ulink> to underperform relative to random chance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2423 msgid "" "Big Tech has been so good at marketing its own supposed superpowers that " @@ -3058,7 +3080,7 @@ msgid "" "its machine-learning fueled persuasion systems work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2435 msgid "" "That skepticism should infuse all of our evaluations of Big Tech and its " @@ -3071,33 +3093,33 @@ msgid "" "invitation to exaggeration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2445 msgid "" "Patent applications take the form of a series of claims and range from broad " "to narrow. A typical patent starts out by claiming that its authors have " "invented a method or system for doing every conceivable thing that anyone " "might do, ever, with any tool or device. Then it narrows that claim in " -"successive stages until we get to the actual “invention” that is the true " -"subject of the patent. The hope is that the patent examiner — who is almost " -"certainly overworked and underinformed — will miss the fact that some or all " -"of these claims are ridiculous, or at least suspect, and grant the patent’s " -"broader claims. Patents for unpatentable things are still incredibly useful " -"because they can be wielded against competitors who might license that " -"patent or steer clear of its claims rather than endure the lengthy, " -"expensive process of contesting it." +"successive stages until we get to the actual <quote>invention</quote> that " +"is the true subject of the patent. The hope is that the patent examiner — " +"who is almost certainly overworked and underinformed — will miss the fact " +"that some or all of these claims are ridiculous, or at least suspect, and " +"grant the patent’s broader claims. Patents for unpatentable things are still " +"incredibly useful because they can be wielded against competitors who might " +"license that patent or steer clear of its claims rather than endure the " +"lengthy, expensive process of contesting it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2460 msgid "" "What’s more, software patents are routinely granted even though the filer " "doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the " -"patent. That is, you can patent an “invention” that you haven’t actually " -"made and that you don’t know how to make." +"patent. That is, you can patent an <quote>invention</quote> that you haven’t " +"actually made and that you don’t know how to make." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2466 msgid "" "With these considerations in hand, it becomes obvious that the fact that a " @@ -3106,7 +3128,7 @@ msgid "" "fact control our minds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2473 msgid "" "Big Tech collects our data for many reasons, including the diminishing " @@ -3118,7 +3140,7 @@ msgid "" "put to use after the first doubles the number of possible fax-to-fax links." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2483 msgid "" "Data mined for predictive systems doesn’t necessarily produce these " @@ -3131,18 +3153,19 @@ msgid "" "labeling and validating data do not get cheaper at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2494 msgid "" "Businesses pursue fads to the detriment of their profits all the time, " "especially when the businesses and their investors are not motivated by the " "prospect of becoming profitable but rather by the prospect of being acquired " "by a Big Tech giant or by having an IPO. For these firms, ticking faddish " -"boxes like “collects as much data as possible” might realize a bigger return " -"on investment than “collects a business-appropriate quantity of data.”" +"boxes like <quote>collects as much data as possible</quote> might realize a " +"bigger return on investment than <quote>collects a business-appropriate " +"quantity of data.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2503 msgid "" "This is another harm of tech exceptionalism: The belief that more data " @@ -3158,14 +3181,14 @@ msgid "" "spend not one penny more than is necessary on protecting data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2517 msgid "" "How monopolies, not mind control, drive surveillance capitalism: The " "Snapchat story" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2520 msgid "" "For the first decade of its existence, Facebook competed with the social " @@ -3177,7 +3200,7 @@ msgid "" "social media wars like Myspace." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2530 msgid "" "Despite frequent promises that it would never collect or analyze its users’ " @@ -3191,7 +3214,7 @@ msgid "" "Facebook following the launch of the new product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2542 msgid "" "The pace at which Facebook ramped up its surveillance efforts seems to have " @@ -3202,7 +3225,7 @@ msgid "" "markedly worse</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2550 msgid "" "All the while, Facebook was prodigiously acquiring companies, including a " @@ -3212,7 +3235,7 @@ msgid "" "phones, including which apps they used and how they were using them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2558 msgid "" "Through Onavo, Facebook discovered that it was losing market share to " @@ -3226,7 +3249,7 @@ msgid "" "pressures it had earlier inflicted on Myspace and Orkut." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2570 msgid "" "The story of how Facebook crushed Snapchat reveals the relationship between " @@ -3240,21 +3263,21 @@ msgid "" "that competes on privacy features." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2582 msgid "A monopoly over your friends" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2584 msgid "" "A decentralization movement has tried to erode the dominance of Facebook and " -"other Big Tech companies by fielding “indieweb” alternatives — Mastodon as a " -"Twitter alternative, Diaspora as a Facebook alternative, etc. — but these " -"efforts have failed to attain any kind of liftoff." +"other Big Tech companies by fielding <quote>indieweb</quote> alternatives — " +"Mastodon as a Twitter alternative, Diaspora as a Facebook alternative, " +"etc. — but these efforts have failed to attain any kind of liftoff." