From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 6 Sep 2020 19:35:59 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Updated nb translation. X-Git-Tag: nb-printed-2021-01-24~477 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-destroy-surveillance.git/commitdiff_plain/24acf69246d87c1fd833dd9701c46fc7700efbd9?ds=inline Updated nb translation. --- diff --git a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po index 0f614c0..dff3c79 100644 --- a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po +++ b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism n/a\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 11:28+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 21:35+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -17,83 +17,67 @@ msgstr "" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: -#: complete-book.xml:4 msgid "en" msgstr "nb" -#. type: Content of: -#: complete-book.xml:6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism" msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen" +#. subtitle> +#. </subtitle #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:8 -msgid "<pubdate>2020-??-??</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:10 -msgid "git-utgaven" +msgid "<pubdate>2020-??-??</pubdate>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> -#: complete-book.xml:13 msgid "Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> -#: complete-book.xml:14 msgid "Doctorow" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> -#: complete-book.xml:19 #, no-wrap msgid "<city>Oslo</city>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:17 msgid "" "<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " "type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> -#: complete-book.xml:25 msgid "" "<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " "width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " -"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" " -"align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>" +"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center" +"\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> -#: complete-book.xml:32 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: complete-book.xml:24 msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: complete-book.xml:38 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "any use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more information " -"about the license visit <ulink " -"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/\"/>." +"about the license visit <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/" +"by/1.0/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:46 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "The net of a thousand lies" msgstr "Nettverket av tusen løgner" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:48 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The most surprising thing about the rebirth of flat Earthers in the 21st " "century is just how widespread the evidence against them is. You can " @@ -102,8 +86,7 @@ msgid "" "commonsense belief that the flat-seeming Earth was, indeed, flat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:56 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But today, when elementary schools routinely dangle GoPro cameras from " "balloons and loft them high enough to photograph the Earth’s curve — to say " @@ -112,25 +95,22 @@ msgid "" "flat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:63 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Likewise for white nationalism and eugenics: In an age where you can become " "a computational genomics datapoint by swabbing your cheek and mailing it to " -"a gene-sequencing company along with a modest sum of money, “race science” " -"has never been easier to refute." +"a gene-sequencing company along with a modest sum of money, <quote>race " +"science</quote> has never been easier to refute." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We are living through a golden age of both readily available facts and " "denial of those facts. Terrible ideas that have lingered on the fringes for " "decades or even centuries have gone mainstream seemingly overnight." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:75 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "When an obscure idea gains currency, there are only two things that can " "explain its ascendance: Either the person expressing that idea has gotten a " @@ -144,62 +124,56 @@ msgid "" "the Greta Thunbergs of the world to convince us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:88 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like " -"anti-vaccination, climate denial, a flat Earth, and eugenics are no better " -"than they were a generation ago. Indeed, they’re worse because they are " -"being pitched to people who have at least a background awareness of the " -"refuting facts." +"The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like anti-" +"vaccination, climate denial, a flat Earth, and eugenics are no better than " +"they were a generation ago. Indeed, they’re worse because they are being " +"pitched to people who have at least a background awareness of the refuting " +"facts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:95 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early " -"anti-vaxxers were pitching people who were less equipped to understand even " -"the most basic ideas from microbiology, and moreover, those people had not " +"Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early anti-" +"vaxxers were pitching people who were less equipped to understand even the " +"most basic ideas from microbiology, and moreover, those people had not " "witnessed the extermination of mass-murdering diseases like polio, smallpox, " "and measles. Today’s anti-vaxxers are no more eloquent than their forebears, " "and they have a much harder job." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So can these far-fetched conspiracy theorists really be succeeding on the " "basis of superior arguments?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:108 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Some people think so. Today, there is a widespread belief that machine " "learning and commercial surveillance can turn even the most fumble-tongued " "conspiracy theorist into a svengali who can warp your perceptions and win " -"your belief by locating vulnerable people and then pitching them with " -"A.I.-refined arguments that bypass their rational faculties and turn " -"everyday people into flat Earthers, anti-vaxxers, or even Nazis. When the " -"RAND Corporation <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR453/RAND_RR453.pdf\">blames " -"Facebook for “radicalization”</ulink> and when Facebook’s role in spreading " -"coronavirus misinformation is <ulink " -"url=\"https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/\">blamed " -"on its algorithm</ulink>, the implicit message is that machine learning and " -"surveillance are causing the changes in our consensus about what’s true." +"your belief by locating vulnerable people and then pitching them with A.I.-" +"refined arguments that bypass their rational faculties and turn everyday " +"people into flat Earthers, anti-vaxxers, or even Nazis. When the RAND " +"Corporation <ulink url=\"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/" +"research_reports/RR400/RR453/RAND_RR453.pdf\">blames Facebook for " +"<quote>radicalization</quote></ulink> and when Facebook’s role in spreading " +"coronavirus misinformation is <ulink url=\"https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/" +"en/facebook_threat_health/\">blamed on its algorithm</ulink>, the implicit " +"message is that machine learning and surveillance are causing the changes in " +"our consensus about what’s true." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:124 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "After all, in a world where sprawling and incoherent conspiracy theories " "like Pizzagate and its successor, QAnon, have widespread followings, " "<emphasis>something</emphasis> must be afoot." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:129 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But what if there’s another explanation? What if it’s the material " "circumstances, and not the arguments, that are making the difference for " @@ -207,71 +181,66 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>real conspiracies</emphasis> all around us — conspiracies among " "wealthy people, their lobbyists, and lawmakers to bury inconvenient facts " "and evidence of wrongdoing (these conspiracies are commonly known as " -"“corruption”) — is making people vulnerable to conspiracy theories?" +"<quote>corruption</quote>) — is making people vulnerable to conspiracy " +"theories?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If it’s trauma and not contagion — material conditions and not ideology — " "that is making the difference today and enabling a rise of repulsive " "misinformation in the face of easily observed facts, that doesn’t mean our " "computer networks are blameless. They’re still doing the heavy work of " -"locating vulnerable people and guiding them through a series of " -"ever-more-extreme ideas and communities." +"locating vulnerable people and guiding them through a series of ever-more-" +"extreme ideas and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:147 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Belief in conspiracy is a raging fire that has done real damage and poses " -"real danger to our planet and species, from epidemics <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\">kicked off by " -"vaccine denial</ulink> to genocides <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html\">kicked " -"off by racist conspiracies</ulink> to planetary meltdown caused by " -"denial-inspired climate inaction. Our world is on fire, and so we have to " -"put the fires out — to figure out how to help people see the truth of the " -"world through the conspiracies they’ve been confused by." +"real danger to our planet and species, from epidemics <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\">kicked off by vaccine denial</" +"ulink> to genocides <ulink url=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/" +"technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html\">kicked off by racist " +"conspiracies</ulink> to planetary meltdown caused by denial-inspired climate " +"inaction. Our world is on fire, and so we have to put the fires out — to " +"figure out how to help people see the truth of the world through the " +"conspiracies they’ve been confused by." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:159 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But firefighting is reactive. We need fire " -"<emphasis>prevention</emphasis>. We need to strike at the traumatic material " -"conditions that make people vulnerable to the contagion of conspiracy. Here, " -"too, tech has a role to play." +"But firefighting is reactive. We need fire <emphasis>prevention</emphasis>. " +"We need to strike at the traumatic material conditions that make people " +"vulnerable to the contagion of conspiracy. Here, too, tech has a role to " +"play." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:165 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink " -"url=\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, " -"which requires platforms to police and remove “extremist” content, to the " -"U.S. proposals to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/earn-it-act-violates-constitution\">force " -"tech companies to spy on their users</ulink> and hold them liable <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/article/repeal-cda-section-230\">for " -"their users’ bad speech</ulink>, there’s a lot of energy to force tech " -"companies to solve the problems they created." +"There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink url=" +"\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, which " +"requires platforms to police and remove <quote>extremist</quote> content, to " +"the U.S. proposals to <ulink url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/" +"earn-it-act-violates-constitution\">force tech companies to spy on their " +"users</ulink> and hold them liable <ulink url=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/" +"article/repeal-cda-section-230\">for their users’ bad speech</ulink>, " +"there’s a lot of energy to force tech companies to solve the problems they " +"created." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:176 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s a critical piece missing from the debate, though. All these " "solutions assume that tech companies are a fixture, that their dominance " "over the internet is a permanent fact. Proposals to replace Big Tech with a " "more diffused, pluralistic internet are nowhere to be found. Worse: The " -"“solutions” on the table today <emphasis>require</emphasis> Big Tech to stay " -"big because only the very largest companies can afford to implement the " -"systems these laws demand." +"<quote>solutions</quote> on the table today <emphasis>require</emphasis> Big " +"Tech to stay big because only the very largest companies can afford to " +"implement the systems these laws demand." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:186 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Figuring out what we want our tech to look like is crucial if we’re going to " "get out of this mess. Today, we’re at a crossroads where we’re trying to " @@ -280,104 +249,101 @@ msgid "" "Tech’s stranglehold. We can’t do both, so we have to choose." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I want us to choose wisely. Taming Big Tech is integral to fixing the " "internet, and for that, we need digital rights activism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Digital rights activism, a quarter-century on" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Digitale rettighetsaktivisme, 25 år senere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:200 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Digital rights activism is more than 30 years old now. The Electronic " "Frontier Foundation turned 30 this year; the Free Software Foundation " "launched in 1985. For most of the history of the movement, the most " "prominent criticism leveled against it was that it was irrelevant: The real " "activist causes were real-world causes (think of the skepticism when <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/finland-legal-right-to-broadband-for-all-citizens/#:~:text=Global%20Legal%20Monitor,-Home%20%7C%20Search%20%7C%20Browse&text=(July%206%2C%202010)%20On,connection%20100%20MBPS%20by%202015.\">Finland " -"declared broadband a human right in 2010</ulink>), and real-world activism " -"was shoe-leather activism (think of Malcolm Gladwell’s <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell\">contempt " -"for “clicktivism”</ulink>). But as tech has grown more central to our daily " -"lives, these accusations of irrelevance have given way first to accusations " -"of insincerity (“You only care about tech because you’re <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/04/report-engine-eff-shills-google-patent-reform/id=98007/\">shilling " -"for tech companies</ulink>”) to accusations of negligence (“Why didn’t you " -"foresee that tech could be such a destructive force?”). But digital rights " +"url=\"https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/finland-legal-right-to-" +"broadband-for-all-citizens/#:~:text=Global%20Legal%20Monitor,-Home%20%7C" +"%20Search%20%7C%20Browse&text=(July%206%2C%202010)%20On,connection" +"%20100%20MBPS%20by%202015.\">Finland declared broadband a human right in " +"2010</ulink>), and real-world activism was shoe-leather activism (think of " +"Malcolm Gladwell’s <ulink url=\"https://www.newyorker.com/" +"magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell\">contempt for " +"<quote>clicktivism</quote></ulink>). But as tech has grown more central to " +"our daily lives, these accusations of irrelevance have given way first to " +"accusations of insincerity (<quote>You only care about tech because you’re " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/04/report-engine-eff-shills-" +"google-patent-reform/id=98007/\">shilling for tech companies</ulink></" +"quote>) to accusations of negligence (<quote>Why didn’t you foresee that " +"tech could be such a destructive force?</quote>). But digital rights " "activism is right where it’s always been: looking out for the humans in a " "world where tech is inexorably taking over." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:221 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of “surveillance " -"capitalism,” a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in her long " -"and influential 2019 book, <emphasis>The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The " -"Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power</emphasis>. Zuboff " -"argues that “surveillance capitalism” is a unique creature of the tech " -"industry and that it is unlike any other abusive commercial practice in " -"history, one that is “constituted by unexpected and often illegible " -"mechanisms of extraction, commodification, and control that effectively " -"exile persons from their own behavior while producing new markets of " -"behavioral prediction and modification. Surveillance capitalism challenges " -"democratic norms and departs in key ways from the centuries-long evolution " -"of market capitalism.” It is a new and deadly form of capitalism, a “rogue " -"capitalism,” and our lack of understanding of its unique capabilities and " -"dangers represents an existential, species-wide threat. She’s right that " -"capitalism today threatens our species, and she’s right that tech poses " -"unique challenges to our species and civilization, but she’s really wrong " -"about how tech is different and why it threatens our species." +"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of <quote>surveillance " +"capitalism,</quote> a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in " +"her long and influential 2019 book, <emphasis>The Age of Surveillance " +"Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power</" +"emphasis>. Zuboff argues that <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> is a " +"unique creature of the tech industry and that it is unlike any other abusive " +"commercial practice in history, one that is <quote>constituted by unexpected " +"and often illegible mechanisms of extraction, commodification, and control " +"that effectively exile persons from their own behavior while producing new " +"markets of behavioral prediction and modification. Surveillance capitalism " +"challenges democratic norms and departs in key ways from the centuries-long " +"evolution of market capitalism.</quote> It is a new and deadly form of " +"capitalism, a <quote>rogue capitalism,</quote> and our lack of understanding " +"of its unique capabilities and dangers represents an existential, species-" +"wide threat. She’s right that capitalism today threatens our species, and " +"she’s right that tech poses unique challenges to our species and " +"civilization, but she’s really wrong about how tech is different and why it " +"threatens our species." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:242 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "What’s more, I think that her incorrect diagnosis will lead us down a path " "that ends up making Big Tech stronger, not weaker. We need to take down Big " "Tech, and to do that, we need to start by correctly identifying the problem." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:248 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Tech exceptionalism, then and now" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:250 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Early critics of the digital rights movement — perhaps best represented by " "campaigning organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Free " "Software Foundation, Public Knowledge, and others that focused on preserving " "and enhancing basic human rights in the digital realm — damned activists for " -"practicing “tech exceptionalism.” Around the turn of the millennium, serious " -"people ridiculed any claim that tech policy mattered in the “real world.” " -"Claims that tech rules had implications for speech, association, privacy, " -"search and seizure, and fundamental rights and equities were treated as " -"ridiculous, an elevation of the concerns of sad nerds arguing about " -"<emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> on bulletin board systems above the struggles " -"of the Freedom Riders, Nelson Mandela, or the Warsaw ghetto uprising." +"practicing <quote>tech exceptionalism.</quote> Around the turn of the " +"millennium, serious people ridiculed any claim that tech policy mattered in " +"the <quote>real world.</quote> Claims that tech rules had implications for " +"speech, association, privacy, search and seizure, and fundamental rights and " +"equities were treated as ridiculous, an elevation of the concerns of sad " +"nerds arguing about <emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> on bulletin board systems " +"above the struggles of the Freedom Riders, Nelson Mandela, or the Warsaw " +"ghetto uprising." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:265 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In the decades since, accusations of “tech exceptionalism” have only " -"sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech has " -"infiltrated every corner of our life and our online lives have been " +"In the decades since, accusations of <quote>tech exceptionalism</quote> have " +"only sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech " +"has infiltrated every corner of our life and our online lives have been " "monopolized by a handful of giants, defenders of digital freedoms are " -"accused of carrying water for Big Tech, providing cover for its " -"self-interested negligence (or worse, nefarious plots)." +"accused of carrying water for Big Tech, providing cover for its self-" +"interested negligence (or worse, nefarious plots)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:273 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "From my perspective, the digital rights movement has remained stationary " "while the rest of the world has moved. From the earliest days, the " @@ -389,41 +355,36 @@ msgid "" "for good actors to help users)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:284 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The “surveillance capitalism” critique recasts the digital rights movement " -"in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the importance of " -"their shiny toys nor as shills for big tech but as serene deck-chair " -"rearrangers whose long-standing activism is a liability because it makes " -"them incapable of perceiving novel threats as they continue to fight the " -"last century’s tech battles." +"The <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> critique recasts the digital " +"rights movement in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the " +"importance of their shiny toys nor as shills for big tech but as serene deck-" +"chair rearrangers whose long-standing activism is a liability because it " +"makes them incapable of perceiving novel threats as they continue to fight " +"the last century’s tech battles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:292 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "But tech exceptionalism is a sin no matter who practices it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:295 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Don’t believe the hype" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:297 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"You’ve probably heard that “if you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " -"product.” As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. But what is " -"<emphasis>absolutely</emphasis> true is that ad-driven Big Tech’s customers " -"are advertisers, and what companies like Google and Facebook sell is their " -"ability to convince <emphasis>you</emphasis> to buy stuff. Big Tech’s " -"product is persuasion. The services — social media, search engines, maps, " -"messaging, and more — are delivery systems for persuasion." +"You’ve probably heard that <quote>if you’re not paying for the product, " +"you’re the product.</quote> As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. " +"But what is <emphasis>absolutely</emphasis> true is that ad-driven Big " +"Tech’s customers are advertisers, and what companies like Google and " +"Facebook sell is their ability to convince <emphasis>you</emphasis> to buy " +"stuff. Big Tech’s product is persuasion. The services — social media, search " +"engines, maps, messaging, and more — are delivery systems for persuasion." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fear of surveillance capitalism starts from the (correct) presumption " "that everything Big Tech says about itself is probably a lie. But the " @@ -436,8 +397,7 @@ msgid "" "indicator of a product’s efficacy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:319 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism assumes that because advertisers buy a lot of what " "Big Tech is selling, Big Tech must be selling something real. But Big Tech’s " @@ -446,8 +406,7 @@ msgid "" "and commerce." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Being watched changes your behavior, and not for the better. It creates " "risks for our social progress. Zuboff’s book features beautifully wrought " @@ -461,22 +420,19 @@ msgid "" "supercomputers guarantee them perpetual and total world domination." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:340 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "What is persuasion?" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Hva er overtalelse?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:342 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand why you shouldn’t worry about mind-control rays — but why you " -"<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance " -"<emphasis>and</emphasis> Big Tech — we must start by unpacking what we mean " -"by “persuasion.”" +"<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance <emphasis>and</" +"emphasis> Big Tech — we must start by unpacking what we mean by " +"<quote>persuasion.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:348 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google, Facebook, and other surveillance capitalists promise their customers " "(the advertisers) that if they use machine-learning tools trained on " @@ -486,15 +442,13 @@ msgid "" "purchases, votes, and other desired outcomes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:357 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be " "central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:362 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But there’s little evidence that this is happening. Instead, the predictions " "that surveillance capitalism delivers to its customers are much less " @@ -503,13 +457,11 @@ msgid "" "things:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:369 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "1. Segmenting" -msgstr "" +msgstr "1. Segmentering" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:371 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If you’re selling diapers, you have better luck if you pitch them to people " "in maternity wards. Not everyone who enters or leaves a maternity ward just " @@ -520,38 +472,33 @@ msgid "" "for baby products, who haunt maternity wards with baskets full of freebies)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:382 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is segmenting times a billion. Diaper vendors can go " "way beyond people in maternity wards (though they can do that, too, with " "things like location-based mobile ads). They can target you based on " "whether you’re reading articles about child-rearing, diapers, or a host of " "other subjects, and data mining can suggest unobvious keywords to advertise " -"against. They can target you based on the articles you’ve recently " -"read. They can target you based on what you’ve recently purchased. They can " -"target you based on whether you receive emails or private messages about " -"these subjects — or even if you speak aloud about them (though Facebook and " -"the like convincingly claim that’s not happening — yet)." +"against. They can target you based on the articles you’ve recently read. " +"They can target you based on what you’ve recently purchased. They can target " +"you based on whether you receive emails or private messages about these " +"subjects — or even if you speak aloud about them (though Facebook and the " +"like convincingly claim that’s not happening — yet)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:396 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "This is seriously creepy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:399 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "But it’s not mind control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:402 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "It doesn’t deprive you of your free will. It doesn’t trick you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:405 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Think of how surveillance capitalism works in politics. Surveillance " "capitalist companies sell political operatives the power to locate people " @@ -563,8 +510,7 @@ msgid "" "fliers at John Birch Society meetings." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:416 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But this is an inexact and thus wasteful practice. The union organizer can’t " "know which worker to approach on the way out of the factory gates and may " @@ -575,8 +521,7 @@ msgid "" "Charlottesville, Virginia." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:426 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Because targeting improves the yields on political pitches, it can " "accelerate the pace of political upheaval by making it possible for everyone " @@ -588,8 +533,7 @@ msgid "" "that marched in Charlottesville." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:437 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It’s important to differentiate this kind of political organizing from " "influence campaigns; finding people who secretly agree with you isn’t the " @@ -600,8 +544,7 @@ msgid "" "queer all along." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:446 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But the personal accounts of those who have come out tell a different story " "where people who long harbored a secret about their gender were emboldened " @@ -611,13 +554,11 @@ msgid "" "ideas." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:455 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "2. Deception" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Lies and fraud are pernicious, and surveillance capitalism supercharges them " "through targeting. If you want to sell a fraudulent payday loan or subprime " @@ -630,20 +571,17 @@ msgid "" "loans." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:469 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism also abets fraud by making it easy to locate other " "people who have been similarly deceived, forming a community of people who " -"reinforce one another’s false beliefs. Think of <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vulture.com/2020/01/the-dream-podcast-review.html\">the " -"forums</ulink> where people who are being victimized by multilevel marketing " -"frauds gather to trade tips on how to improve their luck in peddling the " -"product." +"reinforce one another’s false beliefs. Think of <ulink url=\"https://www." +"vulture.com/2020/01/the-dream-podcast-review.html\">the forums</ulink> where " +"people who are being victimized by multilevel marketing frauds gather to " +"trade tips on how to improve their luck in peddling the product." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Sometimes, online deception involves replacing someone’s correct beliefs " "with incorrect ones, as it does in the anti-vaccination movement, whose " @@ -652,8 +590,7 @@ msgid "" "belief that vaccines are harmful." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But it’s much more common for fraud to succeed when it doesn’t have to " "displace a true belief. When my daughter contracted head lice at daycare, " @@ -665,31 +602,27 @@ msgid "" "know what they’re doing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This is pernicious and difficult — and it’s also the kind of thing the " "internet can help guard against by making true information available, " "especially in a form that exposes the underlying deliberations among parties " "with sharply divergent views, such as Wikipedia. But it’s not brainwashing; " -"it’s fraud. In the <ulink " -"url=\"https://datasociety.net/library/data-voids/\">majority of " -"cases</ulink>, the victims of these fraud campaigns have an informational " -"void filled in the customary way, by consulting a seemingly reliable " -"source. If I look up the length of the Brooklyn Bridge and learn that it is " -"5,800 feet long, but in reality, it is 5,989 feet long, the underlying " -"deception is a problem, but it’s a problem with a simple remedy. It’s a very " -"different problem from the anti-vax issue in which someone’s true belief is " -"displaced by a false one by means of sophisticated persuasion." +"it’s fraud. In the <ulink url=\"https://datasociety.net/library/data-voids/" +"\">majority of cases</ulink>, the victims of these fraud campaigns have an " +"informational void filled in the customary way, by consulting a seemingly " +"reliable source. If I look up the length of the Brooklyn Bridge and learn " +"that it is 5,800 feet long, but in reality, it is 5,989 feet long, the " +"underlying deception is a problem, but it’s a problem with a simple remedy. " +"It’s a very different problem from the anti-vax issue in which someone’s " +"true belief is displaced by a false one by means of sophisticated persuasion." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:514 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "3. Domination" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is the result of monopoly. Monopoly is the cause, " "and surveillance capitalism and its negative outcomes are the effects of " @@ -699,23 +632,21 @@ msgid "" "nascent competitors, and expanding to control whole market verticals." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:525 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "One example of how monopolism aids in persuasion is through dominance: " "Google makes editorial decisions about its algorithms that determine the " "sort order of the responses to our queries. If a cabal of fraudsters have " "set out to trick the world into thinking that the Brooklyn Bridge is 5,800 " "feet long, and if Google gives a high search rank to this group in response " -"to queries like “How long is the Brooklyn Bridge?” then the first eight or " -"10 screens’ worth of Google results could be wrong. And since most people " -"don’t go beyond the first couple of results — let alone the first " -"<emphasis>page</emphasis> of results — Google’s choice means that many " +"to queries like <quote>How long is the Brooklyn Bridge?</quote> then the " +"first eight or 10 screens’ worth of Google results could be wrong. And since " +"most people don’t go beyond the first couple of results — let alone the " +"first <emphasis>page</emphasis> of results — Google’s choice means that many " "people will be deceived." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:538 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Google’s dominance over search — more than 86% of web searches are performed " "through Google — means that the way it orders its search results has an " @@ -728,55 +659,52 @@ msgid "" "company that is too big to audit: break it up into smaller pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:550 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a “rogue capitalism” whose " +"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> whose " "data-hoarding and machine-learning techniques rob us of our free will. But " "influence campaigns that seek to displace existing, correct beliefs with " "false ones have an effect that is small and temporary while monopolistic " -"dominance over informational systems has massive, enduring " -"effects. Controlling the results to the world’s search queries means " -"controlling access both to arguments and their rebuttals and, thus, control " -"over much of the world’s beliefs. If our concern is how corporations are " -"foreclosing on our ability to make up our own minds and determine our own " -"futures, the impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and " -"should be central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." +"dominance over informational systems has massive, enduring effects. " +"Controlling the results to the world’s search queries means controlling " +"access both to arguments and their rebuttals and, thus, control over much of " +"the world’s beliefs. If our concern is how corporations are foreclosing on " +"our ability to make up our own minds and determine our own futures, the " +"impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be " +"central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:565 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "4. Bypassing our rational faculties" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:567 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, “dark " -"patterns,” engagement hacking, and other techniques to get us to do things " -"that run counter to our better judgment. This is mind control." +"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, " +"<quote>dark patterns,</quote> engagement hacking, and other techniques to " +"get us to do things that run counter to our better judgment. This is mind " +"control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:573 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Some of these techniques have proven devastatingly effective (if only in the " "short term). The use of countdown timers on a purchase completion page can " "create a sense of urgency that causes you to ignore the nagging internal " "voice suggesting that you should shop around or sleep on your decision. The " -"use of people from your social graph in ads can provide “social proof” that " -"a purchase is worth making. Even the auction system pioneered by eBay is " -"calculated to play on our cognitive blind spots, letting us feel like we " -"“own” something because we bid on it, thus encouraging us to bid again when " -"we are outbid to ensure that “our” things stay ours." +"use of people from your social graph in ads can provide <quote>social proof</" +"quote> that a purchase is worth making. Even the auction system pioneered by " +"eBay is calculated to play on our cognitive blind spots, letting us feel " +"like we <quote>own</quote> something because we bid on it, thus encouraging " +"us to bid again when we are outbid to ensure that <quote>our</quote> things " +"stay ours." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Games are extraordinarily good at this. “Free to play” games manipulate us " -"through many techniques, such as presenting players with a series of " -"smoothly escalating challenges that create a sense of mastery and " +"Games are extraordinarily good at this. <quote>Free to play</quote> games " +"manipulate us through many techniques, such as presenting players with a " +"series of smoothly escalating challenges that create a sense of mastery and " "accomplishment but which sharply transition into a set of challenges that " "are impossible to overcome without paid upgrades. Add some social proof to " "the mix — a stream of notifications about how well your friends are faring — " @@ -784,62 +712,57 @@ msgid "" "level." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:597 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the “fallen” part " -"is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to stimulus: " -"Something that is very compelling or noteworthy when you first encounter it " -"fades with repetition until you stop noticing it altogether. Consider the " -"refrigerator hum that irritates you when it starts up but disappears into " -"the background so thoroughly that you only notice it when it stops again." +"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the <quote>fallen</" +"quote> part is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to " +"stimulus: Something that is very compelling or noteworthy when you first " +"encounter it fades with repetition until you stop noticing it altogether. " +"Consider the refrigerator hum that irritates you when it starts up but " +"disappears into the background so thoroughly that you only notice it when it " +"stops again." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:607 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses “intermittent reinforcement " -"schedules.” Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " +"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses <quote>intermittent reinforcement " +"schedules.</quote> Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " "setbacks, games and gamified services scatter rewards on a randomized " "schedule — often enough to keep you interested and random enough that you " "can never quite find the pattern that would make it boring." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Intermittent reinforcement is a powerful behavioral tool, but it also " "represents a collective action problem for surveillance capitalism. The " -"“engagement techniques” invented by the behaviorists of surveillance " -"capitalist companies are quickly copied across the whole sector so that what " -"starts as a mysteriously compelling fillip in the design of a service—like " -"“pull to refresh” or alerts when someone likes your posts or side quests " -"that your characters get invited to while in the midst of main " -"quests—quickly becomes dully ubiquitous. The impossible-to-nail-down " -"nonpattern of randomized drips from your phone becomes a grey-noise wall of " -"sound as every single app and site starts to make use of whatever seems to " -"be working at the time." +"<quote>engagement techniques</quote> invented by the behaviorists of " +"surveillance capitalist companies are quickly copied across the whole sector " +"so that what starts as a mysteriously compelling fillip in the design of a " +"service—like <quote>pull to refresh</quote> or alerts when someone likes " +"your posts or side quests that your characters get invited to while in the " +"midst of main quests—quickly becomes dully ubiquitous. The impossible-to-" +"nail-down nonpattern of randomized drips from your phone becomes a grey-" +"noise wall of sound as every single app and site starts to make use of " +"whatever seems to be working at the time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:630 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "From the surveillance capitalist’s point of view, our adaptive capacity is " "like a harmful bacterium that deprives it of its food source — our attention " "— and novel techniques for snagging that attention are like new antibiotics " -"that can be used to breach our defenses and destroy our " -"self-determination. And there <emphasis>are</emphasis> techniques like " -"that. Who can forget the Great Zynga Epidemic, when all of our friends were " -"caught in <emphasis>FarmVille</emphasis>’s endless, mindless dopamine loops? " -"But every new attention-commanding technique is jumped on by the whole " -"industry and used so indiscriminately that antibiotic resistance sets " -"in. Given enough repetition, almost all of us develop immunity to even the " -"most powerful techniques — by 2013, two years after Zynga’s peak, its user " -"base had halved." +"that can be used to breach our defenses and destroy our self-determination. " +"And there <emphasis>are</emphasis> techniques like that. Who can forget the " +"Great Zynga Epidemic, when all of our friends were caught in " +"<emphasis>FarmVille</emphasis>’s endless, mindless dopamine loops? But every " +"new attention-commanding technique is jumped on by the whole industry and " +"used so indiscriminately that antibiotic resistance sets in. Given enough " +"repetition, almost all of us develop immunity to even the most powerful " +"techniques — by 2013, two years after Zynga’s peak, its user base had halved." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Not everyone, of course. Some people never adapt to stimulus, just as some " "people never stop hearing the hum of the refrigerator. This is why most " @@ -849,19 +772,18 @@ msgid "" "collapse." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:653 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification " -"suck. Tripling the rate at which someone buys a widget sounds great <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/priceonomics/2018/03/09/the-advertising-conversion-rates-for-every-major-tech-platform/#2f6a67485957\">unless " -"the base rate is way less than 1%</ulink> with an improved rate of… still " -"less than 1%. Even penny slot machines pull down pennies for every spin " -"while surveillance capitalism rakes in infinitesimal penny fractions." +"But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification suck. " +"Tripling the rate at which someone buys a widget sounds great <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/priceonomics/2018/03/09/the-advertising-" +"conversion-rates-for-every-major-tech-platform/#2f6a67485957\">unless the " +"base rate is way less than 1%</ulink> with an improved rate of… still less " +"than 1%. Even penny slot machines pull down pennies for every spin while " +"surveillance capitalism rakes in infinitesimal penny fractions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:663 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Slot machines’ high returns mean that they can be profitable just by " "draining the fortunes of the small rump of people who are pathologically " @@ -879,21 +801,21 @@ msgid "" "every success." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:681 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The vulnerability of small segments of the population to dramatic, efficient " "corporate manipulation is a real concern that’s worthy of our attention and " "energy. But it’s not an existential threat to society." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:688 -msgid "If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +msgid "" +"If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak" msgstr "" +"Hvis data er den nye oljen, da er det lekkasje i motoren til " +"overvåkningskapitalismen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:691 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This adaptation problem offers an explanation for one of surveillance " "capitalism’s most alarming traits: its relentless hunger for data and its " @@ -902,31 +824,29 @@ msgid "" "parties." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff observes this phenomenon and concludes that data must be very " "valuable if surveillance capitalism is so hungry for it. (In her words: " -"“Just as industrial capitalism was driven to the continuous intensification " -"of the means of production, so surveillance capitalists and their market " -"players are now locked into the continuous intensification of the means of " -"behavioral modification and the gathering might of instrumentarian power.”) " -"But what if the voracious appetite is because data has such a short " -"half-life — because people become inured so quickly to new, data-driven " -"persuasion techniques — that the companies are locked in an arms race with " -"our limbic system? What if it’s all a Red Queen’s race where they have to " -"run ever faster — collect ever-more data — just to stay in the same spot?" +"<quote>Just as industrial capitalism was driven to the continuous " +"intensification of the means of production, so surveillance capitalists and " +"their market players are now locked into the continuous intensification of " +"the means of behavioral modification and the gathering might of " +"instrumentarian power.</quote>) But what if the voracious appetite is " +"because data has such a short half-life — because people become inured so " +"quickly to new, data-driven persuasion techniques — that the companies are " +"locked in an arms race with our limbic system? What if it’s all a Red " +"Queen’s race where they have to run ever faster — collect ever-more data — " +"just to stay in the same spot?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Of course, all of Big Tech’s persuasion techniques work in concert with one " "another, and collecting data is useful beyond mere behavioral trickery." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If someone wants to recruit you to buy a refrigerator or join a pogrom, they " "might use profiling and targeting to send messages to people they judge to " @@ -941,8 +861,7 @@ msgid "" "someone like you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:732 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Each phase of this process benefits from surveillance: The more data they " "have, the more precisely they can profile you and target you with specific " @@ -951,29 +870,27 @@ msgid "" "rebate in April." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:739 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Also, the more data they have, the better they can craft deceptive messages " "— if I know that you’re into genealogy, I might not try to feed you " -"pseudoscience about genetic differences between “races,” sticking instead to " -"conspiratorial secret histories of “demographic replacement” and the like." +"pseudoscience about genetic differences between <quote>races,</quote> " +"sticking instead to conspiratorial secret histories of <quote>demographic " +"replacement</quote> and the like." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:746 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also helps you locate people who have the same odious or antisocial " "views as you. It makes it possible to find other people who want to carry " -"tiki torches through the streets of Charlottesville in Confederate " -"cosplay. It can help you find other people who want to join your militia and " -"go to the border to look for undocumented migrants to terrorize. It can help " -"you find people who share your belief that vaccines are poison and that the " +"tiki torches through the streets of Charlottesville in Confederate cosplay. " +"It can help you find other people who want to join your militia and go to " +"the border to look for undocumented migrants to terrorize. It can help you " +"find people who share your belief that vaccines are poison and that the " "Earth is flat." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:756 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There is one way in which targeted advertising uniquely benefits those " "advocating for socially unacceptable causes: It is invisible. Racism is " @@ -988,8 +905,7 @@ msgid "" "people who don’t want refrigerators, resulting in a lot of wasted expense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:771 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But even if you wanted to advertise your Nazi movement on a billboard or " "prime-time TV or the sports section, you would struggle to find anyone " @@ -998,8 +914,7 @@ msgid "" "damage, etc.) from other people who disagree with your views." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:779 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Targeted ads solve this problem: On the internet, every ad unit can be " "different for every person, meaning that you can buy ads that are only shown " @@ -1011,8 +926,7 @@ msgid "" "or billboard owner who might want to run a Nazi ad." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:790 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Online ads are placed by algorithms that broker between a diverse ecosystem " "of self-serve ad platforms that anyone can buy an ad through, so the Nazi ad " @@ -1020,14 +934,13 @@ msgid "" "failing but rather as a failure in some distant, upstream ad supplier. When " "a publication gets a complaint about an offensive ad that’s appearing in one " "of its units, it can take some steps to block that ad, but the Nazi might " -"buy a slightly different ad from a different broker serving the same " -"unit. And in any event, internet users increasingly understand that when " -"they see an ad, it’s likely that the advertiser did not choose that " -"publication and that the publication has no idea who its advertisers are." +"buy a slightly different ad from a different broker serving the same unit. " +"And in any event, internet users increasingly understand that when they see " +"an ad, it’s likely that the advertiser did not choose that publication and " +"that the publication has no idea who its advertisers are." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:804 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These layers of indirection between advertisers and publishers serve as " "moral buffers: Today’s moral consensus is largely that publishers shouldn’t " @@ -1036,16 +949,14 @@ msgid "" "able to overcome significant barriers to organizing their movement." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:812 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Data has a complex relationship with domination. Being able to spy on your " "customers can alert you to their preferences for your rivals and allow you " "to head off your rivals at the pass." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:817 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "More importantly, if you can dominate the information space while also " "gathering data, then you make other deceptive tactics stronger because it’s " @@ -1055,19 +966,18 @@ msgid "" "domination deprives your target of an escape route." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:826 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you’re a Nazi who wants to ensure that your prospects primarily see " "deceptive, confirming information when they search for more, you can improve " "your odds by seeding the search terms they use through your initial " -"communications. You don’t need to own the top 10 results for “voter " -"suppression” if you can convince your marks to confine their search terms to " -"“voter fraud,” which throws up a very different set of search results." +"communications. You don’t need to own the top 10 results for <quote>voter " +"suppression</quote> if you can convince your marks to confine their search " +"terms to <quote>voter fraud,</quote> which throws up a very different set of " +"search results." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:835 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalists are like stage mentalists who claim that their " "extraordinary insights into human behavior let them guess the word that you " @@ -1075,31 +985,29 @@ msgid "" "cameras, sleight of hand, and brute-force memorization to amaze you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:842 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Or perhaps they’re more like pick-up artists, the misogynistic cult that " "promises to help awkward men have sex with women by teaching them " -"“neurolinguistic programming” phrases, body language techniques, and " -"psychological manipulation tactics like “negging” — offering unsolicited " -"negative feedback to women to lower their self-esteem and prick their " -"interest." +"<quote>neurolinguistic programming</quote> phrases, body language " +"techniques, and psychological manipulation tactics like <quote>negging</" +"quote> — offering unsolicited negative feedback to women to lower their self-" +"esteem and prick their interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:850 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Some pick-up artists eventually manage to convince women to go home with " "them, but it’s not because these men have figured out how to bypass women’s " -"critical faculties. Rather, pick-up artists’ “success” stories are a mix of " -"women who were incapable of giving consent, women who were coerced, women " -"who were intoxicated, self-destructive women, and a few women who were sober " -"and in command of their faculties but who didn’t realize straightaway that " -"they were with terrible men but rectified the error as soon as they could." +"critical faculties. Rather, pick-up artists’ <quote>success</quote> stories " +"are a mix of women who were incapable of giving consent, women who were " +"coerced, women who were intoxicated, self-destructive women, and a few women " +"who were sober and in command of their faculties but who didn’t realize " +"straightaway that they were with terrible men but rectified the error as " +"soon as they could." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Pick-up artists <emphasis>believe</emphasis> they have figured out a secret " "back door that bypasses women’s critical faculties, but they haven’t. Many " @@ -1109,45 +1017,40 @@ msgid "" "the men who use them as irredeemable losers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:870 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Pick-up artists are proof that people can believe they have developed a " -"system of mind control <emphasis>even when it doesn’t " -"work</emphasis>. Pick-up artists simply exploit the fact that " -"one-in-a-million chances can come through for you if you make a million " -"attempts, and then they assume that the other 999,999 times, they simply " -"performed the technique incorrectly and commit themselves to doing better " -"next time. There’s only one group of people who find pick-up artist lore " -"reliably convincing: other would-be pick-up artists whose anxiety and " -"insecurity make them vulnerable to scammers and delusional men who convince " -"them that if they pay for tutelage and follow instructions, then they will " -"someday succeed. Pick-up artists assume they fail to entice women because " -"they are bad at being pick-up artists, not because pick-up artistry is " -"bullshit. Pick-up artists are bad at selling themselves to women, but " -"they’re much better at selling themselves to men who pay to learn the " -"secrets of pick-up artistry." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:888 -msgid "" -"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, “Half the " -"money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don’t know which " -"half.” The fact that Wanamaker thought that only half of his advertising " -"spending was wasted is a tribute to the persuasiveness of advertising " -"executives, who are <emphasis>much</emphasis> better at convincing potential " -"clients to buy their services than they are at convincing the general public " -"to buy their clients’ wares." +"system of mind control <emphasis>even when it doesn’t work</emphasis>. Pick-" +"up artists simply exploit the fact that one-in-a-million chances can come " +"through for you if you make a million attempts, and then they assume that " +"the other 999,999 times, they simply performed the technique incorrectly and " +"commit themselves to doing better next time. There’s only one group of " +"people who find pick-up artist lore reliably convincing: other would-be pick-" +"up artists whose anxiety and insecurity make them vulnerable to scammers and " +"delusional men who convince them that if they pay for tutelage and follow " +"instructions, then they will someday succeed. Pick-up artists assume they " +"fail to entice women because they are bad at being pick-up artists, not " +"because pick-up artistry is bullshit. Pick-up artists are bad at selling " +"themselves to women, but they’re much better at selling themselves to men " +"who pay to learn the secrets of pick-up artistry." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:898 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +msgid "" +"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, " +"<quote>Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I " +"don’t know which half.</quote> The fact that Wanamaker thought that only " +"half of his advertising spending was wasted is a tribute to the " +"persuasiveness of advertising executives, who are <emphasis>much</emphasis> " +"better at convincing potential clients to buy their services than they are " +"at convincing the general public to buy their clients’ wares." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "What is Facebook?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:900 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook is heralded as the origin of all of our modern plagues, and it’s " "not hard to see why. Some tech companies want to lock their users in but " @@ -1160,43 +1063,40 @@ msgid "" "users <emphasis>and</emphasis> spying on them all the time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:912 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook’s surveillance regime is really without parallel in the Western " "world. Though Facebook tries to prevent itself from being visible on the " "public web, hiding most of what goes on there from people unless they’re " "logged into Facebook, the company has nevertheless booby-trapped the entire " -"web with surveillance tools in the form of Facebook “Like” buttons that web " -"publishers include on their sites to boost their Facebook profiles. Facebook " -"also makes various libraries and other useful code snippets available to web " -"publishers that act as surveillance tendrils on the sites where they’re " -"used, funneling information about visitors to the site — newspapers, dating " -"sites, message boards — to Facebook." +"web with surveillance tools in the form of Facebook <quote>Like</quote> " +"buttons that web publishers include on their sites to boost their Facebook " +"profiles. Facebook also makes various libraries and other useful code " +"snippets available to web publishers that act as surveillance tendrils on " +"the sites where they’re used, funneling information about visitors to the " +"site — newspapers, dating sites, message boards — to Facebook." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:926 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:931 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook offers similar tools to app developers, so the apps — games, fart " "machines, business review services, apps for keeping abreast of your kid’s " "schooling — you use will send information about your activities to Facebook " "even if you don’t have a Facebook account and even if you don’t download or " "use Facebook apps. On top of all that, Facebook buys data from third-party " -"brokers on shopping habits, physical location, use of “loyalty” programs, " -"financial transactions, etc., and cross-references that with the dossiers it " -"develops on activity on Facebook and with apps and the public web." +"brokers on shopping habits, physical location, use of <quote>loyalty</quote> " +"programs, financial transactions, etc., and cross-references that with the " +"dossiers it develops on activity on Facebook and with apps and the public " +"web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:942 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Though it’s easy to integrate the web with Facebook — linking to news " "stories and such — Facebook products are generally not available to be " @@ -1209,8 +1109,7 @@ msgid "" "of other services that you use." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:954 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And Facebook is incredibly popular, with 2.3 billion claimed users (though " "many believe this figure to be inflated). Facebook has been used to organize " @@ -1222,15 +1121,13 @@ msgid "" "out to anyone with a few bucks to spend." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:965 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand what role Facebook plays in the formulation and mobilization " "of antisocial movements, we need to understand the dual nature of Facebook." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:970 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Because it has a lot of users and a lot of data about those users, Facebook " "is a very efficient tool for locating people with hard-to-find traits, the " @@ -1246,25 +1143,23 @@ msgid "" "fridge." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:985 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a " -"<emphasis>lot</emphasis> easier. It can target ads to people who’ve " -"registered a new home purchase, to people who’ve searched for refrigerator " -"buying advice, to people who have complained about their fridge dying, or " -"any combination thereof. It can even target people who’ve recently bought " -"<emphasis>other</emphasis> kitchen appliances on the theory that someone " -"who’s just replaced their stove and dishwasher might be in a fridge-buying " -"kind of mood. The vast majority of people who are reached by these ads will " -"not be in the market for a new fridge, but — crucially — the percentage of " -"people who <emphasis>are</emphasis> looking for fridges that these ads reach " -"is <emphasis>much</emphasis> larger than it is than for any group that might " -"be subjected to traditional, offline targeted refrigerator marketing." +"Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a <emphasis>lot</" +"emphasis> easier. It can target ads to people who’ve registered a new home " +"purchase, to people who’ve searched for refrigerator buying advice, to " +"people who have complained about their fridge dying, or any combination " +"thereof. It can even target people who’ve recently bought <emphasis>other</" +"emphasis> kitchen appliances on the theory that someone who’s just replaced " +"their stove and dishwasher might be in a fridge-buying kind of mood. The " +"vast majority of people who are reached by these ads will not be in the " +"market for a new fridge, but — crucially — the percentage of people who " +"<emphasis>are</emphasis> looking for fridges that these ads reach is " +"<emphasis>much</emphasis> larger than it is than for any group that might be " +"subjected to traditional, offline targeted refrigerator marketing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1001 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also makes it a lot easier to find people who have the same rare " "disease as you, which might have been impossible in earlier eras — the " @@ -1274,8 +1169,7 @@ msgid "" "the four corners of the Earth." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1009 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also makes it much easier to find people who hold the same rare " "political beliefs as you. If you’ve always harbored a secret affinity for " @@ -1289,8 +1183,7 @@ msgid "" "people in your life." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1022 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All of this presents a dilemma for Facebook: Targeting makes the company’s " "ads more effective than traditional ads, but it also lets advertisers see " @@ -1298,32 +1191,29 @@ msgid "" "that Facebook ads are more effective than ads on systems with less " "sophisticated targeting, advertisers can also see that in nearly every case, " "the people who see their ads ignore them. Or, at best, the ads work on a " -"subconscious level, creating nebulous unmeasurables like “brand " -"recognition.” This means that the price per ad is very low in nearly every " -"case." +"subconscious level, creating nebulous unmeasurables like <quote>brand " +"recognition.</quote> This means that the price per ad is very low in nearly " +"every case." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1033 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little " -"discussion. Your little-league soccer team, the people with the same rare " -"disease as you, and the people you share a political affinity with may " -"exchange the odd flurry of messages at critical junctures, but on a daily " -"basis, there’s not much to say to your old high school chums or other " -"hockey-card collectors." +"To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little discussion. " +"Your little-league soccer team, the people with the same rare disease as " +"you, and the people you share a political affinity with may exchange the odd " +"flurry of messages at critical junctures, but on a daily basis, there’s not " +"much to say to your old high school chums or other hockey-card collectors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"With nothing but “organic” discussion, Facebook would not generate enough " -"traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to continually expand " -"by buying up its competitors while returning handsome sums to its investors." +"With nothing but <quote>organic</quote> discussion, Facebook would not " +"generate enough traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to " +"continually expand by buying up its competitors while returning handsome " +"sums to its investors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1047 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So Facebook has to gin up traffic by sidetracking its own forums: Every time " "Facebook’s algorithm injects controversial materials — inflammatory " @@ -1335,8 +1225,7 @@ msgid "" "figuring out things that people will get angry about." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1058 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook <emphasis>can</emphasis> modify our behavior but only in a couple " "of trivial ways. First, it can lock in all your friends and family members " @@ -1348,20 +1237,18 @@ msgid "" "control, and it can only really make us miserable, angry, and anxious." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1069 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is why Facebook’s targeting systems — both the ones it shows to " "advertisers and the ones that let users find people who share their " "interests — are so next-gen and smooth and easy to use as well as why its " "message boards have a toolset that seems like it hasn’t changed since the " -"mid-2000s. If Facebook delivered an equally flexible, sophisticated " -"message-reading system to its users, those users could defend themselves " -"against being nonconsensually eyeball-fucked with Donald Trump headlines." +"mid-2000s. If Facebook delivered an equally flexible, sophisticated message-" +"reading system to its users, those users could defend themselves against " +"being nonconsensually eyeball-fucked with Donald Trump headlines." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1079 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The more time you spend on Facebook, the more ads it gets to show you. The " "solution to Facebook’s ads only working one in a thousand times is for the " @@ -1374,22 +1261,19 @@ msgid "" "it eventually shows you at least one ad that you respond to." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1091 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Monopoly and the right to the future tense" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1093 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff and her cohort are particularly alarmed at the extent to which " "surveillance allows corporations to influence our decisions, taking away " -"something she poetically calls “the right to the future tense” — that is, " -"the right to decide for yourself what you will do in the future." +"something she poetically calls <quote>the right to the future tense</quote> " +"— that is, the right to decide for yourself what you will do in the future." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1100 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s true that advertising can tip the scales one way or another: When " "you’re thinking of buying a fridge, a timely fridge ad might end the search " @@ -1401,19 +1285,16 @@ msgid "" "risks from their dreams coming true are very speculative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1111 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "By contrast, Zuboff is rather sanguine about 40 years of lax antitrust " "practice that has allowed a handful of companies to dominate the internet, " -"ushering in an information age with, <ulink " -"url=\"https://twitter.com/tveastman/status/1069674780826071040\">as one " -"person on Twitter noted</ulink>, five giant websites each filled with " -"screenshots of the other four." +"ushering in an information age with, <ulink url=\"https://twitter.com/" +"tveastman/status/1069674780826071040\">as one person on Twitter noted</" +"ulink>, five giant websites each filled with screenshots of the other four." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1119 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, if we are to be alarmed that we might lose the right to choose for " "ourselves what our future will hold, then monopoly’s nonspeculative, " @@ -1421,17 +1302,15 @@ msgid "" "tech policy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1125 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Start with “digital rights management.” In 1998, Bill Clinton signed the " -"Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex piece of " -"legislation with many controversial clauses but none more so than Section " -"1201, the “anti-circumvention” rule." +"Start with <quote>digital rights management.</quote> In 1998, Bill Clinton " +"signed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex " +"piece of legislation with many controversial clauses but none more so than " +"Section 1201, the <quote>anti-circumvention</quote> rule." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1131 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is a blanket ban on tampering with systems that restrict access to " "copyrighted works. The ban is so thoroughgoing that it prohibits removing a " @@ -1441,8 +1320,7 @@ msgid "" "manufacturers’ commercial plans." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1139 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, Section 1201’s first major application was on DVD players as a " "means of enforcing the region coding built into those devices. DVD-CCA, the " @@ -1455,19 +1333,17 @@ msgid "" "reject it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1151 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, watching a lawfully produced disc in a country other than the one " -"where you purchased it is not copyright infringement — it’s the " -"opposite. Copyright law imposes this duty on customers for a movie: You must " -"go into a store, find a licensed disc, and pay the asking price. Do that — " -"and <emphasis>nothing else</emphasis> — and you and copyright are square " -"with one another." +"where you purchased it is not copyright infringement — it’s the opposite. " +"Copyright law imposes this duty on customers for a movie: You must go into a " +"store, find a licensed disc, and pay the asking price. Do that — and " +"<emphasis>nothing else</emphasis> — and you and copyright are square with " +"one another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1159 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fact that a movie studio wants to charge Indians less than Americans or " "release in Australia later than it releases in the U.K. has no bearing on " @@ -1475,8 +1351,7 @@ msgid "" "infringement to watch it no matter where you happen to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1166 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So DVD and DVD player manufacturers would not be able to use accusations of " "abetting copyright infringement to punish manufacturers who made " @@ -1485,56 +1360,49 @@ msgid "" "programmers who created programs to let you do this." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1174 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s where Section 1201 of the DMCA comes in: By banning tampering with an " -"“access control,” the rule gave manufacturers and rights holders standing to " -"sue competitors who released superior products with lawful features that the " -"market demanded (in this case, region-free players)." +"<quote>access control,</quote> the rule gave manufacturers and rights " +"holders standing to sue competitors who released superior products with " +"lawful features that the market demanded (in this case, region-free players)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1181 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is an odious scam against consumers, but as time went by, Section 1201 " "grew to encompass a rapidly expanding constellation of devices and services " "as canny manufacturers have realized certain things:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1189 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" -"Any device with software in it contains a “copyrighted work” — i.e., the " -"software." +"Any device with software in it contains a <quote>copyrighted work</quote> — " +"i.e., the software." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "A device can be designed so that reconfiguring the software requires " -"bypassing an “access control for copyrighted works,” which is a potential " -"felony under Section 1201." +"bypassing an <quote>access control for copyrighted works,</quote> which is a " +"potential felony under Section 1201." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1202 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Thus, companies can control their customers’ behavior after they take home " "their purchases by designing products so that all unpermitted uses require " "modifications that fall afoul of Section 1201." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1210 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Section 1201 then becomes a means for manufacturers of all descriptions to " "force their customers to arrange their affairs to benefit the manufacturers’ " "shareholders instead of themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This manifests in many ways: from a new generation of inkjet printers that " "use countermeasures to prevent third-party ink that cannot be bypassed " @@ -1544,13 +1412,12 @@ msgid "" "manufacturer’s unlock code." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1224 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both " -"third-party service and third-party software installation. This allows Apple " -"to decide when an iPhone is beyond repair and must be shredded and " -"landfilled as opposed to the iPhone’s purchaser. (Apple is notorious for its " +"Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both third-" +"party service and third-party software installation. This allows Apple to " +"decide when an iPhone is beyond repair and must be shredded and landfilled " +"as opposed to the iPhone’s purchaser. (Apple is notorious for its " "environmentally catastrophic policy of destroying old electronics rather " "than permitting them to be cannibalized for parts.) This is a very useful " "power to wield, especially in light of CEO Tim Cook’s January 2019 warning " @@ -1558,8 +1425,7 @@ msgid "" "to hold onto their phones for longer rather than replacing them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1237 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Apple’s use of copyright locks also allows it to establish a monopoly over " "how its customers acquire software for their mobile devices. The App Store’s " @@ -1570,71 +1436,65 @@ msgid "" "either charge more or accept lower profits for their products." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1247 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Crucially, Apple’s use of copyright locks gives it the power to make " "editorial decisions about which apps you may and may not install on your own " -"device. Apple has used this power to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/5982243/Apple-bans-dictionary-from-App-Store-over-swear-words.html\">reject " -"dictionaries</ulink> for containing obscene words; to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/538kan/apple-just-banned-the-app-that-tracks-us-drone-strikes-again\">limit " -"political speech</ulink>, especially from apps that make sensitive political " -"commentary such as an app that notifies you every time a U.S. drone kills " -"someone somewhere in the world; and to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-19-palestinian-indie-game-must-not-be-called-a-game-apple-says\">object " -"to a game</ulink> that commented on the Israel-Palestine conflict." +"device. Apple has used this power to <ulink url=\"https://www.telegraph.co." +"uk/technology/apple/5982243/Apple-bans-dictionary-from-App-Store-over-swear-" +"words.html\">reject dictionaries</ulink> for containing obscene words; to " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/538kan/apple-just-banned-the-" +"app-that-tracks-us-drone-strikes-again\">limit political speech</ulink>, " +"especially from apps that make sensitive political commentary such as an app " +"that notifies you every time a U.S. drone kills someone somewhere in the " +"world; and to <ulink url=\"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-19-" +"palestinian-indie-game-must-not-be-called-a-game-apple-says\">object to a " +"game</ulink> that commented on the Israel-Palestine conflict." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1260 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Apple often justifies monopoly power over software installation in the name " "of security, arguing that its vetting of apps for its store means that it " "can guard its users against apps that contain surveillance code. But this " -"cuts both ways. In China, the government <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.ft.com/content/ad42e536-cf36-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc\">ordered " -"Apple to prohibit the sale of privacy tools</ulink> like VPNs with the " -"exception of VPNs that had deliberately introduced flaws designed to let the " -"Chinese state eavesdrop on users. Because Apple uses technological " -"countermeasures — with legal backstops — to block customers from installing " -"unauthorized apps, Chinese iPhone owners cannot readily (or legally) acquire " -"VPNs that would protect them from Chinese state snooping." +"cuts both ways. In China, the government <ulink url=\"https://www.ft.com/" +"content/ad42e536-cf36-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc\">ordered Apple to prohibit the " +"sale of privacy tools</ulink> like VPNs with the exception of VPNs that had " +"deliberately introduced flaws designed to let the Chinese state eavesdrop on " +"users. Because Apple uses technological countermeasures — with legal " +"backstops — to block customers from installing unauthorized apps, Chinese " +"iPhone owners cannot readily (or legally) acquire VPNs that would protect " +"them from Chinese state snooping." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1274 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a “rogue capitalism.” Theoreticians of " -"capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink " -"url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_signal\">aggregates information in " -"the form of consumers’ decisions</ulink>, producing efficient " -"markets. Surveillance capitalism’s supposed power to rob its victims of " -"their free will through computationally supercharged influence campaigns " -"means that our markets no longer aggregate customers’ decisions because we " -"customers no longer decide — we are given orders by surveillance " -"capitalism’s mind-control rays." +"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote> " +"Theoreticians of capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink url=" +"\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_signal\">aggregates information in the " +"form of consumers’ decisions</ulink>, producing efficient markets. " +"Surveillance capitalism’s supposed power to rob its victims of their free " +"will through computationally supercharged influence campaigns means that our " +"markets no longer aggregate customers’ decisions because we customers no " +"longer decide — we are given orders by surveillance capitalism’s mind-" +"control rays." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1285 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If our concern is that markets cease to function when consumers can no " "longer make choices, then copyright locks should concern us at " "<emphasis>least</emphasis> as much as influence campaigns. An influence " "campaign might nudge you to buy a certain brand of phone; but the copyright " "locks on that phone absolutely determine where you get it serviced, which " -"apps can run on it, and when you have to throw it away rather than fixing " -"it." +"apps can run on it, and when you have to throw it away rather than fixing it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1294 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Search order and the right to the future tense" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1296 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Markets are posed as a kind of magic: By discovering otherwise hidden " "information conveyed by the free choices of consumers, those consumers’ " @@ -1642,27 +1502,25 @@ msgid "" "efficient allocations—more efficient than any computer could calculate. But " "monopolies are incompatible with that notion. When you only have one app " "store, the owner of the store — not the consumer — decides on the range of " -"choices. As Boss Tweed once said, “I don’t care who does the electing, so " -"long as I get to do the nominating.” A monopolized market is an election " -"whose candidates are chosen by the monopolist." +"choices. As Boss Tweed once said, <quote>I don’t care who does the electing, " +"so long as I get to do the nominating.</quote> A monopolized market is an " +"election whose candidates are chosen by the monopolist." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1308 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This ballot rigging is made more pernicious by the existence of monopolies " "over search order. Google’s search market share is about 90%. When Google’s " "ranking algorithm puts a result for a popular search term in its top 10, " "that helps determine the behavior of millions of people. If Google’s answer " -"to “Are vaccines dangerous?” is a page that rebuts anti-vax conspiracy " -"theories, then a sizable portion of the public will learn that vaccines are " -"safe. If, on the other hand, Google sends those people to a site affirming " -"the anti-vax conspiracies, a sizable portion of those millions will come " -"away convinced that vaccines are dangerous." +"to <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</quote> is a page that rebuts anti-vax " +"conspiracy theories, then a sizable portion of the public will learn that " +"vaccines are safe. If, on the other hand, Google sends those people to a " +"site affirming the anti-vax conspiracies, a sizable portion of those " +"millions will come away convinced that vaccines are dangerous." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1320 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google’s algorithm is often tricked into serving disinformation as a " "prominent search result. But in these cases, Google isn’t persuading people " @@ -1670,51 +1528,47 @@ msgid "" "the user has no cause to doubt it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1326 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This is true whether the search is for “Are vaccines dangerous?” or “best " -"restaurants near me.” Most users will never look past the first page of " -"search results, and when the overwhelming majority of people all use the " -"same search engine, the ranking algorithm deployed by that search engine " -"will determine myriad outcomes (whether to adopt a child, whether to have " -"cancer surgery, where to eat dinner, where to move, where to apply for a " -"job) to a degree that vastly outstrips any behavioral outcomes dictated by " -"algorithmic persuasion techniques." +"This is true whether the search is for <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</" +"quote> or <quote>best restaurants near me.</quote> Most users will never " +"look past the first page of search results, and when the overwhelming " +"majority of people all use the same search engine, the ranking algorithm " +"deployed by that search engine will determine myriad outcomes (whether to " +"adopt a child, whether to have cancer surgery, where to eat dinner, where to " +"move, where to apply for a job) to a degree that vastly outstrips any " +"behavioral outcomes dictated by algorithmic persuasion techniques." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many of the questions we ask search engines have no empirically correct " -"answers: “Where should I eat dinner?” is not an objective question. Even " -"questions that do have correct answers (“Are vaccines dangerous?”) don’t " -"have one empirically superior source for that answer. Many pages affirm the " -"safety of vaccines, so which one goes first? Under conditions of " -"competition, consumers can choose from many search engines and stick with " -"the one whose algorithmic judgment suits them best, but under conditions of " -"monopoly, we all get our answers from the same place." +"answers: <quote>Where should I eat dinner?