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2591 msgid "" "Fundamentally, each of these services is hamstrung by the same problem: " @@ -3266,14 +3289,15 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>we</emphasis> have Facebook accounts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2601 msgid "" "All of this has conspired to make Facebook — and other dominant platforms — " -"into “kill zones” that investors will not fund new entrants for." +"into <quote>kill zones</quote> that investors will not fund new entrants " +"for." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2606 msgid "" "And yet, all of today’s tech giants came into existence despite the " @@ -3282,24 +3306,24 @@ msgid "" "adversarial interoperability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #: complete-book.xml:2613 msgid "The hard problem of our species is coordination." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2617 msgid "" -"“Interoperability” is the ability of two technologies to work with one " -"another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, anyone " -"can make a filter you can install in your stove’s extractor fan, anyone can " -"make gasoline for your car, anyone can make a USB phone charger that fits in " -"your car’s cigarette lighter receptacle, anyone can make a light bulb that " -"works in your light socket, anyone can make bread that will toast in your " -"toaster." +"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is the ability of two technologies to work " +"with one another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, " +"anyone can make a filter you can install in your stove’s extractor fan, " +"anyone can make gasoline for your car, anyone can make a USB phone charger " +"that fits in your car’s cigarette lighter receptacle, anyone can make a " +"light bulb that works in your light socket, anyone can make bread that will " +"toast in your toaster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2626 msgid "" "Interoperability is often a source of innovation and consumer benefit: Apple " @@ -3316,17 +3340,18 @@ msgid "" "the way for the internet revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2641 msgid "" -"“Interoperability” is often used interchangeably with “standardization,” " -"which is the process when manufacturers and other stakeholders hammer out a " -"set of agreed-upon rules for implementing a technology, such as the " -"electrical plug on your wall, the CAN bus used by your car’s computer " -"systems, or the HTML instructions that your browser interprets." +"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is often used interchangeably with " +"<quote>standardization,</quote> which is the process when manufacturers and " +"other stakeholders hammer out a set of agreed-upon rules for implementing a " +"technology, such as the electrical plug on your wall, the CAN bus used by " +"your car’s computer systems, or the HTML instructions that your browser " +"interprets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2649 msgid "" "But interoperability doesn’t require standardization — indeed, " @@ -3336,20 +3361,21 @@ msgid "" "dashboard lighter subcomponent. The automakers didn’t take any " "countermeasures to prevent the use of these aftermarket accessories by their " "customers, but they also didn’t do anything to make life easier for the " -"chargers’ manufacturers. This is a kind of “neutral interoperability.”" +"chargers’ manufacturers. This is a kind of <quote>neutral " +"interoperability.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2660 msgid "" -"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is “adversarial interoperability.” " -"That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that interoperates with another " -"manufacturer’s product <emphasis>despite the second manufacturer’s " -"objections</emphasis> and <emphasis>even if that means bypassing a security " -"system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." +"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is <quote>adversarial " +"interoperability.</quote> That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that " +"interoperates with another manufacturer’s product <emphasis>despite the " +"second manufacturer’s objections</emphasis> and <emphasis>even if that means " +"bypassing a security system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2668 msgid "" "Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is " @@ -3361,7 +3387,7 @@ msgid "" "cartridges." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2677 msgid "" "Owners of printers take the position that HP and Epson and Brother are not " @@ -3376,22 +3402,23 @@ msgid "" "printer companies?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2690 msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability has played an outsized role in the history of " -"the tech industry: from the founding of the “alt.*” Usenet hierarchy (which " -"was started against the wishes of Usenet’s maintainers and which grew to be " -"bigger than all of Usenet combined) to the browser wars (when Netscape and " -"Microsoft devoted massive engineering efforts to making their browsers " -"incompatible with the other’s special commands and peccadilloes) to Facebook " -"(whose success was built in part by helping its new users stay in touch with " -"friends they’d left behind on Myspace because Facebook supplied them with a " -"tool that scraped waiting messages from Myspace and imported them into " -"Facebook, effectively creating an Facebook-based Myspace reader)." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"the tech industry: from the founding of the <quote>alt.*</quote> Usenet " +"hierarchy (which was started against the wishes of Usenet’s maintainers and " +"which grew to be bigger than all of Usenet combined) to the browser wars " +"(when Netscape and Microsoft devoted massive engineering efforts to making " +"their browsers incompatible with the other’s special commands and " +"peccadilloes) to Facebook (whose success was built in part by helping its " +"new users stay in touch with friends they’d left behind on Myspace because " +"Facebook supplied them with a tool that scraped waiting messages from " +"Myspace and imported them into Facebook, effectively creating an " +"Facebook-based Myspace reader)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2704 msgid "" "Today, incumbency is seen as an unassailable advantage. Facebook is where " @@ -3408,7 +3435,7 @@ msgid "" "better treatment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2719 msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability was once the norm and a key contributor to the " @@ -3420,7 +3447,7 @@ msgid "" "interference, and patent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2729 msgid "" "In the absence of a competitive market, lawmakers have resorted to assigning " @@ -3430,7 +3457,7 @@ msgid "" "controlling access to sexual material." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2737 msgid "" "These measures put a floor under how small we can make Big Tech because only " @@ -3438,7 +3465,7 @@ msgid "" "needed to perform these duties." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2742 msgid "" "But that’s not the only way in which making platforms responsible for " @@ -3452,7 +3479,7 @@ msgid "" "guesses about whether someone is a harasser)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2754 msgid "" "To the extent that we are willing to let Big Tech police itself — rather " @@ -3465,7 +3492,7 @@ msgid "" "interoperability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2764 msgid "" "Ultimately, we can try to fix Big Tech by making it responsible for bad acts " @@ -3480,12 +3507,12 @@ msgid "" "global, open web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:2776 msgid "Fake news is an epistemological crisis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2778 msgid "" "Tech is not the only industry that has undergone massive concentration since " @@ -3494,7 +3521,7 @@ msgid "" "clubby oligarchy that just a few players dominate." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2785 msgid "" "At the same time, every industry has become something of a tech industry as " @@ -3503,7 +3530,7 @@ msgid "" "firm with tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2791 msgid "" "This phenomenon of industrial concentration is part of a wider story about " @@ -3513,18 +3540,19 @@ msgid "" "interests of the people and companies with all the money." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2799 msgid "" "That means that whenever a regulator asks a question with an obvious, " -"empirical answer (“Are humans causing climate change?” or “Should we let " -"companies conduct commercial mass surveillance?” or “Does society benefit " -"from allowing network neutrality violations?”), the answer that comes out is " -"only correct if that correctness meets with the approval of rich people and " -"the industries that made them so wealthy." +"empirical answer (<quote>Are humans causing climate change?</quote> or " +"<quote>Should we let companies conduct commercial mass surveillance?</quote> " +"or <quote>Does society benefit from allowing network neutrality " +"violations?</quote>), the answer that comes out is only correct if that " +"correctness meets with the approval of rich people and the industries that " +"made them so wealthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2808 msgid "" "Rich people have always played an outsized role in politics and more so " @@ -3535,7 +3563,7 @@ msgid "" "before. Think of the Koch brothers or George Soros or Bill Gates." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2817 msgid "" "But the policy distortions of rich individuals pale in comparison to the " @@ -3546,7 +3574,7 @@ msgid "" "capital surpluses to spend on lobbying." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2826 msgid "" "Concentrated industries also find it easier to collaborate on policy " @@ -3556,7 +3584,7 @@ msgid "" "regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2833 msgid "" "Rising through the ranks in a concentrated industry generally means working " @@ -3570,7 +3598,7 @@ msgid "" "collegial, rather than competitive, attitude." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2845 msgid "" "Highly concentrated industries also present a regulatory conundrum. When an " @@ -3583,7 +3611,7 @@ msgid "" "ranks once their terms have expired." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2856 msgid "" "All this is to say that the tight social bonds, small number of firms, and " @@ -3592,7 +3620,7 @@ msgid "" "bind them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2862 msgid "" "This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink " @@ -3608,7 +3636,7 @@ msgid "" "the highest bidder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2876 msgid "" "It’s really impossible to overstate what a terrifying prospect this is. We " @@ -3626,7 +3654,7 @@ msgid "" "sufficient to keep you from dying after you finish your dinner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2893 msgid "" "In a world as complex as this one, we have to defer to authorities, and we " @@ -3637,12 +3665,12 @@ msgid "" "whether the adjudication process itself is trustworthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2902 msgid "Right now, it’s obviously not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2905 msgid "" "The past 40 years of rising inequality and industry concentration, together " @@ -3653,7 +3681,7 @@ msgid "" "rest of us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2913 msgid "" "For example, it’s been decades since Exxon’s own scientists concluded that " @@ -3666,7 +3694,7 @@ msgid "" "they, too, are the outcome of another conspiracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2924 msgid "" "The collapse of the credibility of our systems for divining and upholding " @@ -3677,7 +3705,7 @@ msgid "" "sort the true from the false." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2933 msgid "" "If you’re like me, you probably believe that vaccines are safe, but you " @@ -3695,7 +3723,7 @@ msgid "" "safety are <emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2950 msgid "" "I’m 100% certain that vaccinating is safe and effective, but I’m also at " @@ -3705,7 +3733,7 @@ msgid "" "enrich the super rich." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2958 msgid "" "Fake news — conspiracy theories, racist ideologies, scientific denialism — " @@ -3716,7 +3744,7 @@ msgid "" "and Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2967 msgid "" "No one can say for certain why this has happened, but the two dominant camps " @@ -3726,7 +3754,7 @@ msgid "" "attractive because of material conditions in the world)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2975 msgid "" "I’m a materialist. I’ve been exposed to the arguments of conspiracy " @@ -3734,7 +3762,7 @@ msgid "" "the quality of those arguments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2980 msgid "" "The major difference is in the world, not the arguments. In a time where " @@ -3742,7 +3770,7 @@ msgid "" "plausibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2985 msgid "" "We have always had disagreements about what’s true, but today, we have a " @@ -3756,7 +3784,7 @@ msgid "" "lights on)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:2996 msgid "" "Targeting — surveillance capitalism — makes it easier to find people who are " @@ -3764,7 +3792,7 @@ msgid "" "crisis. For that, you need to look to corruption." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3001 msgid "" "And, conveniently enough, it’s corruption that allows surveillance " @@ -3775,12 +3803,12 @@ msgid "" "yourself to commercial surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3010 msgid "Tech is different" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3012 msgid "" "I reject both iterations of technological exceptionalism. I reject the idea " @@ -3790,7 +3818,7 @@ msgid "" "for its present-day monopolistic status." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3020 msgid "" "I think tech is just another industry, albeit one that grew up in the " @@ -3798,7 +3826,7 @@ msgid "" "the worst nor will it be the last." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3025 msgid "" "But there’s one way in which I <emphasis>am</emphasis> a tech " @@ -3811,7 +3839,7 @@ msgid "" "stability — but it’s a means to achieve these things." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3036 msgid "" "The hard problem of our species is coordination. Everything from climate " @@ -3819,7 +3847,7 @@ msgid "" "viewed as a collective action problem." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3041 msgid "" "The internet makes it easier than at any time before to find people who want " @@ -3828,18 +3856,18 @@ msgid "" "coordinate the work you do." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3047 msgid "" "The internet and the computers we connect to it also possess an exceptional " "quality: general-purposeness. The internet is designed to allow any two " "parties to communicate any data, using any protocol, without permission from " "anyone else. The only production design we have for computers is the " -"general-purpose, “Turing complete” computer that can run every program we " -"can express in symbolic logic." +"general-purpose, <quote>Turing complete</quote> computer that can run every " +"program we can express in symbolic logic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3056 msgid "" "This means that every time someone with a special communications need " @@ -3851,7 +3879,7 @@ msgid "" "beneficiary of this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3065 msgid "" "For these reasons, every type of communication is gradually absorbed into " @@ -3859,7 +3887,7 @@ msgid "" "eventually becomes a computer in a fancy case." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3070 msgid "" "While these considerations don’t preclude regulating networks and computers, " @@ -3868,7 +3896,7 @@ msgid "" "many, many other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3076 msgid "" "The upshot of this is that our best hope of solving the big coordination " @@ -3878,12 +3906,12 @@ msgid "" "interventions to solve one problem might create problems in other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3084 msgid "Ownership of facts" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3086 msgid "" "Big Tech has a funny relationship with information. When you’re generating " @@ -3892,7 +3920,7 @@ msgid "" "claims the rights to make unlimited use of that data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3093 msgid "" "But when you have the audacity to turn the tables — to use a tool that " @@ -3902,7 +3930,7 @@ msgid "" "you’re stealing from them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3100 msgid "" "The thing is, information is a very bad fit for any kind of private property " @@ -3912,7 +3940,7 @@ msgid "" "be bought and sold." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3107 msgid "" "Information rarely has such a clear title. Take phone numbers: There’s " @@ -3921,19 +3949,19 @@ msgid "" "graphs and fill in missing information about other users." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3114 msgid "" "But the phone numbers Facebook nonconsensually acquires in this transaction " -"are not the “property” of the users they’re taken from nor do they belong to " -"the people whose phones ring when you dial those numbers. The numbers are " -"mere integers, 10 digits in the U.S. and Canada, and they appear in " -"millions of places, including somewhere deep in pi as well as numerous other " -"contexts. Giving people ownership titles to integers is an obviously " -"terrible idea." +"are not the <quote>property</quote> of the users they’re taken from nor do " +"they belong to the people whose phones ring when you dial those numbers. The " +"numbers are mere integers, 10 digits in the U.S. and Canada, and they " +"appear in millions of places, including somewhere deep in pi as well as " +"numerous other contexts. Giving people ownership titles to integers is an " +"obviously terrible idea." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3123 msgid "" "Likewise for the facts that Facebook and other commercial surveillance " @@ -3948,7 +3976,7 @@ msgid "" "who know these facts?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3136 msgid "" "If you go to a Black Lives Matter demonstration, do the other demonstrators " @@ -3960,7 +3988,7 @@ msgid "" "right that everyone else in the mix has to respect." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3145 msgid "" "The fact that information isn’t a good fit with property and markets doesn’t " @@ -3972,7 +4000,7 @@ msgid "" "monster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3154 msgid "" "It’s tempting to reach for the property hammer when Big Tech treats your " @@ -3985,7 +4013,7 @@ msgid "" "click-through agreement that you don’t have the opportunity to modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3165 msgid "" "Meanwhile, establishing property rights over information will create " @@ -4001,7 +4029,7 @@ msgid "" "department and millions for licenses before they can even get started." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3180 msgid "" "The same goes for things like search indexes of the web or photos of " @@ -4017,7 +4045,7 @@ msgid "" "and more." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3194 msgid "" "The ownership of facts is antithetical to many kinds of human progress. It’s " @@ -4029,12 +4057,12 @@ msgid "" "scrutiny and analysis." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3204 msgid "Persuasion works… slowly" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3206 msgid "" "The platforms may oversell their ability to persuade people, but obviously, " @@ -4045,7 +4073,7 @@ msgid "" "attitudes <emphasis>can</emphasis> change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3215 msgid "" "The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and " @@ -4058,7 +4086,7 @@ msgid "" "worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3226 msgid "" "Yet, after 12 years of terror, once the war ended, Nazi ideology was largely " @@ -4070,7 +4098,7 @@ msgid "" "no more permanent than Nazism itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3236 msgid "" "Racism and authoritarianism have also always been with us. Anyone who’s " @@ -4082,7 +4110,7 @@ msgid "" "nationalists today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3245 msgid "" "If racists haven’t gotten more convincing in the past decade, then how is it " @@ -4102,33 +4130,33 @@ msgid "" "opportunists target the fearful and the conspiracy-minded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3264 msgid "Paying won’t help" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3266 msgid "" -"As the old saw goes, “If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " -"product.”" +"As the old saw goes, <quote>If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " +"product.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3270 msgid "" "It’s a commonplace belief today that the advent of free, ad-supported media " "was the original sin of surveillance capitalism. The reasoning is that the " -"companies that charged for access couldn’t “compete with free” and so they " -"were driven out of business. Their ad-supported competitors, meanwhile, " -"declared open season on their users’ data in a bid to improve their ad " -"targeting and make more money and then resorted to the most sensationalist " -"tactics to generate clicks on those ads. If only we’d pay for media again, " -"we’d have a better, more responsible, more sober discourse that would be " -"better for democracy." +"companies that charged for access couldn’t <quote>compete with free</quote> " +"and so they were driven out of business. Their ad-supported competitors, " +"meanwhile, declared open season on their users’ data in a bid to improve " +"their ad targeting and make more money and then resorted to the most " +"sensationalist tactics to generate clicks on those ads. If only we’d pay for " +"media again, we’d have a better, more responsible, more sober discourse that " +"would be better for democracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3282 msgid "" "But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of " @@ -4143,7 +4171,7 @@ msgid "" "unable to adapt to the internet — it was monopolism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3295 msgid "" "Then, as news companies <emphasis>did</emphasis> come online, the ad " @@ -4156,7 +4184,7 @@ msgid "" "Facebook and Google acting as gatekeepers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3305 msgid "" "Paid services continue to exist alongside free ones, and often it is these " @@ -4176,21 +4204,21 @@ msgid "" "your iPhone should have us very worried indeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3324 msgid "" "We shouldn’t just be concerned about payment and control: The idea that " "paying will improve discourse is also dangerously wrong. The poor success " "rate of targeted advertising means that the platforms have to incentivize " -"you to “engage” with posts at extremely high levels to generate enough " -"pageviews to safeguard their profits. As discussed earlier, to increase " -"engagement, platforms like Facebook use machine learning to guess which " -"messages will be most inflammatory and make a point of shoving those into " -"your eyeballs at every turn so that you will hate-click and argue with " +"you to <quote>engage</quote> with posts at extremely high levels to generate " +"enough pageviews to safeguard their profits. As discussed earlier, to " +"increase engagement, platforms like Facebook use machine learning to guess " +"which messages will be most inflammatory and make a point of shoving those " +"into your eyeballs at every turn so that you will hate-click and argue with " "people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3335 msgid "" "Perhaps paying would fix this, the reasoning goes. If platforms could be " @@ -4199,7 +4227,7 @@ msgid "" "reason to algorithmically enrage you to get more clicks out of you, right?