</quote> is not an objective " +"question. Even questions that do have correct answers (<quote>Are vaccines " +"dangerous?</quote>) don’t have one empirically superior source for that " +"answer. Many pages affirm the safety of vaccines, so which one goes first? " +"Under conditions of competition, consumers can choose from many search " +"engines and stick with the one whose algorithmic judgment suits them best, " +"but under conditions of monopoly, we all get our answers from the same place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1348 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google’s search dominance isn’t a matter of pure merit: The company has " -"leveraged many tactics that would have been prohibited under classical, " -"pre-Ronald-Reagan antitrust enforcement standards to attain its " -"dominance. After all, this is a company that has developed two major " -"products: a really good search engine and a pretty good Hotmail clone. Every " -"other major success it’s had — Android, YouTube, Google Maps, etc. — has " -"come through an acquisition of a nascent competitor. Many of the company’s " -"key divisions, such as the advertising technology of DoubleClick, violate " -"the historical antitrust principle of structural separation, which forbade " -"firms from owning subsidiaries that competed with their " -"customers. Railroads, for example, were barred from owning freight companies " -"that competed with the shippers whose freight they carried." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1364 +"leveraged many tactics that would have been prohibited under classical, pre-" +"Ronald-Reagan antitrust enforcement standards to attain its dominance. After " +"all, this is a company that has developed two major products: a really good " +"search engine and a pretty good Hotmail clone. Every other major success " +"it’s had — Android, YouTube, Google Maps, etc. — has come through an " +"acquisition of a nascent competitor. Many of the company’s key divisions, " +"such as the advertising technology of DoubleClick, violate the historical " +"antitrust principle of structural separation, which forbade firms from " +"owning subsidiaries that competed with their customers. Railroads, for " +"example, were barred from owning freight companies that competed with the " +"shippers whose freight they carried." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If we’re worried about giant companies subverting markets by stripping " "consumers of their ability to make free choices, then vigorous antitrust " @@ -1725,8 +1579,7 @@ msgid "" "would not have such an outsized effect on consumer choice." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1374 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This goes for many other companies. Amazon, a classic surveillance " "capitalist, is obviously the dominant tool for searching Amazon — though " @@ -1742,8 +1595,7 @@ msgid "" "ability to shape markets by making informed choices." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1389 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Not every monopolist is a surveillance capitalist, but that doesn’t mean " "they’re not able to shape consumer choices in wide-ranging ways. Zuboff " @@ -1758,27 +1610,24 @@ msgid "" "free-market researchers, then forcing them out of any markets they discover." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1404 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Because of its use of copyright locks, Apple’s mobile customers are not " "legally allowed to switch to a rival retailer for its apps if they want to " "do so on an iPhone. Apple, obviously, is the only entity that gets to decide " "how it ranks the results of search queries in its stores. These decisions " "ensure that some apps are often installed (because they appear on page one) " -"and others are never installed (because they appear on page one " -"million). Apple’s search-ranking design decisions have a vastly more " -"significant effect on consumer behaviors than influence campaigns delivered " -"by surveillance capitalism’s ad-serving bots." +"and others are never installed (because they appear on page one million). " +"Apple’s search-ranking design decisions have a vastly more significant " +"effect on consumer behaviors than influence campaigns delivered by " +"surveillance capitalism’s ad-serving bots." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1416 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Monopolists can afford sleeping pills for watchdogs" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Only the most extreme market ideologues think that markets can self-regulate " "without state oversight. Markets need watchdogs — regulators, lawmakers, and " @@ -1789,8 +1638,7 @@ msgid "" "holding them to account." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1428 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But this kind of regulatory capture doesn’t come cheap. In competitive " "sectors, where rivals are constantly eroding one another’s margins, " @@ -1798,8 +1646,7 @@ msgid "" "regulations that serve their ends." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1434 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many of the harms of surveillance capitalism are the result of weak or " "nonexistent regulation. Those regulatory vacuums spring from the power of " @@ -1807,8 +1654,7 @@ msgid "" "exists to permit their existing businesses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Here’s an example: When firms over-collect and over-retain our data, they " "are at increased risk of suffering a breach — you can’t leak data you never " @@ -1818,15 +1664,13 @@ msgid "" "data breached and the sensitivity of that data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1449 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But still, firms continue to over-collect and over-retain our data for three " "reasons:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">1. They are locked in the aforementioned limbic " "arms race with our capacity to shore up our attentional defense systems to " @@ -1839,12 +1683,11 @@ msgid "" "inured to the pitch." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism " -"story.</emphasis> Data is cheap to aggregate and store, and both proponents " -"and opponents of surveillance capitalism have assured managers and product " +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism story." +"</emphasis> Data is cheap to aggregate and store, and both proponents and " +"opponents of surveillance capitalism have assured managers and product " "designers that if you collect enough data, you will be able to perform " "sorcerous acts of mind control, thus supercharging your sales. Even if you " "never figure out how to profit from the data, someone else will eventually " @@ -1854,24 +1697,22 @@ msgid "" "else at an even greater price." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1478 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are " -"negligible.</emphasis> Most countries limit these penalties to actual " -"damages, meaning that consumers who’ve had their data breached have to show " -"actual monetary harms to get a reward. In 2014, Home Depot disclosed that it " -"had lost credit-card data for 53 million of its customers, but it settled " -"the matter by paying those customers about $0.34 each — and a third of that " -"$0.34 wasn’t even paid in cash. It took the form of a credit to procure a " -"largely ineffectual credit-monitoring service." +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are negligible.</" +"emphasis> Most countries limit these penalties to actual damages, meaning " +"that consumers who’ve had their data breached have to show actual monetary " +"harms to get a reward. In 2014, Home Depot disclosed that it had lost credit-" +"card data for 53 million of its customers, but it settled the matter by " +"paying those customers about $0.34 each — and a third of that $0.34 wasn’t " +"even paid in cash. It took the form of a credit to procure a largely " +"ineffectual credit-monitoring service." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1489 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these " -"actual-damages rules capture. Identity thieves and fraudsters are wily and " +"But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these actual-" +"damages rules capture. Identity thieves and fraudsters are wily and " "endlessly inventive. All the vast breaches of our century are being " "continuously recombined, the data sets merged and mined for new ways to " "victimize the people whose data was present in them. Any reasonable, " @@ -1880,28 +1721,25 @@ msgid "" "these future harms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1499 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, even the most ambitious privacy rules, such as the EU General Data " "Protection Regulation, fall far short of capturing the negative " -"externalities of the platforms’ negligent over-collection and " -"over-retention, and what penalties they do provide are not aggressively " -"pursued by regulators." +"externalities of the platforms’ negligent over-collection and over-" +"retention, and what penalties they do provide are not aggressively pursued " +"by regulators." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1506 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and " -"over-retention can be ascribed in part to the sheer lobbying muscle of the " +"This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and over-" +"retention can be ascribed in part to the sheer lobbying muscle of the " "platforms. They are so profitable that they can handily afford to divert " "gigantic sums to fight any real change — that is, change that would force " "them to internalize the costs of their surveillance activities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1514 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And then there’s state surveillance, which the surveillance capitalism story " "dismisses as a relic of another era when the big worry was being jailed for " @@ -1909,18 +1747,17 @@ msgid "" "learning." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1520 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But state surveillance and private surveillance are intimately related. As " "we saw when Apple was conscripted by the Chinese government as a vital " "collaborator in state surveillance, the only really affordable and tractable " "way to conduct mass surveillance on the scale practiced by modern states — " -"both “free” and autocratic states — is to suborn commercial services." +"both <quote>free</quote> and autocratic states — is to suborn commercial " +"services." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1528 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Whether it’s Google being used as a location tracking tool by local law " "enforcement across the U.S. or the use of social media tracking by the " @@ -1938,20 +1775,18 @@ msgid "" "surveillance without mass commercial surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1546 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Monopolism is key to the project of mass state surveillance. It’s true that " "smaller tech firms are apt to be less well-defended than Big Tech, whose " "security experts are drawn from the tops of their field and who are given " -"enormous resources to secure and monitor their systems against " -"intruders. But smaller firms also have less to protect: fewer users whose " -"data is more fragmented across more systems and have to be suborned one at a " -"time by state actors." +"enormous resources to secure and monitor their systems against intruders. " +"But smaller firms also have less to protect: fewer users whose data is more " +"fragmented across more systems and have to be suborned one at a time by " +"state actors." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1555 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "A concentrated tech sector that works with authorities is a much more " "powerful ally in the project of mass state surveillance than a fragmented " @@ -1966,8 +1801,7 @@ msgid "" "government relations departments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "They can even make a good case for doing this: After all, when there are " "only four or five big companies in an industry, everyone qualified to " @@ -1977,15 +1811,13 @@ msgid "" "at one of the other ones." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "While surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies certainly abet " "surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1583 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Industries that are competitive are fragmented — composed of companies that " "are at each other’s throats all the time and eroding one another’s margins " @@ -1995,8 +1827,7 @@ msgid "" "a whole." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1591 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance combined with machine learning is supposed to be an existential " "crisis, a species-defining moment at which our free will is just a few more " @@ -2005,13 +1836,11 @@ msgid "" "threat to our society and possibly our species." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1599 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "But that threat grows out of monopoly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1602 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "One of the consequences of tech’s regulatory capture is that it can shift " "liability for poor security decisions onto its customers and the wider " @@ -2021,8 +1850,7 @@ msgid "" "products." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1610 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "IT is the only field in which this is practiced: No one builds a bridge or a " "hospital and keeps the composition of the steel or the equations used to " @@ -2032,8 +1860,7 @@ msgid "" "are deployed in the field and put into sensitive places." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1619 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The monopoly power that keeps any meaningful consequences for breaches at " "bay means that tech companies continue to build terrible products that are " @@ -2044,51 +1871,46 @@ msgid "" "decisions have been seriously punished in the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1629 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These bad security decisions are compounded yet again by the use of " -"copyright locks to enforce business-model decisions against " -"consumers. Recall that these locks have become the go-to means for shaping " -"consumer behavior, making it technically impossible to use third-party ink, " -"insulin, apps, or service depots in connection with your lawfully acquired " -"property." +"copyright locks to enforce business-model decisions against consumers. " +"Recall that these locks have become the go-to means for shaping consumer " +"behavior, making it technically impossible to use third-party ink, insulin, " +"apps, or service depots in connection with your lawfully acquired property." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1637 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Recall also that these copyright locks are backstopped by legislation (such " "as Section 1201 of the DMCA or Article 6 of the 2001 EU Copyright Directive) " -"that ban tampering with (“circumventing”) them, and these statutes have been " -"used to threaten security researchers who make disclosures about " -"vulnerabilities without permission from manufacturers." +"that ban tampering with (<quote>circumventing</quote>) them, and these " +"statutes have been used to threaten security researchers who make " +"disclosures about vulnerabilities without permission from manufacturers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and " -"criticism. While this is far from the legislative intent of the DMCA and its " -"sister statutes around the world, Congress has not intervened to clarify the " +"This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and criticism. " +"While this is far from the legislative intent of the DMCA and its sister " +"statutes around the world, Congress has not intervened to clarify the " "statute nor will it because to do so would run counter to the interests of " "powerful, large firms whose lobbying muscle is unstoppable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1653 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Copyright locks are a double whammy: They create bad security decisions that " "can’t be freely investigated or discussed. If markets are supposed to be " "machines for aggregating information (and if surveillance capitalism’s " -"notional mind-control rays are what make it a “rogue capitalism” because it " -"denies consumers the power to make decisions), then a program of legally " -"enforced ignorance of the risks of products makes monopolism even more of a " -"“rogue capitalism” than surveillance capitalism’s influence campaigns." +"notional mind-control rays are what make it a <quote>rogue capitalism</" +"quote> because it denies consumers the power to make decisions), then a " +"program of legally enforced ignorance of the risks of products makes " +"monopolism even more of a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> than surveillance " +"capitalism’s influence campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1663 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And unlike mind-control rays, enforced silence over security is an " "immediate, documented problem, and it <emphasis>does</emphasis> constitute " @@ -2099,40 +1921,37 @@ msgid "" "of technology debt." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In software design, “technology debt” refers to old, baked-in decisions that " -"turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago developer decided " -"to incorporate a networking protocol made by a vendor that has since stopped " -"supporting it. But everything in the product still relies on that " -"superannuated protocol, and so, with each revision, the product team has to " -"work around this obsolete core, adding compatibility layers, surrounding it " -"with security checks that try to shore up its defenses, and so on. These " -"Band-Aid measures compound the debt because every subsequent revision has to " -"make allowances for <emphasis>them</emphasis>, too, like interest mounting " -"on a predatory subprime loan. And like a subprime loan, the interest mounts " -"faster than you can hope to pay it off: The product team has to put so much " -"energy into maintaining this complex, brittle system that they don’t have " -"any time left over to refactor the product from the ground up and “pay off " -"the debt” once and for all." +"In software design, <quote>technology debt</quote> refers to old, baked-in " +"decisions that turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago " +"developer decided to incorporate a networking protocol made by a vendor that " +"has since stopped supporting it. But everything in the product still relies " +"on that superannuated protocol, and so, with each revision, the product team " +"has to work around this obsolete core, adding compatibility layers, " +"surrounding it with security checks that try to shore up its defenses, and " +"so on. These Band-Aid measures compound the debt because every subsequent " +"revision has to make allowances for <emphasis>them</emphasis>, too, like " +"interest mounting on a predatory subprime loan. And like a subprime loan, " +"the interest mounts faster than you can hope to pay it off: The product team " +"has to put so much energy into maintaining this complex, brittle system that " +"they don’t have any time left over to refactor the product from the ground " +"up and <quote>pay off the debt</quote> once and for all." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Typically, technology debt results in a technological bankruptcy: The " -"product gets so brittle and unsustainable that it fails " -"catastrophically. Think of the antiquated COBOL-based banking and accounting " -"systems that fell over at the start of the pandemic emergency when " -"confronted with surges of unemployment claims. Sometimes that ends the " -"product; sometimes it takes the company down with it. Being caught in the " -"default of a technology debt is scary and traumatic, just like losing your " -"house due to bankruptcy is scary and traumatic." +"product gets so brittle and unsustainable that it fails catastrophically. " +"Think of the antiquated COBOL-based banking and accounting systems that fell " +"over at the start of the pandemic emergency when confronted with surges of " +"unemployment claims. Sometimes that ends the product; sometimes it takes " +"the company down with it. Being caught in the default of a technology debt " +"is scary and traumatic, just like losing your house due to bankruptcy is " +"scary and traumatic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1701 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the technology debt created by copyright locks isn’t individual debt; " "it’s systemic. Everyone in the world is exposed to this over-leverage, as " @@ -2144,86 +1963,79 @@ msgid "" "unauditable copyright locks — it will indeed pose an existential risk." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Privacy and monopoly" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1715 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many tech companies are gripped by an orthodoxy that holds that if they just " "gather enough data on enough of our activities, everything else is possible " "— the mind control and endless profits. This is an unfalsifiable hypothesis: " "If data gives a tech company even a tiny improvement in behavior prediction " "and modification, the company declares that it has taken the first step " -"toward global domination with no end in sight. If a company " -"<emphasis>fails</emphasis> to attain any improvements from gathering and " -"analyzing data, it declares success to be just around the corner, attainable " -"once more data is in hand." +"toward global domination with no end in sight. If a company <emphasis>fails</" +"emphasis> to attain any improvements from gathering and analyzing data, it " +"declares success to be just around the corner, attainable once more data is " +"in hand." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1727 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance tech is far from the first industry to embrace a nonsensical, " "self-serving belief that harms the rest of the world, and it is not the " -"first industry to profit handsomely from such a delusion. Long before " -"hedge-fund managers were claiming (falsely) that they could beat the " -"S&P 500, there were plenty of other “respectable” industries that have " +"first industry to profit handsomely from such a delusion. Long before hedge-" +"fund managers were claiming (falsely) that they could beat the S&P 500, " +"there were plenty of other <quote>respectable</quote> industries that have " "been revealed as quacks in hindsight. From the makers of radium " "suppositories (a real thing!) to the cruel sociopaths who claimed they " -"could “cure” gay people, history is littered with the formerly respectable " -"titans of discredited industries." +"could <quote>cure</quote> gay people, history is littered with the formerly " +"respectable titans of discredited industries." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1739 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is not to say that there’s nothing wrong with Big Tech and its " "ideological addiction to data. While surveillance’s benefits are mostly " "overstated, its harms are, if anything, <emphasis>understated</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1745 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a “rogue " -"capitalism” is driven by the belief that markets wouldn’t tolerate firms " -"that are gripped by false beliefs. An oil company that has false beliefs " -"about where the oil is will eventually go broke digging dry wells after all." +"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is driven by the belief that markets " +"wouldn’t tolerate firms that are gripped by false beliefs. An oil company " +"that has false beliefs about where the oil is will eventually go broke " +"digging dry wells after all." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1752 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But monopolists get to do terrible things for a long time before they pay " "the price. Think of how concentration in the finance sector allowed the " "subprime crisis to fester as bond-rating agencies, regulators, investors, " "and critics all fell under the sway of a false belief that complex " -"mathematics could construct “fully hedged” debt instruments that could not " -"possibly default. A small bank that engaged in this kind of malfeasance " -"would simply go broke rather than outrunning the inevitable crisis, perhaps " -"growing so big that it averted it altogether. But large banks were able to " -"continue to attract investors, and when they finally " +"mathematics could construct <quote>fully hedged</quote> debt instruments " +"that could not possibly default. A small bank that engaged in this kind of " +"malfeasance would simply go broke rather than outrunning the inevitable " +"crisis, perhaps growing so big that it averted it altogether. But large " +"banks were able to continue to attract investors, and when they finally " "<emphasis>did</emphasis> come a-cropper, the world’s governments bailed them " "out. The worst offenders of the subprime crisis are bigger than they were in " "2008, bringing home more profits and paying their execs even larger sums." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1767 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>. The reason every web publisher " -"embeds a Facebook “Like” button is that Facebook dominates the internet’s " -"social media referrals — and every one of those “Like” buttons spies on " -"everyone who lands on a page that contains them (see also: Google Analytics " -"embeds, Twitter buttons, etc.)." +"embeds a Facebook <quote>Like</quote> button is that Facebook dominates the " +"internet’s social media referrals — and every one of those <quote>Like</" +"quote> buttons spies on everyone who lands on a page that contains them (see " +"also: Google Analytics embeds, Twitter buttons, etc.)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1776 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason the world’s governments have been slow to create meaningful " "penalties for privacy breaches is that Big Tech’s concentration produces " @@ -2232,15 +2044,13 @@ msgid "" "a unified negotiating position that supercharges the lobbying." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1784 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason that the smartest engineers in the world want to work for Big " "Tech is that Big Tech commands the lion’s share of tech industry jobs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1789 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason people who are aghast at Facebook’s and Google’s and Amazon’s " "data-handling practices continue to use these services is that all their " @@ -2248,8 +2058,7 @@ msgid "" "local merchants out of business." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1795 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Competitive markets would weaken the companies’ lobbying muscle by reducing " "their profits and pitting them against each other in regulatory forums. It " @@ -2261,20 +2070,17 @@ msgid "" "and make the case against Facebook and Google and Twitter embeds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1806 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In other words, while surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies " "certainly abet surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1810 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Ronald Reagan, pioneer of tech monopolism" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1812 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Technology exceptionalism is a sin, whether it’s practiced by technology’s " "blind proponents or by its critics. Both of these camps are prone to " @@ -2287,8 +2093,7 @@ msgid "" "to break up the monopolies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1824 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand how tech became so monopolistic, it’s useful to look at the " "dawn of the consumer tech industry: 1979, the year the Apple II Plus " @@ -2301,20 +2106,18 @@ msgid "" "enact similar reforms that eventually spread around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1836 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Antitrust’s story began nearly a century before all that with laws like the " "Sherman Act, which took aim at monopolists on the grounds that monopolies " "were bad in and of themselves — squeezing out competitors, creating " -"“diseconomies of scale” (when a company is so big that its constituent parts " -"go awry and it is seemingly helpless to address the problems), and capturing " -"their regulators to such a degree that they can get away with a host of " -"evils." +"<quote>diseconomies of scale</quote> (when a company is so big that its " +"constituent parts go awry and it is seemingly helpless to address the " +"problems), and capturing their regulators to such a degree that they can get " +"away with a host of evils." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Then came a fabulist named Robert Bork, a former solicitor general who " "Reagan appointed to the powerful U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit " @@ -2322,34 +2125,32 @@ msgid "" "its successors out of whole cloth. Bork insisted that these statutes were " "never targeted at monopolies (despite a wealth of evidence to the contrary, " "including the transcribed speeches of the acts’ authors) but, rather, that " -"they were intended to prevent “consumer harm” — in the form of higher " -"prices." +"they were intended to prevent <quote>consumer harm</quote> — in the form of " +"higher prices." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1855 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Bork was a crank, but he was a crank with a theory that rich people really " "liked. Monopolies are a great way to make rich people richer by allowing " -"them to receive “monopoly rents” (that is, bigger profits) and capture " -"regulators, leading to a weaker, more favorable regulatory environment with " -"fewer protections for customers, suppliers, the environment, and workers." +"them to receive <quote>monopoly rents</quote> (that is, bigger profits) and " +"capture regulators, leading to a weaker, more favorable regulatory " +"environment with fewer protections for customers, suppliers, the " +"environment, and workers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1863 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Bork’s theories were especially palatable to the same power brokers who " "backed Reagan, and Reagan’s Department of Justice and other agencies began " "to incorporate Bork’s antitrust doctrine into their enforcement decisions " "(Reagan even put Bork up for a Supreme Court seat, but Bork flunked the " "Senate confirmation hearing so badly that, 40 years later, D.C. insiders use " -"the term “borked” to refer to any catastrophically bad political " -"performance)." +"the term <quote>borked</quote> to refer to any catastrophically bad " +"political performance)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1872 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Little by little, Bork’s theories entered the mainstream, and their backers " "began to infiltrate the legal education field, even putting on junkets where " @@ -2360,8 +2161,7 @@ msgid "" "disposal to lobby for even more Borkian antitrust influence campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1882 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The history of Bork’s antitrust theories is a really good example of the " "kind of covertly engineered shifts in public opinion that Zuboff warns us " @@ -2374,52 +2174,50 @@ msgid "" "coherent ideology that elevated inequality to a virtue." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1894 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, many fear that machine learning allows surveillance capitalism to " -"sell “Bork-as-a-Service,” at internet speeds, so that you can contract a " -"machine-learning company to engineer <emphasis>rapid</emphasis> shifts in " -"public sentiment without needing the capital to sustain a multipronged, " -"multigenerational project working at the local, state, national, and global " -"levels in business, law, and philosophy. I do not believe that such a " -"project is plausible, though I agree that this is basically what the " -"platforms claim to be selling. They’re just lying about it. Big Tech lies " -"all the time, <emphasis>including</emphasis> in their sales literature." +"sell <quote>Bork-as-a-Service,</quote> at internet speeds, so that you can " +"contract a machine-learning company to engineer <emphasis>rapid</emphasis> " +"shifts in public sentiment without needing the capital to sustain a " +"multipronged, multigenerational project working at the local, state, " +"national, and global levels in business, law, and philosophy. I do not " +"believe that such a project is plausible, though I agree that this is " +"basically what the platforms claim to be selling. They’re just lying about " +"it. Big Tech lies all the time, <emphasis>including</emphasis> in their " +"sales literature." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1907 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The idea that tech forms “natural monopolies” (monopolies that are the " -"inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the monopolies " -"that accrue the first company to run long-haul phone lines or rail lines) is " -"belied by tech’s own history: In the absence of anti-competitive tactics, " -"Google was able to unseat AltaVista and Yahoo; Facebook was able to head off " -"Myspace. There are some advantages to gathering mountains of data, but those " -"mountains of data also have disadvantages: liability (from leaking), " -"diminishing returns (from old data), and institutional inertia (big " -"companies, like science, progress one funeral at a time)." +"The idea that tech forms <quote>natural monopolies</quote> (monopolies that " +"are the inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the " +"monopolies that accrue the first company to run long-haul phone lines or " +"rail lines) is belied by tech’s own history: In the absence of anti-" +"competitive tactics, Google was able to unseat AltaVista and Yahoo; Facebook " +"was able to head off Myspace. There are some advantages to gathering " +"mountains of data, but those mountains of data also have disadvantages: " +"liability (from leaking), diminishing returns (from old data), and " +"institutional inertia (big companies, like science, progress one funeral at " +"a time)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1919 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Indeed, the birth of the web saw a mass-extinction event for the existing " "giant, wildly profitable proprietary technologies that had capital, network " "effects, and walls and moats surrounding their businesses. The web showed " "that when a new industry is built around a protocol, rather than a product, " "the combined might of everyone who uses the protocol to reach their " -"customers or users or communities outweighs even the most massive " -"products. CompuServe, AOL, MSN, and a host of other proprietary walled " -"gardens learned this lesson the hard way: Each believed it could stay " -"separate from the web, offering “curation” and a guarantee of consistency " -"and quality instead of the chaos of an open system. Each was wrong and ended " -"up being absorbed into the public web." +"customers or users or communities outweighs even the most massive products. " +"CompuServe, AOL, MSN, and a host of other proprietary walled gardens learned " +"this lesson the hard way: Each believed it could stay separate from the web, " +"offering <quote>curation</quote> and a guarantee of consistency and quality " +"instead of the chaos of an open system. Each was wrong and ended up being " +"absorbed into the public web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1933 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yes, tech is heavily monopolized and is now closely associated with industry " "concentration, but this has more to do with a matter of timing than its " @@ -2432,8 +2230,7 @@ msgid "" "so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In support of this thesis, I offer the concentration that every " "<emphasis>other</emphasis> industry has undergone over the same period. From " @@ -2449,8 +2246,7 @@ msgid "" "but are not any longer." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1960 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Again: When you change the laws intended to prevent monopolies and then " "monopolies form in exactly the way the law was supposed to prevent, it is " @@ -2458,31 +2254,28 @@ msgid "" "can be readily explained without recourse to radical theories of network " "effects — but only if you’re willing to indict unregulated markets as " "tending toward monopoly. Just as a lifelong smoker can give you a hundred " -"reasons why their smoking didn’t cause their cancer (“It was the " -"environmental toxins”), true believers in unregulated markets have a whole " -"suite of unconvincing explanations for monopoly in tech that leave " +"reasons why their smoking didn’t cause their cancer (<quote>It was the " +"environmental toxins</quote>), true believers in unregulated markets have a " +"whole suite of unconvincing explanations for monopoly in tech that leave " "capitalism intact." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1972 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Steering with the windshield wipers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s been 40 years since Bork’s project to rehabilitate monopolies achieved " "liftoff, and that is a generation and a half, which is plenty of time to " "take a common idea and make it seem outlandish and vice versa. Before the " "1940s, affluent Americans dressed their baby boys in pink while baby girls " -"wore blue (a “delicate and dainty” color). While gendered colors are " -"obviously totally arbitrary, many still greet this news with amazement and " -"find it hard to imagine a time when pink connoted masculinity." +"wore blue (a <quote>delicate and dainty</quote> color). While gendered " +"colors are obviously totally arbitrary, many still greet this news with " +"amazement and find it hard to imagine a time when pink connoted masculinity." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1984 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "After 40 years of studiously ignoring antitrust analysis and enforcement, " "it’s not surprising that we’ve all but forgotten that antitrust exists, that " @@ -2491,8 +2284,7 @@ msgid "" "integration could land a company in court." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1992 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Antitrust is a market society’s steering wheel, the control of first resort " "to keep would-be masters of the universe in their lanes. But Bork and his " @@ -2504,25 +2296,22 @@ msgid "" "heading before we careen off a cliff." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2002 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s like a 1960s science-fiction plot come to life: People stuck in a " -"“generation ship,” plying its way across the stars, a ship once piloted by " -"their ancestors; and now, after a great cataclysm, the ship’s crew have " -"forgotten that they’re in a ship at all and no longer remember where the " -"control room is. Adrift, the ship is racing toward its extinction, and " -"unless we can seize the controls and execute emergency course correction, " -"we’re all headed for a fiery death in the heart of a sun." +"<quote>generation ship,</quote> plying its way across the stars, a ship once " +"piloted by their ancestors; and now, after a great cataclysm, the ship’s " +"crew have forgotten that they’re in a ship at all and no longer remember " +"where the control room is. Adrift, the ship is racing toward its extinction, " +"and unless we can seize the controls and execute emergency course " +"correction, we’re all headed for a fiery death in the heart of a sun." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2012 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Surveillance still matters" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2014 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "None of this is to minimize the problems with surveillance. Surveillance " "matters, and Big Tech’s use of surveillance <emphasis>is</emphasis> an " @@ -2530,8 +2319,7 @@ msgid "" "machine learning rob us of our free will." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2021 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance has become <emphasis>much</emphasis> more efficient thanks to " "Big Tech. In 1989, the Stasi — the East German secret police — had the whole " @@ -2539,8 +2327,7 @@ msgid "" "every 60 people to serve as an informant or intelligence operative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2028 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, we know that the NSA is spying on a significant fraction of the " "entire world’s population, and its ratio of surveillance operatives to the " @@ -2550,8 +2337,7 @@ msgid "" "involved in NSA spying, but it’s definitely not all of them)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2037 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "How did the ratio of surveillable citizens expand from 1:60 to 1:10,000 in " "less than 30 years? It’s thanks to Big Tech. Our devices and services gather " @@ -2559,21 +2345,21 @@ msgid "" "these devices and the services they connect to, and then we painstakingly " "perform the data-entry tasks associated with logging facts about our lives, " "opinions, and preferences. This mass surveillance project has been largely " -"useless for fighting terrorism: The NSA can <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-cites-case-as-success-of-phone-data-collection-program/2013/08/08/fc915e5a-feda-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_story.html\">only " -"point to a single minor success story</ulink> in which it used its data " -"collection program to foil an attempt by a U.S. resident to wire a few " -"thousand dollars to an overseas terror group. It’s ineffective for much the " -"same reason that commercial surveillance projects are largely ineffective at " -"targeting advertising: The people who want to commit acts of terror, like " -"people who want to buy a refrigerator, are extremely rare. If you’re trying " -"to detect a phenomenon whose base rate is one in a million with an " -"instrument whose accuracy is only 99%, then every true positive will come at " -"the cost of 9,999 false positives." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2058 +"useless for fighting terrorism: The NSA can <ulink url=\"https://www." +"washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-cites-case-as-success-of-" +"phone-data-collection-program/2013/08/08/fc915e5a-feda-11e2-96a8-" +"d3b921c0924a_story.html\">only point to a single minor success story</ulink> " +"in which it used its data collection program to foil an attempt by a U.S. " +"resident to wire a few thousand dollars to an overseas terror group. It’s " +"ineffective for much the same reason that commercial surveillance projects " +"are largely ineffective at targeting advertising: The people who want to " +"commit acts of terror, like people who want to buy a refrigerator, are " +"extremely rare. If you’re trying to detect a phenomenon whose base rate is " +"one in a million with an instrument whose accuracy is only 99%, then every " +"true positive will come at the cost of 9,999 false positives." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Let me explain that again: If one in a million people is a terrorist, then " "there will only be about one terrorist in a random sample of one million " @@ -2582,8 +2368,7 @@ msgid "" "is 10,000). For every true positive, you’ll get 9,999 false positives." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2066 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In reality, the accuracy of algorithmic terrorism detection falls far short " "of the 99% mark, as does refrigerator ad targeting. The difference is that " @@ -2592,8 +2377,7 @@ msgid "" "the lives of everyone you love." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2073 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Mass state surveillance is only feasible because of surveillance capitalism " "and its extremely low-yield ad-targeting systems, which require a constant " @@ -2603,8 +2387,7 @@ msgid "" "totalitarianism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2081 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "State surveillance is no mere parasite on Big Tech, sucking up its data and " "giving nothing in return. In truth, the two are symbiotes: Big Tech sucks up " @@ -2614,25 +2397,24 @@ msgid "" "and surveillance capitalism; they are dependent on one another." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To see this at work today, look no further than Amazon’s home surveillance " "device, the Ring doorbell, and its associated app, Neighbors. Ring — a " -"product that Amazon acquired and did not develop in house — makes a " -"camera-enabled doorbell that streams footage from your front door to your " -"mobile device. The Neighbors app allows you to form a neighborhood-wide " +"product that Amazon acquired and did not develop in house — makes a camera-" +"enabled doorbell that streams footage from your front door to your mobile " +"device. The Neighbors app allows you to form a neighborhood-wide " "surveillance grid with your fellow Ring owners through which you can share " -"clips of “suspicious characters.” If you’re thinking that this sounds like a " -"recipe for letting curtain-twitching racists supercharge their suspicions of " -"people with brown skin who walk down their blocks, <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">you’re " -"right</ulink>. Ring has become a <emphasis>de facto,</emphasis> " -"off-the-books arm of the police without any of the pesky oversight or rules." +"clips of <quote>suspicious characters.</quote> If you’re thinking that this " +"sounds like a recipe for letting curtain-twitching racists supercharge their " +"suspicions of people with brown skin who walk down their blocks, <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-" +"efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">you’re right</ulink>. Ring " +"has become a <emphasis>de facto,</emphasis> off-the-books arm of the police " +"without any of the pesky oversight or rules." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In mid-2019, a series of public records requests revealed that Amazon had " "struck confidential deals with more than 400 local law enforcement agencies " @@ -2645,8 +2427,7 @@ msgid "" "the footage from the company, which it will then produce." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ring and law enforcement have found many ways to intertwine their " "activities. Ring strikes secret deals to acquire real-time access to 911 " @@ -2655,8 +2436,7 @@ msgid "" "but isn’t sure whether their neighborhood is dangerous enough to warrant it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2126 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The more the cops buzz-market the surveillance capitalist Ring, the more " "surveillance capability the state gets. Cops who rely on private entities " @@ -2668,29 +2448,25 @@ msgid "" "rely on them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2137 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Dignity and sanctuary" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2139 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But even if we could exercise democratic control over our states and force " "them to stop raiding surveillance capitalism’s reservoirs of behavioral " "data, surveillance capitalism would still harm us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2144 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on “sanctuary” — the " -"feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " +"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on <quote>sanctuary</quote> " +"— the feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " "calmness, mindfulness, and tranquility." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2149 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "When you are watched, something changes. Anyone who has ever raised a child " "knows this. You might look up from your book (or more realistically, from " @@ -2703,12 +2479,10 @@ msgid "" "your authentic self, and in that moment, you are vulnerable like a hermit " "crab scuttling from one shell to the next. The tender, unprotected tissues " "you expose in that moment are too delicate to reveal in the presence of " -"another, even someone you trust as implicitly as a child trusts their " -"parent." +"another, even someone you trust as implicitly as a child trusts their parent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2165 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the digital age, our authentic selves are inextricably tied to our " "digital lives. Your search history is a running ledger of the questions " @@ -2717,15 +2491,13 @@ msgid "" "the different facets of your identity, the people you’ve connected with." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To be observed in these activities is to lose the sanctuary of your " "authentic self." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2177 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s another way in which surveillance capitalism robs us of our capacity " "to be our authentic selves: by making us anxious. Surveillance capitalism " @@ -2737,37 +2509,33 @@ msgid "" "systems never quite become inured to it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2188 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Our devices and services are “general purpose” in that they can connect " -"anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run any " -"program that can be written. This means that the distraction rectangles in " -"our pockets hold our most precious moments with our most beloved people and " -"their most urgent or time-sensitive communications (from “running late can " -"you get the kid?” to “doctor gave me bad news and I need to talk to you " -"RIGHT NOW”) as well as ads for refrigerators and recruiting messages from " -"Nazis." +"Our devices and services are <quote>general purpose</quote> in that they can " +"connect anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run " +"any program that can be written. This means that the distraction rectangles " +"in our pockets hold our most precious moments with our most beloved people " +"and their most urgent or time-sensitive communications (from <quote>running " +"late can you get the kid?</quote> to <quote>doctor gave me bad news and I " +"need to talk to you RIGHT NOW</quote>) as well as ads for refrigerators and " +"recruiting messages from Nazis." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All day and all night, our pockets buzz, shattering our concentration and " "tearing apart the fragile webs of connection we spin as we think through " "difficult ideas. If you locked someone in a cell and agitated them like " -"this, we’d call it “sleep deprivation torture,” and it would be <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">a war crime under the " -"Geneva Conventions</ulink>." +"this, we’d call it <quote>sleep deprivation torture,</quote> and it would be " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">a war crime under " +"the Geneva Conventions</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2207 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Afflicting the afflicted" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2209 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The effects of surveillance on our ability to be our authentic selves are " "not equal for all people. Some of us are lucky enough to live in a time and " @@ -2776,28 +2544,25 @@ msgid "" "of social consequence." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2216 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But for many of us, this is not true. Recall that in living memory, many of " "the ways of being that we think of as socially acceptable today were once " "cause for dire social sanction or even imprisonment. If you are 65 years " -"old, you have lived through a time in which people living in “free " -"societies” could be imprisoned or sanctioned for engaging in homosexual " -"activity, for falling in love with a person whose skin was a different color " -"than their own, or for smoking weed." +"old, you have lived through a time in which people living in <quote>free " +"societies</quote> could be imprisoned or sanctioned for engaging in " +"homosexual activity, for falling in love with a person whose skin was a " +"different color than their own, or for smoking weed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2226 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, these activities aren’t just decriminalized in much of the world, " "they’re considered normal, and the fallen prohibitions are viewed as " "shameful, regrettable relics of the past." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2231 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "How did we get from prohibition to normalization? Through private, personal " "activity: People who were secretly gay or secret pot-smokers or who secretly " @@ -2811,8 +2576,7 @@ msgid "" "their cause one conversation at a time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2244 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The right to choose the time and manner of these conversations was key to " "their success. It’s one thing to come out to your dad while you’re on a " @@ -2821,8 +2585,7 @@ msgid "" "make a scene." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2251 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Without a private sphere, there’s a chance that none of these changes would " "have come to pass and that the people who benefited from these changes would " @@ -2830,8 +2593,7 @@ msgid "" "have never been able to reveal their true selves to the people they love." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2258 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The corollary is that, unless you think that our society has attained social " "perfection — that your grandchildren in 50 years will ask you to tell them " @@ -2844,18 +2606,15 @@ msgid "" "sorrow will be the falsity of their relationship to you." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "A private realm is necessary for human progress." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2273 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Any data you collect and retain will eventually leak" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The lack of a private life can rob vulnerable people of the chance to be " "their authentic selves and constrain our actions by depriving us of " @@ -2863,8 +2622,7 @@ msgid "" "people with a secret: crime." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2281 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Personally identifying information is of very limited use for the purpose of " "controlling peoples’ minds, but identity theft — really a catchall term for " @@ -2873,56 +2631,52 @@ msgid "" "expose you to physical danger — thrives on it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2289 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, " -"either. Multiple services have suffered breaches that exposed names, " -"addresses, phone numbers, passwords, sexual tastes, school grades, work " -"performance, brushes with the criminal justice system, family details, " -"genetic information, fingerprints and other biometrics, reading habits, " -"search histories, literary tastes, pseudonymous identities, and other " -"sensitive information. Attackers can merge data from these different " -"breaches to build up extremely detailed dossiers on random subjects and then " -"use different parts of the data for different criminal purposes." +"Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, either. " +"Multiple services have suffered breaches that exposed names, addresses, " +"phone numbers, passwords, sexual tastes, school grades, work performance, " +"brushes with the criminal justice system, family details, genetic " +"information, fingerprints and other biometrics, reading habits, search " +"histories, literary tastes, pseudonymous identities, and other sensitive " +"information. Attackers can merge data from these different breaches to build " +"up extremely detailed dossiers on random subjects and then use different " +"parts of the data for different criminal purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2301 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, attackers can use leaked username and password combinations to " -"hijack whole fleets of commercial vehicles that <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-apps\">have " -"been fitted with anti-theft GPS trackers and immobilizers</ulink> or to " -"hijack baby monitors in order to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-out-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?utm_term=.15220e98c550\">terrorize " -"toddlers with the audio tracks from pornography</ulink>. Attackers use " -"leaked data to trick phone companies into giving them your phone number, " -"then they intercept SMS-based two-factor authentication codes in order to " -"take over your email, bank account, and/or cryptocurrency wallets." +"hijack whole fleets of commercial vehicles that <ulink url=\"https://www." +"vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-" +"apps\">have been fitted with anti-theft GPS trackers and immobilizers</" +"ulink> or to hijack baby monitors in order to <ulink url=\"https://www." +"washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-" +"out-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?" +"utm_term=.15220e98c550\">terrorize toddlers with the audio tracks from " +"pornography</ulink>. Attackers use leaked data to trick phone companies into " +"giving them your phone number, then they intercept SMS-based two-factor " +"authentication codes in order to take over your email, bank account, and/or " +"cryptocurrency wallets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2314 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Attackers are endlessly inventive in the pursuit of creative ways to " "weaponize leaked data. One common use of leaked data is to penetrate " "companies in order to access <emphasis>more</emphasis> data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2319 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies " -"over-collecting and over-retaining our data. Spy agencies sometimes pay " -"companies for access to their data or intimidate them into giving it up, but " -"sometimes they work just like criminals do — by <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-24751821\">sneaking data out " -"of companies’ databases</ulink>." +"Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies over-" +"collecting and over-retaining our data. Spy agencies sometimes pay companies " +"for access to their data or intimidate them into giving it up, but sometimes " +"they work just like criminals do — by <ulink url=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/" +"world-us-canada-24751821\">sneaking data out of companies’ databases</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2327 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The over-collection of data has a host of terrible social consequences, from " "the erosion of our authentic selves to the undermining of social progress, " @@ -2931,76 +2685,68 @@ msgid "" "that’s the least of our troubles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2335 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Critical tech exceptionalism is still tech exceptionalism" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2338 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has long practiced technology exceptionalism: the idea that it " -"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of “meatspace.” Mottoes " -"like Facebook’s “move fast and break things” attracted justifiable scorn of " -"the companies’ self-serving rhetoric." +"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of <quote>meatspace.