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3342 msgid "" "There may be something to that argument, but it still ignores the wider " @@ -4207,7 +4235,7 @@ msgid "" "them to grow so dominant." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3347 msgid "" "Platforms are world-spanning and all-encompassing because they are " @@ -4220,7 +4248,7 @@ msgid "" "climate and technology shocks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3358 msgid "" "In this wildly unequal world, paying doesn’t improve the discourse; it " @@ -4228,22 +4256,23 @@ msgid "" "for the product is dandy, if you can afford it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3363 msgid "" "If you think today’s filter bubbles are a problem for our discourse, imagine " "what they’d be like if rich people inhabited free-flowing Athenian " "marketplaces of ideas where you have to pay for admission while everyone " "else lives in online spaces that are subsidized by wealthy benefactors who " -"relish the chance to establish conversational spaces where the “house rules” " -"forbid questioning the status quo. That is, imagine if the rich seceded from " -"Facebook, and then, instead of running ads that made money for shareholders, " -"Facebook became a billionaire’s vanity project that also happened to ensure " -"that nobody talked about whether it was fair that only billionaires could " -"afford to hang out in the rarified corners of the internet." +"relish the chance to establish conversational spaces where the <quote>house " +"rules</quote> forbid questioning the status quo. That is, imagine if the " +"rich seceded from Facebook, and then, instead of running ads that made money " +"for shareholders, Facebook became a billionaire’s vanity project that also " +"happened to ensure that nobody talked about whether it was fair that only " +"billionaires could afford to hang out in the rarified corners of the " +"internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3377 msgid "" "Behind the idea of paying for access is a belief that free markets will " @@ -4258,32 +4287,33 @@ msgid "" "to deprive them of the choice to take their business elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3390 msgid "" "Advocates for markets laud their ability to aggregate the diffused knowledge " "of buyers and sellers across a whole society through demand signals, price " -"signals, and so on. The argument for surveillance capitalism being a “rogue " -"capitalism” is that machine-learning-driven persuasion techniques distort " -"decision-making by consumers, leading to incorrect signals — consumers don’t " -"buy what they prefer, they buy what they’re tricked into preferring. It " -"follows that the monopolistic practices of lock-in, which do far more to " -"constrain consumers’ free choices, are even more of a “rogue capitalism.”" +"signals, and so on. The argument for surveillance capitalism being a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is that machine-learning-driven persuasion " +"techniques distort decision-making by consumers, leading to incorrect " +"signals — consumers don’t buy what they prefer, they buy what they’re " +"tricked into preferring. It follows that the monopolistic practices of " +"lock-in, which do far more to constrain consumers’ free choices, are even " +"more of a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3402 msgid "" "The profitability of any business is constrained by the possibility that its " "customers will take their business elsewhere. Both surveillance and lock-in " "are anti-features that no customer wants. But monopolies can capture their " "regulators, crush their competitors, insert themselves into their customers’ " -"lives, and corral people into “choosing” their services regardless of " -"whether they want them — it’s fine to be terrible when there is no " -"alternative." +"lives, and corral people into <quote>choosing</quote> their services " +"regardless of whether they want them — it’s fine to be terrible when there " +"is no alternative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3412 msgid "" "Ultimately, surveillance and lock-in are both simply business strategies " @@ -4299,12 +4329,12 @@ msgid "" "more they <emphasis>can</emphasis> get away with." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3427 -msgid "An “ecology” moment for trustbusting" +msgid "An <quote>ecology</quote> moment for trustbusting" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3429 msgid "" "If we’re going to break Big Tech’s death grip on our digital lives, we’re " @@ -4314,18 +4344,18 @@ msgid "" "cyberpunk novel." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3436 msgid "" "Meanwhile, breaking up monopolies is something we seem to have forgotten how " "to do. There is a bipartisan, trans-Atlantic consensus that breaking up " "companies is a fool’s errand at best — liable to mire your federal " "prosecutors in decades of litigation — and counterproductive at worst, " -"eroding the “consumer benefits” of large companies with massive efficiencies " -"of scale." +"eroding the <quote>consumer benefits</quote> of large companies with massive " +"efficiencies of scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3444 msgid "" "But trustbusters once strode the nation, brandishing law books, terrorizing " @@ -4335,43 +4365,45 @@ msgid "" "backs when they went up against the richest, most powerful men in the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3452 msgid "Could we find that political will again?