</" +"quote> Mottoes like Facebook’s <quote>move fast and break things</quote> " +"attracted justifiable scorn of the companies’ self-serving rhetoric." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2344 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Tech exceptionalism got us all into a lot of trouble, so it’s ironic and " "distressing to see Big Tech’s critics committing the same sin." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2348 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Big Tech is not a “rogue capitalism” that cannot be cured through the " -"traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing companies to " -"divest of competitors they have acquired) and bans on mergers to monopoly " -"and other anti-competitive tactics. Big Tech does not have the power to use " -"machine learning to influence our behavior so thoroughly that markets lose " -"the ability to punish bad actors and reward superior competitors. Big Tech " -"has no rule-writing mind-control ray that necessitates ditching our old " -"toolbox." +"Big Tech is not a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> that cannot be cured " +"through the traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing " +"companies to divest of competitors they have acquired) and bans on mergers " +"to monopoly and other anti-competitive tactics. Big Tech does not have the " +"power to use machine learning to influence our behavior so thoroughly that " +"markets lose the ability to punish bad actors and reward superior " +"competitors. Big Tech has no rule-writing mind-control ray that necessitates " +"ditching our old toolbox." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2358 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The thing is, people have been claiming to have perfected mind-control rays " "for centuries, and every time, it turned out to be a con — though sometimes " "the con artists were also conning themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2364 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For generations, the advertising industry has been steadily improving its " "ability to sell advertising services to businesses while only making " "marginal gains in selling those businesses’ products to prospective " -"customers. John Wanamaker’s lament that “50% of my advertising budget is " -"wasted, I just don’t know which 50%” is a testament to the triumph of " -"<emphasis>ad executives</emphasis>, who successfully convinced Wanamaker " +"customers. John Wanamaker’s lament that <quote>50% of my advertising budget " +"is wasted, I just don’t know which 50%</quote> is a testament to the triumph " +"of <emphasis>ad executives</emphasis>, who successfully convinced Wanamaker " "that only half of the money he spent went to waste." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2374 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The tech industry has made enormous improvements in the science of " "convincing businesses that they’re good at advertising while their actual " -"improvements to advertising — as opposed to targeting — have been pretty " -"ho-hum. The vogue for machine learning — and the mystical invocation of " -"“artificial intelligence” as a synonym for straightforward statistical " -"inference techniques — has greatly boosted the efficacy of Big Tech’s sales " -"pitch as marketers have exploited potential customers’ lack of technical " -"sophistication to get away with breathtaking acts of overpromising and " -"underdelivering." +"improvements to advertising — as opposed to targeting — have been pretty ho-" +"hum. The vogue for machine learning — and the mystical invocation of " +"<quote>artificial intelligence</quote> as a synonym for straightforward " +"statistical inference techniques — has greatly boosted the efficacy of Big " +"Tech’s sales pitch as marketers have exploited potential customers’ lack of " +"technical sophistication to get away with breathtaking acts of overpromising " +"and underdelivering." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s tempting to think that if businesses are willing to pour billions into " "a venture that the venture must be a good one. Yet there are plenty of times " @@ -3015,37 +2761,34 @@ msgid "" "accumulation, not a sign that managed funds are a good buy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2400 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The claims of Big Tech’s mind-control system are full of tells that the " -"enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">the " -"reliance on the “Big Five” personality traits</ulink> as a primary means of " -"influencing people even though the “Big Five” theory is unsupported by any " -"large-scale, peer-reviewed studies and is <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\">mostly " -"the realm of marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>." +"enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/" +"articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">the reliance on the <quote>Big " +"Five</quote> personality traits</ulink> as a primary means of influencing " +"people even though the <quote>Big Five</quote> theory is unsupported by any " +"large-scale, peer-reviewed studies and is <ulink url=\"https://www.wired.com/" +"story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\">mostly the realm of " +"marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2410 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech’s promotional materials also claim that their algorithms can " -"accurately perform “sentiment analysis” or detect peoples’ moods based on " -"their “microexpressions,” but <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647040758/advertising-on-facebook-is-it-worth-it\">these " -"are marketing claims, not scientific ones</ulink>. These methods are largely " -"untested by independent scientific experts, and where they have been tested, " -"they’ve been found sorely wanting. Microexpressions are particularly " -"suspect as the companies that specialize in training people to detect them " -"<ulink " -"url=\"https://theintercept.com/2017/02/08/tsas-own-files-show-doubtful-science-behind-its-behavior-screening-program/\">have " +"accurately perform <quote>sentiment analysis</quote> or detect peoples’ " +"moods based on their <quote>microexpressions,</quote> but <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647040758/advertising-on-facebook-is-it-" +"worth-it\">these are marketing claims, not scientific ones</ulink>. These " +"methods are largely untested by independent scientific experts, and where " +"they have been tested, they’ve been found sorely wanting. Microexpressions " +"are particularly suspect as the companies that specialize in training people " +"to detect them <ulink url=\"https://theintercept.com/2017/02/08/tsas-own-" +"files-show-doubtful-science-behind-its-behavior-screening-program/\">have " "been shown</ulink> to underperform relative to random chance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has been so good at marketing its own supposed superpowers that " "it’s easy to believe that they can market everything else with similar " @@ -3058,47 +2801,42 @@ msgid "" "its machine-learning fueled persuasion systems work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That skepticism should infuse all of our evaluations of Big Tech and its " "supposed abilities, including our perusal of its patents. Zuboff vests these " "patents with enormous significance, pointing out that Google claimed " -"extensive new persuasion capabilities in <ulink " -"url=\"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050131762A1/en\">its patent " -"filings</ulink>. These claims are doubly suspect: first, because they are so " -"self-serving, and second, because the patent itself is so notoriously an " -"invitation to exaggeration." +"extensive new persuasion capabilities in <ulink url=\"https://patents.google." +"com/patent/US20050131762A1/en\">its patent filings</ulink>. These claims are " +"doubly suspect: first, because they are so self-serving, and second, because " +"the patent itself is so notoriously an invitation to exaggeration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Patent applications take the form of a series of claims and range from broad " "to narrow. A typical patent starts out by claiming that its authors have " "invented a method or system for doing every conceivable thing that anyone " "might do, ever, with any tool or device. Then it narrows that claim in " -"successive stages until we get to the actual “invention” that is the true " -"subject of the patent. The hope is that the patent examiner — who is almost " -"certainly overworked and underinformed — will miss the fact that some or all " -"of these claims are ridiculous, or at least suspect, and grant the patent’s " -"broader claims. Patents for unpatentable things are still incredibly useful " -"because they can be wielded against competitors who might license that " -"patent or steer clear of its claims rather than endure the lengthy, " -"expensive process of contesting it." +"successive stages until we get to the actual <quote>invention</quote> that " +"is the true subject of the patent. The hope is that the patent examiner — " +"who is almost certainly overworked and underinformed — will miss the fact " +"that some or all of these claims are ridiculous, or at least suspect, and " +"grant the patent’s broader claims. Patents for unpatentable things are still " +"incredibly useful because they can be wielded against competitors who might " +"license that patent or steer clear of its claims rather than endure the " +"lengthy, expensive process of contesting it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2460 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "What’s more, software patents are routinely granted even though the filer " -"doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the " -"patent. That is, you can patent an “invention” that you haven’t actually " -"made and that you don’t know how to make." +"doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the patent. " +"That is, you can patent an <quote>invention</quote> that you haven’t " +"actually made and that you don’t know how to make." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2466 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "With these considerations in hand, it becomes obvious that the fact that a " "Big Tech company has patented what it <emphasis>says</emphasis> is an " @@ -3106,8 +2844,7 @@ msgid "" "fact control our minds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2473 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech collects our data for many reasons, including the diminishing " "returns on existing stores of data. But many tech companies also collect " @@ -3118,8 +2855,7 @@ msgid "" "put to use after the first doubles the number of possible fax-to-fax links." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Data mined for predictive systems doesn’t necessarily produce these " "dividends. Think of Netflix: The predictive value of the data mined from a " @@ -3131,19 +2867,18 @@ msgid "" "labeling and validating data do not get cheaper at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2494 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Businesses pursue fads to the detriment of their profits all the time, " "especially when the businesses and their investors are not motivated by the " "prospect of becoming profitable but rather by the prospect of being acquired " "by a Big Tech giant or by having an IPO. For these firms, ticking faddish " -"boxes like “collects as much data as possible” might realize a bigger return " -"on investment than “collects a business-appropriate quantity of data.”" +"boxes like <quote>collects as much data as possible</quote> might realize a " +"bigger return on investment than <quote>collects a business-appropriate " +"quantity of data.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is another harm of tech exceptionalism: The belief that more data " "always produces more profits in the form of more insights that can be " @@ -3158,15 +2893,13 @@ msgid "" "spend not one penny more than is necessary on protecting data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2517 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "" "How monopolies, not mind control, drive surveillance capitalism: The " "Snapchat story" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For the first decade of its existence, Facebook competed with the social " "media giants of the day (Myspace, Orkut, etc.) by presenting itself as the " @@ -3177,104 +2910,93 @@ msgid "" "social media wars like Myspace." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2530 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Despite frequent promises that it would never collect or analyze its users’ " "data, Facebook periodically created initiatives that did just that, like the " "creepy, ham-fisted Beacon tool, which spied on you as you moved around the " "web and then added your online activities to your public timeline, allowing " -"your friends to monitor your browsing habits. Beacon sparked a user " -"revolt. Every time, Facebook backed off from its surveillance initiative, " -"but not all the way; inevitably, the new Facebook would be more surveilling " -"than the old Facebook, though not quite as surveilling as the intermediate " -"Facebook following the launch of the new product or service." +"your friends to monitor your browsing habits. Beacon sparked a user revolt. " +"Every time, Facebook backed off from its surveillance initiative, but not " +"all the way; inevitably, the new Facebook would be more surveilling than the " +"old Facebook, though not quite as surveilling as the intermediate Facebook " +"following the launch of the new product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The pace at which Facebook ramped up its surveillance efforts seems to have " "been set by Facebook’s competitive landscape. The more competitors Facebook " "had, the better it behaved. Every time a major competitor foundered, " -"Facebook’s behavior <ulink " -"url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3247362\">got " -"markedly worse</ulink>." +"Facebook’s behavior <ulink url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?" +"abstract_id=3247362\">got markedly worse</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2550 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All the while, Facebook was prodigiously acquiring companies, including a " -"company called Onavo. Nominally, Onavo made a battery-monitoring mobile " -"app. But the permissions that Onavo required were so expansive that the app " -"was able to gather fine-grained telemetry on everything users did with their " +"company called Onavo. Nominally, Onavo made a battery-monitoring mobile app. " +"But the permissions that Onavo required were so expansive that the app was " +"able to gather fine-grained telemetry on everything users did with their " "phones, including which apps they used and how they were using them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2558 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Through Onavo, Facebook discovered that it was losing market share to " "Snapchat, an app that — like Facebook a decade before — billed itself as the " "pro-privacy alternative to the status quo. Through Onavo, Facebook was able " "to mine data from the devices of Snapchat users, including both current and " "former Snapchat users. This spurred Facebook to acquire Instagram — some " -"features of which competed with Snapchat — and then allowed Facebook to " -"fine-tune Instagram’s features and sales pitch to erode Snapchat’s gains and " +"features of which competed with Snapchat — and then allowed Facebook to fine-" +"tune Instagram’s features and sales pitch to erode Snapchat’s gains and " "ensure that Facebook would not have to face the kinds of competitive " "pressures it had earlier inflicted on Myspace and Orkut." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The story of how Facebook crushed Snapchat reveals the relationship between " "monopoly and surveillance capitalism. Facebook combined surveillance with " "lax antitrust enforcement to spot the competitive threat of Snapchat on its " "horizon and then take decisive action against it. Facebook’s surveillance " -"capitalism let it avert competitive pressure with anti-competitive " -"tactics. Facebook users still want privacy — Facebook hasn’t used " -"surveillance to brainwash them out of it — but they can’t get it because " -"Facebook’s surveillance lets it destroy any hope of a rival service emerging " -"that competes on privacy features." +"capitalism let it avert competitive pressure with anti-competitive tactics. " +"Facebook users still want privacy — Facebook hasn’t used surveillance to " +"brainwash them out of it — but they can’t get it because Facebook’s " +"surveillance lets it destroy any hope of a rival service emerging that " +"competes on privacy features." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "A monopoly over your friends" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2584 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "A decentralization movement has tried to erode the dominance of Facebook and " -"other Big Tech companies by fielding “indieweb” alternatives — Mastodon as a " -"Twitter alternative, Diaspora as a Facebook alternative, etc. — but these " -"efforts have failed to attain any kind of liftoff." +"other Big Tech companies by fielding <quote>indieweb</quote> alternatives — " +"Mastodon as a Twitter alternative, Diaspora as a Facebook alternative, etc. " +"— but these efforts have failed to attain any kind of liftoff." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2591 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fundamentally, each of these services is hamstrung by the same problem: " "Every potential user for a Facebook or Twitter alternative has to convince " "all their friends to follow them to a decentralized web alternative in order " "to continue to realize the benefit of social media. For many of us, the only " "reason to have a Facebook account is that our friends have Facebook " -"accounts, and the reason they have Facebook accounts is that " -"<emphasis>we</emphasis> have Facebook accounts." +"accounts, and the reason they have Facebook accounts is that <emphasis>we</" +"emphasis> have Facebook accounts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2601 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All of this has conspired to make Facebook — and other dominant platforms — " -"into “kill zones” that investors will not fund new entrants for." +"into <quote>kill zones</quote> that investors will not fund new entrants for." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2606 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And yet, all of today’s tech giants came into existence despite the " "entrenched advantage of the companies that came before them. To understand " @@ -3282,52 +3004,48 @@ msgid "" "adversarial interoperability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "The hard problem of our species is coordination." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2617 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"“Interoperability” is the ability of two technologies to work with one " -"another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, anyone " -"can make a filter you can install in your stove’s extractor fan, anyone can " -"make gasoline for your car, anyone can make a USB phone charger that fits in " -"your car’s cigarette lighter receptacle, anyone can make a light bulb that " -"works in your light socket, anyone can make bread that will toast in your " -"toaster." +"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is the ability of two technologies to work " +"with one another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, " +"anyone can make a filter you can install in your stove’s extractor fan, " +"anyone can make gasoline for your car, anyone can make a USB phone charger " +"that fits in your car’s cigarette lighter receptacle, anyone can make a " +"light bulb that works in your light socket, anyone can make bread that will " +"toast in your toaster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2626 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Interoperability is often a source of innovation and consumer benefit: Apple " "made the first commercially successful PC, but millions of independent " -"software vendors made interoperable programs that ran on the Apple II " -"Plus. The simple analog antenna inputs on the back of TVs first allowed " -"cable operators to connect directly to TVs, then they allowed game console " +"software vendors made interoperable programs that ran on the Apple II Plus. " +"The simple analog antenna inputs on the back of TVs first allowed cable " +"operators to connect directly to TVs, then they allowed game console " "companies and then personal computer companies to use standard televisions " "as displays. Standard RJ-11 telephone jacks allowed for the production of " "phones from a variety of vendors in a variety of forms, from the free " -"football-shaped phone that came with a <emphasis>Sports " -"Illustrated</emphasis> subscription to business phones with speakers, hold " -"functions, and so on and then answering machines and finally modems, paving " -"the way for the internet revolution." +"football-shaped phone that came with a <emphasis>Sports Illustrated</" +"emphasis> subscription to business phones with speakers, hold functions, and " +"so on and then answering machines and finally modems, paving the way for the " +"internet revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"“Interoperability” is often used interchangeably with “standardization,” " -"which is the process when manufacturers and other stakeholders hammer out a " -"set of agreed-upon rules for implementing a technology, such as the " -"electrical plug on your wall, the CAN bus used by your car’s computer " -"systems, or the HTML instructions that your browser interprets." +"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is often used interchangeably with " +"<quote>standardization,</quote> which is the process when manufacturers and " +"other stakeholders hammer out a set of agreed-upon rules for implementing a " +"technology, such as the electrical plug on your wall, the CAN bus used by " +"your car’s computer systems, or the HTML instructions that your browser " +"interprets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2649 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But interoperability doesn’t require standardization — indeed, " "standardization often proceeds from the chaos of ad hoc interoperability " @@ -3336,33 +3054,31 @@ msgid "" "dashboard lighter subcomponent. The automakers didn’t take any " "countermeasures to prevent the use of these aftermarket accessories by their " "customers, but they also didn’t do anything to make life easier for the " -"chargers’ manufacturers. This is a kind of “neutral interoperability.”" +"chargers’ manufacturers. This is a kind of <quote>neutral interoperability.</" +"quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is “adversarial interoperability.” " -"That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that interoperates with another " -"manufacturer’s product <emphasis>despite the second manufacturer’s " -"objections</emphasis> and <emphasis>even if that means bypassing a security " -"system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." +"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is <quote>adversarial " +"interoperability.</quote> That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that " +"interoperates with another manufacturer’s product <emphasis>despite the " +"second manufacturer’s objections</emphasis> and <emphasis>even if that means " +"bypassing a security system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2668 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is " -"third-party printer ink. Printer manufacturers claim that they sell printers " -"below cost and that the only way they can recoup the losses they incur is by " +"Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is third-" +"party printer ink. Printer manufacturers claim that they sell printers below " +"cost and that the only way they can recoup the losses they incur is by " "charging high markups on ink. To prevent the owners of printers from buying " "ink elsewhere, the printer companies deploy a suite of anti-customer " "security systems that detect and reject both refilled and third-party " "cartridges." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2677 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Owners of printers take the position that HP and Epson and Brother are not " "charities and that customers for their wares have no obligation to help them " @@ -3376,23 +3092,22 @@ msgid "" "printer companies?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability has played an outsized role in the history of " -"the tech industry: from the founding of the “alt.*” Usenet hierarchy (which " -"was started against the wishes of Usenet’s maintainers and which grew to be " -"bigger than all of Usenet combined) to the browser wars (when Netscape and " -"Microsoft devoted massive engineering efforts to making their browsers " -"incompatible with the other’s special commands and peccadilloes) to Facebook " -"(whose success was built in part by helping its new users stay in touch with " -"friends they’d left behind on Myspace because Facebook supplied them with a " -"tool that scraped waiting messages from Myspace and imported them into " -"Facebook, effectively creating an Facebook-based Myspace reader)." +"the tech industry: from the founding of the <quote>alt.*</quote> Usenet " +"hierarchy (which was started against the wishes of Usenet’s maintainers and " +"which grew to be bigger than all of Usenet combined) to the browser wars " +"(when Netscape and Microsoft devoted massive engineering efforts to making " +"their browsers incompatible with the other’s special commands and " +"peccadilloes) to Facebook (whose success was built in part by helping its " +"new users stay in touch with friends they’d left behind on Myspace because " +"Facebook supplied them with a tool that scraped waiting messages from " +"Myspace and imported them into Facebook, effectively creating an Facebook-" +"based Myspace reader)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2704 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, incumbency is seen as an unassailable advantage. Facebook is where " "all of your friends are, so no one can start a Facebook competitor. But " @@ -3408,8 +3123,7 @@ msgid "" "better treatment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2719 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability was once the norm and a key contributor to the " "dynamic, vibrant tech scene, but now it is stuck behind a thicket of laws " @@ -3420,8 +3134,7 @@ msgid "" "interference, and patent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2729 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the absence of a competitive market, lawmakers have resorted to assigning " "expensive, state-like duties to Big Tech firms, such as automatically " @@ -3430,16 +3143,14 @@ msgid "" "controlling access to sexual material." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These measures put a floor under how small we can make Big Tech because only " "the very largest companies can afford the humans and automated filters " "needed to perform these duties." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2742 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But that’s not the only way in which making platforms responsible for " "policing their users undermines competition. A platform that is expected to " @@ -3452,8 +3163,7 @@ msgid "" "guesses about whether someone is a harasser)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2754 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To the extent that we are willing to let Big Tech police itself — rather " "than making Big Tech small enough that users can leave bad platforms for " @@ -3461,32 +3171,27 @@ msgid "" "out of business will not destroy billions of users’ access to their " "communities and data — we build the case that Big Tech should be able to " "block its competitors and make it easier for Big Tech to demand legal " -"enforcement tools to ban and punish attempts at adversarial " -"interoperability." +"enforcement tools to ban and punish attempts at adversarial interoperability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2764 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ultimately, we can try to fix Big Tech by making it responsible for bad acts " "by its users, or we can try to fix the internet by cutting Big Tech down to " "size. But we can’t do both. To replace today’s giant products with " "pluralistic protocols, we need to clear the legal thicket that prevents " -"adversarial interoperability so that tomorrow’s nimble, personal, " -"small-scale products can federate themselves with giants like Facebook, " -"allowing the users who’ve left to continue to communicate with users who " -"haven’t left yet, reaching tendrils over Facebook’s garden wall that " -"Facebook’s trapped users can use to scale the walls and escape to the " -"global, open web." +"adversarial interoperability so that tomorrow’s nimble, personal, small-" +"scale products can federate themselves with giants like Facebook, allowing " +"the users who’ve left to continue to communicate with users who haven’t left " +"yet, reaching tendrils over Facebook’s garden wall that Facebook’s trapped " +"users can use to scale the walls and escape to the global, open web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2776 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Fake news is an epistemological crisis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2778 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Tech is not the only industry that has undergone massive concentration since " "the Reagan era. Virtually every major industry — from oil to newspapers to " @@ -3494,8 +3199,7 @@ msgid "" "clubby oligarchy that just a few players dominate." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2785 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "At the same time, every industry has become something of a tech industry as " "general-purpose computers and general-purpose networks and the promise of " @@ -3503,8 +3207,7 @@ msgid "" "firm with tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2791 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This phenomenon of industrial concentration is part of a wider story about " "wealth concentration overall as a smaller and smaller number of people own " @@ -3513,19 +3216,18 @@ msgid "" "interests of the people and companies with all the money." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2799 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That means that whenever a regulator asks a question with an obvious, " -"empirical answer (“Are humans causing climate change?” or “Should we let " -"companies conduct commercial mass surveillance?” or “Does society benefit " -"from allowing network neutrality violations?”), the answer that comes out is " -"only correct if that correctness meets with the approval of rich people and " -"the industries that made them so wealthy." +"empirical answer (<quote>Are humans causing climate change?</quote> or " +"<quote>Should we let companies conduct commercial mass surveillance?</quote> " +"or <quote>Does society benefit from allowing network neutrality violations?</" +"quote>), the answer that comes out is only correct if that correctness meets " +"with the approval of rich people and the industries that made them so " +"wealthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2808 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Rich people have always played an outsized role in politics and more so " "since the Supreme Court’s <emphasis>Citizens United</emphasis> decision " @@ -3535,8 +3237,7 @@ msgid "" "before. Think of the Koch brothers or George Soros or Bill Gates." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2817 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the policy distortions of rich individuals pale in comparison to the " "policy distortions that concentrated industries are capable of. The " @@ -3546,18 +3247,15 @@ msgid "" "capital surpluses to spend on lobbying." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2826 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Concentrated industries also find it easier to collaborate on policy " "objectives than competitive ones. When all the top execs from your industry " -"can fit around a single boardroom table, they often do. And " -"<emphasis>when</emphasis> they do, they can forge a consensus position on " -"regulation." +"can fit around a single boardroom table, they often do. And <emphasis>when</" +"emphasis> they do, they can forge a consensus position on regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2833 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Rising through the ranks in a concentrated industry generally means working " "at two or three of the big companies. When there are only relatively few " @@ -3570,8 +3268,7 @@ msgid "" "collegial, rather than competitive, attitude." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Highly concentrated industries also present a regulatory conundrum. When an " "industry is dominated by just four or five companies, the only people who " @@ -3583,8 +3280,7 @@ msgid "" "ranks once their terms have expired." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2856 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All this is to say that the tight social bonds, small number of firms, and " "regulatory capture of concentrated industries give the companies that " @@ -3592,32 +3288,31 @@ msgid "" "bind them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2862 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/25/how-payday-lending-industry-insider-tilted-academic-research-its-favor/\">winning " -"the right to practice predatory lending</ulink> or Apple <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mgxayp/source-apple-will-fight-right-to-repair-legislation\">winning " -"the right to decide who can fix your phone</ulink> or Google and Facebook " -"winning the right to breach your private data without suffering meaningful " -"consequences or victories for pipeline companies or impunity for opioid " -"manufacturers or massive tax subsidies for incredibly profitable dominant " -"businesses, it’s increasingly apparent that many of our official, " +"This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/25/how-payday-lending-" +"industry-insider-tilted-academic-research-its-favor/\">winning the right to " +"practice predatory lending</ulink> or Apple <ulink url=\"https://www.vice." +"com/en_us/article/mgxayp/source-apple-will-fight-right-to-repair-legislation" +"\">winning the right to decide who can fix your phone</ulink> or Google and " +"Facebook winning the right to breach your private data without suffering " +"meaningful consequences or victories for pipeline companies or impunity for " +"opioid manufacturers or massive tax subsidies for incredibly profitable " +"dominant businesses, it’s increasingly apparent that many of our official, " "evidence-based truth-seeking processes are, in fact, auctions for sale to " "the highest bidder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2876 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s really impossible to overstate what a terrifying prospect this is. We " "live in an incredibly high-tech society, and none of us could acquire the " "expertise to evaluate every technological proposition that stands between us " "and our untimely, horrible deaths. You might devote your life to acquiring " -"the media literacy to distinguish good scientific journals from corrupt " -"pay-for-play lookalikes and the statistical literacy to evaluate the quality " -"of the analysis in the journals as well as the microbiology and epidemiology " +"the media literacy to distinguish good scientific journals from corrupt pay-" +"for-play lookalikes and the statistical literacy to evaluate the quality of " +"the analysis in the journals as well as the microbiology and epidemiology " "knowledge to determine whether you can trust claims about the safety of " "vaccines — but that would still leave you unqualified to judge whether the " "wiring in your home will give you a lethal shock <emphasis>and</emphasis> " @@ -3626,8 +3321,7 @@ msgid "" "sufficient to keep you from dying after you finish your dinner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2893 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In a world as complex as this one, we have to defer to authorities, and we " "keep them honest by making those authorities accountable to us and binding " @@ -3637,13 +3331,11 @@ msgid "" "whether the adjudication process itself is trustworthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2902 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "Right now, it’s obviously not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The past 40 years of rising inequality and industry concentration, together " "with increasingly weak accountability and transparency for expert agencies, " @@ -3653,8 +3345,7 @@ msgid "" "rest of us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2913 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, it’s been decades since Exxon’s own scientists concluded that " "its products would render the Earth uninhabitable by humans. And yet those " @@ -3666,8 +3357,7 @@ msgid "" "they, too, are the outcome of another conspiracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2924 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The collapse of the credibility of our systems for divining and upholding " "truths has left us in a state of epistemological chaos. Once, most of us " @@ -3677,8 +3367,7 @@ msgid "" "sort the true from the false." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2933 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you’re like me, you probably believe that vaccines are safe, but you " "(like me) probably also can’t explain the microbiology or statistics. Few of " @@ -3689,14 +3378,13 @@ msgid "" "embraced by medical authorities, after all, and one is safe while the other " "could ruin your life. You’re left with a kind of inchoate constellation of " "rules of thumb about which experts you trust to fact-check controversial " -"claims and then to explain how all those respectable doctors with their " -"peer-reviewed research on opioid safety <emphasis>were</emphasis> an " -"aberration and then how you know that the doctors writing about vaccine " -"safety are <emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration." +"claims and then to explain how all those respectable doctors with their peer-" +"reviewed research on opioid safety <emphasis>were</emphasis> an aberration " +"and then how you know that the doctors writing about vaccine safety are " +"<emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2950 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I’m 100% certain that vaccinating is safe and effective, but I’m also at " "something of a loss to explain exactly, <emphasis>precisely,</emphasis> why " @@ -3705,67 +3393,59 @@ msgid "" "enrich the super rich." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2958 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fake news — conspiracy theories, racist ideologies, scientific denialism — " "has always been with us. What’s changed today is not the mix of ideas in the " -"public discourse but the popularity of the worst ideas in that " -"mix. Conspiracy and denial have skyrocketed in lockstep with the growth of " -"Big Inequality, which has also tracked the rise of Big Tech and Big Pharma " -"and Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else." +"public discourse but the popularity of the worst ideas in that mix. " +"Conspiracy and denial have skyrocketed in lockstep with the growth of Big " +"Inequality, which has also tracked the rise of Big Tech and Big Pharma and " +"Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2967 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "No one can say for certain why this has happened, but the two dominant camps " "are idealism (the belief that the people who argue for these conspiracies " -"have gotten better at explaining them, maybe with the help of " -"machine-learning tools) or materialism (the ideas have become more " -"attractive because of material conditions in the world)." +"have gotten better at explaining them, maybe with the help of machine-" +"learning tools) or materialism (the ideas have become more attractive " +"because of material conditions in the world)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2975 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I’m a materialist. I’ve been exposed to the arguments of conspiracy " "theorists all my life, and I have not experienced any qualitative leap in " "the quality of those arguments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The major difference is in the world, not the arguments. In a time where " "actual conspiracies are commonplace, conspiracy theories acquire a ring of " "plausibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2985 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We have always had disagreements about what’s true, but today, we have a " "disagreement over how we know whether something is true. This is an " "epistemological crisis, not a crisis over belief. It’s a crisis over the " "credibility of our truth-seeking exercises, from scientific journals (in an " -"era where the biggest journal publishers have been caught producing " -"pay-to-play journals for junk science) to regulations (in an era where " -"regulators are routinely cycling in and out of business) to education (in an " -"era where universities are dependent on corporate donations to keep their " -"lights on)." +"era where the biggest journal publishers have been caught producing pay-to-" +"play journals for junk science) to regulations (in an era where regulators " +"are routinely cycling in and out of business) to education (in an era where " +"universities are dependent on corporate donations to keep their lights on)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2996 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Targeting — surveillance capitalism — makes it easier to find people who are " -"undergoing this epistemological crisis, but it doesn’t create the " -"crisis. For that, you need to look to corruption." +"undergoing this epistemological crisis, but it doesn’t create the crisis. " +"For that, you need to look to corruption." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3001 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And, conveniently enough, it’s corruption that allows surveillance " "capitalism to grow by dismantling monopoly protections, by permitting " @@ -3775,13 +3455,11 @@ msgid "" "yourself to commercial surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3010 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Tech is different" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3012 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I reject both iterations of technological exceptionalism. I reject the idea " "that tech is uniquely terrible and led by people who are greedier or worse " @@ -3790,16 +3468,14 @@ msgid "" "for its present-day monopolistic status." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3020 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I think tech is just another industry, albeit one that grew up in the " "absence of real monopoly constraints. It may have been first, but it isn’t " "the worst nor will it be the last." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3025 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But there’s one way in which I <emphasis>am</emphasis> a tech " "exceptionalist. I believe that online tools are the key to overcoming " @@ -3811,16 +3487,14 @@ msgid "" "stability — but it’s a means to achieve these things." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The hard problem of our species is coordination. Everything from climate " "change to social change to running a business to making a family work can be " "viewed as a collective action problem." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The internet makes it easier than at any time before to find people who want " "to work on a project with you — hence the success of free and open-source " @@ -3828,19 +3502,17 @@ msgid "" "coordinate the work you do." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3047 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The internet and the computers we connect to it also possess an exceptional " "quality: general-purposeness. The internet is designed to allow any two " "parties to communicate any data, using any protocol, without permission from " -"anyone else. The only production design we have for computers is the " -"general-purpose, “Turing complete” computer that can run every program we " -"can express in symbolic logic." +"anyone else. The only production design we have for computers is the general-" +"purpose, <quote>Turing complete</quote> computer that can run every program " +"we can express in symbolic logic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This means that every time someone with a special communications need " "invests in infrastructure and techniques to make the internet faster, " @@ -3851,16 +3523,14 @@ msgid "" "beneficiary of this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3065 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For these reasons, every type of communication is gradually absorbed into " "the internet, and every type of device — from airplanes to pacemakers — " "eventually becomes a computer in a fancy case." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "While these considerations don’t preclude regulating networks and computers, " "they do call for gravitas and caution when doing so because changes to " @@ -3868,8 +3538,7 @@ msgid "" "many, many other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3076 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The upshot of this is that our best hope of solving the big coordination " "problems — climate change, inequality, etc. — is with free, fair, and open " @@ -3878,13 +3547,11 @@ msgid "" "interventions to solve one problem might create problems in other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3084 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Ownership of facts" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has a funny relationship with information. When you’re generating " "information — anything from the location data streaming off your mobile " @@ -3892,8 +3559,7 @@ msgid "" "claims the rights to make unlimited use of that data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3093 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But when you have the audacity to turn the tables — to use a tool that " "blocks ads or slurps your waiting updates out of a social network and puts " @@ -3902,8 +3568,7 @@ msgid "" "you’re stealing from them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3100 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The thing is, information is a very bad fit for any kind of private property " "regime. Property rights are useful for establishing markets that can lead to " @@ -3912,8 +3577,7 @@ msgid "" "be bought and sold." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3107 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Information rarely has such a clear title. Take phone numbers: There’s " "clearly something going wrong when Facebook slurps up millions of users’ " @@ -3921,20 +3585,18 @@ msgid "" "graphs and fill in missing information about other users." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3114 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the phone numbers Facebook nonconsensually acquires in this transaction " -"are not the “property” of the users they’re taken from nor do they belong to " -"the people whose phones ring when you dial those numbers. The numbers are " -"mere integers, 10 digits in the U.S. and Canada, and they appear in " -"millions of places, including somewhere deep in pi as well as numerous other " -"contexts. Giving people ownership titles to integers is an obviously " -"terrible idea." +"are not the <quote>property</quote> of the users they’re taken from nor do " +"they belong to the people whose phones ring when you dial those numbers. The " +"numbers are mere integers, 10 digits in the U.S. and Canada, and they " +"appear in millions of places, including somewhere deep in pi as well as " +"numerous other contexts. Giving people ownership titles to integers is an " +"obviously terrible idea." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3123 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Likewise for the facts that Facebook and other commercial surveillance " "operators acquire about us, like that we are the children of our parents or " @@ -3948,20 +3610,17 @@ msgid "" "who know these facts?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3136 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you go to a Black Lives Matter demonstration, do the other demonstrators " "need your permission to post their photos from the event? The online fights " -"over <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-take-photos-at-protests/\">when and " -"how to post photos from demonstrations</ulink> reveal a nuanced, complex " -"issue that cannot be easily hand-waved away by giving one party a property " -"right that everyone else in the mix has to respect." +"over <ulink url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-take-photos-at-protests/" +"\">when and how to post photos from demonstrations</ulink> reveal a nuanced, " +"complex issue that cannot be easily hand-waved away by giving one party a " +"property right that everyone else in the mix has to respect." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fact that information isn’t a good fit with property and markets doesn’t " "mean that it’s not valuable. Babies aren’t property, but they’re inarguably " @@ -3972,8 +3631,7 @@ msgid "" "monster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3154 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s tempting to reach for the property hammer when Big Tech treats your " "information like a nail — not least because Big Tech are such prolific " @@ -3985,8 +3643,7 @@ msgid "" "click-through agreement that you don’t have the opportunity to modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3165 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Meanwhile, establishing property rights over information will create " "insurmountable barriers to independent data processing. Imagine that we " @@ -4001,8 +3658,7 @@ msgid "" "department and millions for licenses before they can even get started." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3180 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The same goes for things like search indexes of the web or photos of " "peoples’ houses, which have become contentious thanks to Google’s Street " @@ -4017,8 +3673,7 @@ msgid "" "and more." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3194 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The ownership of facts is antithetical to many kinds of human progress. It’s " "hard to imagine a rule that limits Big Tech’s exploitation of our collective " @@ -4029,13 +3684,11 @@ msgid "" "scrutiny and analysis." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Persuasion works… slowly" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3206 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The platforms may oversell their ability to persuade people, but obviously, " "persuasion works sometimes. Whether it’s the private realm that LGBTQ people " @@ -4045,11 +3698,10 @@ msgid "" "attitudes <emphasis>can</emphasis> change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and " -"years. For centuries, svengalis have purported to be able to accelerate this " +"The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and years. " +"For centuries, svengalis have purported to be able to accelerate this " "process, but even the most brutal forms of propaganda have struggled to make " "permanent changes. Joseph Goebbels was able to subject Germans to daily, " "mandatory, hourslong radio broadcasts, to round up and torture and murder " @@ -4058,8 +3710,7 @@ msgid "" "worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3226 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet, after 12 years of terror, once the war ended, Nazi ideology was largely " "discredited in both East and West Germany, and a program of national truth " @@ -4070,8 +3721,7 @@ msgid "" "no more permanent than Nazism itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3236 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Racism and authoritarianism have also always been with us. Anyone who’s " "reviewed the kind of messages and arguments that racists put forward today " @@ -4082,57 +3732,52 @@ msgid "" "nationalists today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3245 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If racists haven’t gotten more convincing in the past decade, then how is it " "that more people were convinced to be openly racist at that time? I believe " "that the answer lies in the material world, not the world of ideas. The " -"ideas haven’t gotten more convincing, but people have become more " -"afraid. Afraid that the state can’t be trusted to act as an honest broker in " -"life-or-death decisions, from those regarding the management of the economy " -"to the regulation of painkillers to the rules for handling private " -"information. Afraid that the world has become a game of musical chairs in " -"which the chairs are being taken away at a never-before-seen rate. Afraid " -"that justice for others will come at their expense. Monopolism isn’t the " -"cause of these fears, but the inequality and material desperation and policy " -"malpractice that monopolism contributes to is a significant contributor to " -"these conditions. Inequality creates the conditions for both conspiracies " -"and violent racist ideologies, and then surveillance capitalism lets " +"ideas haven’t gotten more convincing, but people have become more afraid. " +"Afraid that the state can’t be trusted to act as an honest broker in life-or-" +"death decisions, from those regarding the management of the economy to the " +"regulation of painkillers to the rules for handling private information. " +"Afraid that the world has become a game of musical chairs in which the " +"chairs are being taken away at a never-before-seen rate. Afraid that justice " +"for others will come at their expense. Monopolism isn’t the cause of these " +"fears, but the inequality and material desperation and policy malpractice " +"that monopolism contributes to is a significant contributor to these " +"conditions. Inequality creates the conditions for both conspiracies and " +"violent racist ideologies, and then surveillance capitalism lets " "opportunists target the fearful and the conspiracy-minded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3264 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Paying won’t help" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3266 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"As the old saw goes, “If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " -"product.”" +"As the old saw goes, <quote>If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " +"product.