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3455 msgid "" -"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term “ecology” marked a " -"turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the adoption of this term, " -"people who wanted to preserve whale populations didn’t necessarily see " -"themselves as fighting the same battle as people who wanted to protect the " -"ozone layer or fight freshwater pollution or beat back smog or acid rain." +"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term " +"<quote>ecology</quote> marked a turning point in environmental " +"activism. Prior to the adoption of this term, people who wanted to preserve " +"whale populations didn’t necessarily see themselves as fighting the same " +"battle as people who wanted to protect the ozone layer or fight freshwater " +"pollution or beat back smog or acid rain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3463 msgid "" -"But the term “ecology” welded these disparate causes together into a single " -"movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity with one " -"another. The people who cared about smog signed petitions circulated by the " -"people who wanted to end whaling, and the anti-whalers marched alongside the " -"people demanding action on acid rain. This uniting behind a common cause " -"completely changed the dynamics of environmentalism, setting the stage for " -"today’s climate activism and the sense that preserving the habitability of " -"the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." +"But the term <quote>ecology</quote> welded these disparate causes together " +"into a single movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity " +"with one another. The people who cared about smog signed petitions " +"circulated by the people who wanted to end whaling, and the anti-whalers " +"marched alongside the people demanding action on acid rain. This uniting " +"behind a common cause completely changed the dynamics of environmentalism, " +"setting the stage for today’s climate activism and the sense that preserving " +"the habitability of the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3474 msgid "" -"I believe we are on the verge of a new “ecology” moment dedicated to " -"combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only concentrated industry " -"nor is it even the <emphasis>most</emphasis> concentrated of industries." +"I believe we are on the verge of a new <quote>ecology</quote> moment " +"dedicated to combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only " +"concentrated industry nor is it even the <emphasis>most</emphasis> " +"concentrated of industries." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3480 msgid "" "You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the " @@ -4383,7 +4415,7 @@ msgid "" "follows that nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3490 msgid "" "That’s the good news: With a little bit of work and a little bit of " @@ -4392,7 +4424,7 @@ msgid "" "then we take AT&T/WarnerMedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3496 msgid "" "But here’s the bad news: Much of what we’re doing to tame Big Tech " @@ -4400,7 +4432,7 @@ msgid "" "forecloses on the possibility of breaking them up later." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3501 msgid "" "Big Tech’s concentration currently means that their inaction on harassment, " @@ -4414,7 +4446,7 @@ msgid "" "generated by their creations are increasing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3513 msgid "" "Yet governments confronting all of these problems all inevitably converge on " @@ -4425,7 +4457,7 @@ msgid "" "allocate hundreds of millions to run these compliance systems." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3522 msgid "" "These rules — the EU’s new Directive on Copyright, Australia’s new terror " @@ -4436,7 +4468,7 @@ msgid "" "under how small we can hope to make Big Tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3531 msgid "" "That’s because any move to break up Big Tech and cut it down to size will " @@ -4451,7 +4483,7 @@ msgid "" "harder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3543 msgid "" "Allowing the platforms to grow to their present size has given them a " @@ -4463,7 +4495,7 @@ msgid "" "companies, which will make them bigger still." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3553 msgid "" "We can work to fix the internet by breaking up Big Tech and depriving them " @@ -4474,12 +4506,12 @@ msgid "" "behave themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3561 msgid "Make Big Tech small again" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3563 msgid "" "Trustbusting is hard. Breaking big companies into smaller ones is expensive " @@ -4490,14 +4522,14 @@ msgid "" "because mainframes were being speedily replaced by PCs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> #: complete-book.xml:3573 msgid "" "A future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general to " "enforce the law as it was written." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3578 msgid "" "It’s far easier to prevent concentration than to fix it, and reinstating the " @@ -4507,35 +4539,35 @@ msgid "" "companies competing directly with the companies that rely on the platforms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3586 msgid "" "These powers are all in the plain language of U.S. antitrust laws, so in " "theory, a future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general " "to enforce the law as it was written. But after decades of judicial " -"“education” in the benefits of monopolies, after multiple administrations " -"that have packed the federal courts with lifetime-appointed monopoly " -"cheerleaders, it’s not clear that mere administrative action would do the " -"trick." +"<quote>education</quote> in the benefits of monopolies, after multiple " +"administrations that have packed the federal courts with lifetime-appointed " +"monopoly cheerleaders, it’s not clear that mere administrative action would " +"do the trick." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3595 msgid "" "If the courts frustrate the Justice Department and the president, the next " "stop would be Congress, which could eliminate any doubt about how antitrust " "law should be enforced in the U.S. by passing new laws that boil down to " -"saying, “Knock it off. We all know what the Sherman Act says. Robert Bork " -"was a deranged fantasist. For avoidance of doubt, <emphasis>fuck that " -"guy</emphasis>.” In other words, the problem with monopolies is " +"saying, <quote>Knock it off. We all know what the Sherman Act says. Robert " +"Bork was a deranged fantasist. For avoidance of doubt, <emphasis>fuck that " +"guy</emphasis>.</quote> In other words, the problem with monopolies is " "<emphasis>monopolism</emphasis> — the concentration of power into too few " "hands, which erodes our right to self-determination. If there is a monopoly, " "the law wants it gone, period. Sure, get rid of monopolies that create " -"“consumer harm” in the form of higher prices, but also, <emphasis>get rid of " -"other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" +"<quote>consumer harm</quote> in the form of higher prices, but also, " +"<emphasis>get rid of other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3609 msgid "" "But this only prevents things from getting worse. To help them get better, " @@ -4546,7 +4578,7 @@ msgid "" "Luxottica from dominating both the sale and the manufacture of spectacles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3618 msgid "" "In an important sense, it doesn’t matter which industry the breakups begin " @@ -4556,21 +4588,21 @@ msgid "" "monopolists, the debate around every corporate boardroom’s table will " "shift. People within corporations who’ve always felt uneasy about monopolism " "will gain a powerful new argument to fend off their evil rivals in the " -"corporate hierarchy: “If we do it my way, we make less money; if we do it " -"your way, a judge will fine us billions and expose us to ridicule and public " -"disapprobation. So even though I get that it would be really cool to do that " -"merger, lock out that competitor, or buy that little company and kill it " -"before it can threaten it, we really shouldn’t — not if we don’t want to get " -"tied to the DOJ’s bumper and get dragged up and down Trustbuster Road for " -"the next 10 years.”" +"corporate hierarchy: <quote>If we do it my way, we make less money; if we do " +"it your way, a judge will fine us billions and expose us to ridicule and " +"public disapprobation. So even though I get that it would be really cool to " +"do that merger, lock out that competitor, or buy that little company and " +"kill it before it can threaten it, we really shouldn’t — not if we don’t " +"want to get tied to the DOJ’s bumper and get dragged up and down Trustbuster " +"Road for the next 10 years.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3635 msgid "20 GOTO 10" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3637 msgid "" "Fixing Big Tech will require a lot of iteration. As cyber lawyer Lawrence " @@ -4580,7 +4612,7 @@ msgid "" "acceptable), and markets (what’s profitable)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3644 msgid "" "If you could wave a wand and get Congress to pass a law that re-fanged the " @@ -4589,14 +4621,14 @@ msgid "" "Apple that would be waiting in the wings after they were cut down to size." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3651 msgid "" "But getting Congress to act will require a massive normative shift, a mass " "movement of people who care about monopolies — and pulling them apart." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3656 msgid "" "Getting people to care about monopolies will take technological " @@ -4611,7 +4643,7 @@ msgid "" "yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3668 msgid "" "Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big " @@ -4627,7 +4659,7 @@ msgid "" "build on to weaken Big Tech even further." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3682 msgid "" "The surveillance capitalism hypothesis — that Big Tech’s products really " @@ -4639,7 +4671,7 @@ msgid "" "in place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3691 msgid "" "As to why things are so screwed up? Capitalism. Specifically, the monopolism " @@ -4652,7 +4684,7 @@ msgid "" "piss off the monopolists." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3702 msgid "" "Surveillance doesn’t make capitalism rogue. Capitalism’s unchecked rule " @@ -4664,19 +4696,19 @@ msgid "" "lumberyard." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> #: complete-book.xml:3711 msgid "Up and through" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3713 msgid "" "With all the problems of Big Tech, it’s tempting to imagine solving the " "problem by returning to a world without tech at all. Resist that temptation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3718 msgid "" "The only way out of our Big Tech problem is up and through. If our future is " @@ -4688,14 +4720,14 @@ msgid "" "democratic, accountable control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> #: complete-book.xml:3728 msgid "" "I am, secretly, despite what I have said earlier, a tech exceptionalist. Not " "in the sense of thinking that tech should be given a free pass to monopolize " -"because it has “economies of scale” or some other nebulous feature. I’m a " -"tech exceptionalist because I believe that getting tech right matters and " -"that getting it wrong will be an unmitigated catastrophe — and doing it " -"right can give us the power to work together to save our civilization, our " -"species, and our planet." +"because it has <quote>economies of scale</quote> or some other nebulous " +"feature. I’m a tech exceptionalist because I believe that getting tech right " +"matters and that getting it wrong will be an unmitigated catastrophe — and " +"doing it right can give us the power to work together to save our " +"civilization, our species, and our planet." msgstr "" -- 2.47.2