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s a commonplace belief today that the advent of free, ad-supported media " "was the original sin of surveillance capitalism. The reasoning is that the " -"companies that charged for access couldn’t “compete with free” and so they " -"were driven out of business. Their ad-supported competitors, meanwhile, " -"declared open season on their users’ data in a bid to improve their ad " -"targeting and make more money and then resorted to the most sensationalist " -"tactics to generate clicks on those ads. If only we’d pay for media again, " -"we’d have a better, more responsible, more sober discourse that would be " -"better for democracy." +"companies that charged for access couldn’t <quote>compete with free</quote> " +"and so they were driven out of business. Their ad-supported competitors, " +"meanwhile, declared open season on their users’ data in a bid to improve " +"their ad targeting and make more money and then resorted to the most " +"sensationalist tactics to generate clicks on those ads. If only we’d pay for " +"media again, we’d have a better, more responsible, more sober discourse that " +"would be better for democracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of " -"ad-supported online news. Long before newspapers were online, lax antitrust " +"But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of ad-" +"supported online news. Long before newspapers were online, lax antitrust " "enforcement had opened the door for unprecedented waves of consolidation and " "roll-ups in newsrooms. Rival newspapers were merged, reporters and ad sales " "staff were laid off, physical plants were sold and leased back, leaving the " @@ -4143,21 +3788,19 @@ msgid "" "unable to adapt to the internet — it was monopolism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3295 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Then, as news companies <emphasis>did</emphasis> come online, the ad " "revenues they commanded dropped even as the number of internet users (and " "thus potential online readers) increased. That shift was a function of " "consolidation in the ad sales market, with Google and Facebook emerging as " "duopolists who made more money every year from advertising while paying less " -"and less of it to the publishers whose work the ads appeared " -"alongside. Monopolism created a buyer’s market for ad inventory with " -"Facebook and Google acting as gatekeepers." +"and less of it to the publishers whose work the ads appeared alongside. " +"Monopolism created a buyer’s market for ad inventory with Facebook and " +"Google acting as gatekeepers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3305 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Paid services continue to exist alongside free ones, and often it is these " "paid services — anxious to prevent people from bypassing their paywalls or " @@ -4166,32 +3809,31 @@ msgid "" "their profitability, Apple has to lock its platforms so that third parties " "can’t make compatible software without permission. These locks allow the " "company to exercise both editorial control (enabling it to exclude <ulink " -"url=\"https://ncac.org/news/blog/does-apples-strict-app-store-content-policy-limit-freedom-of-expression\">controversial " -"political material</ulink>) and technological control, including control " -"over who can repair the devices it makes. If we’re worried that ad-supported " -"products deprive people of their right to self-determination by using " -"persuasion techniques to nudge their purchase decisions a few degrees in one " -"direction or the other, then the near-total control a single company holds " -"over the decision of who gets to sell you software, parts, and service for " -"your iPhone should have us very worried indeed." +"url=\"https://ncac.org/news/blog/does-apples-strict-app-store-content-policy-" +"limit-freedom-of-expression\">controversial political material</ulink>) and " +"technological control, including control over who can repair the devices it " +"makes. If we’re worried that ad-supported products deprive people of their " +"right to self-determination by using persuasion techniques to nudge their " +"purchase decisions a few degrees in one direction or the other, then the " +"near-total control a single company holds over the decision of who gets to " +"sell you software, parts, and service for your iPhone should have us very " +"worried indeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3324 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We shouldn’t just be concerned about payment and control: The idea that " "paying will improve discourse is also dangerously wrong. The poor success " "rate of targeted advertising means that the platforms have to incentivize " -"you to “engage” with posts at extremely high levels to generate enough " -"pageviews to safeguard their profits. As discussed earlier, to increase " -"engagement, platforms like Facebook use machine learning to guess which " -"messages will be most inflammatory and make a point of shoving those into " -"your eyeballs at every turn so that you will hate-click and argue with " +"you to <quote>engage</quote> with posts at extremely high levels to generate " +"enough pageviews to safeguard their profits. As discussed earlier, to " +"increase engagement, platforms like Facebook use machine learning to guess " +"which messages will be most inflammatory and make a point of shoving those " +"into your eyeballs at every turn so that you will hate-click and argue with " "people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3335 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Perhaps paying would fix this, the reasoning goes. If platforms could be " "economically viable even if you stopped clicking on them once your " @@ -4199,16 +3841,14 @@ msgid "" "reason to algorithmically enrage you to get more clicks out of you, right?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3342 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There may be something to that argument, but it still ignores the wider " "economic and political context of the platforms and the world that allowed " "them to grow so dominant." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3347 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Platforms are world-spanning and all-encompassing because they are " "monopolies, and they are monopolies because we have gutted our most " @@ -4220,37 +3860,35 @@ msgid "" "climate and technology shocks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In this wildly unequal world, paying doesn’t improve the discourse; it " "simply prices discourse out of the range of the majority of people. Paying " "for the product is dandy, if you can afford it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3363 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you think today’s filter bubbles are a problem for our discourse, imagine " "what they’d be like if rich people inhabited free-flowing Athenian " "marketplaces of ideas where you have to pay for admission while everyone " "else lives in online spaces that are subsidized by wealthy benefactors who " -"relish the chance to establish conversational spaces where the “house rules” " -"forbid questioning the status quo. That is, imagine if the rich seceded from " -"Facebook, and then, instead of running ads that made money for shareholders, " -"Facebook became a billionaire’s vanity project that also happened to ensure " -"that nobody talked about whether it was fair that only billionaires could " -"afford to hang out in the rarified corners of the internet." +"relish the chance to establish conversational spaces where the <quote>house " +"rules</quote> forbid questioning the status quo. That is, imagine if the " +"rich seceded from Facebook, and then, instead of running ads that made money " +"for shareholders, Facebook became a billionaire’s vanity project that also " +"happened to ensure that nobody talked about whether it was fair that only " +"billionaires could afford to hang out in the rarified corners of the " +"internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3377 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Behind the idea of paying for access is a belief that free markets will " "address Big Tech’s dysfunction. After all, to the extent that people have a " "view of surveillance at all, it is generally an unfavorable one, and the " -"longer and more thoroughly one is surveilled, the less one tends to like " -"it. Same goes for lock-in: If HP’s ink or Apple’s App Store were really " +"longer and more thoroughly one is surveilled, the less one tends to like it. " +"Same goes for lock-in: If HP’s ink or Apple’s App Store were really " "obviously fantastic, they wouldn’t need technical measures to prevent users " "from choosing a rival’s product. The only reason these technical " "countermeasures exist is that the companies don’t believe their customers " @@ -4258,33 +3896,31 @@ msgid "" "to deprive them of the choice to take their business elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3390 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Advocates for markets laud their ability to aggregate the diffused knowledge " "of buyers and sellers across a whole society through demand signals, price " -"signals, and so on. The argument for surveillance capitalism being a “rogue " -"capitalism” is that machine-learning-driven persuasion techniques distort " -"decision-making by consumers, leading to incorrect signals — consumers don’t " -"buy what they prefer, they buy what they’re tricked into preferring. It " -"follows that the monopolistic practices of lock-in, which do far more to " -"constrain consumers’ free choices, are even more of a “rogue capitalism.”" +"signals, and so on. The argument for surveillance capitalism being a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is that machine-learning-driven persuasion " +"techniques distort decision-making by consumers, leading to incorrect " +"signals — consumers don’t buy what they prefer, they buy what they’re " +"tricked into preferring. It follows that the monopolistic practices of lock-" +"in, which do far more to constrain consumers’ free choices, are even more of " +"a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3402 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The profitability of any business is constrained by the possibility that its " "customers will take their business elsewhere. Both surveillance and lock-in " "are anti-features that no customer wants. But monopolies can capture their " "regulators, crush their competitors, insert themselves into their customers’ " -"lives, and corral people into “choosing” their services regardless of " -"whether they want them — it’s fine to be terrible when there is no " -"alternative." +"lives, and corral people into <quote>choosing</quote> their services " +"regardless of whether they want them — it’s fine to be terrible when there " +"is no alternative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ultimately, surveillance and lock-in are both simply business strategies " "that monopolists can choose. Surveillance companies like Google are " @@ -4299,34 +3935,30 @@ msgid "" "more they <emphasis>can</emphasis> get away with." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3427 -msgid "An “ecology” moment for trustbusting" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +msgid "An <quote>ecology</quote> moment for trustbusting" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3429 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If we’re going to break Big Tech’s death grip on our digital lives, we’re " -"going to have to fight monopolies. That may sound pretty mundane and " -"old-fashioned, something out of the New Deal era, while ending the use of " +"going to have to fight monopolies. That may sound pretty mundane and old-" +"fashioned, something out of the New Deal era, while ending the use of " "automated behavioral modification feels like the plotline of a really cool " "cyberpunk novel." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3436 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Meanwhile, breaking up monopolies is something we seem to have forgotten how " "to do. There is a bipartisan, trans-Atlantic consensus that breaking up " "companies is a fool’s errand at best — liable to mire your federal " "prosecutors in decades of litigation — and counterproductive at worst, " -"eroding the “consumer benefits” of large companies with massive efficiencies " -"of scale." +"eroding the <quote>consumer benefits</quote> of large companies with massive " +"efficiencies of scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3444 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But trustbusters once strode the nation, brandishing law books, terrorizing " "robber barons, and shattering the illusion of monopolies’ all-powerful grip " @@ -4335,56 +3967,52 @@ msgid "" "backs when they went up against the richest, most powerful men in the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3452 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "Could we find that political will again?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3455 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term “ecology” marked a " -"turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the adoption of this term, " -"people who wanted to preserve whale populations didn’t necessarily see " -"themselves as fighting the same battle as people who wanted to protect the " -"ozone layer or fight freshwater pollution or beat back smog or acid rain." +"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term <quote>ecology</" +"quote> marked a turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the " +"adoption of this term, people who wanted to preserve whale populations " +"didn’t necessarily see themselves as fighting the same battle as people who " +"wanted to protect the ozone layer or fight freshwater pollution or beat back " +"smog or acid rain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3463 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But the term “ecology” welded these disparate causes together into a single " -"movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity with one " -"another. The people who cared about smog signed petitions circulated by the " -"people who wanted to end whaling, and the anti-whalers marched alongside the " -"people demanding action on acid rain. This uniting behind a common cause " -"completely changed the dynamics of environmentalism, setting the stage for " -"today’s climate activism and the sense that preserving the habitability of " -"the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." +"But the term <quote>ecology</quote> welded these disparate causes together " +"into a single movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity " +"with one another. The people who cared about smog signed petitions " +"circulated by the people who wanted to end whaling, and the anti-whalers " +"marched alongside the people demanding action on acid rain. This uniting " +"behind a common cause completely changed the dynamics of environmentalism, " +"setting the stage for today’s climate activism and the sense that preserving " +"the habitability of the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"I believe we are on the verge of a new “ecology” moment dedicated to " -"combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only concentrated industry " -"nor is it even the <emphasis>most</emphasis> concentrated of industries." +"I believe we are on the verge of a new <quote>ecology</quote> moment " +"dedicated to combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only " +"concentrated industry nor is it even the <emphasis>most</emphasis> " +"concentrated of industries." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3480 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the " -"economy. Everywhere you look, you can find people who’ve been wronged by " -"monopolists who’ve trashed their finances, their health, their privacy, " -"their educations, and the lives of people they love. Those people have the " -"same cause as the people who want to break up Big Tech and the same " -"enemies. When most of the world’s wealth is in the hands of a very few, it " -"follows that nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders." +"You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the economy. " +"Everywhere you look, you can find people who’ve been wronged by monopolists " +"who’ve trashed their finances, their health, their privacy, their " +"educations, and the lives of people they love. Those people have the same " +"cause as the people who want to break up Big Tech and the same enemies. When " +"most of the world’s wealth is in the hands of a very few, it follows that " +"nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s the good news: With a little bit of work and a little bit of " "coalition building, we have more than enough political will to break up Big " @@ -4392,30 +4020,27 @@ msgid "" "then we take AT&T/WarnerMedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3496 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But here’s the bad news: Much of what we’re doing to tame Big Tech " "<emphasis>instead</emphasis> of breaking up the big companies also " "forecloses on the possibility of breaking them up later." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3501 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech’s concentration currently means that their inaction on harassment, " "for example, leaves users with an impossible choice: absent themselves from " -"public discourse by, say, quitting Twitter or endure vile, constant " -"abuse. Big Tech’s over-collection and over-retention of data results in " -"horrific identity theft. And their inaction on extremist recruitment means " -"that white supremacists who livestream their shooting rampages can reach an " -"audience of billions. The combination of tech concentration and media " -"concentration means that artists’ incomes are falling even as the revenue " -"generated by their creations are increasing." +"public discourse by, say, quitting Twitter or endure vile, constant abuse. " +"Big Tech’s over-collection and over-retention of data results in horrific " +"identity theft. And their inaction on extremist recruitment means that white " +"supremacists who livestream their shooting rampages can reach an audience of " +"billions. The combination of tech concentration and media concentration " +"means that artists’ incomes are falling even as the revenue generated by " +"their creations are increasing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3513 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet governments confronting all of these problems all inevitably converge on " "the same solution: deputize the Big Tech giants to police their users and " @@ -4425,8 +4050,7 @@ msgid "" "allocate hundreds of millions to run these compliance systems." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3522 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These rules — the EU’s new Directive on Copyright, Australia’s new terror " "regulation, America’s FOSTA/SESTA sex-trafficking law and more — are not " @@ -4436,8 +4060,7 @@ msgid "" "under how small we can hope to make Big Tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3531 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s because any move to break up Big Tech and cut it down to size will " "have to cope with the hard limit of not making these companies so small that " @@ -4446,13 +4069,11 @@ msgid "" "outsource content moderation. It’s already going to be hard to unwind these " "deeply concentrated, chimeric behemoths that have been welded together in " "the pursuit of monopoly profits. Doing so while simultaneously finding some " -"way to fill the regulatory void that will be left behind if these " -"self-policing rulers were forced to suddenly abdicate will be much, much " -"harder." +"way to fill the regulatory void that will be left behind if these self-" +"policing rulers were forced to suddenly abdicate will be much, much harder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3543 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Allowing the platforms to grow to their present size has given them a " "dominance that is nearly insurmountable — deputizing them with public duties " @@ -4463,8 +4084,7 @@ msgid "" "companies, which will make them bigger still." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We can work to fix the internet by breaking up Big Tech and depriving them " "of monopoly profits, or we can work to fix Big Tech by making them spend " @@ -4474,13 +4094,11 @@ msgid "" "behave themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3561 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Make Big Tech small again" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3563 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Trustbusting is hard. Breaking big companies into smaller ones is expensive " "and time-consuming. So time-consuming that by the time you’re done, the " @@ -4490,15 +4108,13 @@ msgid "" "because mainframes were being speedily replaced by PCs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3573 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general to " "enforce the law as it was written." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s far easier to prevent concentration than to fix it, and reinstating the " "traditional contours of U.S. antitrust enforcement will, at the very least, " @@ -4507,36 +4123,33 @@ msgid "" "companies competing directly with the companies that rely on the platforms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These powers are all in the plain language of U.S. antitrust laws, so in " "theory, a future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general " "to enforce the law as it was written. But after decades of judicial " -"“education” in the benefits of monopolies, after multiple administrations " -"that have packed the federal courts with lifetime-appointed monopoly " -"cheerleaders, it’s not clear that mere administrative action would do the " -"trick." +"<quote>education</quote> in the benefits of monopolies, after multiple " +"administrations that have packed the federal courts with lifetime-appointed " +"monopoly cheerleaders, it’s not clear that mere administrative action would " +"do the trick." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If the courts frustrate the Justice Department and the president, the next " "stop would be Congress, which could eliminate any doubt about how antitrust " "law should be enforced in the U.S. by passing new laws that boil down to " -"saying, “Knock it off. We all know what the Sherman Act says. Robert Bork " -"was a deranged fantasist. For avoidance of doubt, <emphasis>fuck that " -"guy</emphasis>.” In other words, the problem with monopolies is " +"saying, <quote>Knock it off. We all know what the Sherman Act says. Robert " +"Bork was a deranged fantasist. For avoidance of doubt, <emphasis>fuck that " +"guy</emphasis>.</quote> In other words, the problem with monopolies is " "<emphasis>monopolism</emphasis> — the concentration of power into too few " "hands, which erodes our right to self-determination. If there is a monopoly, " "the law wants it gone, period. Sure, get rid of monopolies that create " -"“consumer harm” in the form of higher prices, but also, <emphasis>get rid of " -"other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" +"<quote>consumer harm</quote> in the form of higher prices, but also, " +"<emphasis>get rid of other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But this only prevents things from getting worse. To help them get better, " "we will have to build coalitions with other activists in the anti-monopoly " @@ -4546,42 +4159,38 @@ msgid "" "Luxottica from dominating both the sale and the manufacture of spectacles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In an important sense, it doesn’t matter which industry the breakups begin " "in. Once they start, shareholders in <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " "will start to eye their investments in monopolists skeptically. As " "trustbusters ride into town and start making lives miserable for " -"monopolists, the debate around every corporate boardroom’s table will " -"shift. People within corporations who’ve always felt uneasy about monopolism " -"will gain a powerful new argument to fend off their evil rivals in the " -"corporate hierarchy: “If we do it my way, we make less money; if we do it " -"your way, a judge will fine us billions and expose us to ridicule and public " +"monopolists, the debate around every corporate boardroom’s table will shift. " +"People within corporations who’ve always felt uneasy about monopolism will " +"gain a powerful new argument to fend off their evil rivals in the corporate " +"hierarchy: <quote>If we do it my way, we make less money; if we do it your " +"way, a judge will fine us billions and expose us to ridicule and public " "disapprobation. So even though I get that it would be really cool to do that " "merger, lock out that competitor, or buy that little company and kill it " "before it can threaten it, we really shouldn’t — not if we don’t want to get " "tied to the DOJ’s bumper and get dragged up and down Trustbuster Road for " -"the next 10 years.”" +"the next 10 years.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3635 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "20 GOTO 10" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fixing Big Tech will require a lot of iteration. As cyber lawyer Lawrence " -"Lessig wrote in his 1999 book, <emphasis>Code and Other Laws of " -"Cyberspace</emphasis>, our lives are regulated by four forces: law (what’s " -"legal), code (what’s technologically possible), norms (what’s socially " -"acceptable), and markets (what’s profitable)." +"Lessig wrote in his 1999 book, <emphasis>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</" +"emphasis>, our lives are regulated by four forces: law (what’s legal), code " +"(what’s technologically possible), norms (what’s socially acceptable), and " +"markets (what’s profitable)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3644 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you could wave a wand and get Congress to pass a law that re-fanged the " "Sherman Act tomorrow, you could use the impending breakups to convince " @@ -4589,35 +4198,31 @@ msgid "" "Apple that would be waiting in the wings after they were cut down to size." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But getting Congress to act will require a massive normative shift, a mass " "movement of people who care about monopolies — and pulling them apart." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3656 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Getting people to care about monopolies will take technological " "interventions that help them to see what a world free from Big Tech might " -"look like. Imagine if someone could make a beloved (but unauthorized) " -"third-party Facebook or Twitter client that dampens the anxiety-producing " +"look like. Imagine if someone could make a beloved (but unauthorized) third-" +"party Facebook or Twitter client that dampens the anxiety-producing " "algorithmic drumbeat and still lets you talk to your friends without being " -"spied upon — something that made social media more sociable and less " -"toxic. Now imagine that it gets shut down in a brutal legal battle. It’s " -"always easier to convince people that something must be done to save a thing " -"they love than it is to excite them about something that doesn’t even exist " -"yet." +"spied upon — something that made social media more sociable and less toxic. " +"Now imagine that it gets shut down in a brutal legal battle. It’s always " +"easier to convince people that something must be done to save a thing they " +"love than it is to excite them about something that doesn’t even exist yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3668 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big " -"Tech. But a profitable competitor to Big Tech could bankroll a legislative " -"push; legal reform can embolden a toolsmith to make a better tool; the tool " -"can create customers for a potential business who value the benefits of the " +"Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big Tech. " +"But a profitable competitor to Big Tech could bankroll a legislative push; " +"legal reform can embolden a toolsmith to make a better tool; the tool can " +"create customers for a potential business who value the benefits of the " "internet but want them delivered without Big Tech; and that business can get " "funded and divert some of its profits to legal reform. 20 GOTO 10 (or " "lather, rinse, repeat). Do it again, but this time, get farther! After all, " @@ -4627,20 +4232,18 @@ msgid "" "build on to weaken Big Tech even further." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3682 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The surveillance capitalism hypothesis — that Big Tech’s products really " "work as well as they say they do and that’s why everything is so screwed up " "— is way too easy on surveillance and even easier on capitalism. Companies " "spy because they believe their own BS, and companies spy because governments " -"let them, and companies spy because any advantage from spying is so " -"short-lived and minor that they have to do more and more of it just to stay " -"in place." +"let them, and companies spy because any advantage from spying is so short-" +"lived and minor that they have to do more and more of it just to stay in " +"place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3691 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "As to why things are so screwed up? Capitalism. Specifically, the monopolism " "that creates inequality and the inequality that creates monopolism. It’s a " @@ -4652,8 +4255,7 @@ msgid "" "piss off the monopolists." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3702 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance doesn’t make capitalism rogue. Capitalism’s unchecked rule " "begets surveillance. Surveillance isn’t bad because it lets people " @@ -4664,20 +4266,17 @@ msgid "" "lumberyard." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3711 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Up and through" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "With all the problems of Big Tech, it’s tempting to imagine solving the " "problem by returning to a world without tech at all. Resist that temptation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The only way out of our Big Tech problem is up and through. If our future is " "not reliant upon high tech, it will be because civilization has fallen. Big " @@ -4688,14 +4287,13 @@ msgid "" "democratic, accountable control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3728 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I am, secretly, despite what I have said earlier, a tech exceptionalist. Not " "in the sense of thinking that tech should be given a free pass to monopolize " -"because it has “economies of scale” or some other nebulous feature. I’m a " -"tech exceptionalist because I believe that getting tech right matters and " -"that getting it wrong will be an unmitigated catastrophe — and doing it " -"right can give us the power to work together to save our civilization, our " -"species, and our planet." +"because it has <quote>economies of scale</quote> or some other nebulous " +"feature. I’m a tech exceptionalist because I believe that getting tech right " +"matters and that getting it wrong will be an unmitigated catastrophe — and " +"doing it right can give us the power to work together to save our " +"civilization, our species, and our planet." msgstr "" diff --git a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot index 0b86f9d..6725611 100644 --- a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot +++ b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism n/a\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 15:54+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 21:35+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"